New Coleoptera records from New Brunswick, Canada: Sphindidae, Erotylidae, Monotomidae, and Cryptophagidae

Abstract Two species of Sphindidae, Odontosphindus denticollis LeConteand Sphindus trinifer Casey, are reported for the first time for New Brunswick. Another species, Sphindus near americanus LeConte is reported from the province but may be an undescribed species, pending further study. Five species of Erotylidae are newly recorded for the province, including Tritoma humeralis Fabricius and Tritoma sanguinipennis (Say), which are new to the Maritime provinces. Three species of Monotomidae are added to the New Brunswick faunal list, including Pycnotomina cavicollis (Horn), which is newly recorded for the Maritime provinces. Six additional species of Cryptophagidae are reported for the province and the presence of Antherophagus convexulus LeContein New Brunswick is confirmed. Cryptophagus pilosus Gyllenhal and Myrmedophila americana (LeConte) are newly reported to the Maritime provinces.


Introduction
The Sphindidae, Erotylidae, and Monotomidae of the Maritime provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island) were reviewed by Majka (2007Majka ( , 2010 and Majka and Bousquet (2010), respectively. The Cryptophagidae of Atlantic Canada were reviewed by Majka et al. (2010a) (Atomariinae) and Majka and Langor (2010) (Cryp-tophaginae). Intensive collecting in New Brunswick by the first author since 2003 and records obtained more recently from by-catch samples during a study to develop improved lures for the detection of invasive species of Cerambycidae have yielded additional new provincial records in the above families. The purpose of this paper is to report on these new records. A brief synopsis of each family is included in the results below.

Methods and conventions
The following records are based on specimens collected during a general survey by the first author to document the Coleoptera fauna of New Brunswick and from by-catch samples obtained from trapping experiments conducted to develop tools for the detection of invasive species of Cerambycidae.

Collection methods
Various collection methods were employed to collect the species reported in this study. Details are outlined in Campbell (1973) and Webster et al. (2009, Appendix). See Webster et al. (in press) for details of the methods used for deployment of Lindgren 12-funnel traps and sample collection. A description of the habitat was recorded for all specimens collected during this survey. Locality and habitat data are presented exactly as on labels for each record. This information, as well as additional collecting notes, is summarized and discussed in collection and habitat data section for each species.

Distribution
Distribution maps, created using ArcMap and ArcGIS, are presented for each species in New Brunswick. Every species is cited with current distribution in Canada and Alaska, using abbreviations for the state, provinces, and territories. New records for New Brunswick are indicated in bold under Distribution in Canada and Alaska. The following abbreviations are used in the text:

Family Sphindidae Jacquelin du Val, 1860
The Sphindidae (cryptic slime mold beetles) live in or on slime-mold sporocarps, and both larvae and adults feed on spores and supporting structures of the slime molds (McHugh 2002). Campbell (1991a) reported five species from Canada but none from New Brunswick and the other Maritime provinces, although Lafontaine et al. (1987) reported Odontosphindus denticollis LeConte from the Cape Breton Highlands National Park in Nova Scotia. Majka (2010) reported Sphindus americanus LeConte and Eurysphindus hirtus LeConte from New Brunswick. However, the identification of S. americanus was considered provisional due to the poor quality of the specimen. Sphindus americanus and E. hirtus were newly reported from Nova Scotia (Dollin et al. 2008;Majka 2010). Here, we report Sphindus trinifer Casey and Odontosphindus denticollis LeConte for the first time for the province. Another species, S. near americanus LeConte is reported from the province but may be an undescribed species, pending further study and additional specimens. This is presumably the same species reported as S. americanus by Majka (2010). A list of the species currently known from New Brunswick is given in Table 1.  Lawrence and Newton (1980). In New Brunswick, adults were collected from Stemontis species (slime mold) on rotted logs in mixed forests and from Lindgren funnel traps deployed in an old red oak (Quercus rubra L.) forest and an old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) forest. Adults were collected during May, June, and July.

