A revision of the Chinese Gasteruptiidae (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea)

Abstract The Chinese fauna of the family Gasteruptiidae is revised, keyed and fully illustrated for the first time. Only one genus of this family, Gasteruption Latreille, 1796, is recorded from China. In total 28 valid species of the genus Gasteruption are recognized. Six species are new to science (Gasteruption angulatum sp. n., Gasteruption assectoides sp. n., Gasteruption coloratum sp. n., Gasteruption latitibia sp. n., Gasteruption sinepunctatum sp. n. and Gasteruption strigosum sp. n.) and eight species are reported new for China (Gasteruption bimaculatum Pasteels, 1958, Gasteruption birmanense Pasteels, 1958, Gasteruption dimidiatum Semenov, 1892, Gasteruption formilis Alekseev, 1995, Gasteruption subhamatum Pasteels, 1958, Gasteruption tonkinense Pasteels, 1958, Gasteruption tournieri Schletterer, 1885, Gasteruption transversiceps Pasteels, 1958). Three new synonyms are proposed: Gasteruption curiosum Pasteels, 1958, of Gasteruption amoyense Pasteels, 1958; Gasteruption sinense var. minus Kieffer, 1924, with Gasteruption japonicum Cameron, 1888,and Gasteruption sinense Kieffer, 1924, of Gasteruption sinarum Kieffer, 1911. Lectotypes are designated for Gasteruption corniculigerum Enderlein, 1913, Gasteruption sinense Kieffer, 1924, and Gasteruption transversiceps Pasteels, 1958. Gasteruption bihamatum Kieffer, 1911, previously reported from South China, is a South American species.


Introduction
Gasteruptiidae is a family in Evanioidea of Hymenoptera with a worldwide distribution, including two extant subfamilies, Hyptiogastrinae and Gasteruptiinae, and one extinct subfamily, Kutujellitinae, with about 500 nominal species (Crosskey 1962;Rasnitsyn 1991;Macedo 2011). Most species of this family belong to Gasteruptiinae, which consists of more than 400 species worldwide. The subfamily Hyptiogastrinae occurs almost entirely in the Australian region (but with two Neotropical species) (Jennings and Austin 2002), with about 89 described species (Jennings 2010). Biologically, species of Gasteruptiidae are predator-inquilines (sometimes referred to as kleptoparasites) on larvae of bees nesting in soil, stems and in tunnels in wood, including Apinae, Colletinae, Halictinae and Megachilinae. They first feed on the bee larva and proceed to consume the stored pollen; if this is not sufficient, another cell's contents may be used (Malyshev 1966). There is only indirect evidence for wasps (Crabronidae, Sphecidae and Vespidae-Eumeninae) being hosts of Gasteruptiidae (Crosskey 1951;Gauld and Hanson 1995;Jennings and Austin 1997a, 1997b. Partly, it may concern re-used nests by bees; without future investigations it is not clear if gasteruptiid wasps oviposit in the nests of wasps. The mature larva makes a cocoon in the host's nest to hibernate until the next summer, when the larvae pupate (He 2004;Jennings and Austin 2004). Adult Gasteruptiidae are usually collected around dead tree trunks, clay banks, other nesting sites of their hosts, and on flowers (Gupta 1979). They are easily recognized from other wasps by the elongate neck-like propleuron, very high insertion of the metasoma on the propodeum, clavate hind tibia, 14-segmented antenna in females (13-segmented in males) and the relatively long eye, extending almost to the mandible (Crosskey 1951;Jennings and Austin 2004;Smith 2006).
In a recent phylogenetic analysis of South American Gasteruptiinae (Macedo 2009), four genera of the subfamily were proposed: Gasteruption Latreille, 1796, Plutofoenus Kieffer, 1911, Spinolafoenus Macedo, 2009and Trilobitofoenus Macedo, 2009. Among them, Gasteruption is predominant and the only worldwide genus in this subfamily, while the other three genera are restricted to the Neotropical region and include seven species in total (Macedo 2009).
In the subfamily Hyptiogastrinae two genera are known: Hyptiogaster Kieffer, 1903, andPseudofoenus Kieffer, 1902. Ten species of Hyptiogaster are known from Australia. About 79 species of Pseudofoenus are known, 77 species from the Australian region and two from South America (Jennings andAustin 2002, 2005).
The Chinese fauna of the family Gasteruptiidae has never been revised, keyed or fully illustrated. Pasteels (1958) reported ten species of Gasteruption from China, but he overlooked the paper by Kieffer (1924) with three additional species from the Shanghai area. To date, 16 species are known from China (Table 1), of which 14 species are valid; three are synonyms and one species is misidentified. Kieffer (1912) reported Gasteruption bihamatum Kieffer, 1911, from South China (Amoy= Xiamen), but it concerns a South American species; Macedo (2011) synonymized it with the widespread G. bispinosum Kieffer, 1904. Kieffer (1924 reported three species and a variety from China; one species (G. sinense Kieffer, 1924) is a new synonym of G. sinarum Kieffer, 1911, G. abeillei Kieffer, 1912, is a synonym of G. assectator (Linnaeus, 1758) (Madl, 1989) and the variety minus of the first species is a new synonym of G. japonicum Cameron, 1888. In total, 28 valid species of the genus Gasteruption Latreille have been examined during this study; six are new species and described in this paper and eight species are new for China ( Table 2). The actual number will be higher because several species from neighbouring countries can be expected to occur also in China. All known species of Gasteruption from China are revised, illustrated and keyed. Unfortunately, several of the species have males as holotypes and the association with the female is sometimes problematic. We compared all available females with these types and made the best fit, but this is provisional until both sexes are known from the type localities and their DNA shows that they are conspecific. Table 1. List of the Chinese species of Gasteruption before this study.

Species Distribution
the fore coxae and varies from a narrow non-lamelliform carina to a very wide and upcurved lamella. For other terminology used in this paper, see van Achterberg (1988van Achterberg ( , 1993 and Hong et al. (2011). Measurements are taken as indicated by van Achterberg (1988). Additional non-exclusive characters in the key are between brackets. Material. Types and other specimens have been examined from the following institutions: BMNH Natural History Museum, London (Mr D. Notton).

CAU
Insect Collection, China Agricultural University, Beijing (Prof. Xin-li Wang, Prof. Dr Wan-zhi Cai and Prof. Dr Ding Yang). vein 2-M tubular and remainder only pigmented. Hind wing with 3-4 hamuli; vein M+CU, 1-CU and r-m usually partly visible. Metasoma. Metasoma inserted very high on propodeum; first metasomal tergite ventrally almost closed, concealing most of first sternum, except posteriorly; second tergite immovably joined to first tergite and widely open ventrally; female hypopygium with a deep slit-like Y-shaped or a shallow V-shaped notch; ovipositor from shorter than metasoma to longer than body length, apex of ovipositor sheath black, dark brown, pale yellow, ivory or white.
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath as long as body, 1.3 times as long as metasoma, 3.1 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 5.3 times hind tibia; white apical part of ovipositor sheath 1.7 times as long as hind basitarsus; hypopygium v-shaped incised.
Colour. Black-brown or dark brown; mandible (including base), tegulae, trochantelli, apices and bases of femora narrowly yellow-brown; bases of fore and middle tibiae and a stripe anteriorly, middle basitarsus (except apically); subbasal ring of hind femur, hind basitarsus (except quarter) and apex of ovipositor sheath white; metasoma brown, but base and apex dark brown; remainder of fore and middle legs, and pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.
Male. Unknown. Variation. Ovipositor sheath 0.8-1.1 times as long as body, 1.2-1.7 times as long as metasoma, 2.4-4.0 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 3.8-5.3 times as long as hind tibia; pale apical part of ovipositor sheath pale brown or white; length of fore wing 4.2-6.6 mm, of body 9.5-14.0 mm; head gradually narrowed behind eyes and weakly curved laterally; temple about 0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view; third and fourth antennal segments 1.7 times and 2.2 times as long as second segment; fourth antennal segment 1.3 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 1.2 times as long as third segment; minimum of malar space 0.1 times as long as second antennal segment; length of mesosoma 2.3 times as long as its height; propleuron slender; side of pronotum mainly coriaceous, ventrally slight rugulose-lacunose; mesoscutum mainly coriaceous, spaced punctate, middle lobe with coarsely punctures; scutellum mainly coriaceous; propodeum shiny and reticulate-rugose, longitudinal carina indistinct; hind coxa coriaceous to transversely rugose in dorsal view; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.5, 4.3 and 5.4 times their width, respectively. Specimen from Zhejiang red-brown; mandible yellow-brown or dark brown; legs red-brown to orange brown, subbasal of hind tibia yellow, hind basitarsus without ivory patch. Diagnosis. Head evenly convex in front of occipital carina and without any depression medio-posteriorly; occipital carina narrow and non-lamelliform medio-dorsally (Fig. 10); length of mesosoma about twice its height; propleuron 0.7-0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae (Fig. 11); mesoscutum coriaceous and matt, medio-posteriorly slightly rugulose (Figs 12,20); hind coxa extremely slender and coriaceous; ovipositor widened apically and more or less angularly upcurved apically in dead specimens (Fig. 18); ovipositor sheath about 0.3-0.5 times as long as body and 0.4-0.6 times as long as metasoma; pale apical part of ovipositor sheath 1.9-2.3 times as long as hind basitarsus.
Metasoma. Apical of ovipositor width and more or less angularly upcurved (Fig.  18); ovipositor sheath 0.5 times as long as body, 0.6 times as long as metasoma, twice as long as hind tibia and 1.2 times combined hind tarsus and tibia; its ivory part 2.1 times as long as hind basitarsus and 0.3 times as long as ovipositor sheath; hypopygium shallow v-shaped apically.
Colour. Black-brown; mandible dark brown; antenna dark brown, gradually shallow; legs dark brown, fore and middle tarsi brown; metasoma dark brown.
