Identification of the terebrantian thrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera) associated with cultivated plants in Java, Indonesia

Abstract An illustrated identification key is provided to 49 species of Thysanoptera, Terebrantia that have been found in association with cultivated plants in Java. This is the first published identification system to this group of insects from Indonesia, and includes 15 species not previously recorded from Indonesia, and a further three species not previously recorded from Java. A table is provided indicating the plants from which thrips were taken.


Introduction
Judging from a list published by zur Strassen (1994), the Thysanoptera fauna of Indonesia appears to be well known. That list documents 433 thrips species from Indonesia, 279 of which are from Java. Although a useful resource for checking the names and presence of a genus or species, the list has limitations as a basis for further work by Indonesian entomologists. The alphabetic arrangement of genera, rather than grouping by sub-order and family, makes it difficult to gauge the biological diversity of the fauna, particularly as biologies are not indicated, and no advice given on identification in the web-available identification systems for Australia and California Hoddle et al. 2012). Another useful source of information is the key to Thripinae genera associated with plant quarantine in Japan (Masumoto 2010).

Key to species
1 Antennae with 9-segments; sensoria on segments III-IV linear, either longitudinal along the segments or transverse; wing apex rounded (Fig. 2)  Fore wing dark and setae on costa and first vein long with apices capitate (Fig. 38 Fore wing costal setae longer than costal cilia (Fig. 10); tergite II anterolaterally with paired area of recurved claw-like microtrichia (Fig. 12)  Abdominal tergites III-V with median pair of setae more 0.5 as long as the median length of their tergite (Fig. 29)

Aeolothripidae
Most of the 190 species listed in this family are from the temperate parts of the world, but a few small genera are found only in tropical countries. All the species have nine antennal segments, the sensoria on the third and fourth antennal segments form longitudinal sensory areas not emergent sense cones, and the fore wings have a broadly rounded apex and well marked veins.
**Franklinothrips vespiformis (Crawford DL): This predatory species was collected on the leaves of Jatropha at Malang in association with populations of Zaniothrips ricini. Originally from Central America where it is widespread, it is recorded from Thailand, Japan, New Caledonia and Australia (Mound and Reynaud 2005). *Mymarothrips bicolor zur Strassen: Described from Krakatau Island, Indonesia, this species has been collected at Bogor and at Semarang, and is also known from northern Australia. It is presumably predatory and, as the name implies, is similar in appearance to one of the small parasitic Hymenoptera with the fore wings narrowed at the base but broadly rounded toward the apex.

Thripidae
This family comprises about 2000 described species, and is found around the world wherever plants are growing. Most species have either seven or eight antennal segments, and the sensoria on the third and fourth segments are emergent and either forked or simple. The fore wings are generally slender, and commonly bear two rows of setae. Four subfamilies are recognised, although only three are recorded here.

