A nomenclator of extant and fossil taxa of the Valvatidae (Gastropoda, Ectobranchia)

Abstract A compilation of all supra- and (infra-) specific taxa of extant and fossil Valvatidae, a group of freshwater operculate snails, is provided, including taxa initially described in this family and subsequently classified in other families, as well as names containing errors or misspellings. The extensive reference list is directly linked to the available electronic source (digital view or pdf-download) of the respective papers.


Introduction
Georg Ritter von Frauenfeld (1864: Introduction): "Ich habe in nachfolgendem Verzeichnisse versucht, alle Namen sowohl der fossilen wie der lebenden Arten, die mir in der alten Lamark´schen Gattung Paludina bekannt, oder nach deren Zerfallen in die betreffenden Gattungen bis in die neueste Zeit in die Literatur eingeführt wurden, zusammen zu stellen ...... Dass ich .. somit manches todte Synonym zur Welt bringe, wird wohl nicht getadelt werden, da solche Namen fort und fort wie Irrlichter in den Sammlungen herumwandern, ohne Ruhe zu finden. Die Arbeit selbst .... lässt die bedeutenden Lücken sehen, die für mich durch die unsicheren und mir unbekannten Arten noch bestehen." ["In the following catalog I have tried to collect all names of the fossil and extant species, which are known to me in the old genus Paludina of Lamarck, or have been described after its splitting into the various genera until most recent times in the literature...... That I will give rise to certain dead synonyms will probably not be criticized, since such names are like ghost-lights migrating without rest in the collections. The work itself ...... also sheds light on the considerable gaps, which still exist due to the uncertain and unknown species"].
This citation, which is nearly 150 years old, is equally applicable to another group of freshwater operculate gastropods, the Valvatidae or valve snails. The main goal of current catalogue is to summarize all the available information on all supra-and (infra-) specific taxa of extant and fossil Valvatidae in order to facilitate future taxonomic research. This is the first such compilation for the Valvatidae since the list of Wenz (1928b), which was restricted to fossil taxa. In addition, the present contribution should also facilitate future taxonomic work of Valvatidae and other freshwater gastropods by providing direct internet links to many important older taxonomic papers.

General remarks
Until recently nearly all supraspecific taxa of Valvatidae were described based on shell characters alone. However, shells of certain taxa (e.g. the wide-spread Valvata piscinalis) are highly variable due to ecomorphism or ontogenetic change (e.g. Baker 1928;Favre 1927Favre , 1935Haas 1938;Binder 1967a;Scholtz andGlaubrecht 2010, Welter-Schultes et al. 2011); further some hydrobiid species with very similar shells have been often misidentified as valvatids.
Recent molecular data cast strong doubts that any of these higher-level names (at least concerning extant taxa) represent a monophyletic clade. The only notable exception may be Borysthenia Lindholm, 1914, which is characterized not only by shell characters, but also by very slender (vs. broad) marginal radular teeth, which is probably an apomorphic character among the Valvatidae. On the other hand, anatomical characters of Borysthenia naticina are very similar to those of other valvatids (Hawe et al. 2013). In particular molecular (as well as anatomical) data are needed to clear up the supraspecific systematics of Valvatidae.
I also list here supraspecific "names" based on various types of error in order to correct the various internet listings.
Throughout the decades a high number of valvatid taxon names in the literature or in the internet have been created by misspellings, confusions or other errors. Previously, these errors were mostly due to simple errors of authors or publishers, whereas in more recent times the electronic versions and copies add to the problem: There is no doubt that electronic libraries such as the Biodiversity Heritage Library www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ , Gallica http://gallica.bnf.fr/, the Digitizing Center in Göttingen http:// gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ or DigiLit in Linz www.landesmuseum.at/datenbanken/digilit/ are of substantial value for current taxonomic research. Indeed, the current study could not be conducted in a reasonable time-frame without the help of these resources. However, the automatic text recognition software used by some websites provides a new source of misspellings and errors, in particular, if old papers or books in Gothic typescript or in poor print condition are used. Many of these mistakes were found in the Global Name Index (GNI) or in the Index of Organismic Names (ION), some have also been copied by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) or by the World Mollusc Species Data Base (WMSDB). In the following catalog such names are listed and the most probable explanation is provided, obvious errors have not been listed herein. The most impressive example probably is "Valvata ouscubakus Nykk., 1895" for Valvata piscinalis (Müller, 1774) attributed at http://content.lib.washington.edu/ to fig.  66 for Cooke (1895). I fully agree with the warnings of http://www.wikipeetia.org/Valvata, yet there is little doubt that the following list is not complete and will grow in the future. I will be grateful for explanations of any names with currently unknown source. + Valvata (Cincinna) abavia Huckriede, 1967 Original source : Huckriede 1967: 165, pl Valvata (Cincinna) sorensis var. abbreviata: Lindholm, 1909 Original source : Lindholm 1909: 72-73, pl Type locality: Nizhnij Inbatsk, Yenisej region, central Siberia, Russia ("Jenissei, Nischnij Inbatsk (lat. 63° 50')").
