Review of the genus Tinissa Walker, 1864 (Lepidoptera, Tineidae, Scardiinae) from China, with description of five new species

Abstract The genus Tinissa Walker is reviewed for China. Seven species are recognized, of which Tinissa apicimaculata sp. n., Tinissa conchata sp. n., Tinissa connata sp. n.,Tinissa leguminella sp. n. and Tinissa spirella sp. n. are described as new; and Tinissa insularia Robinson, 1976 is newly recorded from China. Photographs of the adults and illustrations of the genitalia are given. A key to all the known Chinese species and a distribution map of Tinissa in China are included.


Introduction
The genus Tinissa was established by Walker (1864) with T. torvella Walker, 1864 as the type species. It was once included in the subfamily Tinissinae, which was established by Gozmány and Vári (1973) for Tinissa and Leptozancla Meyrick, 1920. Robinson (1976 revised the Tinissinae on a worldwide basis, including 32 Tinissa species. Subse-Forewing (Figs 4−5): Index 0.25−0.30, somewhat rectangular, with termen slightly concave inward, or lanceovate, with termen obliquely blunt; color brown in general, with a purplish sheen, with scattered white dots (Fig. 4a); M absent or with weak trace in cell, R 5 to costa or apex or just on to termen (R 5 to costa near apex in all the seven Chinese species), R 4 and R 5 separate, stalked or completely fused (Fig. 5); with elongate oval patch of small, flat, ovate scales on ventral surface between A 1+2 and dorsum (Fig. 4b). Hindwing (Figs 4−5) index 0.3−0.35, costa with distal half slightly concave; grayish brown, shining purplish; with a patch of rough, pale scales opposite forewing patch, anterior to Sc+R 1 (Fig. 4c); all veins present (Fig. 5), M stem usually present, branched or not, weak or conspicuous. Male frenulum with one slender bristle, female frenulum with two or three bristles (female frenulum with two bristles in all Chinese species). Legs yellowish white to white; mid tibia usually with a brown spot at base and two oblique brown bands on outer surface; hind leg elongate, tibia bearing large tufts of erect scales at apex. Abdomen (Fig. 6): Second sternite elongate, twice length of other sternites, with sclerotized eyepatch-shaped trace on anterior half, with small tuft of forwarddirected setae medially (Fig. 6a); corema present or absent in eighth segment in male, eighth sternite with (Fig. 6b) or without (Fig. 6c) processes; corethrogyne present or absent in seventh segment in female. Male genitalia (Fig. 7) with tegumen and gnathos absent; uncus bilobate, being a pair of lobes of highly interspecific  Robinson, 1976 ■ T. insularia Robinson, 1976 ▲ T. apicimaculata sp. n.  T. conchata sp. n.  T. leguminella sp. n. ♥ T. connata sp. n. ♦ T. spirella sp. n. diversity attached to vinculum by membrane or fused with vinculum; subscaphium elongate and conspicuous, diagnostic at species level; saccus broad and triangular, or slightly narrow and rodlike; juxta large, closely appressed to valva, diversely modified; valva usually short and conical; a pair of variously shaped processes arising from membrane between valva and juxta; labides present, dorsal to aedeagus, usually a pair of lobes, sometimes fused. Aedeagus of various shape and size, with or without carina, cornuti absent. Female genitalia with variously shaped eighth sternite, usually ventrally protuberant; ostium similarly diverse; antrum usually present, often divided by a narrow, oblique membranous ring at point of junction with ductus seminalis; ductus bursae usually with transverse, regular constrictions. Corpus bursae with or without signum.

Diagnosis.
Members of Tinissa are medium to large sized robust tineid moths that can be easily recognized by having an elongate, brown-colored forewing with purple sheen and patterned with faint white dots; the hind legs are elongate and bear large tufts of erect scales at tibia apex; the male genitalia are characterized by the bilobate uncus, and the enlarged juxta being a pair of processes, forming a complex with the valva. Tinissa shares the above characters with Leptozancla, but differs from Leptozancla by the antenna about 0.5× length of forewing, the forewing with elongate oval patch of small, flat, ovate scales, the hindwing with patch of rough, pale scales opposite to the forewing patch; the male genitalia with reduced valva, and the labides present as a pair of lobes. In Leptozancla, the antenna is as long as the forewing, the forewing lacks the ovate patch, the hindwing lacks the patch opposite to the forewing patch, the valva is absent, the labides are present as elongate, posteriorly directed spines in the male genitalia.