Thripidae -Panchaetothripinae
This subfamily comprises about 140 species in 40 genera. These are distributed throughout tropical countries, and they feed and breed on leaves not in flowers. With the exception of Zaniothrips ricini, the adults are dark brown, with conspicuous reticulate sculpture.
Astrothrips sp.: This genus comprises 12 leaf-feeding species that are found in tropical areas between Africa and northern Australia. All of them have a characteristic group of strongly recurved spines anterolaterally on the second abdominal tergite. An apparently undescribed species was collected recently at Tegal. **Copidothrips octarticulatus (Schmutz): Only one species is recognised in this genus, and this has the second abdominal similar in structure and sculpture to species of Astrothrips. Presumably originally from southeast Asia, and collected at Bogor, it is also recorded from the Carribean. Elixothrips brevisetis (Bagnall): Only one species is placed in this genus, and this has been found at Bogor. It is very similar in structure and biology to species of Astrothrips, and is widely distributed around the tropics. **Helionothrips ananthakrishnani Wilson: Described from the eastern highlands of New Guinea on banana leaves (Wilson 1975), this species is here newly recorded from Java. Both sexes have been found on banana leaves at Bogor, Cianjur and Bandung. There are nearly 30 species listed in this genus, almost all from the Asian tropics. Heliothrips haemorroidalis Bouché: Found in Bogor, the Greenhouse Thrips of temperate countries is widespread in sub-tropical areas, breeding on a wide range of plants, but usually not on herbaceous plants. **Panchaetothrips indicus Bagnall: Described from India, females of this species have been studied from Bogor and Semarang. Six species from the Old World tropics are listed in this genus, and an identification key was provided by Mound and Postle (2004). Rhipiphorothrips pulchellus Morgan: This species has the abdomen almost clear yellow in contrast to the dark brown head and thorax, and is known from India and Sri Lanka to the Philippines. It is recorded from the leaves of Ficus and of vines, and at Situbondo was found on Jatropha leaves. Four other species are listed in this genus, two from Africa and two from Asia. Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard): The red-banded cacao thrips probably came originally from South America but is now widespread in tropical countries. It has been taken from the leaves of Jatropha at Bogor and at Kediri. **Zaniothrips ricini Bhatti: Although described from Ricinus in India, this curiously palebodied species has been found several times breeding on Jatropha leaves at Bogor.

Thripidae -Dendrothripinae
Adults in this subfamily have the internal furca of the metathorax greatly enlarged and "lyre-shaped", and extending to the mesothorax. These are leaf-feeding thrips that jump actively when disturbed. About 90 species in 10 genera are recognised, and these are found particularly in tropical and sub-tropical countries.
**Asprothrips navsariensis Tyagi: Previously known only from Gujarat, in western India, living on banana leaves, both sexes have been studied from banana leaves at Bogor. The genus includes only four species, all from Asia but with one species widespread in greenhouses. Pseudodendrothrips sp.: There are 19 species placed in this genus, mainly from the Old World tropics. They are minute in size, and difficult to identify to species. One species is widespread as a minor pest on the leaves of Morus trees used for silk-worm cultivation. A single female representing this genus was collected from Nephelium at Bogor.

