New Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) records with new collection data from New Brunswick, Canada: Scaphidiinae, Piestinae, Osorinae, and Oxytelinae

Abstract Nine species of Scaphidiinae are newly reported for New Brunswick, Canada, bringing the total number of species known from the province to 12. Scaphium castanipes Kirby, Baeocera inexspectata Löbl and Stephen, Baeocera securiforma (Cornell), Scaphisoma repandum Casey, and Toxidium gammaroides LeConte are reported for the first time from the Maritime provinces. Siagonum punctatum LeConte and Siagonum stacesmithi Hatch, and the subfamily Piestinae are reported for the first time from New Brunswick. The subfamily Osoriinae is reported for the first time from New Brunswick and the Maritime provinces based on the collection of three species: Clavilispinus prolixus (LeConte), Thoracophorus costalis (Erichson), and a Lispinodes species. The Lispinodes species is also newly recorded for Canada. Six species of Oxytelinae are newly recorded from New Brunswick, bringing the total number of species of this subfamily known to the province to 20. Apocellus sphaericollis (Say) and Platystethus americanus Erichson are new to the Maritime provinces. Additional locality and bionomic data are presented for Mitosynum vockerothi Campbell, and the male genitalia are illustrated for the first time. Collection and bionomic data are presented for all included species.


introduction
Intensive collecting of Staphylinidae in New Brunswick by the first author since 2003 and records obtained from by-catch samples during a study to develop a general attractant for the detection of invasive species of Cerambycidae have yielded many new provincial records. These are being published in a series of papers, each focusing on one or more subfamilies. This paper treats staphylinids of the subfamilies Scaphidiinae, Piestinae, Osorinae, and Oxytelinae. A brief synopsis of each subfamily is included in the results below.

Collection methods
A variety of collection methods were employed to collect the species reported in this study. Details are outlined in Campbell (1973) and Webster et al. (2009, Appendix). See Webster et al. (2012) for details of the methods used for deployment of Lindgren 12-funnel traps and sample collection. A description of the habitat was recorded for all specimens collected during this survey. Locality and habitat data are presented exactly as on labels for each record. This information, as well as additional collecting notes, is summarized and discussed in the collection and habitat data section for each species.

Specimen preparation
Males of some species (all Scaphidiinae) were dissected to confirm their identity. The genital structures were dehydrated in absolute alcohol and mounted in Canada balsam on celluloid microslides and pinned with the specimens from which they originated. Cornell (1967) and Löbl and Stephan (1993) reviewed the Baeocera of North America. Leschen et al. (1990) provided a review and keys of the nine species of Scaphisoma from the Ozark Highland (in Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Missouri). However, the genera Scaphidium and Scaphisoma are in need of revision. Species in this subfamily are mycophagous on many fungi species, including polypore fungi and on slime molds (Newton 1984;Leschen 1988;Newton et al. 2001;Brunke et al. 2011). Adults inhabit decaying wood, fungi, and leaf litter and also occur under bark and in compost. Campbell (1991) reported no species of Scaphidiinae for New Brunswick. Later, Löbl and Stephan (1993)  Collection and habitat data. Scaphidium spp. are associated with old logs and polypore fungi (Newton et al. 2000). In New Brunswick, one individual of S. quadriguttatum was collected from foliage (beating) in a mixed forest, and others were captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in an old (180-year-old trees) mixed forest, an old red oak (Quercus rubra L.) forest, and an old-growth balsam fir (Abies balsamsea (L.) Mill.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) forest. Adults were collected during May, June, and July.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB, NS (Campbell 1991;Bishop et al. 2009 Collection and habitat data. The larvae of this species feed on mushrooms (Ashe 1984). The New Brunswick specimens were collected from a decaying gilled mushroom on a mountain side (625 m elev.) and from gilled mushrooms in an old-growth white spruce and balsam fir forest. Adults were collected during June and August.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. AK, YK, NT, BC, AB, MB, ON, QC, NB (Campbell 1991 Collection and habitat data. Baeocera inexspectata adults were sifted from moss and leaf litter in a mature eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) swamp/forest and in a mature red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) forest. Adults were captured during May and June. Nothing was previously known about the habitat associations of this species.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. SK, NB (Löbl and Stephan 1993). Additional sampling in appropriate habitats will probably show this species occurs in intervening areas between New Brunswick and Saskatchewan. Collection and habitat data. Löbl and Stephan (1993) reported that Baeocera securiforma occurred in similar habitats as B. congener Casey, namely in a variety of forest litter. The New Brunswick specimens were collected from moss in an eastern white cedar swamp, in litter and sphagnum in a sphagnum hummock on the margin of a Carex marsh and a tamarack (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) bog, and from the nest contents of a barred owl (Strix varia Barton). The adults were collected during April and May.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. MB, ON, QC, NB (Löbl and Stephan 1993). Collection and habitat data. Löbl and Stephan (1993) reported this species from moist hardwood litter. The specimen from New Brunswick was captured during June in a Lindgren funnel trap deployed in an old red oak forest.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. SK, MB, ON. QC, NB, NS (Löbl and Stephan 1993). Collection and habitat data. Scaphisoma convexum was reported from a variety of Agaricales and Polyporales fungi in the Ozark Highland and was reared from the polypore Tyromyces (Leschen et al. 1990). In New Brunswick, this species was collected from gilled mushrooms and from stalked polypore mushrooms on the forest floor. Adults were found in hardwood forests. One individual was captured in a Lindgren funnel trap in an old-growth white spruce and balsam fir forest. This species was collected during June, July, and September.