Male (described after a male from China: Zhejiang). Body length 11.5 mm; head strongly curved laterally; temple 0.6 times as long as eye in dorsal view (Fig. 19); third antennal segment 1.5 times as long as second segment, fourth 1.4 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment as long as fourth segment and 1.4 times as long as third segment (Fig. 21); OOL 1.6 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; minimum width of malar space 0.4 times as long as second antennal segment; length of mesosoma 1.9 times as long as its height; propleuron 0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 5.6, 5.5 and 5.1 times their width, respectively (Fig. 23).
Variation. Female: body length 11.5-13.0 mm, ovipositor sheath 0.3-0.5 times as long as body, 0.4-0.6 times as long as metasoma, 1.6-2.0 times as long as hind tibia and 1.1-1.2 times combined hind tarsus and tibia; its ivory part 1.9-2.3 times as long as hind basitarsus and 0.3 times as long as ovipositor sheath; third antennal segment 1.5-1.6 times as long as second segment; fourth antennal segment 1.2-1.3 times as long as third segment; fifth antennal segment 1.1-1.2 times as long as third segment. Male: very similar to female in structure and color, but differs in size; body length 11.3-12.0 mm.
Description. Holotype of G. breviterebrae, female, body length 8.9 mm. Head. Vertex and frons matt and very densely finely coriaceous, moderately convex ( Fig. 24) and without a depression medio-posteriorly (Fig. 29); head gradually narrowed behind eyes; temple 0.6 times as long as eye in dorsal view (Fig. 29); fourth antennal segment 1.2 times as long as third segment and 0.7 times as long as second and third segments combined, fifth antennal segment 1.1 times as long as third segment (Fig. 32), third antennal segment long and 1.5 times as long as second segment; occipital carina narrow and non-lamelliform medio-dorsally (Fig. 29); ocelli comparatively small, OOL 1.4 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; face rather wide (Fig. 28); minimum width of malar space 0.5 times as long as second antennal segment (Fig. 24); clypeus with small triangular depression and slightly emarginate (Fig. 28); eye setose.
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 0.2 times as long as body, 0.3 times as long as metasoma and 0.9 times as long as hind tibia; sheath apically dark brown; hypopygium shallow v-shaped apically.
Colour. Black or black-brown; second-fourth metasomal tergites apically and antenna (except for four black basal segments) more or less brown, tegulae and legs largely dark brown, but hind tibial spurs pale brown and hind tibia with large ventral subbasal patch ivory; pterostigma brown.
Variation. Female: body length 8.7-14.0 mm, ovipositor sheath 0.8-1.3 times as long as hind tibia. Temple 0.6-0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view; occipital area towards inside concave more or less; third antennal segment 1.5-1.7 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.1-1.3 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 0.9-1.0 times as long as third segment; OOL 1.3-1.4 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; minimum width of malar space 0.3-0.5 times as long as second antennal segment; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.1-4.3, 3.4-3.6 and 4.9-5.4 times their width, respectively; ovipositor sheath black, 1.0-1.5 times as long as hind tibia. Male: body length 8.0-12.0 mm, very similar to female. Third antennal segment 1.1-1.3 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.3-1.4 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment as long as fourth segment.
Biology. Unknown. Collected in May-August.
Notes. There are no distinct morphological differences between the West and East Palaearctic populations. Diagnosis. Apex of ovipositor sheath ivory, ivory part 0.8 times as long as hind basitarsus; ovipositor sheath comparatively wide (Fig. 45); ovipositor sheath 0.9 times as long as hind tibia and 0.6 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; occipital carina obsolescent medio-dorsally ( Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma twice its height; pronotal side moderately high and ventrally largely rugulose, without distinct antero-lateral tooth, but angularly protruding (Fig. 39); mesoscutum slightly protruding anteriorly; propleuron robust and 0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; antesternal carina narrow and hardly lamelliform; mesoscutum densely rugulose, medio-posteriorly reticulate-rugose and matt; scutellum irregularly rugose (Fig. 40).
Legs. Hind coxa finely transversely striate, rather slender and with satin sheen; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.5, 5.6 and 6.0 times their width, respectively; middle tarsus elongate (Fig. 41), 1.2 times as long as middle tibia; middle femur subparallel-sided and much slenderer than fore femur.
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 0.2 times as long as body, 0.3 times as long as metasoma and 0.9 times as long as hind tibia; ivory apical part of sheath 0.8 times as long as hind basitarsus; hypopygium shallow v-shaped apically.
Colour. Black or black-brown; mandible yellow-brown; antenna apically yellowbrown, tegulae and legs more or less dark brown, but hind tibial spurs yellow-brown; pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.
Head. Vertex shiny and largely smooth, densely setose, flat in lateral view ( Fig. 55) and without depression medio-posteriorly (Fig. 61); head gradually narrowed behind eyes; temple 0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view (Fig. 61); fourth antennal segment 1.1 times as long as third segment and 0.7 times longer than second and third segments combined, fifth antennal segment 1.1 times as long as third segment ( Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.7 times its height; pronotal side normal and mainly rather weakly reticulate-rugose, but postero-ventrally partly smooth; antero-lateral teeth of pronotum medium-sized; mesoscutum not protruding anteriorly (Fig. 57); propleuron 0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; antesternal carina narrow and hardly lamelliform; middle and lateral lobes of mesoscutum shiny and moderately transversely rugose, medially somewhat reticulate-rugose, without separate punctures; scutellum weakly reticulate-rugose; propodeum coarsely reticulate-rugose, with a median smooth and somewhat raised area; nearly entire mesopleuron coarsely reticulate-rugose.
Wings. First discal cell elongate triangular, parallel-sided and no distinct distal posterior corner and its base subvertical (Fig. 58).
Metasoma. Missing in holotype; apical half of parameres of other specimens black.
Colour. Black or black-brown (including mandible); pronotal side mainly dark brown but medially and posteriorly brown or orange brown; mesoscutum antero-laterally and mesopleuron orange brown; base of fore and middle tibiae and ventrally hind tibia with large subbasal patch ivory; hind tibial spurs and pterostigma brown; wings subhyaline.
Female (described after a female from Fujian (Fuzhou, Jinshan). Body length 16 mm.
Head. Head deeply V-shaped emarginate medio-posteriorly, gradually narrowed behind eyes and weakly curved laterally (Fig. 53); temple 0.9 times as long as eye in dorsal view; vertex and frons with satin sheen, densely pubescence and coriaceous; vertex moderately flat posteriorly, occipital area towards inside concave, occipital carina nonlamelliform and obsolescent medio-dorsally (Fig. 47); eye setose; third antennal segment 1.5 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.1 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment as long as third segment (Fig. 51); OOL twice as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; minimum width of malar space 0.2 times as long as second antennal segment; clypeus with an indistinct triangular depression (Fig. 52).
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.9 times as long as its height; propleuron with satin sheen, comparatively smooth except for just finely wrinkled and punctulate, as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; side of pronotum mainly coarsely rugose, dorso-laterally coriaceous, with a distinct antero-lateral tooth; mesoscutum with coarsely rugose, medio-posteriorly very similar but more coarsely sculptured than formerly (Fig. 49); scutellum weakly rugose; propodeum with densely transversely rugose, medio-longitudinal carina distinct.
Legs. Hind coxa with satin sheen, slender and dorsally transversely rugose; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.0, 4.4 and 5.0 times as long as their width, respectively (Fig. 50); middle tarsus 1.1 times as long as middle tibia; hind tibia 3.5 mm.
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 0.7 times as long as body, as long as metasoma, 1.9 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined, and 3.1 times as long as hind tibia; hypopygium deep slit-shaped incised apically.
Colour. Black; mandible and antenna (except for three black basal segments) dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline, pterostigma and veins brown; mesopleuron redbrown; tegulae dark brown; fore and middle legs dark brown to brown, tibia and basitarsus basally ivory; hind leg black-brown, subbasal patch of hind tibia ivory, tarsus mainly dark brown, basal patch of hind basitarsus ivory in dorsal view; second and third metasomal tergites and basally fourth tergite red-brown.
Variation. Body length 12.7-17.0 mm; ovipositor sheath 0.6-0.9 times as long as body, 1.0-1.4 times as long as metasoma, 1.9-2.4 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 3.0-4.1 times as long as hind tibia. Both female paratypes from Hainan have the pronotum black, head with distinct V-shaped incision and comparatively narrow emargination medio-posteriorly; Other Chinese females have the mesosoma laterally largely red-brown and the incision may be more rounded. Chinese males differ from females by the normally convex vertex and the rounded incision of the head medio-posteriorly (Fig. 61); vertex flat behind ocelli (♀) or weakly convex (♂); pronotal side posteriorly and mesopleuron orange brown or black; mesoscutum coarsely or finely transversely rugose or rugulose (Figs 49, 57), sometimes sculpture obsolete; apical 0.4 of hypopygium of female incised.
Distribution. China (Henan, Fujian, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Tibet); Burma. Biology. Unknown. Collected in March, June and July. Notes. Gasteruption bimaculatum is very similar to G. obscuripenne Pasteels, 1958, a species described from Java (Figs 334-341), but G. bimaculatum has the mesosoma laterally often orange-brown (black in G. obscuripenne), the head less directly narrowed behind the eyes (more so in G. obscuripenne; Fig. 340 versus Fig. 53), the eyes conspicuously setose (but sometimes inconspicuously so; glabrous or inconspicuously setose in G. obscuripenne) and apical 0.4 of hypopygium of female incised (apical 0.3 in G. obscuripenne). Male paratypes of G. obscuripenne from Java have the vertex completely flat and more acutely incised and comparatively slender basal antennal segments. These differences may be clinal, but without studying material from the area between the Sunda region and China (including Himalayas) we refrain from formally synonymising both species.
Head. Vertex and frons matt, densely coriaceous and finely punctulate (Fig. 68), convex medio-posteriorly (Fig. 63); head comparatively weakly narrowed behind eyes; temple 0.6 times as long as eye in dorsal view (Fig. 68); fourth antennal segment 1.6 times as long as third segment and as long as second and third segments combined, fifth antennal segment 1.3 times as long as third segment, third antennal segment 1.8 times as long as second segment; occipital carina narrow and non-lamelliform mediodorsally; OOL 1.6 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; face rather wide (Fig.  67); minimum width of malar space 0.2 times as long as second antennal segment (Fig.  63); clypeus without distinct depression, its lateral corners rather protruding forwards and medio-ventrally slightly emarginate; eye glabrous.

