New Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) records with new collection data from New Brunswick and an addition to the fauna of Quebec: Staphylininae

Abstract Forty-four species of Staphylininae are newly reported from New Brunswick, bringing the total number of species known from the province to 126. Quedius criddlei (Casey) is reported for the first time from Quebec. Bisnius cephalotes (Gravenhorst) is removed from the faunal list of New Brunswick due to a lack of supporting voucher specimens. Additional locality data are presented for seven species either recently recorded from the province or with few previous records and little habitat data. We provide the first documented records of Atrecus americanus (Casey), Quedius erythrogaster Mannerheim, Quedius labradorensis labradorensis Smetana, Quedius plagiatus (Mannerheim), and Neobisnius terminalis (LeConte) from New Brunswick. Collection and habitat data are presented and discussed for all species.


Introduction
Intensive collecting of rove beetles (family Staphylinidae) in New Brunswick by the first author since 2003 has yielded many new provincial and national records. Addi-tional records were obtained from by-catch samples during a study to develop a general attractant for detecting invasive species of Cerambycidae. These records are being published in a series of papers, each focusing on one or more subfamilies of Staphylinidae and other families of Coleoptera. This paper covers the subfamily Staphylininae.
This subfamily is fairly well known taxonomically in Canada and North America, thanks to various revisions. The genera Erichsonius and Neobisnius were revised by Frank (1975Frank ( , 1981, respectively. The Xantholinini were revised by Smetana (1982Smetana ( , 1988, the Quediina by Smetana ( , 1971aSmetana ( , 1971bSmetana ( , 1973Smetana ( , 1976Smetana ( , 1978Smetana ( , 1981Smetana ( , 1990, the Philonthina by , and the Staphylinina by . As a result of these revisions, our knowledge of the distribution of these species in Canada was also greatly increased. Adults of Staphylininae live in a wide variety of habitats. Many species live in and near wetlands, including river and brook margins, lakeshores, vernal pool and pond margins, bogs, marshes, sea beaches, and various synanthropic situations (Smetana 1971a(Smetana , 1982. Depending on species, adults usually occur in leaf litter, sphagnum moss, and other kinds of debris in these wetland habitats, but some species are highly hygrophilic and occur in floating mats of moss or vegetation (Smetana 1971a(Smetana , 1982. Other species are associated with decaying organic materials, including compost, decaying mushrooms, animal droppings, and carcasses. Some species are regular inhabitants of bird and mammal nests. Philonthus janus Smetana, P. couleensis Hatch, and Quedius campbelli Smetana are commonly found in North American beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl) lodges and muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus (L.)) nests, but these associations are not strict, and these species can also be found in adjacent wetland habitats . However, a few species such as Heterothops marmotae Smetana and Bisnius lautus (Casey) have much stronger associations (Smetana 1971b. These species live in underground burrows of rodents and are rarely found in other habitats. Most species are probably general predators , although additional research is required to elucidate the biology of most members of this subfamily. Campbell and Davies (1991) reported 27 species of Staphylininae for New Brunswick. The number of species recorded from the province was increased to 77 species as a result of revisions by , and new additions to the fauna by Klimaszewski et al. (2005), Majka and Smetana (2007), Majka and Klimaszewski (2008a, b), Majka et al. (2009), Majka and Brown (2010), and Smetana and Webster (2011). Majka et al. (2011) reported Atrecus americanus (Casey), Quedius erythrogaster Mannerheim, Quedius labradorensis labradorensis Smetana, Quedius plagiatus (Mannerheim), and Neobisnius terminalis (LeConte) as occurring in New Brunswick but did not provide any supporting references or data for the records. Here, we report an additional 44 species of Staphylininae for New Brunswick, bringing the total number of species known for the province to 126 (Table 1).

Methods and conventions
The following records are based in part on specimens collected as part of a general survey by the first author to document the Coleoptera fauna of New Brunswick. Additional provincial records were obtained from specimens contained in the collection at Natural Resources Canada's Atlantic Forestry Centre in Fredericton, New Brunswick.