Scaphisoma convexum
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. MB, ON, QC, NB (Campbell 1991 Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, S. repandum was collected from moist leaf litter on a vernal pond margin in a mixed forest, in moist leaves in a silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) swamp and under loose bark of wood in a wood pile in a mixed forest. Adults were collected during May and June.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, NB (Campbell 1991 Collection and habitat data. Scaphisoma rubens was found in a variety of forest types in New Brunswick. These included mature hardwood forests (sugar maple and American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.)), mixed forests, a regenerating mixed forest, old eastern white cedar forests, an old red oak forest, a red oak and red maple forest, an old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) forest, a mature red spruce and red maple forest, an old-growth white spruce and balsam fir forest, and a conifer forest with black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), balsam fir, and eastern white cedar. Adults were taken from fleshy fungi, gilled mushrooms, decaying fleshy fungi, decaying mushrooms, fleshy polypore fungi on dead standing American beech, small stalked polypore fungi on forest floor, Polyporus varius Fr. on rotten logs and standing dead sugar maples, under bark of sugar maple, and from leaf litter. Several adults were captured in Lindgren funnel traps. Adults were collected during May, June, July, August, and September.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. QC, NB, NS (Campbell 1991, Dollin et al. 2008. Collection and habitat data. Members of this genus are associated with polypore species on old logs (Newton et al. 2001). In New Brunswick, T. gammaroides was found in mature hardwood forests and in a mixed forest. Adults were collected from a group of Pholiota sp. on the base of a dead standing American beech and in polypore fungi under bark. Adults were also captured in Lindgren funnel traps. This species was collected during June, July, and September.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB (Campbell 1991).

Subfamily Piestinae Erichson, 1839
In Canada, the subfamily Piestinae is represented by the genus Siagonium with three species (See Moore (1975) for key to species). Members of this genus occur under bark of dead trees, but very little is known about their biology (Brunke et al. 2011 (Brunke et al. 2011). In New Brunswick, this species was captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in an old-growth eastern white cedar forest, an old red oak forest, an old-growth northern hardwood forest (sugar maple and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.)), an old red pine forest, and an old mixed forest. Adults were also collected from under tight bark of sugar maple and at an ultraviolet light in hardwood forests. Adults were captured during April, May, June, and July. Collection and habitat data. The specimen from New Brunswick was captured during June in a Lindgren funnel trap deployed in an old-growth northern hardwood forest with sugar maple and yellow birch. Hatch (1957) reported this species in the West from under bark of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson), on newly cut wood after sundown, and taken during evening flight.

Distribution in Canada and
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. YT, BC, AB, SK, MB, ON, QC, NB (Hatch 1957). Distribution is based on Hatch's (1957) types of S. stacesmithi and specimens in the CNC.

Subfamily Osoriinae Erichson, 1839
In Canada, the Osoriinae is represented by three genera, Clavilispinus, Thoracophorus, and Renardia, with six species (Campbell and Davies 1991). Representatives of all four genera occur in eastern Canada. Members of this subfamily are taxonomically poorly known, and little is known about their biology (Brunke et al. 2011). Species from eastern Canada have been found under bark, in leaf litter, and in ant nests in decaying wood and are probably saprophagous or mycophagous (Newton et al. 2000;Brunke et al. 2011). Most members of this subfamily appear to be rare in eastern Canada (Brunke et al. 2011). Campbell and Davies (1991) did not report any members of this subfamily for New Brunswick or the Maritime provinces. Here, we report Clavilispinus prolixus (LeConte), Thoracophorus costalis (Erichson), and a Lispinodes species, which is a new genus for Canada (Table 1). Collection and habitat data. Some members of this genus are found under bark or in ant nests (Formica and Camponotus) in rotting logs (Newton et al. 2001). Specimens from New Brunswick were captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in an old eastern white cedar forest/swamp and an old red oak forest. Adults were captured during May, June, and July.