Odontosphindus denticollis
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB, NS (Lafontaine et al. 1987;Campbell 1991a;Dollin et al. 2008;Bishop et al. 2009;Majka 2010 Collection and habitat data. This species was collected at an ultraviolet light near a mixed forest and captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in an old red pine forest. Adults were captured during June and August. Distribution in Canada and Alaska. Majka (2010) considered the identification of S. americanus as provisional for New Brunswick due to the poor condition of the specimen. The above specimens are similar to S. americanus in possessing a two-segmented antennal club, but differ in other characters from specimens of S. americanus in the C.N.C. and may be an undescribed species (Serge Laplante, personal communication). In Canada, S. americanus was reported from British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, and Quebec by Campbell (1991a). Sphindus americanus was first reported from Nova Scotia by Dollin et al. (2008), and Majka (2010) considered this species common and widespread in the province (but see below).
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB (Campbell 1991a). Casey (1898) used the number of antennal segments of the club to distinguish S. trinifer (three-segmented club) from S. americanus (two-segmented club) in his key to the American Sphindus species. However, Downie and Arnett (1996) and Majka (2010) used size and other characteristics such as color to separate S. americanus (1.5 to 2.5 mm in length) from S. trinifer (1.7 mm in length). These characteristics are variable in these two species and are, therefore, unreliable for use in distinguishing these species. The specimens reported above all possess a three-segmented club, a character of S. trinifer. The adults from New Brunswick are, on average, larger (ranging from 1.7 to 2.0 mm in length) than the 1.7 mm given for the type specimen of S. trinifer (from Toronto, Canada) in Casey's original description. The specimens otherwise agree with the original description of S. trinifer. Interestingly, S. americanus was reported by Majka (2010) to be common and widespread in Nova Scotia. However, the specimen illustrated in his paper possesses a three-segmented club, a character of S. trinifer. The Nova Scotia specimens should be re-examined to confirm their identity.

Family Erotylidae Latreille, 1802
The Erotylidae (and Endomychidae) of the Maritime provinces were reviewed by Majka (2007). Triplax dissimulator (Crotch) was reported from New Brunswick for the first time. Majka et al. (2010b) later reported Acropteroxys gracilis (Newman) (Languriinae Hope) from New Brunswick. The Erotylidae live in hard bracket fungi (Polyporacae) (Subfamilies Dacninae and Megalodacninae) and soft polypores and basidiomycetes (Tritominae) (Skelley et al. 1991;Skelley and McHugh 2002). Members of the Languriinae are stem borers on composites and legumes, and adults are usually collected on their host plants (Leschen and Skelley 2002b). Majka (2007) discussed the fungal associations of members of the Erotylidae from the Maritime provinces and the impact that forest management practices may have on the communities of forest fungi and the associated beetle species dependent on these fungi. Four species of Erotylidae were reported from New Brunswick by Majka (2007) and Majka et al. (2010b). Here, we add five species of Erotylidae to the Coleoptera faunal list of New Brunswick, including Tritoma humeralis Fabricius and Tritoma sanguinipennis (Say), which are new to the Maritime provinces (Table 1). Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, adults of this species were collected in a mature hardwood forest with American beech, sugar maple, and ash, mixed forests, and an old red oak forest. Most individuals were collected from partially dried Pleurotus sp. on dead standing Populus sp. and on a slightly dried Climacodon septentrionale (Fr.) Kar. on a dead standing sugar maple. A few adults were also captured in Lindgren funnel traps and at an ultraviolet light. Skelley et al. (1991) reported that larvae of this species feed in a variety of hard and soft basidiomycete bracket fungi, including Pleurotus sp. In New Brunswick, adults were collected during June and September.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. MB, ON, QC, NB, NS (Campbell 1991b;Majka 2007 Collection and habitat data. A long series of adults of Triplax macra were collected from Hapalophilus nitulans (Fr.) Kar. (a fleshy polypore fungus) in a mature hardwood forest. Additional adults were captured in Lindgren funnel traps at this same site and from funnel traps deployed in an old red pine forest, an old red oak forest, an old-growth northern hardwood forest, and an old-growth white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) forest. Adults were captured during July, August, and September. Skelley et al. (1991) Webster,8.5-year-old regenerating mixed forest, in gilled mushroom on stump (sun-exposed) (1, RWC).
Collection and habitat data. One adult of this species was collected during June in a gilled mushroom on a sun-exposed stump in an 8.5-year-old regenerating mixed forest.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB (Campbell 1991b Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, Tritoma pulchra was found in a variety of forest types, such as mature hardwood forests, an old red oak forest, mixed forests, an old red spruce forest, an old red pine forest, an old-growth white spruce and balsam fir forest, and old-growth eastern white cedar forests. Most adults were collected from soft polypore fungi on logs and dead standing trees or captured in Lindgren funnel traps. A few individuals were collected by sweeping vegetation or sifting litter. One adult was found on flowers of meadow sweet (Spiraea alba Du Roi) in a sedge marsh. Adults were collected during June, July, August, and September.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB, NS (Campbell 1991b Collection and habitat data. The only specimen known from New Brunswick was collected in a soft polypore fungus on the side of a log in September. Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB (Campbell 1991b).

