A review of Aleurodaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Hormaphidinae) with the description of one new species and keys to species

Abstract The genus Aleurodaphis van der Goot is reviewed. One new species Aleurodaphis sinojackiae Qiao & Jiang, sp. n. on Sinojackia xylocarpa from Jiangsu and Zhejiang, China is described. Aleurodaphis sinisalicis Zhang, 1982 is synonymised with Aleurodaphis blumeae van der Goot, 1917. Keys to species, morphological description and features of the new species, host plants, and distribution are provided. The specimens including types are deposited in British Natural History Museum, London (BMNH), Kôgakkan University, Japan and the National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (NZMC).


Introduction
Aleurodaphis is erected in 1917 by van der Goot. He described the species Aleurodaphis blumeae as the type of the genus, from Blumea. Its remarkable characters are the followings, body of apterae is aleyrodiform, frontal horn is absent and wax glands are arranged along crenulated margin of body. Takahashi studied the specimens from East small and ciliated; eyes with 3 facets. Dorsal setae fine and sparse. Rostrum reaching mid-coxae, at most hind coxae. Ultimate rostral segment obviously longer than second hind tarsal segment. Legs short; first tarsal chaetotaxy: 2-4, 2-4, 2-4; dorsalapical setae on second hind tarsal segments with funnel-shaped apex. Siphunculi ring-shaped. Cauda knobbed and anal plate bilobed. In alate viviparous females: antennae 5-segmented, with secondary rhinaria near ring-shaped, without cilia; eyes normal; first tarsal chaetotaxy: 4, 4, 4, sometimes 3 or 2; fore wings with media once branched, pterostigma extended and two cubitus fused or separated at base; hind wings with two obliques.
Biology. Five species, A. asteris, A. blumeae, A. impatientis, A. ligulariae and A. mikaniae, mainly feeding on Compositae species, have monoecious and anholocyclic life cycle. A. sinojackiae Qiao & Jiang, sp. n. and A. stewartiae can form galls on the leaves of the primary host plants, but their secondary hosts are unknown. The details of A. antennata were unreported (Ghosh 1988;Eastop 1994, 2006;Sorin and Miyazaki 2004).

Keys to species of Aleurodaphis
The original descriptions of Aleurodaphis sinisalicis Zhang, 1982 were accurate, but the morphological characters of A. blumeae in his diagnosis were wrong. Perhaps, this is the main reason why Zhang (1992) described it as a new species. In the original descriptions of Aleurodaphis sinisalicis Zhang, 1982, the diagnosis was: the ratio of body length to antennae length was 4.70 (A. blumeae: 2.70), the base of cauda restricted (A. blumeae: not restricted), and the anal plate bilobed (A. blumeae: not bilobed). Actually, the morphological characters of A. blumeae in this diagnosis were inaccurate. In A. blumeae, the ratio of body length to antennae length was 4.80 instead of 2.70, the base of cauda restricted instead of not restricted, and the anal plate bilobed instead of not bilobed.
The Biology. This species feeds on the lower surface of leaves, along the main veins. It can infest Blumea on stems and undersides of young leaves, causing slight leaf-curl (Calilung 1967 Biology. The species is viviparous throughout the year on Impatiens spp. Alate viviparous females appear in the latter part of September. Adult apterous viviparous females pass the winter on the stalks near and just below the ground level. The hibernated adult females move to the seedlings and start to feed on the leaves and stalks in mid-April (Sorin and Miyazaki 2004).