Metasoma.
Ovipositor sheath 5.2 times as long as hind tibia, 3.1 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus, 1.4 times metasoma and 1.1 times body; ivory part of sheath 2.8 times as long as hind basitarsus; apical half of hypopygium incised.
Colour. Black; mandible largely yellow-brown; antenna dark brown, but apically brown; fore and middle legs brown, but tibiae ivory basally and coxae dark brown; hind leg dark brown but tibia with ivory subbasal patch ventrally; second-third metasomal tergites more or less brown, tegulae largely dark brown; pterostigma brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate.
Male. Paratype. Head behind eyes roundly narrowed in dorsal view; occipital carina narrow and non-lamelliform medio-dorsally; face wide; antenna missing but according to original description third antennal segment as long as second segment; fourth segment 3.2 times as long as third segment and 1.6 times as long as second and third segments combined; vertex coriaceous, matt; eye glabrous; frons rather convex; propleuron rather robust and 0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; antesternal carina non-lamelliform and narrow; mesoscutum densely coriaceous, without distinct punctures and posteriorly rugose and rugulose; hind coxa slender in dorsal view; hind leg coloured as in female; paramere dark brown and apically brown; body length 13.3 mm. Very similar to female, but less coarsely sculptured.
Variation. Specimen from Hunan: Body length 10.7 mm, ovipositor sheath 0.8 times as long as body, 1.3 times as long as metasoma and 4.3 times as long as hind tibia; ivory part of sheath 3.1 times as long as hind basitarsus; third antennal segment 1.6 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment as long as fifth segment and 1.3 times as long as third segment; propleuron as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae.
Head. Head directly narrowed behind eyes and weakly curved laterally (Fig. 76); temple 0.6 times as long as eye in dorsal view; vertex and frons with satin sheen and rather sparsely very finely punctulate; vertex convex posteriorly (Fig. 71) and without a depression medio-posteriorly (Fig. 76); occipital carina narrow and non-lamelliform medio-dorsally (Fig. 71); third antennal segment 1.7 times as long as second segment; forth antennal segment 1.5 times as long as third segment; fifth antennal segment 1.1 times as long as third segment (Fig. 78); eye setose ( Fig. 71); OOL 1.3 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; minimum width of malar space 0.2 times as long as second antennal segment; clypeus without directly depression.
Legs. Hind coxa matt, moderately slender and with transversely rugose dorsally; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.0, 4.6 and 5.0 times as long as their width, respectively (Fig. 74); middle tarsus 1.3 times as long as middle tibia.
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 1.3-1.4 times as long as body, 1.9 times as long as metasoma and 7.0 times as long as hind tibia.
Colour. Red-brown; head black; antenna (except for first black basal segment) dark brown; mandible orange brown, apex dark brown; legs mainly orange brown, fore and middle tibiae laterally with ivory longitudinal patches; hind tibia black, subbasal patch ivory, basitarsus mainly ivory and basally dark brown, second tarsomere medially ivory; metasoma orange brown; ovipositor sheath black-brown, besides of apically brown; pterostigma dark brown.
Head. Vertex and frons with satin sheen and very finely densely punctulate; vertex slightly convex in lateral view (Fig. 79), medio-posteriorly with shallow triangular depression and with deep cleft in front of occipital carina (Fig. 84); head directly narrowed behind eyes, subconical (Fig. 84); temple 0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view; fourth antennal segment 1.4 times as long as third segment and nearly as long as second and third segments combined, fifth antennal segment 1.3 times as long as third segment, third antennal segment 1.8 times as long as second segment; occipital carina wide and lamelliform medio-dorsally (Fig. 79); OOL 1.3 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; face rather wide (Fig. 83); malar space partly absent because mandibular condyles reaching eye (Fig. 79); clypeus without depression, its lateral corners not protruding forwards and medio-ventrally slightly emarginate; eye glabrous.
Legs. Hind coxa with satin sheen, moderately slender, coriaceous and dorsally largely transversely rugose; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.4, 4.9 and 6.4 times their width, respectively; hind tibia weakly swollen, resulting in a slightly convex ventral border (Fig. 82); middle tarsus 1.3 times as long as middle tibia; middle femur subparallel-sided and slightly slenderer than fore femur.
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 1.1 times as long as body, 1.7 times as long as metasoma, 3.5 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 5.6 times as long as hind tibia; white apical part 3.0 times as long as hind basitarsus and 0.17 times total length of sheath; apical 0.55 of hypopygium slit-shaped incised.
Colour. Black or black-brown; mandible, tegulae and legs largely dark brown, but fore and middle tibiae basally, fore basitarsus, basal 0.6 of middle basitarsus, large subbasal patch of hind tibia and apical 0.6 of hind basitarsus ivory; apical sixth of ovipositor sheath widely white; pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate (less than in male).
Male. Paralectotype: head behind eyes more gradually narrowed in dorsal view than in female and shiny (Fig. 92); occipital carina wide lamelliform medio-dorsally (Fig. 87) and medio-posterior depression obsolescent (Fig. 92); face rather narrow (Fig. 91); third antennal segment 1.4 times as long as second segment (Fig. 94); fourth segment 2.3 times as long as third segment, 1.3 times as long as second and third segments combined and fifth segment 2.1 times third segment; propleuron rather slender and 1.1 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae (Fig. 88); hind leg coloured as in female but only basal half of fore basitarsus, basal third of middle tarsus ivory and hind basitarsus dark brown (Fig. 90); genitalia missing; body length 16 mm, of fore wing 6.7 mm. Very similar to lectotype.
Variation. Chinese specimens: Female: body length 13.0-20.0 mm, of fore wing 6.7-9.0 mm. Ovipositor sheath 1.0-1.1 times as long as body, 1.5-1.8 times as long as metasoma, 5.2-5.7 times as long as hind tibia; its apical ivory or white part 2.8-3.5 times as long as hind basitarsus; temple 0.6-0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view; third antennal segment 1.6-1.8 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.3-1.4 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 1.1-1.2 times as long as third segment; length of mesosoma 1.9-2.2 times as long as its height; propleuron 1.0-1.2 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; propodeum reticulate-rugose or reticulate. Male: body length 12.5-17.0 mm, of fore wing 6.0-7.2 mm; temple 0.5-0.6 times as long as eye in dorsal view; third antennal segment 1.2 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.9-2.1 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 1.8-2.0 times as long as third segment; length of mesosoma 1.8 times as long as its height; propleuron 1.0-1.1 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae.
Biology. Unknown. Collected in January, April-October. Diagnosis. Head without a depression in front of occipital carina; propleuron 0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae and robust (Fig. 96); occipital carina distinct but non-lamelliform medio-dorsally (Fig. 95); head directly narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view (Fig. 101); temple 0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view; OOL (♂) 1.2 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; third and fourth antennal segments of female unknown, of male fourth segment 1.8 times as long as third segment and 1.1 times as long as second and third segments combined; fifth antennal segment of female unknown, of male 1.7 times as long as third segment (Fig. 99) and penultimate segments unknown; third antennal segment of male normal, 1.8 times as long as second segment (Fig. 99); vertex finely punctulate and with satin sheen; malar space short (Fig. 95); antero-lateral teeth of pronotum obsolescent, only as angulate cor- ner; mesoscutum robust ( Fig. 97), densely setose and partly smooth between separate punctures; marginal cell of fore wing comparatively wide (Fig. 98); hind coxa short and coriaceous, but transversely striate dorsally; hind coxa and femur yellow-brown; pronotal side dorsally and ventrally yellow-brown but medially and posteriorly dark brown; hind basitarsus of male dark brown (but apically somewhat brown) and hind tibia bicoloured (largely yellow-brown, but large ivory basally) and wide (Fig. 102); female tibia unknown; scape and apical half of paramere yellow-brown; colour of ovipositor sheath unknown, but in related species black apically and moderately long.
Head. Vertex with satin sheen and finely punctulate, densely setose, flat in lateral view and without depression medio-posteriorly (Fig. 95); head directly narrowed behind eyes (Fig. 101); temple 0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view; fourth antennal segment 1.8 times as long as third segment and 1.1 times longer than second and third segments combined, fifth antennal segment 1.7 times as long as third segment (Fig. 99), third antennal segment 1.8 times as long as second segment; occipital carina non-lamelliform and distinct medio-dorsally; eyes glabrous; ocelli large, OOL 1.2 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus and POL twice diameter; face moderately wide (Fig. 100); clypeus flat and laterally not protruding; malar space 0.2 times as long as second antennal segment (= pedicellus).
Wings. First discal cell parallel-sided and no distinct distal posterior corner and its base vertical (Fig. 98).
Metasoma. Apical half of parameres of other specimens yellow-brown.
Head. Vertex and frons with satin sheen and densely and very finely punctulate (Fig. 108), moderately convex medio-posteriorly (Fig. 103); head rather directly narrowed behind eyes and U-shaped emarginate medio-posteriorly (Fig. 108); temple 0.6 times as long as eye in dorsal view; fourth antennal segment 1.1 times as long as third segment and 0.8 times as long as second and third segments combined, fifth antennal segment as long as third segment, third antennal segment 2.6 times as long as second segment; occipital carina narrow, non-lamelliform medio-dorsally; OOL 1.2 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; face rather wide (Fig. 107); minimum width of malar space 0.4 times as long as second antennal segment (Fig. 103); clypeus without distinct depression, its lateral corners hardly protruding forwards and medio-ventrally emarginate; eye glabrous.
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 5.0 times as long as hind tibia, 3.8 times as lomg as hind tibia and basitarsus combined, 1.6 times metasoma and as long as body; ivory part of sheath 0.3 times as long as hind basitarsus; apical 0.6 of hypopygium slit-like incised.
Colour. Black or dark brown; base of fore and middle tibiae and most of fore and middle basitarsi and subbasal ring of hind tibia ivory; remainder of hind leg (including basitarsus) mainly dark brown; clypeus ventrally, metasoma yellow-brown; pterostigma pale brown, but laterally darkened; wing membrane subhyaline.