Collection methods
Various collection methods were employed to collect the Staphylininae reported in this study. Details are outlined in Campbell (1973) and Webster et al. (2009, Appendix). Many specimens were also collected as by-catch in Lindgren 12-funnel traps (ConTech Inc., Delta, BC) baited with various attractants as part of a study to develop a general attractant for detecting invasive species of Cerambycidae. These traps mimic tree trunks and are often effective for sampling species of Coleoptera that live in microhabitats associated with standing trees (Lindgren 1983). Traps were suspended from rope tied between two trees separated by at least 2 m, with the collecting cup 30-50 cm above the ground. Collecting cups contained either a 50:50 mixture of propylene glycol and deionized water plus 0.5 ml/L of Kodak Photo-Flo 200 and 12.5 mg/L of Bitrex (in 2008) or a saturated salt solution with 1-2 drops of unscented dish detergent (in 2009 and 2010). Traps were baited with various lures reported as pheromones for longhorn species in the Cerambycinae subfamily (racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one or racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one) (Al-

Results
Forty-four species of Staphylininae are newly recorded from New Brunswick; Bisnius cephalotes (Gravenhorst) is removed from the faunal list of New Brunswick because of lack of a supporting voucher specimen. We provide the first documented records of Atrecus americanus (Casey), Quedius erythrogaster Mannerheim, Quedius labradorensis labradorensis Smetana, Quedius plagiatus (Mannerheim), and Neobisnius terminalis (LeConte) from New Brunswick. This brings the total number of species known from the province to 126 (Table 1). Thirty-three of these species are newly recorded for the Maritime provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island) of Canada. Additional locality data are presented for seven species either recently recorded from the province or having few previous records and little bionomic data. Quedius criddlei (Casey) is reported for the first time from Quebec.

Species accounts
All records below are species newly recorded for New Brunswick, Canada, unless noted otherwise (additional records). Species followed by ** are newly recorded from the Maritime provinces of Canada.
The classification of the Staphylininae follows Bouchard et al. (2011).
New Brunswick, this species was found in various forest types, including hardwood, mixed red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.), and old-growth hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.)). Adults were found under bark of both dead hardwood and conifer trees, in rotten logs, and in various species of polypore fungi (fleshy and bracket fungi). One adult was found in moss on a rock along a shaded brook. Adults were collected during May, June, July, August, and September. Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB, NS (Smetana 1982). Atrecus americanus was listed as occurring in New Brunswick by Majka et al. (2011)  Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, adults were usually found in moss, leaf, and grass litter near various kinds of wet habitats. These included Carex marshes, shaded brook margins, a vernal pond in a mature red spruce and eastern white cedar forest, and on hummocks in an old-growth eastern white cedar swamp. Elsewhere, this species has been found in similar habitats, including a series collected from a beaver lodge (Smetana 1982). Adults were collected during April, May, and June.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. MB, ON, QC, NB, NS (Smetana 1982;Bishop et al. 2009). & R. Webster, in leaf litter with scat & bones under tree with active great horned owl nest (1, NBM). York Co., Charters Settlement, 45.8304°N, 66.7351°W, 18.IV.2004, 6.V.2004 moist cardboard covering old chicken bones (2, RWC); same locality but 45. 8395°N, 66.7391°W, 5.V.20048395°N, 66.7391°W, 5.V. , 12.V.20048395°N, 66.7391°W, 5.V. , 9.V.2004  Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, adults were collected from under coyote scat, under cardboard covering old chicken bones, in compost, in leaf litter in hardwood and mixed forests, and in moist sphagnum on the margin of a black spruce and eastern white cedar bog/fen. Smetana (1982) reported most specimens from leaf litter in deciduous forests, although a few were reported from a human dung trap and from under a dead beaver. Adults were collected during April, May, and June.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB (Smetana 1982 RWC). Collection and habitat data. Little is known about the habitat associations of this species. One of the New Brunswick specimens was collected from a sphagnum hummock in a Carex marsh, another was collected while it was flying in a mixed forest near a Carex marsh. Adults were collected in late April and May.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. SK, MB, ON, QC, NB (Smetana 1982 RWC). Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, most adults were collected in red maple (Acer rubrum L.) swamps, alder (Alnus sp.) swamps, and eastern white cedar swamps, usually along vernal pool and brook margins, and in Carex marshes. One adult was collected from a seepage area along a river margin. Adults were sifted from moss and various kinds of grass and leaf litter. Elsewhere, specimens were collected from dead swamp grass and moss (Smetana 1971a), leaf litter in a cedar bog, and a pitfall trap in a bog (Smetana 1981). Adults in New Brunswick were collected in April, May, and June.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB, NF (Smetana 1971a(Smetana , 1973(Smetana , 1981. Collection and habitat data. Smetana (1971aSmetana ( , 1976 reported this species from swampy and marshy areas, and along lake and bog margins. Adults occurred in wet moss, wet sphagnum, floating sphagnum mats, leaves and debris, and other floating vegetation. In Nova Scotia, adults were collected in a eutrophic, Typha latifolia L. marsh . In New Brunswick, this species was found in marsh vegetation or saturated sphagnum hummocks along a marshy stream margin near a forested black spruce bog, a tamarack (Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch) bog, a beaver pond, and in Carex marshes. Most adults were collected by treading vegetation into water. Adults were collected in April, May, June, and July.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB, NS (Smetana 1971a(Smetana , 1973(Smetana , 1976. Smetana (1990) reported A. caseyi from western Maine near the border with New Hampshire (Wilsons Mills Bog, Oxford Co.). The above record from Maine represents a significant eastern range extension in the state. It is apparent from the above records that A. caseyi probably has a more continuous distribution in the Northeast and the Maritime provinces as a whole than was suggested by the collection records reported in Majka et al. (2009). These distributional gaps likely reflect incomplete collecting effort in the appropriate wetland habitats. One must use treading to collect this species from the wetland habitats that this species usually frequents. Collection and habitat data. Hemiquedius ferox was reported by Smetana (1971a) from various wet habitats, such as swamps, lake margins, and marshes. Adults were found in wet moss and leaves and in beaver lodges in late fall. Adults were found in similar habitats in New Brunswick, including an alder swamp, silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) swamps, pond margins, a seasonally flooded marsh, a gravel bar on river, and a beaver lodge. Adults occurred in moss and Carex hummocks, in leaf litter along vernal pond margins and within the wall of a beaver lodge. Adults were collected by sifting litter and moss or treading vegetation into water. One individual was collected in a Lindgren funnel trap. Adults were captured during May, June, July, August, and September.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB, NS (Smetana 1971a). It is apparent from the above records that H. ferox is more widely distributed in the Maritime provinces than was suggested by the collection records reported in Majka et al. (2009).  RWC).