Type locality: "in kleinen Seen an der Quelle der Giessbaches unweit des Faulhorns bei Grindelwald in der Schweiz" [in small lakes close to the fontain of Giessbach near the Faulhorn at Grindelwald in Switzerland] (Küster 1853: 87), Switzerland.
According to Dr. Gary Rosenberg from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University (Philadelphia), the digitized label of a single sample says "Valvata andrezowski Jelsch"; the back of the label says "Kiew". There is also a penciled note "These 2 spp. mixed by breakage of bottles", the second species being Valvata spirorbis, for which there is also a label. There are three specimens in the lot; one of them is too large to be V. spirorbis (= cristata). The larger specimen is similar to Valvata naticina. The lot came from the C. M. Wheatley Collection deposited by the University of Pennsylvania. "Jelsch" means "Jelski", who published Valvata menkeana [see there]. Perhaps Jelski distributed specimens under the manuscript name "andrezowski" and then decided to give it a different name. + Amplovalvata suturalis anjipingensis Yü, 1980 (in Yü andPan 1980) Original source: Pan 1980: 149, figs ?? (not seen, Zool. Rec. 117 / 1980(A2): #3883). Type horizon: Mesozoic. Type locality: Zhejiang, Southern Anhui, China.
Holotype: U.S. National Museum #469212. Remarks: The holotype was designated in the original publication as "type". The lot in the type collection of USNM with the catalogue number 469212 contains a single specimen, which matches the original illustration and measurements. The specimen is labeled as syntype on the later printed label. "Valvata anvandalei" (GNI).
Type locality: Lake Baikal, Russia. Lectotype esignated by Sitnikova et al. (1983) and deposited at at Zoological Institut of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Nr. 104.
Type locality: not provided "Belgien, England, Deutschland, Russland". Types: Not specified. Remarks: Established as a replacement name for "Valvata fluviatilis sensu Westerlund, 1886 (non Colbeau, 1859) ". Kantor et al. (2011: 67) stated that this name is erroneously attributed to 1996 by Starobogatov et al. (2004). Kantor and Sysoev (2005) overlooked the description of the species in Anistratenko and Anistratenko (2001) and thus concluded that the name is not available.
However, a "sensu" name is not an available name, and only an available name can be replaced for nomenclatural reasons (see Glossary of the Code, new replacement name, "a name established expressly to replace an already established name"). Westerlund (1886) just used Colbeau's name and misapplied it to a species that later turned out to belong to a different species, thus Westerlund (1886) did not establish a new name. Consequently there was no name for which a new replacement name could be established. If Starobogatov or Anistratenko and Anistratenko (2001) intended to do that, the act was unsuccessful and it must be looked if the name was established as a regular new name. However, types were not specified (fide Kantor et al. 2011: 67), thus the conditions of ICZN Art. 16.4 probably were not met (after 1999 name-bearing types must be specified in the original source). This means that the name Cincinna falsifluviatlis is a nomen nudum and not available. Gmelin, 1791 Original source: Gmelin 1791: 3641 (based on Schröter 1779: pl. 6: fig. 11, the work is not avaible for nomenclatorical purposes, since it does not use binomen).
Type locality: Island Martinique, Caribbean (according to Menke 1845: 128). Remarks: As outlined by Welter-Schultes (2012b: 96) Ziegler was a shell dealer from Vienna (Austria) and sent labeled shells with new names to researchers, who then described the new species and attributed the names to him. After 1905 the malacologists agreed that he (and other shell dealers as well) should not be regarded as authors of names, because they had in most cases not done any scientific work. Menzel, 1904(often cited as Menzel 1900 Original source: Menzel 1904a: 78-79, with textfigure. Also described in detail and figured by Menzel (1904c: 288, pl. 14: figs 41-48).