Tribe Thoracophorini Reitter, 1909
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. MB, QC, NB (Campbell and Davies 1991). Collection and habitat data. Adults of this species were reported from leaf litter (Newton et al. (2000), otherwise little is known about the biology of this species. The New Brunswick specimens were captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in an old silver maple swamp. Adults were collected during June and July.

Lispinodes undescribed species ***
Comment. This is probably the same undescribed species that was reported by Newton et al. (2000) from Michigan and Illinois.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. NB (First Canadian record of this genus).
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. MB, ON, QC, NB (Campbell and Davies 1991).

Subfamily Oxytelinae Fleming, 1821
Members of this subfamily occur in a variety of habitats. The Blediini (Bledius species) live in tunnels along sun-exposed, sparsely vegetated, freshwater and marine shorelines and feed on algae (Herman 1986). Many members of the Oxytelinae in eastern Canada are usually associated with decaying organic matter, leaf litter, and moss (Brunke et al. 2011). Other species occur along river, stream, and pond margins and in litter. Members of this subfamily are predators, algivores, coprophages, omnivores, or saprophages (Brunke et al. 2011). The Bledius were reviewed by Herman (1972Herman ( , 1976Herman ( , 1983Herman ( , 1986), but some genera of Oxtyelinae occurring in eastern Canada, such as the large genus Carpelimus, are poorly known and in need of revision. Nine species of Oxytelinae were reported as occurring in New Brunswick by Campbell and Davies (1991). Klimaszewski et al. (2005) added Syntomium grahami Hatch, Carpelimus obesus (Kiesenwetter), and Oxytelus laqueatus (Marsham). Deleaster dichrous (Gravenhorst) was added by Majka and Klimaszewski (2008a) and Bledius basalis LeConte by Majka and Klimaszewski (2008c). Here, we report six additional species of Oxytelinae for New Brunswick, bringing the total number of species known from the province to 20 (Table 1).
Collection and habitat data. The only previously known adults from the type series of M. vockerothi from Kouchibouguac National Park, New Brunswick were collected from pan traps set at the edge of a sphagnum bog (Campbell 1982). Campbell (1982) suggested that this species, which has reduced eyes and wings, might live in deep layers of leaf litter or in clumps of moss. The recently collected adults of this species were sifted from a large sphagnum and Polytrichum commune Hedw. (common haircap moss) hummock near the margin of a small pond and from a layer of sphagnum and leaf litter in the bottom of a deep old tire depression in an 8.5-yearold regenerating mixed forest, supporting Campbell's suggested habitat association. Adults were collected during June, July, and August.
Comments. Mitosynum vockerothi was described from two female specimens (Campbell 1982). Here, we provide an illustration of the dorsal habitus ( Fig. 1) and illustrate the male genitalia of this species for the first time (Fig 2.).
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. NB (Campbell and Davies 1991).  Collection and habitat notes. Coprophilus castoris was reported from inside beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl) lodges and collected during an evening flight (St. Andrews, N.B.) (Campbell 1979). The recent New Brunswick specimens of this rare species were found among cobblestones and gravel on sand on a partially shaded cobblestone bar near the outflow of a brook into a river, and among gravel in a cold-shaded brook, and were collected with an aerial net during a late afternoon (15:00-18:00 h) flight. Adults were collected during April, May, and July.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB (Campbell and Davies 1991 Collection and habitat data. This adventive species is often found in decaying plant material, decaying vegetables, cow dung, and decaying leaves (Hoebeke 1995). In New Brunswick, this species was collected from under drift material along river margins, in compost (decaying vegetables), and among decaying corncobs and cornhusks. Adults were also collected in flight with an aerial net during a late afternoon (15:00-18:00 h) flight near a mixed forest and along a trail in a mixed forest. One adult was captured in a Lindgren funnel trap in a mature hardwood forest. Adults were captured during April, May, June, and August.
Collection and habitat data. Apocellus has been found along streams near moss and in open grassy areas (Brunke et al. 2011). Most adults of A. sphaericollis (Say) from New Brunswick were collected on bare soil among lawn grasses. One individual was collected by treading sedges and grasses on the margin of a small lake and another from drift material (tree bud material) along a cold sun-exposed stream. Adults were captured during June, July, September, and October.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. AB, MB, ON, QC, NB (Campbell and Davies 1991).
Collection and habitat data. This adventive species occurs in compost and manure of cattle, horses, and poultry. Most adults from New Brunswick were collected from compost (decaying vegetables). One individual was captured at an ultraviolet light. Adults were collected during June, July, August, September, and October.
Collection and habitat data. Newton et al. (2001) reported this species as common in cattle dung. In New Brunswick, adults of this species were sifted from decaying mushrooms and collected with an aerial net during a late afternoon flight. Adults were collected during April and September.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. BC, AB, SK, MB, ON, QC, NB (Campbell and Davies 1991).