New Coleoptera records from New Brunswick, Canada: Mycetophagidae, Tetratomidae, and Melandryidae

Abstract We report 21 new species records for the Coleoptera fauna of New Brunswick, Canada, seven of which are new records for the Maritime provinces. Four species of Mycetophagidae (Litargus didesmus Say, Litargus tetrapilotus LeConte, Mycetophagus punctatus Say, and Mycetophagus quadriguttatus Müller) are newly reported for the province of New Brunswick. Litargus didesmus is newly recorded for the Maritime provinces. Seven species of Tetratomidae are added to the faunal list of New Brunswick: Eustrophus tomentosus Say, Penthe obliquata (Fabricius), and Tetratoma tessellata Melsheimer are new to New Brunswick: Hallomenus serricornis LeConte, Pisenus humeralis Kirby, Synstrophus repandus (Horn), and Tetratoma variegata Casey, which are newly recorded for New Brunswick and the Maritime provinces. Ten additional species of Melandryidae are reported from New Brunswick, of which Orchesia cultriformis Laliberté, Orchesia ovata Laliberté, Phloeotrya fusca (LeConte), Scotochroides antennatus Mank, Spilotus quadripustulatus (Melsheimer), Symphora flavicollis (Haldeman), Symphora rugosa (Haldeman), and Zilora hispida LeConte are new for the province, and Microscapha clavicornis LeConte and Zilora nuda Provancher are newly recorded for the Maritime provinces. In addition, we report numerous additional records for three species of Mycetophagidae and one species of Melandryidae previously recorded from New Brunswick that suggest these species are more widely distributed than previously known. Collection, habitat data, and distribution maps are presented for all these species.


introduction
The Melandryidae and Tetratomidae of the Maritime provinces of Canada were reviewed by Majka and Pollock (2006). More recently, Majka (2010) reviewed the Mycetophagidae of the region. Intensive collecting in New Brunswick by the first author since 2003 and records obtained from by-catch samples during a study to develop a general attractant for the detection of invasive species of Cerambycidae have yielded additional new provincial records in the above families. The purpose of this paper is to report on these new records. A brief synopsis of each family is included in the results below.

Methods and conventions
The following records are based on specimens collected during a general survey by the first author to document the Coleoptera fauna of New Brunswick and from by-catch samples obtained in Lindgren 12-funnel traps placed at various sites in New Brunswick from 2008-2011 as part of a study to develop improved lures for survey of potentially invasive species of Cerambycidae. Additional records were obtained from specimens contained in the collection belonging to Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service -Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick.

Collection methods
Various methods were employed to collect the species reported in this study. Details are outlined in Webster et al. (2009, Appendix). Many specimens were collected in Lindgren funnel traps. These traps mimic tree trunks and are often effective for sampling species of Coleoptera that live in microhabitats associated with standing trees (Lindgren 1983). See Webster et al. (in press) for details of the methods used for deployment of Lindgren 12-funnel traps and sample collection. A description of the habitat was recorded for all specimens collected during this survey. Locality and habitat data are presented exactly as on labels for each record. This information, as well as additional collecting notes, is summarized and discussed in collection and habitat data for each species.

Distribution
Distribution maps, created using ArcMap and ArcGIS, are presented for each species in New Brunswick. Every species is cited with current distribution in Canada and Alaska, using abbreviations for the state, provinces, and territories. New records for New Brunswick are indicated in bold under Distribution in Canada and Alaska. The following abbreviations are used in the text: Collection and habitat data. Adults of Mycetophagus flexuosus in New Brunswick were found in hardwood forests with sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), an old red oak (Quercus rubra L.) forest, mixed forests, and an old (180-year-old) red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) forest. This species was found in partially dried Pleurotus species on dead, standing sugar maples, on a dead, standing trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), in a decayed log covered with gilled mushrooms and polypore fungi, in a pile of moldy corncobs and cornhusks, and at an ultraviolet light. Specimens were also captured in Lindgren funnel traps at several localities. Cline and Leschen (2005) reported M. flexuosus from the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus Fries. Other fungal associations with this species were reported in Majka (2010). Adults in New Brunswick were collected during April, May, June, July, August, and September.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. MB, ON, QC, NB (Bousquet 1991;Majka 2010). Makja (2010) reported this species for the first time from New Brunswick and the Maritime provinces based on two specimens collected in Edmundston (Madawaska Co.) by Richard Migneault. The above records indicate that this species in not uncommon and is probably widespread in New Brunswick.  (1,NBM).