Family Monotomidae Laporte, 1840
Most members of the family Monotomidae (the root-eating beetles) are subcortical and are considered predators of xylophagous insects, such as scolytine larvae, although some may feed on fungi and their by-products (Bousquet 2002). Some species (Monotoma species) live in decaying vegetable matter and often are found in compost heaps (Bousquet and Laplante 2000;Bousquet 2002). The Monotomidae of the Maritime provinces were recently reviewed by Majka and Bousquet (2010). Six species were reported from New Brunswick. Here, we add three additional species to the faunal list, including Pycnotomina cavicollis (Horn), which is newly recorded for the Maritime provinces (Table 1). Collection and habitat data. Most adults from New Brunswick were captured in Lindgren funnel traps. This species occurred in various forest types, including mature hardwood forests, an old-growth northern hardwood forest, an old red oak forest, old mixed forests, an old red pine forest, and an old-growth white spruce and balsam fir forest. Specimens with specific habitat data were collected from under scolytine-infested bark of red spruce and on fleshy polypore (bracket) fungi on dead standing American beech trees. Bousquet (1990) reported this species from under bark of deciduous (Acer sp., Betula sp., Fagus sp.) and coniferous (Pinus sp., Larix sp., Picea sp.) trees in eastern North America. Adults were collected during May, June, and July in New Brunswick. Distribution in Canada and Alaska. AK, YK, BC, AB, ON, QC, NB, NS, NF (Bousquet 1990;Majka and Bousquet 2010). Rhizophagus dimidiatus was first reported from New Brunswick by Majka and Bousquet (2010) on the basis of one specimen from Chatham, Northumberland Co., collected by P. Kaanar (in CNC). This species is widespread and common in New Brunswick. Bousquet, 1990 http://species-id.net/wiki/Rhizophagus_minutus_rotundicollis Map 10 Collection and habitat data. Bousquet (1990) reported this subspecies from balsam fir and white spruce. Specimens from New Brunswick were collected from decaying vegetables, in leaf litter on the margin of a vernal pond, and in flight between 15:00 and 18:00 h in a mixed forest opening. Adults were captured during March and April.

Rhizophagus remotus
Collection and habitat data. This species has been reported under bark of pine and various Populus species, but most commonly from under bark of Populus tremuloides Michx. (Bousquet 1990). Adults in New Brunswick were taken from under bark of P. tremuloides and under bark of a Populus stump sticking out of snow in early April, and were collected with an aerial net during an evening flight. Other individuals were captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in a mature hardwood forest, an old red oak forest, an old red pine forest, and in an old mixed forest. Adults were captured during April, May, June, and July.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. AK, BC, AB, MB, ON, QC, NB, NS (Bousquet 1990 Collection and habitat data. All adults of this species from New Brunswick were captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in a mature hardwood forest with sugar maple, white ash, butternut, American beech, and scattered eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.). Adults were captured during June.

Family Cryptophagidae Kirby, 1826
The Cryptophagidae (silken fungus beetles) usually occur in moist decaying habitats that promote fungal growth, such as leaf litter and rotting wood, where they feed on fungal hyphae, spores, and conidia (Leschen and Skelley 2002a). Some species are saprophagous, while others can be found on flowers. Antherophagus species are phoretic on Bombus bees and are found in the nests or at flowers (Bousquet 1989, Leschen andSkelley 2002a Bousquet (1991b) was considered provisional by Majka and Langor (2010) due to lack of a supporting voucher specimen. Below, we report six additional species of Cryptophaginae from New Brunswick and confirm the presence of A. convexulus in the province (Table 1). Cryptophagus pilosus Gyllenhal and Myrmedophila americana (LeConte) are new to the Maritime provinces.

Subfamily Cryptophaginae Kirby, 1826
Collection and habitat data. Adults of Henoticus occur in leaf litter, fungi, under bark, on leaves of trees and shrubs (Bousquet 1989). Majka and Langor (2010) noted that Henoticus serratus were collected from natural habitats in Nova Scotia, such as red spruce and red oak forests. Most specimens from New Brunswick were collected from Lindgren funnel traps deployed in a mature red oak forest. One individual was collected from among moldy corncobs and cornhusks near a mixed forest. Adults were collected during April, May, June, and September.