Heterothops minor
Collection and habitat data. Little is known about the habitat associations of this species. Smetana (1976) reported specimens from under driftwood on a muddy river bank and from a pitfall trap on the margin of swampy pool in the Northwest Territories. The single adult from New Brunswick was sifted from sphagnum in a forested black spruce bog in late April.

Heterothops pusio
Collection and habitat data. Smetana (1971a) reported this species from compost and grass piles, leaf and ground litter, and from old deserted beaver lodges. In New Brunswick, adults were sifted from compost and among cobblestones along a river margin. Other individuals were collected at a mercury-vapor light and during a late afternoon aerial flight. Adults were collected in May and June.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. BC, ON, QC, NB (Smetana 1971a(Smetana , 1973(Smetana , 1981. Collection and habitat data. Smetana (1971aSmetana ( , 1976 reported specimens from near or within (in walls) muskrat nests and beaver lodges. Two of the New Brunswick specimens were collected from within the wall of a beaver lodge in August. One was captured during June in a Lindgren funnel trap deployed in an old balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) forest.

Quedius (Microsaurus) campbelli
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB (Smetana 1971a(Smetana , 1976.  4-12.VI.2008, 12-19.VI.2008, 5-12.VII.2008, 23-28.IV.2009, 9-14.V.2009, 14-20.V.2009 Little is known about the habitat associations of this species. Smetana (1973) reported a specimen from Polyporus betulinus (Bull.) Fr. In New Brunswick, one specimen was collected from under bark of a large, dead, standing basswood covered with bracket fungi (polypore fungi), one from under bark of a spruce log, and another in a polypore fungi on a Populus log. Many specimens were captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in a variety of forest types, including an old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) forest, a hardwood with sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), an old-growth northern hardwood forest, a red spruce forest, an old-growth white spruce and balsam fir forest, a mixed forest, and an old eastern white cedar forest. These traps mimic tree trunks (Lindgren 1983), and it is possible that this species lives in microhabitats associated with standing trees. Adults were collected in April, May, June, July, August, and September. Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB, NS (Smetana 1971a(Smetana , 1973(Smetana , 1978Bishop et al. 2009). This species was previously known in New Brunswick from one specimen collected in Dalhousie during 1925 by Johansen (Smetana 1971a). Collection and habitat data. Little is known about the habitat associations of this species. Adults have been taken from leaf litter in Larix forests, in rotten Douglasfir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia Britton) and grand fir (Abies grandis (Douglas ex. D. Don) Lindl.) logs, under board in a meadow, ex fungus, and in association with the ant Formica neorufibarbis Emery (probably accidentally) (Smetana 1971a). The New Brunswick specimens were collected in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in an old (120-to 180-year-old trees) red pine forest, an old red oak forest, an old-growth northern hardwood forest, and an old-growth white spruce and balsam fir forest. Adults were collected during May, June, July, August, and September in New Brunswick and Quebec.