Thripidae -Thripinae
This is one of the two largest groups of Thysanoptera, with over 1600 recognised species in almost 250 genera. These thrips are found all over the world, many are associated with flowers, but a particularly large number of species breed only on grasses. This subfamily includes the major pest thrips, including all the tospovirus vector species.
Anaphothrips sudanensis Trybom: This strikingly bicoloured species was collected at Bogor. It is widespread in sub-tropical areas on various grasses, and is sometimes considered a minor pest of cereal crops. As in all 80 species of the genus Anaphothrips, the pronotum does not have any long setae (Mound and Masumoto 2009). Ayyaria chaetophora Karny: The only species in this genus is widespread from India to Japan and Australia. It appears to breed on a wide variety of plants, including Glycine, Tagetes and Ricinus, and at Purwakata adults have been found on many different plant species. Bathrips melanicornis (Shumsher): This species with curiously dark antennae is widespread from India across Southeast Asia to northern Australia. It has been collected at Bogor and Cianjur, and although often reported from crops, there is no reliable information concerning the plants on which it breeds. The only other species in the genus was described from India. Bolacothrips striatopennatus (Schmutz): Described from Sri Lanka, but widespread across Asia to Japan, Guam and Australia, this yellow species breeds on grasses, and has been found at Cianjur. Although closely related to Thrips genus, the sensoria on the third and fourth antennal segments are simple not forked (Mound 2011b). **Ceratothripoides brunneus Bagnall: Although described from West Africa, this species is common in Peninsular Malaysia, also in Thailand where it is reported as a tospovirus vector on tomatoes (Mound and Nickle 2009). A few specimens were taken at Cianjur. Although similar in appearance to Megalurothrips species, the eighth abdominal tergite bears a complete comb of long microtrichia. *Craspedothrips minor (Bagnall): This is the most widespread of the 10 species in this genus, all from the Old World tropics. It is thought to be associated with the flowers of Cassia species , and at Bogor was found on Mimosa flowers. The posterior margins of the abdominal tergites and sternites bear a distinctive craspedum, or lobed fringe.   Dendrothripoides innoxius (Karny): One of only five species in this genus, this is associated with the leaves of Ipomoea species including sweet potato. Originally from Southeast Asia, and found at Bogor, it is also recorded from Brazil. The abdominal tergites laterally bear distinctively large, broadly based, microtrichia. Dichromothrips corbetti (Priesner): Species in this genus breed on Orchidaceae in the Old World tropics, but corbetti has been widely distributed in greenhouses, and was recently found at Malang. Unlike the other 17 species in the genus, corbetti has no long setae on the pronotum.  eastern North America, it has been reported recently from Cianjur in Java, also northern Australia and China (Mound et al. 2013). **Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom): This species is widespread from Europe to Taiwan, and has been found at Cianjur and Bandung on rose and on strawberry plants. It is similar in structure and biology to the major pest species, F. occidentalis, from which it is distinguished by the short setae behind the eyes and the absence of campaniform sensilla on the metanotum.
Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom): Presumably originally from South America, this species is widespread throughout tropical countries. A tospovirus vector, it is distinguished from most species of Frankliniella by the lack of a marginal comb on the eighth tergite of females, and the presence of a pair of setae between the posterior pair of ocelli. It appears to be variable in colour, from yellow to brown, and a single brown male was collected at Bogor. Lefroyothrips lefroyi (Bagnall): Only four species are listed in this genus, of which this one is associated with the flowers of tea plants in northern India. A single female has been seen from Cianjur. Megalurothrips distalis (Karny): Species of this genus breed in the flowers of Fabaceae in the Old World tropics. Although 13 species are described, they cannot all be recognised (Palmer 1987). Females of distalis are distinguished from the more common usitatus by the dark brown colour of the third antennal segment. This species was found at Cianjur. Megalurothrips typicus Bagnall: This species can be distinguished by the presence of all three pairs of setae arising at the posterior margin of the seventh sternite in females, instead of the median pair arising sub-marginally. Also, the antennae are more extensively yellow than in the other members of the genus. It has been found at Tegal. Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall): This is the most common thrips in the flowers of cultivated legume plants across most of tropical Asia (Palmer 1987), and has been seen from Bogor and Tegal. Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford DL): Common in the flowers of many Asteraceae, this sub-tropical species is often associated with crops of Helianthus. Found at Bogor, Bandung and Cianjur, it is similar to species of genus Thrips in having ctenidia laterally on the tergites, but the posterior margin of the tergites bears a distinctive row of triangular teeth. **Mycterothrips sp. This genus is widespread around the world, with the species apparently all leaf-feeding, and one a pest in Asia on Glycine max. One female of a bicoloured species has been seen from Banjarnegara, a highland area in central Java. This apparently undescribed species has discal setae on the sternites, a character state that is found in only five of the 29 species described in this genus. **Organothrips indicus Bhatti: This species breeds underwater in the mucilage on the stems of some aquatic plants, such as Eichornia crassipes, and Typha species. It is recorded from India and also from northern Australia, and was found at Demak. A closely similar species is recorded from the Pacific islands (Mound 2000). Rhamphothrips sp.: The females of species in this genus are particularly difficult to identify. However, specimens taken at Bogor were readily recognised as members of this genus, because the median two pairs of marginal setae on the seventh sternite arise very close together in the mid-line (Mound and Tree 2011). Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood: Species of this genus have closely spaced transverse rows of microtrichia laterally on the abdominal tergites. This Oriental species is a widespread pest on several crops. It was collected at Bogor, and is a tospovirus vector in India, and introduced to Israel and the Caribbean. It is unusual amongst the 100 described species of Scirtothrips in having microtrichia almost covering all of the sternites, instead of these being restricted to the lateral areas (Mound and Stiller 2011). **Scolothrips rhagebianus Priesner: Very similar to the North American S. sexmaculatus, this species is recorded from Egypt to Australia, and has been seen from Malang. All Scolothrips species have six pairs of long setae on the pronotum, and are predators of spider mites (Mound 2011a). Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall): The rice thrips is widespread across Asia, on grasses as well as rice, and has been seen from Bogor and Cianjur. Stenchaetothrips species are very similar to Thrips, but have the lateral pair of setae between the eyes longer than the median pair . **Thrips alliorum (Priesner): Apparently breeding on onions, this species is recorded widely in southeast Asia, and also in Hawaii, and has been seen from Cianjur. It is dark brown, with the head projecting slightly in front of the eyes. Thrips coloratus Schmutz: This species varies greatly in colour, from pale yellow to brown, but the most common form is brown medially on the tergites, and tergite ten is also brown. It is a flower-living species that is known widely across Southeast Asia into northern Australia, and was collected at Bogor. Thrips florum Schmutz: This is one of the most common and widespread flower thrips across Asia to the Pacific islands, and is also introduced to the Caribbean and southern Florida. Collected at Bogor, and at Cianjur, it is very similar to hawaiiensis in structure and biology (Mound and Masumoto 2005). Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan): This is the most commonly collected flower thrips across Asia to the Pacific and eastern Australia, and was found at both Bogor and Cianjur. It is also introduced to the southern parts of the USA, as well as some Caribbean islands. Thrips javanicus Priesner: Specimens identified as this species were taken at Bogor. The species requires further study as it is not clearly distinguished from several other Asian species that lack sternal discal setae (Mound 2005). Thrips malloti Priesner: Widespread from India to northern Australia, this species was collected at Bogor. The fore wing is dark except at the base, and the first vein has an almost complete row of setae, in contrast to javanicus. Thrips melastomae Priesner: This is another poorly defined species that is recorded from Malaysia to the Philippines and was taken at Bogor. Palmer (1992) suggests that it may be associated with species of the plant genus Melastoma. *Thrips nigropilosus Uzel: This polyphagous pest species has been found at Cianjur infesting the leaves of carrots, but in Europe it is associated with various other crops including lettuce, and in Kenya has been reported as a pest of Pyrethrum crops. The wings vary from fully complete to shorter than the thoracic width, and the median setae on the tergites are unusually long. Thrips palmi Karny: A major pest species and tospovirus vector, this species is sometimes abundant in southeast Asian countries causing severe leaf damage to various crops such as egg plant. It has been taken from various crop plants in Java at Bandung, Bogor and Cianjur.
Thrips parvispinus (Karny): In Indonesia, including Java, this is probably the most widespread and commonly collected thrips species (Mound and Collins 2000). The body size and colour are variable, probably in relation to the temperature during development. The body and wing lengths were greater on specimens from Capsicum in the highlands of West Java than in specimens from this crop in the lowlands (Sartiami et al. 2011). At large populations this species is likely to damage crops such as capsicum and potato, and it has been take at Bogor, Cianjur and Bandung. Thrips simplex (Morison): The Gladiolus thrips is found throughout the world wherever these flowers are grown. Feeding by this thrips causes the flowers and leaves to be marked by pale streaks, and specimens have been studied from Bogor. **Thrips safrus Mound & Masumoto: Collected recently at Bogor, this is the first record of this polyphagous species from outside Australia, where it is common in the northern tropical and sub-tropical parts of the continent (Mound and Masumoto 2005). Thrips tabaci Lindeman: One of the most widespread species of thrips, the Onion Thrips does not usually occur in the wet tropics. It can produce large populations on various crops under hot dry conditions, and has been found at Cianjur. **Thrips unispinus Moulton: described from New Guinea, large numbers of this species have been found in Mango flowers in northern Australia, and it is here recorded from Cianjur.