Variation. Chinese specimens: Female: body length 12.6-15.5 mm, ovipositor sheath 1.0-1.3 times as long as body, 1.5-1.9 times as long as metasoma, 2.9-3.6 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 4.4-6.1 times as long as hind tibia; temple 0.5-0.6 times as long as eye in dorsal view; third antennal segment 1.6-1.7 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.3-1.4 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 1.0-1.1 times as long as third segment; length of mesosoma 1.8-2.1 times as long as its height; propleuron robust, 0.7-0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; medio-posteriorly of mesoscutum with mediumsized punctate or coalescent punctates, laterally sparsely punctate or punctate-rugose; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.9-4.1, 4.5-4.9 and 5.0-5.8 times their width, respectively; middle tarsus 1.2-1.3 times as long as middle tibia; colour of body mainly black or dark brown; frist tergite orange-brown or black.
Description. Described from a female from Gansu (Zhenyuan), body length 8.5 mm, of fore wing 4.5 mm.
Head. Head directly narrowed behind eyes and weakly curved laterally (Fig. 116); temple 0.6 times as long as eye in dorsal view; vertex and frons matt and finely rugulose; vertex moderately convex posteriorly (Fig. 111) and without depression medioposteriorly (Fig. 116); occipital carina narrow and non-lamelliform medio-dorsally (Fig. 111); third antennal segment 1.5 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 0.9 times as long as third segment (Fig. 118); eye glabrous; OOL 1.7 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; minimum width of malar space 0.2 times as long as second antennal segment; clypeus with a distinct depression (Fig. 115).
Legs. Hind coxa robust and dorsally rugose; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.3, 3.7 and 4.0 times their width, respectively (Fig. 114); middle tarsus 1.1 times as long as middle tibia; hind tibia 2.0 mm. Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 0.2 times as long as body, 0.4 times as long as metasoma, 0.5-0.6 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and as long as hind tibia; hypopygium v-shaped incised apically.
Head. Head distinctly incised medio-posteriorly (Fig. 139); vertex and frons with shiny, largely smooth and very finely punctulate (Fig. 139), moderately convex (Fig. 133) and without a depression medio-posteriorly (Fig. 139); head directly narrowed behind eyes; temple nearly as long as eye in dorsal view (Fig. 139); fourth antennal segment 1.1 times as long as third segment and 0.7 times as long as second and third segments combined, fifth antennal segment nearly as long as third segment (Fig. 137), third antennal segment 1.9 times as long as second segment and moderately slender (Fig. 137); occipital carina narrow and non-lamelliform medio-dorsally (Fig. 133); ocelli comparatively small, OOL 1.5 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; face moderately wide (Fig. 138); minimum width of malar space 0.4 times as long as second antennal segment (Fig. 133); clypeus without triangular depression and slightly emarginate; eye with short setae.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times its height; pronotal side short triangular and largely coarsely reticulate-rugose (as mesopleuron), antero-laterally only angularly protruding; mesoscutum slightly protruding anteriorly; propleuron wide ( Fig. 134) and 0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; antesternal carina narrow and hardly lamelliform; mesoscutum very finely and densely coriaceous, matt and with large, more or less isolated punctures (Fig. 135), smaller and sparser on lateral lobes and medio-posteriorly and near lateral margin with coarse transverse rugae; scutellum coarsely punctate and superficially coriaceous; propodeum coarsely reticulate or scrobiculate, median carina of propodeum as a slightly elevated coriaceous median line.
Legs. Hind coxa rather matt, moderately stout, transversely rugose and coriaceous; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.2, 4.0 and 5.0 times their width, respectively; hind tibia swollen, sparsely punctate and as long as hind tibia and trochanter combined; hind basitarsus rather short and somewhat widened basally (Fig. 136); middle tarsus 1.1 times as long as middle tibia; middle femur about as slender as fore femur.
Colour. Black or black-brown; tegulae and legs (including hind tibial spurs) dark brown or nearly so, but hind tibia with subbasal ivory patch ventrally, fore and middle tibiae basally and fore and middle basitarsi (except apically) pale yellow; wing membrane slightly infuscate; pterostigma dark brown.
Female (described after a female from Taiwan). Head behind eyes rather directly narrowed in dorsal view (Fig. 129); occipital carina narrow and non-lamelliform medio-dorsally (Fig. 124); face comparatively narrow (Fig. 128); third antennal segment about twice as long as second segment (Fig. 132); fourth segment 1.1 times as long as third segment, fifth segment as long as third segment, and 0.7 times as long as second and third segments combined; vertex with satin sheen and finely punctulate; eye short setose; frons normal and anterior ocellus near upper level of frons (Fig. 129); propleuron robust and 0.9 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae (Fig. 125); mesoscutum densely coriaceous, between coarse punctures and medio-posteriorly distinctly punctate-rugose (Fig. 126); hind coxa moderately robust in dorsal view; hind basitarsus distinctly widened basally, especially in dorsal view; hind leg dark brown, but with ivory patch ventrally near basal 0.4 of hind tibia (Fig. 127); apical half of first metasomal tergite and second tergite dark brown; body length 13.6 mm; ovipositor sheath 0.2 times as long as body, 0.4 times as long as metasoma and 1.3 times as long as hind tibia; sheath apically dark brown; hypopygium v-shaped incised apically.
Description. Holotype of G. japonicum, female, according to original description body length 20 mm (holotype has apical metasomal tergites and ovipositor missing, length up to apex of hypopygium about 18 mm).
Head. Vertex and frons with satin sheen and rather sparsely very finely punctulate, moderately convex and without a depression medio-posteriorly (Fig. 147); head gradually narrowed behind eyes; temple 0.5 times as long as eye in dorsal view (Fig.  147); fourth antennal segment 1.5 times as long as third segment and about as long as second and third segments combined, fifth antennal segment 1.3 times as long as third segment, third antennal segment 1.7 times as long as second segment; occipital carina narrow lamelliform medio-dorsally; OOL 1.2 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; face rather wide (Fig. 146); minimum width of malar space 0.2 times as long as second antennal segment (Fig. 142); clypeus with indistinct triangular depression, its lateral corners protruding forwards and medio-ventrally slightly emarginate; eye glabrous, but according to original description setose.
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath missing but according to original description "longer than the body" (but according to measurements at the end of the description 0.95 times as long as body!) and sheath apically "broadly white".
Colour. Black or black-brown; mandible, fore and middle femora narrowly apically, fore basitarsus and second-fourth metasomal tergites apically more or less brown, tegulae and remainder of legs largely dark brown, but hind tibial spurs brown and fore and middle tibiae hind tibia basally and apically, large subbasal patch of hind tibia (ventrally wider than dorsally) and hind basitarsus (but basally dark brown) white or ivory; pterostigma dark brown.
Male (described after a male from Zhejiang). Head behind eyes roundly narrowed in dorsal view (Fig. 152); occipital carina distinctly pigmented, narrow and non-lamelliform medio-dorsally; face wide; third antennal segment about 1.7 times as long as second segment (Fig. 151); fourth segment 1.4 times as long as third segment, as fifth segment, and 0.8 times as long as second and third segments combined; vertex coriaceous, matt; eye glabrous; frons rather convex and anterior ocellus above upper level of frons; propleuron slender and 0.9 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; antesternal carina non-lamelliform and narrow; mesoscutum densely coriaceous, mixed with fine transverse rugulosity and posteriorly distinctly rugose; hind coxa slender in dorsal view; hind basitarsus transversely rugose dorsally; hind leg coloured as in female but hind tarsus largely brown (Fig. 150); apical half of first metasomal tergite and second tergite black; paramere black apically; body length 9.7 mm. Very similar to female, but slightly more coarsely sculptured.
Variation. Body length 9.0-16.7 mm. Ovipositor sheath 0.9-1.1 times as long as body, 1.3-1.6 times as long as metasoma and 4.7-6.0 times as long as hind tibia; its white apical part 1.4-2.0 times as long as hind basitarsus; temple 0.5-0.6 times as long as eyes in dorsal view; third antennal segment 1.7-2.0 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.4-1.5 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 1.2-1.4 times as long as third segment; eye glabrous or shortly setose; propleuron 0.9-1.1 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; mesoscutum punctate-rugose and spaced medium-sized punctates; propodeum reticulate or reticulate-rugose, longitudinal carina indistinct or distinct; hind coxa with satin sheen and regularly transversely rugose or sometimes coriaceous.
Description. Holotype, female, body length 12.5 mm, of fore wing 6.0 mm. Head. Head directly narrowed behind eyes and weakly curved laterally (Fig. 158); temple 0.8 times as long as eye in dorsal view; vertex and frons shiny and rather sparsely very finely punctulate; vertex moderately convex posteriorly and without depression medio-posteriorly; occipital carina narrow and non-lamelliform medio-dorsally (Fig.  153); third antennal segment 1.9 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 0.8 times as long as third segment (Fig. 160); eye setose; OOL 1.3 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; minimum width of malar space 0.3 times as long as second antennal segment; clypeus with a distinct angular depression (Fig. 157).
Legs. Hind coxa matt, with satin sheen, comparatively slender and transversely rugose ; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.8, 3.7 and 5.1 times as long as their width, respectively (Fig. 156); middle tarsus 1.3 times as long as middle tibia.
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 0.3 times as long as body, 0.4 times as long as metasoma, 1.3 times as long as hind tibia and about 0.8 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; hypopygium v-shaped incised apically.
Colour. Black; mandible and antenna (except for four black basal segments) dark brown; fore and middle trochanters, femura and tibiae dark brown, tarsi brown, but middle basitarsus basally ivory; subbasal patch of hind tibia ivory; second-fifth metasomal tergites with red-brown band.
Male (described after a male from Hunan). Body length 13.0 mm; temple 0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view (Fig. 161); third antennal segment 1.6 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 0.8 times as long as third segment (Fig. 165); minimum width of malar space 0.2 times as long as second antennal segment; length of mesosoma 1.7 times as long as its height; propleuron 0.7 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; mesoscutum sculpture more densely than of female (Fig. 162); length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.2, 3.7 and 4.6 times their width, respectively (Fig. 164); middle tarsus 1.1 times as long as middle tibia.