Mycetophagus punctatus
Collection and habitat data. All the records of this species from New Brunswick were from hardwood forests (sugar maple and American beech, red oak and red maple (Acer rubrum L.)). Most adults were collected from partially dried Pleurotus species, including the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, on dead, standing sugar maples and a dead, standing poplar (probably trembling aspen). One individual was captured in a Lindgren funnel trap. Cline and Leschen (2005) also reported M. punctatus from P. ostreatus. Majka (2010) reported other fungal associations with this species. Adults were captured during June and August.

Mycetophagus serrulatus
Collection and habitat data. Most adults of M. serrulatus from New Brunswick were collected in hardwood forests (sugar maple and American beech, red oak) or mixed forests. Majka (2010) reported a specimen from a balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) forest. Adults were found on slightly dried Climacodon septentrionale (Fr.) Karsten on sugar maple, in polypore fungi on a large basswood (Tilia americana L.) log, and in partially dried Pleurotus sp. on dead, standing sugar maples and trembling aspen. Adults were collected during June, July, August, and September.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. MB, ON, QC, NB, NS (Bousquet 1991;Dollin et al. 2008;Majka 2010). Majka (2010) newly reported this species from New Brunswick from the Grand Manan archipelago, Kent Island (Charlotte Co.). This species is probably widespread in the province. Collection and habitat data. Mycetophagus pluripunctatus was found in mature and old hardwood forests with sugar maple, American beech, white ash, and butternut (Juglans cinerea L.), an old-growth northern hardwood forest with sugar maple and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), an old red oak forest, a mature (110-yearold) red spruce forest (Picea rubens Sarg.), an old-growth white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and balsam fir forest, and an old red pine forest. Adults were found in or on fleshy (bracket, shelf) polypore fungi on standing, dead American beech trees and logs, and on partially dried Pleurotus sp. on a dead, standing sugar maple. One individual was collected from a decaying Climacodon septentrionale on dead, standing yellow birch in a clearcut. Majka (2010) reported other fungal associations with this species. Adults were also captured in Lindgren funnel traps at several sites in New Brunswick. Adults were captured during April, May, June, July, and August.

Mycetophagus pluripunctatus
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. AB, MB, ON, QC, NB, NS (Bousquet 1991;Bishop et al. 2009;Majka 2010). Majka (2010) newly recorded this species from New Brunswick based on a specimen collected by R. Migneault in Edmundston (Madawaska Co.). This species is widespread in the province. Collection and habitat data. Most adults from New Brunswick were collected from moldy decaying corncobs and cornhusks near a mixed forest. One individual each was captured in a Lindgren funnel trap deployed in a mature hardwood forest and an old red oak forest. Adults were collected during June, August, and September.

Mycetophagus quadriguttatus
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. BC, AB, SK, MB, ON, QC, NB, NS (Bousquet 1991; Majka 2010). Although M. quadriguttatus was reported as occurring in New Brunswick by Bousquet (1991), no specimens could be located to support this record according to Majka (2010). In addition, Campbell et al. (1989) did not report it for the province, and thus, Majka considered the record as provisional. However, the above records establish this species as a member of the New Brunswick Coleoptera fauna.  (1,RWC).
Collection and habitat data. This species was found in 8.5-year-old regenerating mixed forests, a mixed forest, and in a red oak stand. Adults were collected from gilled mushrooms on sun-exposed stumps, a group of partially dried Pleurotus sp. on a dead, standing trembling aspen, and at a mercury-vapor light. Adults were captured during June and July.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. QC, NB (Bousquet 1991).  Majka (2010) reported Litargus tetraspilotus from deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests, seashores, coastal and sandy pine barrens, and old fields and grasslands in Nova Scotia. Adults were collected from foliage of a variety of coniferous and deciduous tree species, herbaceous vegetation and rotting mushrooms. In New Brunswick, one adult was collected from a decaying mushroom in a conifer forest with white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and spruce, another in a Lindgren funnel trap deployed in an old red oak forest. Although this species appears to be common and widespread in the lower mainland of Nova Scotia (Majka 2010), it was found at only two localities (one specimen at each locality) in New Brunswick. Adults were captured during August in New Brunswick.