Quedius
Collection and habitat data. Quedius erythrogaster typically lives in nests and burrows of various mammals and in caves but has been found in decaying organic matter and debris (Smetana 1971a), including wet leaf litter (Smetana 1976). In New Brunswick, adults were found in leaf litter early in the season when snow was still present (possibly an overwinter site), compost (decaying vegetables), and decaying mushrooms. Other adults were collected from the nest contents of a barred owl in a tree hole, suggesting this species may also live in association with tree-cavity-nesting birds. Adults were also captured in Lindgren funnels traps deployed in an old red oak forest, an old red pine forest, and an old-growth northern hardwood forest. Adults were collected in April, May, June, July, and October.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. BC, AB, SK, ON, QC, NB (Smetana 1971a(Smetana , 1973(Smetana , 1976(Smetana , 1981. Quedius erythrogaster was listed as occurring in New Brunswick by Majka et al. (2011) 4-12.VI.2008, 12-19.VI.2008, 19-27. VI.2008, 5-12.VII.2008, 12-19.VII.2008 Collection and habitat data. In Europe, this species is typically found in synanthropic situations in decaying organic materials such as compost (Smetana 1971a). It has also been reported from mammal burrows, tree holes, and caves in natural settings. In New Brunswick, adults were collected from under bark of a fungus-covered, dead, standing basswood, among moist wood chips and decaying plant material, and from Lindgren funnel traps deployed in a hardwood forest and an old-growth white spruce and balsam fir forest. Adults were captured in June, July, September, and October.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. AK, BC, AB, MB, ON, QC, NB, NS, NF (Smetana 1971a;Majka and Smetana 2007). This adventive species was first reported from New Brunswick by Majka and Smetana (2007) 1999, 24.VIII.1999, 25.VIII.1999, 8.IX.1999, 13.IX.1999, 15.IX.1999 Collection and habitat data. One of the Nova Scotia specimens was collected by treading wet Sphagnum (Smetana 1973), otherwise little is known about the habitat associations of this species (Smetana 1971a). Specimens from New Brunswick were collected in red oak and red maple forests, a red spruce and red maple forest, an old sugar maple and American beech forest, and regenerating mixed forests. Adults were collected from gilled mushrooms, a decayed fleshy polypore fungus on a log, from a rotten fungus-covered log, baited with decaying mushrooms, sifted from sphagnum and leaf litter at bottom of old tire depression, and swept from foliage in a regenerating forest. Adults were also captured in pitfall traps in large numbers ). This species is probably associated with decaying organic matter, such as decaying mushrooms. Adults were captured during July, August, September, and October.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB, NS (Smetana 1971a(Smetana , 1973Klimaszewski et al. 2005). This species was first reported from New Brunswick by Klimaszewski et al. (2005)  Collection and habitat data. This species has been reported mostly from around human settlements in various kinds of debris and under stones (Smetana (1971a). Adults have also been found in natural habitats in moss and leaf litter (Smetana 1971a(Smetana , 1978. In New Brunswick, adults were collected in natural habitats (river margin in litter, in moist leaf litter and moss on vernal pond margin in a hardwood forest) and in synanthropic situations (in compost and pile of decaying corncobs and cornhusks near a home). Adults were collected in April, May, June, August, and September.
Collection and habitat data. This species appears to prefer decaying organic substances and has been found on carrion, under human feces (Smetana 1971a), and in fleshy fungi (Blatchley 1910). In New Brunswick, most specimens were found in decaying mushrooms and compost (pile of corncobs and cornhusks). Two individuals were captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in an old-growth northern hardwood forest. Adults were found in April, June, July, August, September, and October.
Collection and habitat data. In Europe, Q. cinctus usually occurs in decaying organic material, usually near human settlements (Smetana 1971a). In New Brunswick, specimens were similarly found in decaying organic material (decaying mushrooms, decaying corncobs and cornhusks, decaying leaves). One individual was found in wet moss along a cold, shaded brook. Adults were collected in April, July, September, and October.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, NB . This adventive species was first reported from New Brunswick and Canada by Majka et al. (2009) from three specimens collected from a domestic pig carcass in Bouctouche (Kent Co.) in 2007. This species is probably well established in New Brunswick and likely occurs in the intervening areas between this province and Massachusetts (Framingham and Fall River, USA), where the species was first reported by Smetana (1971a) from North America. Collection and habitat data. Relatively little was previously known about the habitat requirements of this species, although it appears that this species may be associated with moss and leaf litter near small streams and other wetlands. Smetana (1973Smetana ( , 1976 reported the species from leaf litter in a sphagnum bog, wet sphagnum (treading) along the margin of a large spring, and in leaf litter (sifting) along a small stream. In the Alberta Foothills forests, Q. frigidus was considered to be a mature forest specialist (Pohl et al. 2007). Adults at the three New Brunswick localities were found in moss and leaf litter near brooks in old-growth eastern white cedar forests and a mature spruce and balsam fir forest on the north-facing slope of a hill. Adults were collected during May and June.

