New North American Chrysauginae (Pyralidae) described by E.D. Cashatt

Abstract A Ph.D. dissertation completed by E.D. Cashatt in 1968 entitled “Revision of the Chrysauginae of North America” does not meet the criteria of publication so the new taxa described therein are not available per the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. In order to validate the taxa proposed in that document we formally describe and illustrate the following: Arta brevivalvalis Cashatt, sp. n., Heliades lindae Cashatt, sp. n., Paragalasa Cashatt, gen. n., Paragalasa exospinalis Cashatt, sp. n., and Penthesilea sacculalis baboquivariensis Cashatt, subsp. n. We summarize other taxonomic actions proposed in the dissertation and those proposed by subsequent authors. We provide the current nomenclatural status with the literature citation of the paper in which the current status was proposed. A lectotype is designated for Clydonopteran tecomae. Adult holotypes and associated labels, and genitalia of paratypes are newly illustrated.


Introduction
Ph.D. dissertation entitled "Revision of the Chrysauginae of North America" included numerous nomenclatural acts that are unavailable according to the most recent International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). Cashatt distributed only two copies of his dissertation (Cashatt 1968) on North American Chrysauginae: the mandatory one at Catholic University of America, and one at the library at The Natural History Museum, London, thus the entire dissertation does not constitute a published work (ICZN 1999, p. 6, Article 8). In 1969, Dissertation Abstracts International published and widely distributed the abstract of this dissertation and offered copies of the dissertation for sale. Whether the dissertation (Cashatt 1968) minimally meets criteria for what constitutes a published work (i.e. ICZN, Article 8, p. 6) is ambiguous (Haman and Huddleston 1980). As an example, Fletcher and Nye (1984) considered the names Basacallis and Paragalasa available stating: "Cashatt's revision was originally a dissertation submitted to the Catholic University of America for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. It was published on paper by University Microfilms International (UMI) and has been available since June 1969 when it was advertised for sale in Diss. Abst. Int. (B) 29(12): 4696." Fletcher and Nye (1984) include these genera only because a copy was available to them at The Natural History Museum in London. The work was not accessible, however, to other institutions or scientists in the world short of visiting London or Catholic University. In contrast, Cashatt believed his dissertation to be unpublished, and he wrote a formal description of Basacallis in 1984. In our opinion the ICZN Recommendation (ICZN 199,p. 9, 8A) that dissemination should be in scientific journals and series, precludes the assumption of two copies constituting wide availability. In addition, the Code recommends that new names be sent to Zoological Record, but in this case they were not. So while the abstract published by UMI was widely available, we propose that the nomenclatural acts in the rest of the dissertation are not available.
In this work we make available by publication the taxa described in the dissertation by Cashatt (1968). We replicate the text from the dissertation with minimal editing (only as needed) from the dissertation for Arta brevivalvalis Cashatt, sp. n., Heliades lindae Cashatt, sp. n., Paragalasa Cashatt, gen. n., Paragalasa exospinalis Cashatt, sp. n., and Penthesilea sacculalis baboquivariensis Cashatt, subsp. n. We update the terminology of the genitalia, but not that of the wing venation. We attribute authorship of all taxa to E. D. Cashatt. We include redescriptions of the monotypic Penthesilea Ragonot, 1891 and Penthesilea sacculalis sacculalis Ragonot, 1891 because the new subspecies description would have been difficult to comprehend otherwise. We provide illustrations of the adults and genitalia (i.e., not the illustrations from the dissertation) from the type specimens located in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC (USNM). We also summarize other taxonomic actions (Table 1) by Cashatt (1969) and the current status of taxa in two major taxonomic lists, the Moths of America north of Mexico (Munroe 1983), and the Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera (Solis et al. 1995). Cashatt (1968) used the following acronyms for collections where material is deposited: AMNH (American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA), CNC (Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Canada), CU (=CUIC, Cornell University Insect Collection, Ithaca, New York, USA), USNM (=NMNH, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA). Table 1)

Taxonomic actions (see