Variation. Female: body length 11.0-12.0 mm, ovipositor sheath 0.3-0.5 times as long as metasoma, 1.2-1.4 times as long as hind tibia and 0.7-0.9 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined. Temple 0.7-0.8 times as long as eye in dorsal view; third antennal segment 1.7-1.9 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 0.9-1.0 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 0.7-0.8 times as long as third segment; OOL 1.2-1.3 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; length of mesosoma 1.7-1.9 times as long as its height; propleuron 0.8-0.9 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae, with a comparatively distinct anterolateral tooth; mesoscutum matt and coriaceous, rather sparsely very finely punctate, or very finely rugulose; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.8-4.5, 3.5-3.8 and 4.3-5.2 times as long as their width, respectively. Male: body length 11.7 mm. Temple 0.7-0.8 times as long as eyes in dorsal view; third antennal segment 1.6 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.0-1.1 times as long as third segment, fifty antennal segment 0.8-0.9 times as long as third segment; OOL 1.1 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; length of mesosoma 1.7-1.8 times as long as its height; propleuron 0.9 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.0, 3.7 and 4.7 times as long as their width, respectively.

Gasteruption oriplanum Kieffer, 1911 http://species-id.net/wiki/Gasteruption_oriplanum Figs 166-173
Gasteruption oriplanum Kieffer, 1911: 210;Hedicke, 1939: 27. Diagnosis. Apex of ovipositor sheath black; ovipositor sheath 1.1 times as long as hind tibia and 0.7 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; occipital carina obsolescent medio-dorsally (Fig. 166) and somewhat protruding ventro-posteriorly (Fig. 166); antesternal carina narrow; head, laterally mesosoma and scape black; head in anterior view distinctly protruding below lower level of eyes by 0.7 times basal width of mandible and mandibular condylus below lower level of eyes; in lateral view condylar incision of malar space distinctly removed from eye (Fig. 166); outer side of mandible distinctly convex; clypeus with obsolescent depression; eyes glabrous; fourth and fifth antennal segments of ♂ 1.3 and 1.3 (♀: 1.2 and 1.0) times as long as third segment, respectively (Fig. 173); apical antennal segment of HT missing, at most 1.4 times as long as third antennal segment and its colour similar to colour of medial segments; antenna of female black; mesoscutum and head similarly coriaceous, at most mesoscutum superficially rugulose; propleuron robust and about 0.6-0.7 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae (Fig. 167); hind coxa mainly rugulose dorsally; hind tibia robust, without a subbasal ivory ring and swollen, resulting in a distinctly convex ventral border (Fig. 169); hind basitarsus comparatively long and parallel-sided (Fig.  169); hind tibial spurs brown; hind tarsus dark brown.
Head. Vertex and frons matt and very densely finely coriaceous, moderately convex and without a depression medio-posteriorly; head gradually narrowed behind eyes (Fig. 170); temple 0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view; fourth antennal segment 1.3 times as long as third segment and 0.8 times as long as second and third segments combined, fifth antennal segment 1.3 times as long as third segment (Fig. 173), third antennal segment 1.7 times as long as second segment; occipital carina narrow and non-lamelliform medio-dorsally; ocelli comparatively small, OOL 1.4 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; face rather wide; minimum width of malar space as long as second antennal segment ( Fig. 166; incorrectly described in original description); clypeus without triangular depression and slightly emarginate; eye glabrous.
Colour. Black or black-brown; hind tibial spurs brown; hind tibia with large ventral subbasal patch ivory, but brown basally; pterostigma brown.
Female. Head behind eyes roundly narrowed in dorsal view; occipital carina distinctly pigmented, narrow and non-lamelliform medio-dorsally; face wide; third antennal segment about 1.4 times as long as second segment; fourth segment 1.2 times as long as third segment, as fifth segment, and 0.7 times as long as second and third segments combined; vertex coriaceous, matt; eye glabrous; frons rather convex and anterior ocellus above upper level of frons; propleuron robust and 0.7 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; antesternal carina non-lamelliform and narrow; mesoscutum densely coriaceous, mixed with fine transverse rugulose and posteriorly distinctly rugose; hind coxa slender in dorsal view; hind basitarsus transversely rugose dorsally; hind leg coloured as in female but hind tarsus largely brown; apical half of first metasomal tergite and second tergite black; paramere black apically; body length 9.0 mm; ovipositor sheath 0.3 times as long as body, 0.4 times as long as metasoma and 1.1 times as long as hind tibia; sheath apically dark brown; hypopygium v-shaped incised apically.
Variation. Male: body length 10.0-12.5 mm; head deeply emarginated medioposteriorly; temple as long as eye in dorsal view; vertex and frons finely aciculate; third antennal segment 1.5-1.6 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.4 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 1.2-1.3 times as long as third segment; OOL 1.8 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; minimum width of malar space as long as second antennal segment; length of mesosoma 1.7-1.8 times as long as its height; propleuron coarsely rugose and robust, about 0.6 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; dorsal lobe of pronotum rugose or rugulose, ventrally densely rugose, ventro-laterally coarsely rugose, dorso-laterally coriaceous; mesoscutum matt and finely densely transversely rugulose, posteriorly weakly irregularly rugulose; propodeum rugose, medio-longitudinal carina distinct; first discal cell broaden; hind coxa matt, slender and dorsally transversely rugose; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.5-4.8, 3.9-4.2 and 5.6-6.5 times their width, respectively; middle tarsus 1.2-1.3 times as long as middle tibia.

Biology. Unknown. Collected in June and August.
Notes. Very similar to G. minutum (Tournier), but this species has the first discal cell straight posteriorly and hind tarsus yellow-brown.
Head. Vertex and frons with satin sheen and very densely finely punctulate (somewhat coriaceous), moderately convex and without a depression medio-posteriorly; head gradually narrowed behind eyes; temple as long as eye in dorsal view (Fig. 187); fourth antennal segment 1.4 times as long as third segment and 0.8 times as long as second and third segments combined, fifth antennal segment 1.4 times as long as third segment (Fig. 190), third antennal segment 1.7 times as long as second segment and moderately slender (Fig. 190); occipital carina narrow and non-lamelliform mediodorsally (Fig. 182); ocelli comparatively small, OOL 1.6 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; face moderately wide (Fig. 186); minimum width of malar space 0.1 times as long as second antennal segment (Fig. 182); clypeus without triangular depression and slightly emarginate; eye glabrous.
Colour. Black or black-brown; antenna, mandible, tegulae and legs (including hind tibial spurs) dark brown or nearly so; wing membrane subhyaline; pterostigma brown.
Female (described after a female from Zhejiang). Body length 13 mm; head truncate medio-posteriorly, gradually narrowed behind eyes and weakly curved laterally (Fig. 179); temple 0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view; vertex and frons with satin sheen and coriaceous; vertex moderately convex posteriorly and without depression medio-posteriorly; occipital carina non-lamelliform and obsolescent medio-dorsally (Fig. 174); third antennal segment 1.4 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.3 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment as long as third segment (Fig. 181); eye glabrous; OOL 1.4 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; minimum width of malar space 0.1 times as long as second antennal segment; clypeus with indistinct triangular depression (Fig. 178); length of mesosoma 2.3 times as long as its height; propleuron matt and moderately robust, 0.9 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae (Fig. 175); side of pronotum coriaceous, without a distinct antero-lateral tooth; mesoscutum coriaceous and matt (Fig. 176); medio-posteriorly weakly rugulose; scutellum coriaceous and matt; propodeum reticulate-rugose, mediolongitudinal carina distinct; hind coxa matt, slender and dorsally regularly weakly rugulose; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.7, 4.5 and 5.6 times their width, respectively (Fig. 177); middle tarsus 1.2 times as long as middle tibia; ovipositor sheath 0.2 times as long as body, 0.3 times as long as metasoma, 0.8 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 1.3 times as long as hind tibia; hypopygium shallow v-shaped incised apically.
Variation. Male: body length 10.0-12.0 mm; third antennal segment 1.2-1.3 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.2-1.3 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 1.1-1.2 times as long as third segment. Female: body length 10.0-13.0 mm, ovipositor sheath 0.2-0.3 times as long as body, 0.3-0.6 times as long as metasoma, 0.7-1.0 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 1.2-1.7 times as long as hind tibia. Temple 0.5-0.8 times as long as eye in dorsal view; third antennal segment 1.2-1.6 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.1-1.2 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 1.0-1.2 times as long as third segment; OOL 1.4-1.6 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; length of mesosoma 2.3-2.6 times as long as its height; propleuron 0.8-0.9 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae.
Biology. Unknown. Mainly collected in February-October and December. Kieffer, 1911 http://species-id.net/wiki/Gasteruption_poecilothecum  Gasteruption poecilothecus Kieffer, 1911: 205. Diagnosis. Ivory apex of ovipositor sheath (Fig. 198) 1.4-1.9 times as long as hind basitarsus; ovipositor sheath about as long as body; occipital carina narrow lamelliform medio-dorsally (Fig. 191) and rather protruding laterally (Fig. 191); propleuron robust, 0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae (Fig. 192); antesternal carina narrow; head, laterally mesosoma and scape black-brown; head in anterior view not protruding below lower level of eyes and mandibular condylus near lower level of eyes (Fig. 195); in lateral view condylar incision of malar space close to eye (Fig. 191); clypeal ventral depression obsolescent and lateral corners rather protruding forwards; eyes glabrous; fourth and fifth antennal segment 1.4 and 1.1 (♀) times as long as third segment, respectively (Fig. 199); apical antennal segment of ♀ 1.4 times as long as third antennal segment and brown, as colour of middle segments; antenna of female brown, except dark brown basal quarter; mesoscutum and head with satin sheen, head dorsally very finely punctulate and mesoscutum coriaceous between large and many punctures, become punctate-rugose medio-posteriorly; hind coxa transversely rugose dorsally, interspaces mainly rugulose; hind tibia robust, with a distinct subbasal ivory ring and swollen, resulting in a distinctly convex ventral border (Fig. 194); hind basitarsus comparatively long and medially ivory (Fig. 194); hind tibial spurs brown; remainder of hind tarsus dark brown; incision of hypopygium deep.
