New Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) records with new collection data from New Brunswick, and an addition to the fauna of Quebec, Canada: Aleocharinae

Abstract Thirty-eight species of Aleocharinae are newly reported from New Brunswick, bringing the total number of species known from the province to 216. Thirty-one of these species are newly recorded for the Maritime provinces, and four of them, Phloeopora oregona Casey, Gyrophaena michigana Seevers, Gyrophaena wisconsinica Seevers, and Tomoglossa decora (Casey), are newly recorded for Canada. Tomoglossa constitutes a new generic record for Canada. Collection and habitat data for all these species are presented and discussed. Color habitus, median lobe of the aedeagus, and male tergite and sternite 8 images are presented for the first time for Phloeopora oregona, and references to illustrations are provided for all other species included in this paper. A color habitus image is presented for Tomoglossa decora.


Introduction
The Aleocharinae is the largest subfamily of Staphylinidae with over 400 species in 92 genera recorded from Canada (Gouix and Klimaszewski 2007;Brunke et al. 2011). They are morphologically and ecologically diverse, occurring in almost all terrestrial habitats from the intertidal zone of oceans to the alpine zone (Newton et al. 2000). However, species in this subfamily are poorly documented in Canada, and many remain to be discovered and described. In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the knowledge of the Aleocharinae fauna of the Maritime provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island). Only 19 species of Aleocharinae were reported from New Brunswick by Campbell and Davies in 1991. Since then, 159 aleocharine species have been added to the provincial list of New Brunswick as a result of new provincial records and new species descriptions, most from publications by Klimaszewski et al. (2003Klimaszewski et al. ( , 2004Klimaszewski et al. ( , 2005Klimaszewski et al. ( , 2006Klimaszewski et al. ( , 2007aKlimaszewski et al. ( , 2008aKlimaszewski et al. ( ,b,c, 2009aKlimaszewski et al. ( ,b,c, 2011, Assing (2008), Majka and Klimaszewski (2008), Webster et al. (2009), and Majka and Klimaszewski (2010). Majka and Klimaszewski (2010) summarized the history of additions to the aleocharine fauna of the Maritime provinces, added some new provincial records, and presented an updated list of species known from the three Maritime provinces. Currently, 178 species of Aleocharinae have been recorded from New Brunswick. Recent and intensive collecting by the first author and others has resulted in the discovery of many additional species for New Brunswick. In this paper, we report 38 species new to the province, including four new to Canada, bringing the number of species known from the province to 216.

Methods and conventions
The following records are based in part on specimens collected as part of a general survey by the first author to document the Coleoptera fauna of New Brunswick.