In his abstract, Cashatt (1969) stated, "Clydonopteron Riley is reinstated as a genus separate from Salobrena Walker"; it had been synonymized by Hampson (1897). The revised status of Salobrena is valid and attributable to Cashatt (1969). In the dissertation, Cashatt (1968) also synonymized C. tecomae Riley, 1880 as a junior synonym of Pyralis sacculana Bosc, [1800]. This synonymy was independently discovered and published by Miller and Becker (1989) as a new synonymy (see Landis et al. 1992); so the correct attribution of the status of C. tecomae as a junior synonym of P. sacculana is Miller and Becker (1989). Miller and Becker (1989) also newly combined P. sacculana in Clydonopteron; so the correct attribution for the new combination Clydonopteron sacculana is Miller and Becker (1989). In the dissertation Cashatt (1968) stated he was unable to locate the type specimen of P. sacculana, but based on illustrations he was "convinced it is conspecific with tecomae." He located two female types of C. tecomae without locality data, but labeled "1878, USNM Type No. 366" in the USNM. He designated one of these specimens as the lectotype and the other as the paralectotype. The lectotype and paralectotype are newly designated here with attribution to Cashatt, and labeled as such in the USNM. Cashatt noted that Riley (1880) also provided a description of the life history; eggs are laid in seedpods of trumpet vine (Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau, Bignoniaceae) where larvae and pupae develop. Landis et al. (1992) published more on the biology of this species and described the egg stage. In Landis et al. (1992) EDC mistakenly used the year 1969 for the date of his dissertation in the References Cited. Cashatt (1984) described the new genus Basacallis Cashatt and designated Parachma tarachodes Dyar, 1914, as the type species, and that is the correct attribution for availability and validity. Solis et al. (1995) correctly attributed this genus to Cashatt, but used the incorrect date of 1969, instead of 1984.
Thorax. Upper surface reddish-brown to tan, under surface darker. Forewing reddish-to purplish-brown with ochreous antemedial and postmedial lines; antemedial line irregular and extending obliquely from two-thirds costa to nearly one-half hind margin; postmedial line irregular and directed slightly inward near costa, extending from three-fifths costa to near anal angle; distance between the two lines greater at costa than at hind margin; fringe ochreous; under surface brown, purplish-red near costa and outer margin. Hind wing grayish-brown with ochreous fringe; underside purplish-red near costa and outer margin, a short postmedial line from costa fading inward. Legs purplish-brown with mid femur, midtibia, and inner surface of hind leg ochreous.
Female genitalia. Ovipositor moderately enlongate, papillae anales small and unilobate; posterior apophysis extremely short; anterior apophysis short as in statalis; ostium bursae wide; lamella antevaginalis broad and V-shaped, opening near anterior margin of eighth sternite; bursa copulatrix simple with inception of ductus seminalis below antrum; without a signum.
Type data. The type specimens are located as noted below. The male holotype is from Palmerlee, Arizona (no other data given) and is labeled as the holotype.  Life history. Unknown.
Remarks. It is difficult to separate brevivalvalis from statalis and epicoenalis on the basis of maculation. The ochreous fringe is sometimes a useful diagnostic character but is not reliable. The distance between the antemedial and postmedial lines is variable.
An examination of the genitalia is necessary for accurate identification. The flattened and spade-shaped uncus of brevivalvalis easily separates this species from statalis and olivalis that have a narrow and more cylindrical shape. The valva of olivalis is long and slim. The uncus of epicoenalis is flattened, but not constricted at the base as in this species. The ostium bursae of brevivalvalis is broad compared to that of statalis, and the anterior apophyses are extremely short. The anterior apophyses of olivalis and epicoenalis are absent. Head. Labial palpus dark reddish-brown with fuscous on under surface; frons, vertex, occiput, and antenna brownish-red.

Heliades lindae
Thorax. Upper surface brownish-red; under surface fuscous. Forewing brownishred with white dentate antemedial and postmedial lines; antemedial line extending from about two-fifths costa to nearly two-fifths inner margin, postmedial line extending from three-fourths costa to just proximad of anal angle; terminal line fuscous; fringe gray with a dark medial line; under surface grayish-brown with apex brownishred. Hind wing light grayish-brown; fringe gray with a dark medial line, under surface gray with apex reddish-brown. Legs fuscous with midtibia and tarsus white.
Abdomen. Upper surface concolorous with hind wings; terminal fringe ochreous. Male genitalia. Uncus long and aculeate, setose dorsad; tegumen narrow dorsad; vinculum broad with a well-developed saccus, but more broadly rounded; gnathos reduced to a slender arm articulating at base of uncus; valva with sacculus small and papilliform, setose; valva heavily sclerotized and plate-shaped with apex truncate, ankylosed with flat truncate tips of arms produced by juxta; juxta shield-shaped and ankylosed with inner margin of vinculum; phallus long and slender, coecum welldeveloped.