Head. Vertex and frons with satin sheen and densely and very finely punctulate or subcoriaceous, flat medio-posteriorly; head gradually narrowed behind eyes (Fig. 196); temple 0.5 times as long as eye in dorsal view; fourth antennal segment 1.4 times as long as third segment and 0.9 times as long as second and third segments combined, fifth antennal segment 1.1 times as long as third segment (Fig. 199), third antennal segment 1.9 times as long as second segment; occipital carina narrow lamelliform medio-dorsally (Fig. 191); OOL 1.1 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; face rather wide (Fig. 195); minimum width of malar space 0.2 times as long as second antennal segment (Fig. 191); clypeus without distinct depression, its lateral corners protruding forwards and medio-ventrally slightly emarginate; eye glabrous. Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.8 times its height; pronotal side moderately high and ventrally coriaceous and partly rugulose, with a distinct antero-lateral tooth; mesoscutum not protruding anteriorly; propleuron robust, 0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae (Fig. 192); antesternal carina narrow and narrowly lamelliform; mesoscutum densely coriaceous and with many large punctures and with satin sheen, rather matt, medio-posteriorly punctate-rugose (Fig. 193); scutellum partly finely punctate and with some transverse rugae.
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 5.0 times as long as hind tibia, 1.6 times metasoma and 1.1 times body; ivory part of sheath 1.5 times as long as hind basitarsus; hypopygium deep slit-shaped incised apically.
Colour. Black-brown; antenna (except dark basal quarter) brown; fore leg and middle tibia and tarsus brown, but tibiae ivory basally; second-fourth metasomal tergites apically more or less yellow-brown, tegulae and remainder of legs largely dark brown, but hind tibial spurs brown and a large subbasal patch of hind tibia (ventrally wider than dorsally) and hind basitarsus (but basally and apically dark brown) white or ivory; pterostigma brown.
Male. Unknown. Variation. Body length 14.5-16.0 mm. Ovipositor sheath 1.0-1.1 times as long as body, 1.6-1.7 times as long as metasoma and 4.7-5.1 times as long as hind tibia; its white apical part 1.4-1.9 times as long as hind basitarsus.
Distribution. China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Xinjiang, Hebei). Biology. Unknown. Collected in July and August. Notes. The sculpture of the mesoscutum is variable in this species; it varies from some shallow punctures up to many (but well separated) coarse punctures (Fig. 193). Also the colour of the hind basitarsus is variable (as in most species; often largely dark brown or black but sometimes with distinct ivory part).
Head. Vertex excised medio-posteriorly, with satin sheen and densely finely punctulate, moderately convex and with small triangular depression medio-posteriorly, with pair of minute tubercles (Figs 215, 216); head gradually narrowed behind eyes; temple 0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view; third antennal segment (of male?) about 1.5 times as long as second segment according to original description; occipital carina wide lamelliform medio-dorsally (Fig. 209); ocelli comparatively small, OOL 1.4 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; face moderately narrow (Fig. 206, 214); malar space partly absent (Fig. 209).
Colour. Black or dark brown; mandible, tegulae, fore and middle legs (except ivory bases of tibiae), hind leg (but tibia with rather small ivory patch) more or less dark brown; hind tibial spurs brown; pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane moderately infuscate.
Female. Lectotype. Body length 15.4 mm. Head truncate medio-posteriorly in dorsal view, gradually narrowed behind eyes and weakly curved laterally (Fig. 207); temple 0.6 times as long as eye in dorsal view; vertex with a very shallow medio-posterior depression in front of occipital carina; occipital carina medium-sized (Fig. 200); antenna missing; eye glabrous; malar space very short, nearly absent; clypeus without depression, but slightly emarginate ventrally; length of mesosoma twice as long as its height; propleuron moderately slender (Fig. 201), nearly as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; side of pronotum mainly coriaceous, but ventrally with some rugulae and with an indistinct antero-lateral tooth; mesoscutum mainly very finely coriaceous and matt, sparsely weakly punctate; medio-posteriorly with some large round or oval punctures (Fig. 202); scutellum very finely coriaceous; mesopleuron reticulate but partly coriaceous; propodeum reticulate, medio-longitudinal carina absent; metapleuron reticulate dorsally and ventrally rugulose; ovipositor sheath as long as body, 1.5 times as long as metasoma and 4.6 times as long as hind tibia; its apical ivory part 2.1 times as long as hind basitarsus and 0.15 times as long as ovipositor sheath; incision of hypopygium deep and slit-like, 0.4 times length of hypopygium; legs dark brown, subbasal patch of middle and hind tibia ivory (Fig. 203); second-third metasomal tergites slightly red-brown apically; hind basitarsus dark brown; according to original description apical third of antenna brown-yellow.
Variation. Body length 10.0-16.5 mm; of fore wing 5.8-8.5 mm. Female: ovipositor sheath 0.8-1.1 times as long as body, 1.3-1.6 times as long as metasoma and 4.6-6.0 times as long as hind tibia, its apical ivory part 1.0-3.0 times as long as hind basitarsus; temple 0.5-0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view; third antennal segment 1.3-1.6 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.3-1.5 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 1.1-1.4 times as long as third segment (Fig. 205); length of mesosoma 2.1-2.5 times as long as its height; propleuron 1.0-1.2 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; legs black or dark brown, basitarsus mainly ivory, ivory patch of hind basitarsus indistinctly. Male: vertex more distinctly depressed medio-posteriorly than female, sometimes as three depressions in front of occipital carina, medio-dorsal one medium-sized and both of lateral ones comparatively shallow temple 0.6-0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view; third antennal segment 1.0-1.3 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.8-2.2 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 1.8-2.3 times as long as third segment; length of mesosoma 2.1-2.2 times as long as its height; propleuron 1.0-1.1 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae.
Head. Vertex and frons with satin sheen and densely and very finely punctulate, moderately convex medio-posteriorly; head gradually narrowed behind eyes; temple 0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view (Fig. 222); fourth antennal segment 1.5 times as long as third segment and 0.9 times as long as second and third segments combined, fifth antennal segment 1.5 times as long as third segment, third antennal segment 1.7 times as long as second segment; occipital carina narrow, non-lamelliform mediodorsally (Fig. 217); OOL 1.5 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; face rather wide (Fig. 221); minimum width of malar space 0.2 times as long as second antennal segment; clypeus without distinct depression, its lateral corners protruding forwards and medio-ventrally emarginate; eye glabrous.
Legs. Hind coxa with satin sheen, slender, coriaceous and dorsally transversely rugose; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.9, 4.8 and 6.9 times their width, respectively (Fig. 220); middle tarsus incomplete in HT, 1.2 times as long as middle tibia in China specimen; middle femur subparallel-sided and slenderer than fore femur.
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 4.9 times as long as hind tibia, 1.5 times metasoma and as long as body; ivory part of sheath 0.7 times as long as hind basitarsus; apical half of hypopygium slit-shaped incised.
Colour. Dark brown; antenna, fore and middle legs, hind trochanter, trochantellus and femur and first-sixth metasomal segments yellow-brown; legs without ivory patches; pterostigma pale brown.
Male (described a male from Shandong). Similar to female, but mesoscutum with some rather coarse punctures. Third antennal segment as long as second segment (Fig.  226); fourth segment 3.5 times as long as third segment (as fifth segment), and 1.8 times as long as second and third segments combined; propleuron rather robust and 0.9 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; hind leg coloured as in female with hind tibia slightly less swollen (Fig. 225); apical tergite not impressed apically; paramere brown apically; body length 13.2 mm.
Variation. Female: body length 10.5-16.0 mm, of ovipositor sheath 1.1-1.2 times as long as body, 4.8-6.0 times as long as hind tibia, 3.0-3.9 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 1.5-1.9 times as long as metasoma; of its apical ivory part 0.3-1.0 times as long as hind basitarsus; temple about 0.6 times as long as eye in dorsal view; third antennal segment 1.7-2.0 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.2-1.5 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 1.0-1.3 times as long as third segment; eye setose or nearly so, but sometimes glabrous; minimum width of malar space 0.2-0.3 times as long as second antennal segment; length of mesosoma 1.9-2.1 times as long as its height; propleuron about 0.8-1.0 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.8-5. 1, 4.5-4.7 and 5.5-5.7 times their width, respectively; middle tarsus 1.2-1.3 times as long as middle tibia; hind tibia sometimes with indistinct ventral subbasal patch ivory to brown; the specimen from Henan subapical of hind basitarsus ivory. Male: body length 14.5-15.5 mm; temple 0.6-0.7 time as long as eye in dorsal view; third antennal segment 1.2-1.4 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.9-2.0 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 1.8 times as long as third segment; length of mesosoma 1.9-2.0 times as long as its height; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.5-5.0, 4.3-4.8 and 5.5-6.1 times their width, respectively.
Head. Head more or less truncate, directly narrowed behind eyes and almost straight laterally (Fig. 233); temple at most 0.5 times as long as eye in dorsal view; vertex and frons with satin sheen and rather sparsely very finely punctulate; vertex moderately convex posteriorly and without any depression medio-posteriorly; occipital carina narrow and non-lamelliform medio-dorsally (Fig. 228); third antennal segment 1.3 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.8 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 1.6 times as long as third segment (Fig. 236); eye glabrous; OOL 1.1 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; minimum width of malar space 0.2 times as long as second antennal segment; clypeus without depression (Figs 232, 237).
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 0.9 times as long as body, 1.4 times as long as metasoma, 4.2 times as long as hind tibia and 2.5 times combined hind tarsus and tibia; its apical ivory part 2.7 times as long as hind basitarsus and 0.2 times as long as ovipositor sheath; hypopygium rather slit-shaped incised apically.
Colour. Black; antenna dark brown to brown; legs brown, fore tarsus yellow, hind coxa dark brown, large ventral subbasal patch of hind tibia ivory or yellow; secondfifth metasomal tergites brown ventrally; ovipositor sheath black-brown, but largely apex ivory or yellow (Fig. 235); pterostigma dark brown.