Quedius
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. AK, NT, ON, NB, NF (Smetana 1973(Smetana , 1976(Smetana , 1978(Smetana , 1981. Smetana (1971aSmetana ( , 1973 suggested that Q. frigidus was a northern transcontinental species with glacial relic populations in southern areas at higher mountain elevations. The New Brunswick records indicate a more southerly distribution at low elevations in eastern Canada. Collection and habitat data. Adults of this species occur in moist moss, sphagnum, deciduous leaf litter, and mixed forest litter in various wet biotypes such as small stream margins, lake margins, and wet areas in forests (Smetana 1971a(Smetana , 1973(Smetana , 1976. In New Brunswick, most specimens were found in moist leaf litter, moss, or among sedges near small brooks in alder swamps, eastern white cedar forests, and hardwood forests. Adults were collected during April, May, June, and July.

Quedius
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. AK, YT, BC, AB, MB, ON, QC, NB, NF (Smetana 1971a(Smetana , 1973(Smetana , 1976. Collection and habitat data. This species was reported from very wet debris and moss in small gullies and depressions on the forest floor and edges of oligotrophic ponds in mixed forests, and from Carex hummocks and wet debris from various wet habitats such as lake margins, swamps, and marshes (Smetana 1971(Smetana , 1973. Specimens from Moosonee, Ontario were collected by sifting leaf litter under willow (Salix sp.) and alder bushes near the Moose River (Smetana 1976). In New Brunswick, adults were found in wet moss along shaded, cold, spring-fed brooks. Adults were collected during July and August.

Subtribe Staphylinina Latreille, 1802
Staphylinus ornaticauda LeConte, 1863 http://species-id.net/wiki/Staphylinus_ornaticauda Map 27 Material examined. New Brunswick, Charlotte Co., 3 km SW of King Brook Lake, 45. 3194°N, 67.4414°W, 27.V.2007, R. P. Webster, eastern white cedar, red maple, and black ash swamp, in moist litter and moss near small pools with Carex (2 ♂, 1 ♀, RWC); 3.5 km NW of Pomeroy Ridge, 45.3087°N, 67.4362°W, 5.VI.2008, 16.VI.2008 leaves and moss near small vernal pool with Carex (1 ♂, 2 ♀, NBM). Northumberland Co., Goodfellow Brook P.N.A., 46.8943°N, 65.3796°W, 23.V.2007, R. P. Webster, old-growth  Collection and habitat data.  reported that Staphylinus ornaticauda was restricted to wetlands, such as bogs and fens, with an abundance of sphagnum moss. In New Brunswick, this species appears to be associated with eastern white cedar swamps and fens and red maple swamps on calcareous soils. Adults were collected in eastern white cedar swamps, an eastern white cedar, red maple, and black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh.) swamp, and in a red maple swamp near an eastern white cedar swamp. Adults occurred in litter at the base of cedars, and in moist litter and moss near small vernal pools with Carex. Adults were collected by sifting litter. This species was collected in April, May, and June. This species is flightless . Due to the limited dispersal capabilities, restricted habitat requirements, and apparent rarity,  suggested that this species should be studied as a potential species at risk. Collection and habitat data. Little was previously known about the habitat requirements of this species. In New Brunswick, this species was found in leaf litter and moss near brooks in old-growth eastern white cedar forests and in drift material along a river margin (1). Adults were collected in May and June.