Biology. One species was reared from fungus on bamboo (Robinson 1976). Distribution. Afrotropical, Oriental and Australian regions, as far east as the Solomon Islands, and as far south as Queensland (Robinson 1986).
Remarks. Robinson (1976) described that the maxillary palpus has three or five segments. Our whole body dissection of T. indica shows that the maxillary palpus has four segments in this species (Fig. 3d). .0−28.0 mm in male, 30.0 mm in female. Tinissa indica can be easily recognized from its congeners by the male genitalia having a pair of crescent-shaped uncus lobes, the triangular subscaphium with wide, fingerlike process posterolaterally, and the fist-shaped juxta (Figs 6−7), and by the female genitalia having the eighth sternite ventrally protuberant and the hemispherical antrum (Fig. 19 Diagnosis. Adult ( Fig. 8) with male wingspan 17.0 mm. Tinissa insularia is close to T. spirella sp. n., but differs as noted in the description of the new species.
Notes. This species is recorded for the first time in China. The new species is a distinctive species: the forewing markings are diagnostic, with an ovate, large, blackish brown spot near apex. It is small-sized as Tinissa connata sp. n., but can be easily recognized by the superficial characters.
Description. Adult ( Fig. 9): Wingspan 12.0 mm in female. Vertex and frons creamy white. Antenna with scape and pecten white, pecten about 10−20 bristles; flagellum yellowish white. Labial palpus creamy white, second segment and tuft yellowish brown on outer surface. Thorax and tegula creamy white, anterior margin dark brown. Forewing index 0.27, lanceovate, apex protruded roundly, termen oblique; ground color creamy white on basal 1/3, yellowish brown on distal 2/3, gradually darker to apex, shining copperish violet; patterned with indistinct, faint transverse striae, with large, blackish brown ovate spot near apex; M absent in cell, R 4 and R 5 separated; fringe brown, pale yellowish brown at middle, forming a line parallel with pale yellowish brown basal line. Hindwing index 0.3; grayish brown, yellowish brown near apex, shining copperish violet; M stem conspicuous, not branched; fringe yellowish brown. Legs dominantly creamy white; fore femur with narrow, blackish brown spot on ventral surface, tibia blackish brown on outer surface, tarsus with fifth segment dark brown; mid tibia distally with oblique dark brown band on outer surface, spurs with oblique black band before apex, tarsus with middle portion of first and second segments dark brown, lighter on inner surface; hind tibial tuft creamy white on basal half, blackish brown on distal half, spurs with oblique blackish bands before apex, tarsus with basal half of first segment grayish brown, with rough, raised scales on dorsal surface, second and third segments blackish brown.
Distribution. China (Guangxi). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin prefix apici-(= apex) and maculatus (= macula), referring to the ovate, blackish brown spot near apex of forewing.
Remarks. In Tineidae, new species are usually described on the basis of male specimens. However, Tinissa is an exception. Among the 36 nominal species, seven are based Diagnosis. The new species is similar to T. amboinensis Robinson, 1976, T. cinerascens Meyrick, 1910 andT. distracta Meyrick, 1916 in the forewing having fine transverse striae; the ovate uncus lobe with shallow pocket posterolaterally, the clubbed subscaphium setose posteriorly, the rodlike saccus expanded anteriorly, and the slender aedeagus in male genitalia; and the antrum divided by a membranous ring at point of junction with ductus seminalis in the female genitalia. However, the shapes of the valva, the juxta and the aedeagus in the male genitalia are different among the four species: in the new species, the valva is flask-shaped, the juxta is rectangular basally and scallop-shaped distally, with dentation on posterior margin, and the aedeagus has small spinules; in T. amboinensis, the valva is triangular, the juxta is roundly lobe-shaped, with smooth margins, the aedeagus lacks the carina or spinule (Robinson 1976, Fig. 46); in T. cinerascens, the valva is triangular, the juxta is somewhat triangular, with smooth margins, the aedeagus lacks carina or spinule (Robinson 1976, Fig. 48); in T. distracta, the valva is triangular, the juxta has two small conical projections on inner surface, the aedeagus bears two small carinae before apex (Robinson 1976 , Fig. 45). Besides, the structures of the eighth segment, the position of the membranous ring on the antrum and the shape of the antrum in the female genitalia are also different among the four species.