Male (described after a male from Taiwan). Similar to female, but mesoscutum with some rather coarse punctures. Third antennal segment as long as second segment (Fig. 238); fourth segment 3.5 times as long as third segment (as fifth segment), and 1.8 times as long as second and third segments combined; propleuron rather robust and 0.9 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; hind leg coloured as in female with hind tibia slightly less swollen (Fig. 240); apical tergite not impressed apically; paramere brown apically; body length 13.2 mm.
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 0.3 times as long as body, 0.4 times as long as metasoma, 0.5 times as long as fore wing and 1.3 times as long as hind tibia; sheath dark brown apically; hypopygium shallow v-shaped incised apically.
Colour. Black or black-brown; tegulae and legs largely dark brown, but hind tibial spurs brown and hind tibia with large ivory subbasal patch (but narrow dorsally); pterostigma dark brown.  (Kieffer, 1924), male, Jiangsu. 249 hind leg 250 the first to fifth antennal segments 251 head dorsal.
Male (described after a male from Jiangsu). Very similar to female, but slightly more coarsely sculptured. Third antennal segment about twice as long as second segment (Fig. 250); fourth segment 1.1 times as long as third segment (fifth segment as long as third), and 0.8 times as long as second and third segments combined; propleuron robust and 0.9 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; hind leg coloured as in female with hind tibia equally swollen (Fig. 249); eighth tergite widely transversely impressed apically; paramere black apically; body length 12.9 mm.
Variation. Female: body length 9.5-13.0 mm, of ovipositor sheath 0.2-0.3 times as long as body, 0.4-0.5 times as long as metasoma and 1.3-1.5 times as long as hind tibia. Temple 0.6-0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view; third antennal segment 1.5-2.0 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.1 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 0.9-1.0 as long as third segment. Male: body length 11.0-13.0 mm, very similar to female.
Distribution. China (Ningxia, Jiangsu, Fujian, Hunan, Guangdong, Hainan (Fig. 253); head conically narrowed behind eyes (Fig. 257), truncate medio-posteriorly or nearly so; vertex very superficially punctulate and with satin sheen (Fig. 257); malar space 0.1-0.3 times as long as second antennal segment (= pedicellus); clypeus at most with a small depression (Figs 256, 262); apical antennal segment at most 1.2 times as long as third antennal segment and its colour similar to colour of medial segments; hind basitarsus comparatively long and narrow (Fig. 255); interspaces of mesoscutum more or less irregularly coriaceous and without punctures or densely transversely rugulose or rugose; hind tibia about 1.2 times as long as hind femur and trochanter and less swollen (Fig. 255); median carina of propodeum absent (but sometimes a slightly elevated smooth median line), if present then surrounding reticulate-rugose and carina similarly developed; ovipositor sheath 1.6-1.7 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined, 0.7-0.8 times as long as metasoma and 2.6-2.7 times as long as hind tibia; apical 0.1 of hypopygium incised; occipital carina obsolescent to narrowly lamelliform medio-dorsally (Fig. 252); apex of ovipositor sheath black or dark brown.
Head. Head gradually narrowed behind eyes and indistinct curved laterally (Fig.  257); temple 0.9 times as long as eye in dorsal view; vertex and frons matt and co- riaceous; vertex flat without any depression medio-posteriorly; occipital carina undeveloped and non-lamelliform medio-dorsally (Fig. 252); third antennal segment 1.3 times as long as second segment; fourth antennal segment as long as third segment; fifth antennal segment 0.8 times as long as third segment (Fig. 259); eye setose; OOL 2.0 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; minimum width of malar space 0.2 times as long as second antennal segment; clypeus without depression.
Legs. Hind coxa satin sheen, moderately slender and dorsally reticulate-rugulose to transversely rugose; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.3, 3.9 and 5.5 times their width, respectively (Fig. 255); middle tarsus 1.2 times as long as middle tibia. Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 0.5 times as long as body, 0.8 times as long as metasoma, 2.7 times as long as hind tibia and 1.6 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; hypopygium shallow v-shaped incised apically.
Colour. Black; mandible dark brown; antenna black to dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline, pterostigma and veins brown; fore and middle legs dark brown to brown, but base of tibiae and basitarsi pale; basal 0.4 of hind tibia ivory ventrally; metasoma dark brown ventrally; ovipositor sheath entire black.
Male (described after a male from Fujian). Body length 11 mm; head gradually narrowed behind eyes (Fig. 260); temple as long as eye in dorsal view; vertex and frons with satin sheen and coriaceous (Fig. 260); vertex flat without any depression medioposteriorly; occipital carina narrow and non-lamelliform medio-dorsally; third antennal segment 1.4 times as long as second segment; fourth antennal segment 0.9 times as long as third segment; fifth antennal segment 0.8 times as long as third segment (Fig.  264); eye setose; propleuron 1.5 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; side of pronotum mainly reticulate, with a distinct antero-lateral tooth; the whole mesoscutum densely reticulate-rugose, interspaces coriaceous; scutellum punctate-rugose (Fig.  261); hind coxa with satin sheen, moderately slender and dorsally transversely rugose; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.1, 3.8 and 5.6 times their width (Fig. 263); the antenna brown; the colour of legs than female shallow; especially metasoma brown.
Variation. Female: the paratypes have no obvious differences. Body length 13-14 mm, ovipositor sheath 0.5 times as long as body, 0.7-0.8 times as long as metasoma, 2.6-2.7 times as long as hind tibia and about 1.6-1.7 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined.
Head. Head rather transverse (Fig. 270); vertex shiny and superficially finely punctate, slightly convex and without a distinct depression medio-posteriorly; frons evenly convex, shiny and superficially finely punctate (Fig. 270); head directly narrowed behind eyes; temple 0.5 times as long as eye in dorsal view; fourth antennal segment 1.6 times as long as third segment and as long as second and third segments combined, fifth antennal segment 1.5 times as long as third segment, third antennal segment 1.7 times as long as second segment and 3.2 times as long as wide; occipital carina narrow, not lamelliform, straight and entirely black medio-dorsally (Fig. 265); OOL 1.3 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; face narrow (Fig. 269); minimum width of malar space 0.3 times as long as second antennal segment (Fig. 265); clypeus medially flat, medio-ventrally semi-circularly emarginate, without depression medio-ventrally, its lateral corners protruding forwards; eye glabrous.
Legs. Hind coxa distinctly transversely rugose and with satin sheen dorsally, but laterally mainly punctulate; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 5.4, 6.2 and 7.7 times their width, respectively (Fig. 268); middle tarsus 1.1 times as long as middle tibia; middle femur parallel-sided and slenderer than fore femur; hind femur slightly curved dorsally in lateral view.
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 1.2 times as long as body, 5.5 times as long as hind tibia and 1.7 times as long as metasoma; ivory part of ovipositor sheath 3.4 times as long as hind basitarsus; hypopygium slit-shaped incised apically.
Colour. Black-brown or dark brown; mandible (except dark teeth), palpi, tegulae, clypeus ventrally, fore and middle legs (but middle femur largely darkened, middle tibia dark brown medially, fore and middle tibiae basally and apically, 3 basal segments of fore tarsus and most of middle basitarsus ivory); subbasal patch of hind tibia, hind basitarsus (but basally dark brown) and second hind tarsal segment (but basally and apically with small dark brown patch) and apex of ovipositor sheath ivory; scape and antenna ventrally (except basally and apical segment) brown; wing membrane subhyaline; pterostigma dark brown.
Male. According to the original description similar to the female; third antennal segment 1.7 times second segment and fourth segment 1.8 times as long as third segment.
Variation. Body length 12.5-15.0 mm; propleuron 1.2-1.4 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; ovipositor sheath 1.0-1.2 times as long as body; ivory part of ovipositor sheath 3.0-3.4 times hind basitarsus; specimen from Hainan has also third hind tarsal segment ivory.
Distribution. China (Hainan); Malaysia (Sabah). Biology. Unknown. Collected in June-July in China. Diagnosis. Apex of ovipositor sheath dark brown; ovipositor sheath about 1.5 times as long as hind tibia and about 0.9 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; occipital carina obsolescent medio-dorsally (Figs 273, 281) and slightly protruding ventro-posteriorly (Figs 273, 281); antesternal carina narrow; head, laterally mesosoma and scape black; head in anterior view slightly protruding below lower level of eyes by less than basal width of mandible and mandibular condylus near lower level of eyes (Figs 277,283); in lateral view condylar incision of malar space close to eye (Figs 273,281); clypeus with small depression or depression obsolescent; eyes setose; fourth and fifth antennal segment 1.1-1.2 and 1.0 (♀) -1.3 (♂) times as long as third segment, respectively (Figs 280, 285); apical antennal segment 1.2-1.4 times as long as third antennal segment and its colour similar to colour of medial segments; antenna of female may be partly or largely yellow-brown apically; mesoscutum and head dissimilarly sculptured, head very finely sculptured and matt, mesoscutum densely rugulose and more or less matt (Figs 275, 282); propleuron robust and 0.7-0.9 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae (Fig. 274); hind coxa often transversely rugose or rugulose dorsally; hind tibia robust, as long as hind femur and trochanter combined, with a distinct subbasal ivory patch and swollen, resulting in a distinctly convex ventral border (Figs 276, 284); hind basitarsus comparatively long and parallel-sided (Figs 276, 284); hind tibial spurs dark brown or yellow-brown; hind tarsus dark brown; apical seventh of hypopygium incised.
Head. Head directly narrowed behind eyes and weakly curved laterally (Fig.  278); temple 0.6 times as long as eye in dorsal view; vertex and frons matt and with finely aciculate; vertex rounded posteriorly and without depression medio- posteriorly; occipital carina narrow and non-lamelliform medio-dorsally (Fig.  273); third antennal segment 1.9 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.2 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment as long as third segment (Fig. 280); eye shortly setose; OOL as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; minimum width of malar space 0.3 times as long as second antennal segment; clypeus without depression.