(3) In addition, Paladilhe (1866) provided several more citations, for example Gassies (1849: 183), where the name Valvata minuta was also presented with a descrption, so the name was clearly made available before 1866.
Valvata hagenmulleri [sic] Caziot, 1902(non Hagenmüller, 1884 Original source:  (Kantor et al. 2011: 68). It is possible that this American species is identical with the Siberian ones, since there was a land-bridge during ice-ages (or by transport via water birds). Accordingly, the generic classification needs to be tested.
"Valvata helicoides" mentioned in Fischer (1855: 581) Arkell (1941: 89, figs 14 a, b, 60, 61, 62). He explained: "Edward Forbes was preparing a monograph on the invertebrate fauna of the Purbeck Beds when his work was cut short in 1854 by his death at the age of 39. All that appeared was a preliminary account, in which the genera Viviparus, Valvata, Lymnaea, Planorbis, Hydrobia, Physa, Melania, Cyclas, and Unio were recorded, and also many marine genera, but no species were mentioned. A number of MS. names were introduced by him on labels and in the Survey catalogues, and some of them have been used by other authors, but if any manuscript or type specimens existed they have disappeared".
Type locality: Mexico. Types: not traced. Remarks from www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/189646/0: Recent surveys of this species across western USA found no morphologically similar specimens to the holotype, which is from Mexico. This suggests that individuals thought to be Valvata humeralis from the US may be a different species, and V. humeralis may actually be restricted to Mexico (Hovingh 2004, Miller et al. 2006. Hovingh (2004) proposed that US specimens should be classified as Valvata californica. However, this assessment follows the previously established view of a US/Mexican distribution until further confirmation of the taxonomic status.
Remarks: As outlined by Welter-Schultes (2012b: 96) Ziegler was a shell dealer from Vienna (Austria) and sent labeled shells with new names to researchers, who then described the new species and attributed the names to him. After 1905 the malacologists agreed that he (and other shell dealers as well) should not be regarded as authors of names, because they had in most cases not done any scientific work. + Valvata incerta Yen, 1947 Original source : Yen 1947: 272, pl. 43: figs 4a-c. Type horizon: Pliocene. Type locality: Salt Lake Group," about 14 miles northwest of Logan, Northern Utah, USA.
Holotype: Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt/Main #166762. Remarks: Hauswald et al. (2008) showed that this taxon is a reaction form (ecomorph) of their Valvata "sp1.", a species lacking the characteristic ridges of the shell and resembling Valvata piscinalis, whereas Welter-Schultes (2012a: 43; no citation of Hauswald et al. 2008 in this paper) considered a valid species. It appears possible that Valvata klemmi is a polymorphic species.
Remarks: Based on fossil types, but considered as extant by Starobogatov et al. (2004) and Kantor et al. (2011) occurring in the lakes of the basin of the Baltic Sea.

Valvata microscopica
Type locality: Source de l'Ain, France (cf. Bodon et al. 2001: 195). Remarks: Detailed comment by Westerlund (1879). For shell variability cf. Binder (1967a). According to Binder (1967a), Bodon et al. (2000, ICZN Case 3146), and Callot-Girardi and Girardi (2013)  "Valvata mischleri Kuščer, 1933" mentioned in Binder (1967a fig. 15. The name was not attributed to Reyniés in the headline, only in a note in the synonymy. Description was also at least in parts by Dupuy. In footnote 2 Dupuy stated that Reyniés had provided a description, so maybe the Latin and French description could have been based on Reynies's notes. However in the past paragraph Dupuy compared the species with others, this was also part of the description and clearly written by Dupuy. Since Reyniés was not "alone" responsible for both, the name and the description, the authorship for the new name must be attributed to Dupuy  (2) Bodon et al. (2001: 202) suspected and Falkner and Boeters (2003:21) considered the taxon as a synonym of Valvata globulina Férussac, 1807 (but see there) and stated that syntypes are not available and that a re-description of Valvata moquiana and the designation of a neotype is necessary to clear up this often cited stygobiont taxon.
Type localities: "common in ponds around London and Bristol… some of the pond near Edinbough" and many others throughout Europe based on the synonymy list. Specification requires type selection.