Description. Adult (Fig. 10): Wingspan 16.0−20.0 mm in male, 22.0 mm in female. Vertex yellowish white; frons with creamy white scales directed forward, tinged with dark brown scales laterally. Antenna with scape and pecten white, pecten more than 20 bristles; flagellum ochreous white, first segment dark brown above. Labial pal-pus creamy white; second segment and tuft blackish brown above, mixed with black scales on outer surface and distal half of inner surface; third segment with oblique, blackish brown band near middle. Thorax and tegula creamy white, anterior margin dark brown. Forewing index 0.25, subrectangular, apex bluntly rounded, termen oblique; ground color yellowish white to yellowish brown, shining bluish violet, scattered with unconspicuous, transverse, fine grayish brown striae, with large dark brown spot at distal 3/5 and 2/3 of costa as well as at basal 1/4 near fold; M absent in cell, R 4 and R 5 separated; fringe brown. Hindwing index 0.32; pale grayish brown, shining bluish violet, distal 1/5 with faint, grayish brown striae; all veins present, M stem distinct in cell, branched at middle; fringe yellowish brown. Legs creamy white; fore femur with narrow, blackish brown spot on ventral surface, tibia blackish brown on outer surface, first segment of tarsus with large, blackish spot on outer surface, third and fourth segments mixed with dark brown; mid tibia with three broad oblique dark brown bands on outer surface, spurs with oblique dark brown band before apex, first to fourth segments of tarsus with large, blackish brown spot on outer surface; hind tibial tuft pale yellowish brown, forming two pale grayish brown clusters, blackish and shining purple at apex, tarsus and spurs of same pattern with mid leg.
Distribution. China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin conchatus (= conchoidal), referring to the scallop-shaped distal half of the juxta. Diagnosis. The new species can be easily recognized by the small-sized body and the rough, raised scales on the first hind tarsal segment. These characters are also present in T. apicimaculata sp. n., but the forewing of T. apicimaculata sp. n. is darker in color, and has an ovate blackish brown spot near apex that is absent in T. connata sp. n.
Description. Adult (Fig. 11): Wingspan 12.5 mm. Vertex and frons ochreous white, tinged with grayish brown around antenna. Antenna with scape and pecten ochreous white, pecten more than 20 bristles; flagellum yellowish brown, first segment with blackish brown above. Labial palpus white, second segment and tuft blackish brown above, mixed with blackish brown on distal half of inner surface and on outer surface, third segment with oblique, blackish brown band before apex. Thorax and tegula white, anterior margin dark brown. Forewing index 0.26, lanceolate, apex protruded triangularly; ground color pale yellowish brown, gradually darker from base to apex, shining bluish violet, with scattered dark brown dots throughout, concentrated from costal 1/4 to dorsal 1/6, forming a discontinuous oblique stria; costal margin with conspicuous creamy white dot at distal 1/3 and 1/4; M with weak trace in cell, R 4 and R 5 separated; fringe brown. Hindwing index 0.32; yellowish brown, shining bluish violet; M stem conspicuous in cell, branched at middle; fringe pale yellowish brown. Legs ochreous white; fore coxa and femur mixed with brown on ventral surface, tibia blackish brown ventrally, tarsus with first segment on outer surface as well as fourth and fifth segments blackish brown; mid tibia with blackish brown spot at base, with a narrow, blackish brown band at middle, with an oblique dark brown band before apex, spurs with oblique dark band before apex, first segment of tarsus with blackish brown spot at base and middle, fourth segment dark brown; hind tibial tuft pale yellowish brown, distal scales with dark brown tips, tarsus with first segment dark brown on distal half, bearing rough, raised scales on dorsal surface, second segment with small blackish brown dot near base dorsally, fourth segment dark brown.