Distribution in Canada and
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. AB, MB, ON, NB . This owls, which normally nest in tree holes or in artificial nest boxes on trees. This species was also found in the nest contents of a red shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus Gmelin), which makes large nests within forks of large trees. One adult was captured in a Lindgren funnel trap deployed in the canopy of a red oak in an old red oak forest. Adults were collected in May, June, July, and September.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, NB, NS . Bisnius palmi is transcontinental in North America, with most records from eastern North America. There is one record from Nova Scotia (Caribou Island). Bisnius palmi was originally described from Sicily, Italy, but was apparently an accidental, introduced specimen . Collection and habitat data. Little is known about the habitat associations of this species. Smetana (1995) speculated that it might live in burrows of mammals or, less likely, in bird nests. Two specimens from New Brunswick were found in moss at the base of a tree in an old-growth eastern white cedar swamp early in the season when some snow and ice were still present. This was possibly an overwintering site. Most specimens were captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in a variety of forest types (red pine, red oak, red spruce, mixed forest, old-growth northern hardwood forest). These traps mimic tree trunks (Lindgren 1983), and it is possible that this species lives in microhabitats associated with standing trees. Adults were collected in April, May, June, and July. Distribution in Canada and Alaska. QC, NB . This rare species P. Webster, stream margin (sun-exposed), in grass litter on muddy soil ( Collection and habitat data. Little was previously known about the habitat associations of this species. The only records with habitat data reported in Frank (1975) included specimens sifted from flood debris, swamp grass, ex nest of a meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus Ord), and one individual collected in a tamarack bog. In New Brunswick, this species appears to be associated with moist to wet habitats in forested areas, including seepage areas near small brooks, vernal pond margins, stream and river margins, and Carex marsh. Adults were sifted from moist leaves, grass litter on muddy soil, drift material, and by treading Carex. A few adults were sifted from leaf litter from the crotch of a silver maple with multiple trunks in early April in a silver maple swamp. This was presumably an overwintering site for these adults. Adults were collected during April, May, June, and July.

Bisnius quediinus
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB (Frank 1975 Collection and habitat data. This species appears to be associated with various kinds of decaying organic materials. The few records with habitat data reported in Frank (1975) included adults collected from human dung, sifting leaves, sifting oak leaves, in ground cover in a white pine forest, ex mushrooms, funnel extract of mixed litter, Rhododendron litter, and pine-hardwood leaf litter near a stream edge. In New Brunswick, adults were found in a variety of decaying organic material, including drift material along a lakeshore, flood debris on an upper river margin, leaf litter near a stream, moist leaf and grass litter near a vernal pool, under conifer bark in a wood pile, in compost (decaying vegetables), in a pile of woodchips, and on decaying plant material. A few individuals were captured in Lindgren funnel traps. Most collections were from forested habitats. One adult was collected from the nest contents of a barred owl. Adults were collected in April, May, and June.
Collection and habitat data. Little was previously known about the habitat associations of this species. The only records with habitat data reported in Frank (1975) included a specimen collected from a funnel extract of oak-beech leaf litter and an individual in a windrow sample. In New Brunswick, most specimens were sifted from grass litter on muddy soil or from litter with grass mixed with fine gravel/clay along the shore, under drift material (1 ♂, RWC); Bayard (near Welsford) near Nerepis River, 45.4442°N, 66.3292°W, 25.V.2008, R. P. Webster, pond margin, in moist grass litter on mud (1 ♂, RWC). Sunbury Co., Acadia Research Forest, 45.9816°N, 66.3374°W, 18.VII.2007, R. P. Webster, regenerating mixed forest (8.5 years-old), in sphagnum and leaf litter at bottom of dried vernal pool (1, RWC). York Co., Collection and habitat data. Philonthus aequalis occurs in wet habitats along margins of rivers and creeks, in swamps, marshes, and lake margins. Adults occur in flood debris and can also be collected by treading and sifting leaf litter in swampy forests . Most adults from New Brunswick were found along river margins in drift material. One individual was collected from leaf litter on the margin of a vernal pond in a mixed forest. Adults were collected in May, June, and August.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. MB, ON, QC, NB . Collection and habitat data. Philonthus boreas has been collected from various wet habitats, including the muddy banks of a river among scattered low grassy vegetation, and by treading moss and grassy vegetation along lake and pond margins . In New Brunswick, adults of this northern transcontinental species were collected in drift material along a lakeshore in May.