Female genitalia. Ovipositor extremely short; apex of papillae anales bilobate and broad; eighth segment extremely short; anterior apophysis about one-half length of posterior apophysis; opening of ostium bursae at anterior of eighth sternite, small and sclerotized; anterior margin of sinus vaginalis bilobate and more broadly joined to the anterior margin of the eighth sternite; inception of ductus seminalis below antrum;  ductus bursae weakly sclerotized and constricted near junction of corpus bursae; signum a pair of spines.
Description. Head. Labial palpus porrect, length approximately equal to head width; maxillary palpus vestigial, two segmented, pilifers moderately developed; proboscis well developed; frons rounded with a tuft produced obliquely; vertex and occiput roughly scaled; ocellus immediately posteriad to base of antenna; chaetosema a row of fine setae along ocular sutura posteriad to ocellus.
Thorax. Forewing long and narrow, costa slightly incurved near middle, apex sublanceolate, outer margin rounded; sexually dimorphic: male with a small glandular vesicle at base of costa, discal cell shorter than in female, R 1 not reaching costa, posterior angle obtuse; female without a glandular vesicle, R 1 intercepting the costa, posterior angle of discal cell acute; both sexes with Sc long, R 1 arising from just before end of discal cell; R 2 stalked short with R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 , stem arising from anterior angle of discal cell; R 3 stalked with R 4 and R 5 ; R 4 and R 5 coincident; M 1 separate, arising from anterior angle of discal cell; male with M 2 separate, M 3 end Cu 1 stalked short; Cu 2 separate, arising  from posterior angle of discal cell; female M 2 and M 3 stalked short, Cu 1 and Cu 2 widely separated; 2A and 3A separate at base, anastomosed briefly a short distance from base; retinaculum normally developed. Hind wing frenulum normal; Sc and Rs anastomosed beyond end of discal cell; M 1 separate from anterior angle of discal cell; M 2 and M 3 short stalked from posterior angle of discal cell; posterior angle of discal cell extremely long and slender; Cu 1 and Cu 2 widely separated. Legs long, midtibia with two scale tufts.
Abdomen. Long and slender, without scale tufts. Mala genitalia. Uncus moderately broad with apex rounded, slender arms from base modified to articulate with gnathos; tegumen narrow dorsad; pedunculus strongly modified for articulation with gnathal arms; vinculum moderately broad with saccus slightly produced; gnathos slender and aculeate, apex hooked dorsad; valva with sacculus distinct from valva, ventral margin of sacculus rounded; transtilla weak and incomplete; juxta with dorsal margin V-shaped; phallus small, coecum long, apex with microspines, cornutus with spines short and spur-shaped.
Remarks. The venation and genitalia indicate a close relationship between this genus and Negalasa. The male Paragalasa has a small glandular vesicle at the base of the costa on the forewing, but is without a costal spur. The costa is straight. Negalasa and Galasa have a larger glandular vesicle, an incurved costal margin and a costal spur at the end of Sc. The uncus of Negalasa is more narrow and pointed, the tip of the valva is directed acutely mediad, and the phallus has a broadly rounded coecum and cornutus with long spines. The male genitalia of Paragalasa is similar to Galasa except the dorsal margin is V-shaped, there is no process on the sacculus, and the phallus is smaller with a long cylindrical coecum and a small cornutus. The female Paragalasa has the inception of the ductus seminalis just below the antrum. The ductus bursae is extremely long with a small corpus bursae. Negalasa has the inception of the ductus seminalis more sclerotized, nearly two-thirds length from ostium bursae, and a large corpus bursae. The female venation of Paragalasa and Negalasa is identical. The male forewing of Negalasa shows more specialized structures. Paragalasa exospinalis Cashatt, 1968, nomen nudum, Solis et al. 1995 Description. Alar expanse. 19 to 22 mm.