Female genitalia (Fig. 22). Corethrogyne absent, with deciduous setae on posterior margin of seventh segment. Eighth tergite semicircularly concave on anterior margin, and forming rounded plate posterolaterally, with a few short setae on posterior margin; eighth sternite semicircularly concave on anterior margin, forming semicylindrical plate anterolaterally extending to tergite, attached with apophysis posterior, setose and slightly concave at middle on posterior margin, with ovate ventral protuberance on ventral margin of ostium. Apophysis anterior 0.3× length of apophysis posterior. Antrum short, divided at posterior 2/3 by a membranous ring at point of junction with ductus seminalis on right; ductus bursae 3.0× length of corpus bursae, posterior 1/5 with transverse constrictions, anterior 4/5 smooth. Corpus bursae pear-shaped, with large, heavily sclerotized, inverted funnel-shaped signum.
Distribution. China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin connatus (= connate), referring to the fusion of the juxta and valva.
Remarks. The single female specimen was not collected in the same locality as the male specimens, but it has the same forewing patterns as the males do, and its first hind tarsal segment has the rough, raised scales, which are characteristic for this species. The rough, raised scales on the first hind tarsal segment are also present in T. apicimaculata sp. n. and T. spaniastra Meyrick, 1932, but the forewing of T. apicimaculata sp. n. has an ovate blackish brown spot near apex, and the members of T. spaniastra are larger in size (25 mm in male, 20-27 mm in female (Robinson 1976)). In addition, the genitalia structures of the above mentioned species are also different. Diagnosis. Tinissa leguminella sp. n. is similar to T. indica in having a similar forewing pattern, a broad and triangular saccus and a short and conical valva in the male genitalia. However, the new species can be recognized from the latter by the beanpod-shaped uncus lobe, the bifurcate subscaphium, the horn-shaped juxta, the process from the membrane between the valva and the juxta with basal 3/5 nearly parallel dorso-ventrally, widended at distal 2/5, then narrowed to melanised and setose apex, and the aedeagus with short carina in the male genitalia. In T. indica, the uncus lobe is crescent, the subscaphium is triangular, the juxta is fist-shaped, the process from the membrane between the valva and the juxta is fingerlike, and the aedeagus has long carina in the male genitalia.
Description. Adult (Fig. 12): Male wingspan 16.5−19.0 mm. Vertex ochreous yellow, tinged with blackish brown near eyes; frons ochreous yellow, with blackish brown scales laterally. Antenna with scape and pecten ochreous white, pecten more than 20 bristles; flagellum yellowish brown, first two segments blackish brown above. Labial palpus creamy white; second segment brown on outer surface, mixed with creamy white at middle and apex, tuft black; third segment with dark brown spot at base and distal 1/3 on outer surface. Thorax ochreous white, posterior 1/3 grayish brown; tegula creamy white, anterior 1/3 dark brown, posterior 1/3 mixed with yellowish brown. Forewing index 0.25, rectangular, apex protruded triangularly, termen slightly concave inward at about anterior 1/3; ground color brown, shining dark purplish, scattered with conspicuous white spots throughout, regularly arranged along margins as well as between veins, more white spots concentrated in basal 1/5, near fold and at upper angle of cell; M absent in cell, R 4 and R 5 separated; fringe brown. Hindwing index 0.32; pale grayish brown, shining dark purplish, with small pale dots apically; M stem conspicuous in cell, branched at middle; fringe yellowish brown. Fore leg yellowish brown, femur with narrow, dark brown spot on ventral surface, tibia blackish brown, tarsus blackish brown except apex of first segment as well as fifth segment ochreous white; mid leg ochreous yellow, tibia with three oblique, blackish brown bands on outer surface, broader near apex, shorter spur with oblique blackish brown band on outer surface, longer spur yellowish brown on outer surface, tarsus with first segment dark brown at base and middle, third and fourth segments dark brown; hind leg pale yellowish brown, tibia ochreous white at basal 2/3 ventrally, tuft dark grayish brown, forming two clusters at spurs, spurs ochreous white ventrally, dark brown dorsally but yellowish at apex, first segment of tarsus ochreous white ventrally, with dark brown spot at base on outer surface, with large, dark brown spot from basal 1/3 to before apex on outer surface, other tarsal segments yellowish brown ventrally, third and fourth segments blackish brown dorsally.