Collection methods
Various methods were employed to collect the specimens reported in this study. Details are outlined in Campbell (1973) and Webster et al. (2009, Appendix). Some specimens were collected from Lindgren funnel trap samples during a study to develop a general attractant for the detection of invasive species of Cerambycidae. These traps visually mimic tree trunks and are often effective for sampling species of Coleoptera that live in microhabitats associated with standing trees (Lindgren 1983). See Webster et al. (2012) for details of the methods used to deploy Lindgren traps and for sample collection. A description of the habitat was recorded for all specimens collected during this survey. Locality and habitat data are presented exactly as on labels for each record. This information, as well as additional collecting notes, is summarized and discussed in the collection and habitat data section for each species. Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, adults were found in a mixed forest, a mature red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and red maple forest, and in an old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) forest. Specimens were taken from under bark of spruce and white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and under bark of red spruce infested with Scolytinae. One individual was captured in a Lindgren funnel trap. Specimens were collected during April, May, and June. Distribution in Canada and Alaska. NB (new Canadian record). This species was, until now, only known from the type locality (The Dalles) in Oregon (Casey 1906). We suspect that it is broadly distributed and transcontinental in North America. It is rare in collections, probably due to cryptic habitat associations.
Comments. Author JK examined the type material of the following species: Phloeopora arctica Lohse, P. corticalis (Gravenhorst), P. ferruginea Casey, P. liberta Casey, P. oregona Casey, P. sublaevis Casey, P. scriba Eppelsheim, and P. testacea (Mannerheim). All species of this genus are similar externally to each other and differ in small details such as body proportions (e.g., width of pronotum, length of elytra), density of punctation and pubescence on forebody, body color, and shape of the apical part of median lobe of aedeagus in lateral view. The shape of the median lobe of aedeagus in specimens from New Brunswick is similar to that of Palaearctic P. corticalis and Nearctic P. oregona, but externally is more similar to P. oregona and P. testacea, which have dense pronotal punctation and pubescence, and are less glossy than P. corticalis. The median lobe of aedeagus is strongly produced ventrally at apex in P. corticalis and P. oregona and less so in the other species. We tentatively affiliate the New Brunswick specimens with P. oregona and suspect that this species is transcontinental in distribution in North America. Brachyusa helenae (Casey 1911 Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, most adults of B. helenae were found near flowing water. Many specimens were collected from moss near the splash zone of a waterfall. It took 5-10 min. before adults appeared after repeated splashing. Other individuals were collected from moss on rocks in the middle of a river, from gravel on a gravel bar along a shaded brook, from gravel on a gravel/clay margin of a partially shaded brook, from among cobblestones along a large shaded brook, and in flood debris resting on a sand/clay mix along an upper river margin. Most individuals from these habitats were collected by splashing water on moss and gravel, or turning gravel. A few specimens were collected by treading emergent Carex and grasses on the margin of a lake near the outflow of a stream and by splashing water on debris on the margin of a vernal pond in a silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) swamp near a river. One individual was sifted from debris on a beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl) dam near the outflow area (flowing water) from the dam. Adults from New Brunswick were collected during April, June, July, August, and September. In Labrador, adults were captured in July and August on sand and gravel on the banks of the Churchill River . Elsewhere, adults were collected near lake and river shorelines, on clay, sand and gravel beaches, and silty river margins .
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. AK, NT, NB, LB, NF .
Gnypeta atrolucens Casey, 1894** http://species-id.net/wiki/Gnypeta_atrolucens Map 6; illustrations in Klimaszewski et al. (2008c). Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, G. atrolucens was typically found in riparian habitats. Adults were collected by splashing water on moss near the splash zone of a waterfall, splashing water on moss and rocks in the middle of a river and a brook, and splashing water on exposed rocks in the middle of a river. At the latter site, adults emerged from cracks in the rocks after splashing. It generally took up to 10 min. and repeated splashing before adults appeared on the moss or rocks. One individual was collected from gravel on a gravel bar on a river margin. Elsewhere, adults were collected during July and August at altitudes from 61-853 m, otherwise little was previously known about the habitat associations of this species (Klimaszewski et al. 2008c).

Tachyusa americanoides
Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, T. americanoides was collected from grassy debris near the overflow area of a beaver dam, from among sticks, debris, and clay on a beaver dam, from debris on muddy soil along a slow-flowing river in a silver maple swamp, from debris along the margin of a rocky river, and from debris on muddy soil near a small pool in a silver maple forest. Adults were collected during May, June, and July.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. NT, BC, AB, MB, ON, NB, NS, NL (Paśnik 2006;Gouix and Klimaszewski 2007;Klimaszewski et al. 2011). Tachyusa americanoides was recorded by Klimaszewski et al. (2011) from NB without specifying locality data. We record this species here from NB for the first time with locality data and habitat information. Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, most adults of T. obsoleta were collected during May and June by lightly splashing water on fine sand near a river margin. Other individuals were found on moist clay and by sifting grass and debris along river margins.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. BC, SK, NB (Paśnik 2006). For records from the USA, see Paśnik (2006). This is almost certainly a transcontinental species in North America.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. YT, AK, BC, AB, MB, ON, NB, NF (Gouix and Klimaszewski 2007;Klimaszewski et al. 2009bKlimaszewski et al. , 2011. Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, adults of G. caseyi were collected during August and September from fresh gilled mushrooms and Pleurotus sp. on the side of a log. This species was found in a hardwood forest, a mixed forest, and a black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), balsam fir, and eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) forest.

Gyrophaena neonana
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. QC, NB (Klimaszewski et al. 2009b). Comment. Gyrophaena caseyi and G. nanoides Seevers are very similar to each other externally and have similar genitalia. These two species were confused by Klimaszewski et al. (2009b), and specimens recorded from New Brunswick as G. caseyi were G. nanoides. This error and differences between these two species were pointed out by Klimaszewski et al. (2011). Specimens of G. caseyi were found in New Brunswick since the publication of Klimaszewski et al. (2009b), and these represent a new provincial record. Collection data, habitat notes, and distributional maps are presented for both species. Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, G. nanoides was found in various deciduous and coniferous forest types, including hardwood forests with sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), American beech, and white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), an old red oak forest, a mixed forest with eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.), mixed forests, red spruce forests, a black spruce forest, and a black spruce, balsam fir and eastern white cedar forest. Most adults were collected from fresh (not decaying) gilled mushrooms, including a Russula sp. Some specimens were collected from a stalked polypore fungus on forest floor, a Boletus sp., and a Pleurotus sp. on a log. Little was previously known about the habitat associations and bionomics of this species. Adults were collected during August and September.