Legs. Hind coxa moderately slender and dorsally rather finely rugulose; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.3, 4.0 and 5.3 times their width, respectively (Fig.  276); hind tibia 2.0 mm. Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 0.2-0.3 times as long as body, 0.4-0.5 times as long as metasoma, about 0.9 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 1.5 times as long as hind tibia; hypopygium v-shaped incised apically.
Colour. Black; antenna dark brown; legs dark brown, but ventral patch of hind tibia ivory; ventral of metasoma dark brown; ovipositor sheath entire black.
Male. Body length 11.5 mm; temple 0.6 times as long as eye in dorsal view (Fig.  281); third antennal segment 1.5 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.5 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 1.3 times as long as third segment (Fig. 285); OOL as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; minimum width of malar space 0.2 times as long as second antennal segment; length of mesosoma twice its height; propleuron 0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; side of pronotum mainly rather finely rugulose or rugose; mesoscutum matt and with finely strigate, medio-posteriorly rugose (Fig. 282); 2-CU1 vein of fore wing sinuate; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.7, 3.9 and 4.8 times their width, respectively (Fig. 284); middle tarsus 1.2 times as long as middle tibia; dorsal subbasal patch of fore and middle tibiae and ventral subbasal patch of hind tibia ivory.
Variation. Female: body length 8-14 mm; temple 0.6-0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view. Male: body length 8-11 mm, very similar to female.
Distribution. China (Shanxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hubei, Hunan, Yunnan). Biology. Unknown. Collected in May-July and September. Notes. Very similar to Gasteruption brevicuspis Kieffer, 1911, from India (Assam), but G. brevicuspis has the length of the mesosoma about 1.6 times its height, the head slightly slenderer in dorsal view, the ovipositor sheath 0.9 times as long as hind tibia and 0.6 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and the mesoscutum somewhat stronger sculptured. The first discal cell of fore wing is comparatively narrow in the holotype of G. terebrelligerum (Fig. 348), but this is a rather variable character; it varies even among series of other species collected at the same day and locality.  Diagnosis. Ivory apex of ovipositor sheath (Fig. 294) 3.0-3.5 times as long as hind basitarsus; ovipositor sheath 0.9-1.1 as long as body; occipital carina moderately lamelliform, upcurved and partly transparent medio-dorsally (Fig. 286) and rather protruding ventro-posteriorly (Fig. 286); head dorsally very finely punctulate and rather shiny, medio-posteriorly slightly flattened; propleuron 0.9-1.1 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae (Fig. 287); antesternal carina narrow; head, laterally mesosoma and scape black; head in anterior view protruding below lower level of eyes by less than basal width of mandible and mandibular condylus near lower level of eyes (Fig. 291); in lateral view condylar incision of malar space almost touching eye (Fig. 286); clypeus without depression and lateral corners protruding forwards; eyes glabrous; fourth and fifth antennal segments 1.7-1.9 times and as long as third segment (specimen from China 1.5-1.7 times), respectively (Fig. 290); apical antennal segment of ♀ 1.5 times as long as third antennal segment and its colour similar to colour of medial segments; antenna of female dark brown; mesoscutum with satin sheen and coriaceous with spaced large punctures, but middle lobe laterally with some rugae and lateral lobe mainly coriaceous; hind coxa coarsely transversely rugose and shiny dorsally, but laterally mainly coriaceous and with satin sheen; hind tibia with a distinct subbasal ivory ring and rather swollen, resulting in a moderately convex ventral border (Fig. 293); hind basitarsus comparatively long (Fig. 293); hind tibial spurs rather dark brown; hind tarsus (including basitarsus) dark brown; apical 0.25 of hypopygium incised.
Head. Vertex and frons shiny and rather sparsely very finely punctulate, moderately convex and without a distinct depression medio-posteriorly, but slightly flattened (Fig. 286); head directly narrowed behind eyes; temple 0.6 times as long as eye in dorsal view (Fig. 292); fourth antennal segment 1.8 times as long as third segment and as long as second and third segments combined, fifth antennal segment twice as long as third segment (Fig. 290), third antennal segment 1.2 times as long as second segment (Fig. 290); occipital carina moderately lamelliform, upcurved and partly transparent medio-dorsally; OOL 1.2 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; face moderately wide (Fig. 291); minimum width of malar space 0.05 times as long as second antennal segment (Fig. 286); clypeus without distinct depression, its lateral corners protruding forwards and medio-ventrally moderately emarginate; eye glabrous.
Description. Described from a female from Hunan, body length 18.5 mm. Head. Head directly narrowed behind eyes; temple 0.5 times as long as eye in dorsal view (Fig. 300); vertex and frons with satin sheen and sparsely finely punctulated; vertex moderately convex posteriorly (Fig. 295) and with a large depression medioposteriorly, lateral depressions distinct (Fig. 300); third antennal segment 1.8 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 1.5 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 1.2 times as long as third segment (Fig. 302); eye shortly setose; OOL 1.3 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; minimum width of malar space 0.2 times as long as second antennal segment; clypeus without depression.
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath about as long as body, 1.4 times as long as metasoma and 5.0 times as long as hind tibia; its apical ivory part 0.1 times as long as ovipositor sheath and 2.1 times as long as hind basitarsus; hypopygium slit-shaped incised apically.
Colour. Black; fore and middle tibia brown; ventral of hind tibia with a large white patch; basitarsus with a basal yellow-brown patch; second and third metasomal tergites apically red-brown.
Male (described after a male from Hunan). Body length 10.5 mm; vertex with three depressions in front of occipital carina, medio-dorsal one medium-sized and both of lateral ones comparatively shallow (Fig. 304); temple 0.5-0.6 times as long as eye in dorsal view; third antennal segment distinctly short, 1.4 times as long as second segment, fourth antennal segment 2.6 times as long as third segment, fifth antennal segment 2.5 times as long as third segment (Fig. 308); OOL as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; minimum width of malar space 0.2 times as long as second antennal segment; length of mesosoma twice its height; propleuron with satin sheen and reticulate-rugose, 0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; dorsal lobe of pronotum coriaceous and rugulose all around, ventrally with satin sheen and rugose or reticulate-rugose, posteriorly moderately smooth, dorso-laterally coriaceous and ventro-laterally rugose, with a distinct antero-lateral tooth; mesoscutum transversely rugose or punctate-rugose, medio-posteriorly coarsely punctate-rugose, laterally rugose (Fig. 305), scutellum mainly coriaceous but finely and broadly transversely rugulose; propodeum coarsely reticulate-rugose, medio-longitudinal carina indistinct; hind coxa moderately slender and dorsally finely transversely rugulose; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 5.1, 5.4 and 6.3 times their width, respectively (Fig. 307); middle tarsus 1.3 times as long as middle tibia; the colour of body black; fore and middle legs (except for coxa) mainly dark brown to brown, hind legs black-brown, basal patch of fore and middle tibia and ventrally subbasal patch of hind tibia ivory.
Variation. Chinese specimens: Body length 14.0-18.5 mm. Ovipositor sheath 1.0-1.2 times as long as body, 1.4-1.8 times as long as metasoma and 5.0-5.7 times as long as hind tibia, its apical ivory part 2.1-2.6 times as long as hind basitarsus; temple 0.4-0.6 times as long as eye in dorsal view; propleuron shiny and slender, 0.9-1.0 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae.
Distribution. China (Jilin, Henan, Hunan, Guizhou); Japan, South and Central Europe, up to England, Netherlands and Germany.
Biology. Unknown. Collected in April-May in Japan, in July-August and October in China. Notes. The Chinese specimens have a slightly differently shaped head, but this may be part of a clinal variation. Specimens from the Central Palaearctic are necessary to decide if this is the case. Pasteels, 1958 http://species-id.net/wiki/Gasteruption_transversiceps Figs 309-316
Head. Head comparatively transverse (Fig. 315); vertex rather shiny and densely finely punctate but nearly smooth near occipital carina, slightly convex and without a distinct depression medio-posteriorly; frons rather coarsely finely rugose and with distinct narrow groove in front of anterior ocellus (Fig. 315); head directly roundly narrowed behind eyes; temple 0.5 times as long as eye in dorsal view; fourth antennal segment 2.6 times as long as third segment and 1.4 times as long as second and third segments combined, fifth antennal segment 2.4 times as long as third segment, third antennal segment 1.1 times as long as second segment and 1.3 times as long as wide; occipital carina narrow, not lamelliform, straight and entirely black medio-dorsally (Fig. 309); OOL 1.4 times as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; face moderately wide (Fig. 314); minimum width of malar space 0.4 times as long as second antennal segment (Fig. 309); clypeus medially flat, medio-ventrally emarginate because of narrow triangular depression medio-ventrally, its lateral corners protruding forwards (Fig. 314); eye glabrous. Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.7 times its height; pronotal side high and ventrally reticulate-rugose and dorsally finely punctate but rugose posteriorly, with a small blunt antero-lateral protuberance (Fig. 310); mesoscutum not protruding anteriorly; propleuron robust ( Fig. 310), 0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; antesternal carina narrow and narrowly lamelliform; mesopleuron and metapleuron largely moderately regularly rugose-reticulate; mesoscutum with satin sheen, middle lobe densely and partly transversely rugose and lateral lobe densely rugulose-punctate, medio-posteriorly coarsely reticulate (Fig. 311); scutellum largely coarsely irregularly rugose.
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath about 1.8 times as long as body, about 7.9 times as long as hind tibia and about 2.7 times as long as metasoma; ivory part of ovipositor sheath incomplete, at least 3.5 times hind basitarsus; according to original description about 7.5 times as long as hind basitarsus ("posterior third of sheath ivory"); hypopygium slit-shaped incised apically.
Male. Unknown. Variation. Chinese specimen: Body length 19 mm, ovipositor sheath twice as long as body, 2.8 times as long as metasoma, 5.3 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 9 times as long as hind tibia; its apical ivory part 6.7 times as long as hind basitarsus and 0.25 times length of ovipositor sheath.

Biology. Unknown. Collected in May.
Notes. The designation of a lectotype is necessary because in the original description it is not indicated which of the type specimens (three females from Sabah and one female from Luzon) is the holotype.