New Coleoptera records from New Brunswick, Canada: Geotrupidae and Scarabaeidae

Abstract Two species of Geotrupidae, Geotrupes splendidus splendidus (Fabricius) and Odonteus liebecki (Wallis), are newly reported for New Brunswick, Canada. Twelve species of Scarabaeidae are added to the faunal list of the province, including Aegialia criddlei Brown, Caelius humeralis (Brown), Dialytellus dialytoides (Fall), Diapterna omissa (LeConte), Diapterna pinguis (Haldeman), Planolinoides aenictus (Cooper and Gordon), Stenotothorax badipes (Melsheimer), and Ataenius strigatus (Say), which are also newly recorded for the Maritime provinces. Collection data, habitat data, and distribution maps are presented for each species.


Introduction
This paper treats new species records from New Brunswick, Canada in the Coleoptera families Geotrupidae and Scarabaeidae. The Geotrupidae (earth-boring scarab beetles), as their common name implies, are burrowers in soil and they provision the burrows for their larvae with dung, fungi, humus, or dead leaves, depending on the species (Jameson 2002). Adults dig vertical burrows that are 15 to 200 cm in depth, although burrows of some species can extend to 3.0 m in depth. Adults of many species are nocturnal and are often attracted to lights and are saprophagous, coprophagous, mycetophagous, or do not feed as adults (Jameson 2002). Ratcliffe et al. (2002) provided a general overview of the taxonomy and ecology of the family Scarabaeidae (scarab beetles) of North America, and this reference should be consulted for more details on this family. The Scarabaeidae are very diverse in life histories. Adults, depending on species, feed on dung, carrion, fungi, vegetation, pollen, and a few species live in nests of ants, rodents, or birds (Ratcliffe et al. 2002). Adults in the subfamilies Scarabaeinae and Aphodiinae provision burrows for their larvae; adults in the subfamilies Melolonthinae, Dynastinae, Rutelinae, and Cetoniinae are phytophagous and feed on leaves and fruit (Ratcliffe et al. 2002). Some species occasionally defoliate trees and shrubs. Larvae feed on rotting wood (Dynastinae, Rutelinae) or grass roots (Melolonthinae, Dynastinae, Rutelinae, Cetoniinae). Depending on species, adults are either diurnal or nocturnal, and some nocturnally active species are attracted to lights in large numbers (Phyllophaga spp., for example) (Ratcliffe et al. 2002).
Twenty-eight species of Geotrupidae are known from North America (Jameson 2002), and 13 species from Canada (McNamara 1991). Only two species, Geotrupes balyi Jekel and the adventive Geotrupes stercorarius (Linnaeus) were reported from New Brunswick, Canada by McNamara (1991). Around 1700 species of Scarabaeidae are known from North America (Ratcliffe et al. 2002). McNamara (1991) listed 197 species from Canada, excluding the Ochodaeidae, Glaresidae, Trogidae, Geotrupidae, and Glaphyridae, which are now treated as separate families in the Scarabaeoidea (Ratcliffe et al. 2002). Only 39 species of Scarabaeidae were listed from New Brunswick by Mc-Namara (1991). Here, we newly report two species of Geotrupidae and add 12 species of Scarabaeidae to the faunal list of New Brunswick.

Methods and conventions
The following records are based on specimens collected during a general survey by the first author to document the Coleoptera fauna of New Brunswick and from by-catch samples obtained during a study to develop a general attractant for the detection of invasive species of Cerambycidae.

Collection methods
Various methods were employed to collect the species reported in this study. Details are outlined in Webster et al. (2009, Appendix). See Webster et al. (in press) for details of the methods used to deploy Lindgren 12-funnel traps and for sample collection. A description of the habitat was recorded for all specimens collected during this survey. Locality and habitat data are presented exactly as on labels for each record. This information, as well as additional collecting notes, is summarized and discussed in the collection and habitat data section for each species.

Distribution
Distribution maps, created using ArcMap and ArcGIS, are presented for each species in New Brunswick. Every species is cited with current distribution in Canada and Alaska, using abbreviations for the state, provinces, and territories. New records for New Brunswick are indicated in bold under Distribution in Canada and Alaska. The following abbreviations are used in the text:

Species accounts
All records below are species newly recorded for New Brunswick, Canada. Species followed by ** are newly recorded from the Maritime provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island) of Canada. The classification of the Geotrupidae and Scarabaeidae follows Bouchard et al. (2011). Notes: *New to province, **New to Maritime provinces.  (Howden 1955;Downie and Arnett 1996). Adults from New Brunswick were collected from decaying mushrooms and decaying moldy corncobs and cornhusks. One individual was captured in a Lindgren funnel trap deployed in an old red oak (Quercus rubra L.) forest, and another was collected as it flew along a woodland trail. Adults were collected during June and September.  Brown (1931) or Gordon and Cartwright (1988) for this species. The Aegialia (sensu stricto) are usually found on coastal and inland dune systems or on gravel shores of streams and ponds (subgenus Psammoporus) (Gordon and Cartwright 1988 Collection and habitat data. No habitat data on this species were included in Gordon and Cartwright (1988 Gordon and Cartwright (1988). In New Brunswick, adults were captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in hardwood forest and an old-growth white spruce and balsam fir forest. One individual was collected with an aerial net during an evening flight near a floodplain forest. Adults were collected during May and June. Collection and habitat data. Dialytellus dialytoides is usually associated with deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmerman)) dung in forests or in damp soil under deer dung, although two large series were taken from rotting mushrooms in Quebec and Ontario (Gordon and Skelley 2007). Gordon and Skelley (2007) considered the latter records as surprising, but suggested that this might be a survival tactic when the preferred food was not available. In New Brunswick, all specimens were taken from decaying mushrooms. Adults were taken during August and October. Collection and habitat data. Gordon and Skelley (2007) noted that this species was restricted to pond and swamp margins and was likely a detritivore. The sole speci-men from New Brunswick was sifted from moist leaves on the margin of a large vernal pond during July. Collection and habitat data. Stenotothorax badipes is usually found in nests of such squirrels as the southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans (Linnaeus)), the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis Gremlin), and the fox squirrel (Sciurus niger (Linnaeus)), nesting in tree holes filled with pieces of acorns, detritus, and likely squirrel scat (Gordon and Skelley 2007). The adults from New Brunswick were collected from the contents of barred owl (Strix varia Barton) nests that were in either artificial nest boxes or in natural tree cavities (tree holes). The nest material from one nest consisted of relatively dry humus-like soil with oak leaves; the nest material from the other nest was moist and had insect parts and small bones. One specimen was captured in a Lindgren funnel deployed in an old red oak forest. Adults were collected during April, May, and June in New Brunswick.  Collection and habitat data. Larvae of Osmoderma species live in decaying wood in the heart of trunks and branches of old and often declining hardwood trees (Packard 1890;Hoffman 1939). Osmoderma eremicola with habitat data were collected from the nest contents of a barred owl nesting in a tree hole and on the ground near homesteads.

Distribution in Canada and
Most (14) individuals were captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in the mid canopy of large silver maples in an old silver swamp. Adults were collected during July and August.