Gyropheana gaudens species group, sensu Seevers, 1951
Gyrophaena gaudens Casey, G. michigana Seevers, and G. uteana  Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, this species was collected from fresh gilled mushrooms in a mixed forest, a silver maple swamp, and a mature red spruce and red maple forest. Adults were collected during June, July, and August. Little was previously known about the habitat associations and bionomics of this species.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. NB (new Canadian record). Seevers (1951)  Collection and habitat data. One individual of this species from New Brunswick was collected during August from a fresh gilled mushroom in a black spruce, balsam fir, and eastern white cedar forest. Specimens from Quebec were collected by Berlese extaction of dead poplar bark and mushrooms from a poplar forest. Samples were collected during late August. Collection and habitat data. The specimens from New Brunswick were captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in an old red pine forest, a mature (110-year-old) red spruce forest, an old red oak forest, and a rich Appalachian hardwood forest. Elsewhere, adults were captured in deciduous and mature red spruce-hemlock forests; some specimens were captured on Polyporus betulinus (Bull.) Fries) (Klimaszewski et al. 2004 Collection and habitat data. Klimaszewski et al. (2004) reported this species from Lindgren funnel traps and four-winged intercept traps. Adults were collected in a yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.)-balsam fir forest and an old-growth red spruce forest. In New Brunswick, this species was captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in an old red oak forest, an old mixed forest, an old red pine forest, and in an old-growth eastern white cedar forest. Adults were collected during June, July, and August.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB, NS, NF (Klimaszewski et al. 2004Gouix and Klimaszewski 2007;Majka and Klimasewski 2010). Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, adults of this species were collected during April, May, June, and July in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in an old red pine forest, an old-growth white spruce and balsam fir forest, and with an aerial net during an evening flight within a mixed forest opening. In Alberta, adults were captured in pitfall traps and window traps in boreal mixed woods comprising 54-83% Populus sp. (Klimaszewski et al. 2003).

Silusa langori
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. AB, NB (Klimaszewski et al. 2003). The New Brunswick records represent a significant eastward range extension for this species.

Material examined. New Brunswick, Saint John
Collection and habitat data. Specimens of Acrotona smithi Casey from New Brunswick were collected during May on the upper margin of a sea beach from decaying sea wrack under alders (Alnus sp.) and on gravel and sand.
ing June, July, and August. Some adults were collected from decaying mushrooms in forests ). Most specimens from New Brunswick were collected from fresh and decaying gilled mushrooms. One individual was collected from a rotting lobster mushroom and another from a coral mushroom on a spruce log. This species was found in mixed forests, mature red spruce forests with red maple or birch, a black spruce forest, an eastern white cedar swamp, and a red oak forest. Adults from New Brunswick were collected during August, September (most specimens), and October.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. NB, NL, QC ). This species is probably more widely distributed in eastern Canada. Collection and habitat data. Specimens from New Brunswick were collected from moldy conifer duff at the base of a white pine in a balsam fir stand during May and from leaf litter and moss near a small, shaded stream in a mixed forest during April. The Newfoundland specimens were captured from June through August in mixed wood and coniferous forests, using unbaited and carrion-baited pitfall and intercept traps . Hydrosmecta pseudodiosica Lohse, 1990** http://species-id.net/wiki/Hydrosmecta_pseudodiosica Map 26; illustrations in Lohse et al. (1990).
Collection and habitat data. The specimens from New Brunswick were collected from under small cobblestones and gravel set in sand on a partially shaded cobblestone bar near the outflow of a brook into a clear rocky river. Adults were collected during May and June. Lohse et al. (1990) recorded this species from edges of running water in Yukon.