Host plant. Ligularia fischeri.
Biology. The aphid lives on the lower side of the leaves and the apical part of the stem, as well as on the flower stalk at the tips of the host plant shoots. The alate viviparous females appear in the latter part of September. Adult apterous viviparous females pass the winter on the basal part of the stem just below the ground level and on fallen leaves in the ground litter (Sorin and Miyazaki 2004).
Distribution. Japan (Sorin and Miyazaki 2004). Takahashi (Figs 3, 21), mesonotum and metanotum (Fig. 6), abdominal tergites I-VII fused (Fig. 20), respectively; tergite VIII free (Fig. 8). Antennae, rostrum and legs brown; cauda, anal plate and genital plate dark brown. Dorsum of body rough, covered with dense sculptures on dorsum of head and thoracic notums, and with sparse sculptures on abdominal tergites (Fig. 9). Dorsum of body with round marginal wax glands, composited with big facets (Figs 8, 25, 26). Pro-and metanotum each with 13 wax glands, mesonotum with 8 wax glands, abdominal tergites I-VII each with 3-6 pairs of wax glands; tergite VIII with 10-13 wax glands. Dorsal setae of body fine and short (Fig. 9). Head with 2 pairs of cephalic and spinal setae, 3 pairs of marginal setae; pronotum with 2 pairs of spinal, 1 pair of pleural and 2 pairs of marginal setae; mesonotum with 2 pairs of spinal, 3 pairs of pleural and 2 pairs of marginal setae; metanotum with 1 pair of spinal, 3 pairs of pleural and 2 pairs of marginal setae; abdominal tergite I with 1 pair of spinal, pleural and marginal setae; tergites II-VII each with 1 pair of spinal and marginal setae; tergite VIII with 1 pair of spinal and 5 marginal setae.   Segments I-V each with 2-4, 2 or 3, 0 or 1, 1 or 2, 2+0 setae, respectively. Processus terminalis with 5 or 6 apical setae. Setae on segment III 0.58 times as long as widest diameter of the segment. Primary rhinaria small and round. Rostrum short, reaching mid-coxae. Ultimate rostral segment acute wedge-shaped (Figs 5, 23), 2.67-3.33 times as long as its basal width, 1.14-1.43 times as long as second hind tarsal segment; with 2 pairs of primary setae and 1 or 2 pairs of secondary setae.
Dorsum of body dark brown, antenna, apex of rostrum, legs, cauda, anal plate and genital plate brown. Dorsal setae of body fine, short and pointed, slightly longer than ventral setae. Head with 2 pairs of cephalic setae, 2 pairs of setae between antennae and 2 pairs of setae between eyes; abdominal tergites I-VII each with 1 pair of spinal and marginal setae; tergite VIII with 1 pair of spinal setae. Cephalic setae, marginal setae on abdominal tergite I, setae on abdominal tergite VIII 0.51-0.67, 0.50-0.54 and 0.64-0.83 times as long as widest diameter of antennal segment III, respectively.
Thorax: Legs normal. Hind femur 1.50-1.62 times as long as antennal segment III, hind tibia 0.25-0.28 times as long as body; setae on hind tibia 0.91-1.20 times as long as its mid-diameter. First tarsal chaetotaxy: 4, 4, 3. Fore wing (Figs 16, 29) 1.17-1.34 times as long as body, 2.00-2.42 times as long as width of the wing. Media once branched. Pterostigma long and curved to the apex of the wing. Hind wings with one thick longitudinal vein and two oblique veins.
Embroys. Body oval, with wax glands arranged along crenulated margin in both apterae and alatae. Cephalic setae short and pointed. Antennae 4-segmented. Rostrum and legs well developed. Legs covered with dense setae. Siphunculi visible.
Host plants. Sinojackia xylocarpa. Biology. The species induced the leaves of host plants to curl and form boatshaped leaf galls.
Remark. As the detailed biological information is very important to research the taxonomic position of the genus and species identification, the life cycle of the new species will receive further study in future.
Biology. The aphid induces a leaf gall, which is formed by rolling the marginal part of the leaf upwards. The gall is about 47.5 long and 7.2 wide, with a surface rough to the touch. The alate viviparous females emerge in early August, and then disappear from the host tree, probably emigrating to some unknown secondary host (Sorin and Miyazaki 2004).