Remarks: According to the original description "diameter 3/16 of an inch [= 4.7 mm]; animal black, tentacles, lateral appendages and lobes of the foot pale bluishblack, terminating with hyaline, eyes very black", probably Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bithyniidae). + Valvata multicarinata Hislop, 1859(non Yen, 1946 Original source: (2) Nomenclatural situation unclear: The name was made available (ICZN Art. 12.2.7, Glossary "taxon: a taxon encompasses al included taxa of lower rank"), but not based on types (Art 72.4.1), so without identity. Same situation as in Helix draparnaldi (ICZN Opinion 336 and 1924, name was regarded as available) and Helix barbata (Op. 1691, name was not regarded as available). It is recommended that this gap should be closed in the next edition of the Code, preferably in a sense that ICZN Art. 74.2.1 will be amended to rule that such names should be based on all types of the included subordinate variants.  (Dance 1986). Remarks: Currently considered as Borysthenia naticina (Menke, 1845). For anatomy, histology, and reproduction biology see Niero and Bodon (2011) and Hawe et al. (2013). + Protovalvata naticiformis Pană, 2000 Original source:  Michaud, 1831in Westerlund (1886, currently regarded as Aegopinella nitens (Michaud, 1831) (Zonitidae).
Valvata contorta var. subovata Menke, 1845 Original source: Menke 1845: 115-116. Type localities: The name was based on a description by Menke and on various bibliographical references, in many of which localities were given. All these are type localities.
Types: Not traced. Menke's collection was dispersed after his death (Dance 1986). Besides Menke's types also the cited specimens of the bibliographically given sources were syntypes.
Remarks: It is beyond the scope of this contribution to check, whether the specimens of Servain (1881) are identical to those of Westerlund (1886) -if this is possible at all on shells alone. It is possible that Fitzinger communicated the name to Parreyss, and Parreyss labelled the name, and Servain thought that the name must be attributed to Parreyss. Westerlund, 1886 Original source: Westerlund 1886: 140. Cited and figured first by Rossmässler andKobelt (1910: 15, pl. 399, fig. 2289) with bibliographic reference to Westerlund (1886).

Valvata umbilicata
Type localities: various countries between Sweden and Austria. Remarks: Westerlund expressively attributed the name to the nomen nudum of Fitzinger (1833), which is not available, however. Accordingly, the naming by Servain (1881) has priority, if these are two different species. De Kay, 1843(non Lörenthey, 1894 Original source: De Kay 1843: 118-119, pl. 6: fig. 129a Remarks: Vernacular name: "emerald valvata". A recent species considered to be extinct by human activities (pollution), however.
Valvata perdepressa walkeri Baker, 1930 Original source: Baker 1930: 188. Type locality: Southern part of Lake Michigan, USA. + Valvata (Atropidina) wenzi Papp, 1953 Original source : Papp 1953: 110, pl + Sinorificium yumenensis Guo, 1982(in Guo et al. 1982 Original source: Guo et al. 1982: 34, pl Type horizon: Pleistocene, Interglacial "Schieferkohle". Type locality: Dürnten, Kanton Zürich, Switzerland. found in the later literature citing that paper. Usually the original title and an English or French translation of the title or journal are provided. As far as possible I provide here direct www-links to the first page of the respective papers and books. Mostly they have been found in the Biodiversity Library respectively at www.archive.org, via Gallica http://gallica.bnf.fr/ respectively in the Jubilothece http://jubilotheque.upmc.fr/, and in the digital library "DigiLit" of the Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum Linz (please, provide an English introduction for international users!) at <http://www.landesmuseum.at/datenbanken/digilit/>, reflecting the extremely high value and help provided by these institutions. On the other hand the substantial content of the digital library of the Haiti Trust http://catalog.hathitrust.org is of very limited use, since it is available only for few US-colleagues. It is particularly hard to understand, why contributions prior to 1923 cannot be offered online "due to copyright restrictions".
If not stated otherwise these e-libraries are free for download or view. This also is true for Google-books, where registration, but no fee is required. Note that the digital page numbers often do not correspond with the printed page numbers. All Roman numbers of pre-pages or plates are listed in Arabic numbers for convenience.
I add here the urgent ask for all responsible persons and societies for journals or books not yet digitized to do so as soon as possible at least for the elder volumes before 1923 (no copyright restrictions) in order to facilitate and accelerate taxonomy as science. Concerning the present work the "most wanted" journals are the Archiv für Molluskenkunde and the Mitteilungen der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft. In addition, I (and the whole malacological community as well) will be grateful for any tip concerning a new or overlooked source of electronic copy of any reference not yet covered herein.