Hydrosmecta newfoundlandica
Collection and habitat data. Most specimens from New Brunswick were collected from among cobblestones along clear, rocky river margins near the outflow of brooks. One individual was collected from the margin of a spring-fed brook among gravel on firm sand/clay/gravel mix near the outflow of the brook into a clear, rocky river. Specimens were usually found among cobblestones at waters edge. Adults were collected during May, June, and July. Adults from Newfoundland were captured from an unknown habitat in July and August .
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. NB, NL .
Tomoglossa decora (Casey, 1910  Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, this species was found on the salt marsh side of barrier beaches in the intertidal zone, 1-2 m below the mean hightide mark. Adults occurred under small rocks set in sand or a sand-clay mix in areas with sparse Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. (salt meadow grass). Adults were collected during June and July.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. NB (new Canadian record). Gusarov (2002) reported this species from the eastern USA. Lohse, 1990 http://species-id.net/wiki/Liogluta_aloconotoides Map 29: illustrations in Klimaszewski et al. (2011). Collection and habitat data. Klimaszewski et al. (2011) reported this species from various forest types and on coastal limestone barrens in Newfoundland. Specimens from New Brunswick were collected from dung in a coastal red spruce forest, treading sedges along a small lake margin, from a Lindgren funnel trap deployed in a rich Appalachian hardwood forest with some conifers, and in a pitfall trap. Adults were collected during July, August, and September.

Lypoglossa angularis obtusa (LeConte, 1866)
http://species-id.net/wiki/Lypoglossa_ angularis _obtusa Map 30; illustrations in Gusarov (2004), Klimaszewski et al. (2011). Collection and habitat data. In Newfoundland, this species has been captured in unbaited and carrion-baited pitfall traps in old balsam fir, spruce and balsam fir, birch and riparian forests and shrubby coastal barrens ). Gusarov (2004 reported this species from Abies, Betula, Picea, and Oxalis litter. The specimens from Nova Scotia were captured in a pan trap in a "closed" spruce woodland (Majka and Klimaszewski 2010). Specimens from New Brunswick were sifted from moss and leaves under alders near a brook in an old-growth eastern white cedar swamp and from wet moss on the margin of a small, shaded, spring-fed brook in a white spruce and balsam fir forest. The adults were collected during May and August. Elsewhere, this species has been collected from June to October.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. QC, NB, NS, LB, NF (Gusarov 2004;Majka and Klimaszewski 2010;Klimaszewski et al. 2011). Makja and Klimaszewski (2010) reported this species for the first time from Nova Scotia on the basis of a specimen collected in Louisburg, Cape Breton Co. Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, P. jarmilae was found in various wetland habitats. Adults were sifted from moist leaves along the margin of vernal ponds in mixed forests, a hardwood forest, and a silver maple swamp, sifted from leaves and sedges along a pond margin, treaded from Carex and grasses along a lake margin, sifted from moss and leaf litter in a seepage area in a hardwood forest, treaded from vegetation in a seasonally flooded marsh near a pool, sifted from debris on muddy soil near a brook, sifted from leaf litter and moss under alders near a brook, and from drift material on a river margin, hand collected from cobblestones on a partially shaded cobblestone bar along a medium-sized stream, and collected by splashing water on moss near the splash zone of a waterfall. Adults were captured during May, June, July, and September in New Brunswick. The holotype was captured in a flight intercept trap in a mixed forest , otherwise nothing was previously known about the bionomics of this species.

Philhygra jarmilae
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. NB, NF . Collection and habitat data. Most adults of P. luridipennis from New Brunswick were collected from riparian habitats in various deciduous and coniferous forest types. Specimens were collected from gravel (splashing and turning gravel) on gravel bars along shaded brooks in a northern hardwood forest and a boreal forest with balsam fir and white spruce, hand collected from gravel and from under cobblestones on the margin of a clear, medium-sized stream in a mixed forest, sifted from debris on muddy soil near a brook in an alder swamp, hand collected from a sand and clay mix under alders near a river margin, and collected by splashing water on moss near the splash zone of a waterfall. Other specimens were collected at a mercury vapor light and with an aerial net during an evening flight near a mixed forest and nearby stream. Adults were collected during April, June, July, and September. Little was previously known about the habitat associations of this species. The male specimen from Newfoundland was captured in a flight intercept trap in a mixed forest .

Philhygra luridipennis
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. NB, NF ). This species is either Holarctic or an adventive Palaearctic species in North America ). Collection and habitat data. The holotype of P. sinuipennis from Newfoundland was collected from among litter and stones on a sandy lakeshore ). The specimens from New Brunswick were sifted from moist litter and grass on hummocks surrounded by water in an alder swamp. The adults were captured during early May in New Brunswick.

Philhygra sinuipennis
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. NB, NF .