Thorax. Forewing broad and arched at base, apex broadly rounded, outer margin and anal angle broadly rounded; sexually dimorphic; male with a tympanic vesicle at base of costa, with a large hair-pencil gland as in Salobrena; female without a glandular vesicle; both sexes with Sc long, intercepting costa past one-half length; R 1 and R 2 separate; R 3 and R 4 stalked, R 5 from stem; M 1 from end of discal cell just below anterior angle; M 2 and M 3 separate and arising from posterior angle of discal cell; Cu 1 and Cu 2 separate and arising from below posterior angle of cell; 1A absent, 2A and 3A separate at base but briefly anastomosed a short distance distad; retinaculum of male loop-shaped and strongly developed with inner surface corrugated as in Salobrena, Clydonopteron, Satole and Tosale. Hind wing of male with frenulum stoutly developed with a short hook at base, female normal; Sc arched at base and anastomosed with Rs past end of discal cell; M 1 arising from anterior angle of discal cell; M 2 and M 3 separate, arising from the posterior angle of discal cell; Cu 1 and Cu 2 separate, from before the posterior angle of the discal cell. Legs with scale tufts on mid and hind tibia.
Abdomen. Short and stout; male with a small lateral pleurite on the terminal segment bearing a tuft of scales as in Tosale and Salobrena.
Female genitalia. Ovipositor moderately short, apex of papillae anales unilobate; anterior apophysis slightly longer than posterior apophysis; lamella postvaginalis triangulate; anterior margin of eighth tergite rounded; ostium bursae membranous; a sclerotized constriction below antrum on ductus seminalis as in Tosale; inception of ductus seminalis at junction of ductus bursae and corpus bursae; corpus bursae without a signum.
Remarks. The genera Penthesilea and Tosale are closely related. The female genitalia have a membranous ostium bursae, a short sclerotized constriction on the ductus bursae, and the inception of the ductus seminalis at the junction of the ductus bursae and ostium bursae are common to both genera. Tosale differs in having the anterior margin of the eighth tergite heavily sclerotized. The male genitalia show more divergence. The uncus and valva of Penthesilea are more narrow than in Tosale and the saccus is not produced. Both genera have small lateral pleurites on the hind margin of the last abdominal segment of the male for support of lateral scale tufts. The venation indicates the Tosale is more specialized, with stalking of R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 in the forewing. The forewing of Penthesilea has R 2 free with R 3 and R 4 stalked and R 5 shortstalked. Both genera have M 1 widely separately from the stem of R 5 .
Head. Labial palpus dark brown with black; frons and vertex dark brown with white around the base of scape; occiput reddish-brown.
Thorax. Brown dorsad and ventrad. Forewing dark brown to fuscus; basal angle occasionally overscaled with reddish-brown, base darker than distal part; antemedial line white and slightly excurved; a yellow suffusion distad of white antemedial line; postmedial line white with a large brownish-orange suffusion near the costa, acutely excurved mediad; fringe fuscous. Hind wing dark brown to fuscous; Cu 2 with a small white spot near outer margin, a small reddish-brown dash along Cu 2 anteriad and posteriad to spot; fringe fuscous. Legs dark brown to fuscous; midtarsi white, hind tarsi white except first subsegment fuscous.
Abdomen. Brown overscaled with fuscous and reddish-brown, lateral tufts fuscous. Genitalia. As described for genus. Type data. One male holotype, with no locality data is in the Museum National D'Histoire Naturalle in Paris. Life history. Unknown. Remarks. Ragonot (1891) states that the type specimen is probably from North America. Of the specimens that I have examined, it more nearly matches the specimens from Florida. The specimens from Florida are darker and smaller than those from Louisiana, Texas, Georgia, and North Carolina. Head. Labial palpus dark pinkish-brown; frons, vertex, occiput, and antenna pinkish-brown.

Penthesilea sacculalis baboquivariensis
Thorax. Upper and lower surfaces pinkish-brown. Forewing same as the nominate species except pinkish-brown. Hind wing pinkish-brown occasionally with a small white spot as in sacculalis, but with no dark scaling anteriad or posteriad. Legs dark pinkish-brown with mid and hind tarsi white.
Abdomen. Pinkish-brown with terminal scale tufts pinkish-brown. Genitalia. As described for the genus. Type data. The holotype, allotype, and forty-four paratypes are from the Baboquivari Mts., Pima Co., Arizona. The male holotype and female allotype are in the USNM. The male holotype is from Baboquivari Mts., Pima Co., Arizona, August 15-30, 1923 Life history. Unknown.
Remarks. This subspecies differs from the nominal species only by the pinkishbrown coloration.