Female. Unknown. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin legumin-(= legume) and the postfix -ellus, referring to the beanpod-shaped uncus lobe. Diagnosis. The new species is similar to T. conchata sp. n. by having an elongate, rodlike saccus and a slender aedeagus. It can be recognized from the latter by the Lshaped uncus lobe with an apical thorn, the subovate subscaphium with slender fingerlike process on each side, the spiral juxta, the pyramidical valva, and the needlelike aedeagus curved dorsad, without spinule. In T. conchata sp. n., the uncus lobe is ovate, with shallow pocket posterolaterally; the subscaphium is clubbed, with elongate setae posteriorly, the juxta is rectangular in basal 2/3 and scallop-shaped in distal 1/3, the valva is flask-shaped, and the clubbed aedeagus is straight, with a row of small spinules.
Description. Adult (Fig. 13): Male wingspan 20.0 mm. Vertex ochreous yellow, posterior margin ochreous white; frons ochreous white, tinged with ochreous yellow. Antenna with scape and pecten ochreous white, pecten about 10−20 bristles; flagellum pale yellowish brown, first segment blackish brown above. Labial palpus with first and second segments creamy white on inner surface, dark brown mixed yellowish brown on outer surface; third segment ochreous yellow, with yellowish brown spot at base and before apex on outer surface. Thorax creamy white mixed with dark grayish brown scales; tegula with anterior half dark grayish brown, posterior half creamy white but pale gray at middle. Forewing index 0.27, rectangular, apex protruded triangularly, termen slightly concave inward at about 2/5; yellowish brown mixed with grayish brown, shining bluish violet, with scattered faint white dots, large and conspicuous at base, along costa, termen and dorsum; M absent in cell, R 4 and R 5 separated. Hindwing index 0.32; grayish brown, shining bluish violet; M stem conspicuous in cell, branched at middle; fringe pale grayish brown. Legs yellowish brown; fore femur dark brown on ventral surface, tarsus with first segment blackish brown on outer surface, with faint dark brown spots on outer surface of second to fifth segments; mid tibia with blackish brown spot at base, with one narrow, blackish brown band at middle, with one broad, oblique, dark brown band before apex on outer surface, tarsus with small, blackish brown spot at base and middle on outer surface of first segment; hind tibial tuft pale yellowish brown, blackish brown before apex on outer surface, tarsus with first segment dark brown at base and apex on dorsal surface, with long, fine scales dorsally, third segment dark brown dorsally.

Distribution. China (Sichuan).
Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin spirellus (= spiral), referring to the small, spiral, whorl-shaped juxta.

Discussion
The genus Tinissa is unique among the 30 genera of the subfamily Scardiinae. It is highly diagnostic by the hind legs bearing large tufts of erect scales at apex of the tibia. Based on this character, we assign five new species to this genus.
As all the nominal species were well described and illustrated by previous taxonomists (Robinson 1976(Robinson , 1981Robinson and Tuck 1998;Gozmány and Vári 1973;Zagulajev 1972), we examined only the holotypes of T. araucariae Robinson, 1976, T. bakeri Robinson, 1976, T. insignis Zagulajev, 1972, T. parallela Robinson, 1976, T. polysema Zagulajev, 1972 as well as the paratype of T. insularia Robinson, 1976 that were available during this study. Besides, the shape of valva+juxta complex and the uncus lobes in the male genitalia as well as the eighth sternite and the ostium in the female genitalia are highly diverse among species, which makes the species identification more effective.