Family Tetratomidae Billberg, 1820
Members of the Tetratomidae (the polypore fungus beetles), as their name implies, feed on fruiting bodies of Polyporaceae and Tricholomataceae, and are commonly found under fungus grown bark or in softer shelf fungi (Young and Pollock 2002). Adults usually feed on the surface of the fungi, whereas the larvae bore into and feed on the tissues. Majka and Pollock (2006) reviewed the Tetratomidae and other saproxylic beetles (Melandryidae, Synchroidae, Scraptiidae) of the Maritime provinces, summarized the known bionomics, and discussed the fauna in the context of potential impact that forest management practices may have on members of these families in the region. Only one species, Penthe pimelia (Fabricius) was reported as occurring in New Brunswick by LeSage (1991a) and Majka and Pollock (2006). Later, Pollock (2008) reported Pseudoholostrophus discolour (Horn) from the province. Here, we report seven additional species of Tetratomidae from New Brunswick (  VII.2008, 12-19.VII.2008, 19-28.VII.2008, 28.VII-6.VIII.2008, 6-14.VIII.2008, R. P. Webster, mature hardwood forest, Lindgren funnel traps (8, AFC, NBM, RWC); same locality and habitat data but 21-28.VI.2009, 7-14.VII.2009, 14-19.VII.2009, 19-31.VII.2009, 31.VII-7. VIII.2009 Collection and habitat data. Tetratoma tessellata was found in various forest types in New Brunswick. Adults were found in mature and old hardwood forests with American beech, yellow birch, and sugar maple, an old-growth northern hardwood forest with sugar maple and yellow birch, an old red oak forest, an old silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) swamp, an old eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) forest, a mature (110-year-old) red spruce stand, and an old (180-year-old) red pine forest. Most adults were captured in Lindgren funnel traps. One individual was collected from a slightly dried Pleurotus sp. on a dead, standing sugar maple. Most records reported from Nova Scotia by Majka and Pollock (2006) were caught with flight intercept traps in both coniferous and deciduous forests. Adults were collected during June, July, August, and September. Collection and habitat data. This species was captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in an old-growth white spruce and balsam fir forest. Adults were captured during June, July, and August (most during June).

Distribution in Canada and
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. QC, NB, NF (LeSage 1991a). Giguère, margin of old red oak forest, in bracket fungi on sun-exposed stump (1,AFC).

Subfamily Piseninae Miyatake, 1960
Collection and habitat data. This species was found in mature hardwood forests with sugar maple and American beech, and in an old red oak forest. Eleven individuals (over 30 individuals observed) were collected from several large, decaying (from previous year), fleshy polypore fungi on an American beech log (tree had fallen during previous winter). One individual was collected from small bracket fungi on a sun-exposed stump, and one adult was captured in a Lindgren funnel trap. Adults were collected during April, June, and August.

Subfamily Penthinae Lacordaire, 1859
Penthe obliquata ( Collection and habitat data. Penthe obliquata was found in mature hardwood forests with American beech and sugar maple, an old-growth northern hardwood forest, a floodplain forest with black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh.), butternut, and red maple, an old red oak forest, a red oak and red maple stand, a silver maple swamp, a mature (110-year-old) red spruce stand, an old (180-year-old) red pine forest, an old eastern white cedar forest, and in mixed forests. Many adults were captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in the above forest types. Adults with specific collection data were collected from polypore fungi (bracket fungi) on standing dead American beech trees and poplar logs, in fleshy polypore fungi on a dead, standing red oak and on a stump, from a woody polypore on a dead, standing balsam fir, from Polyporus varius Fr. on a dead, standing sugar maple, and from under bark of a spruce log. Majka and Pollock (2006) reported this species from under bark of a variety of conifer species in Nova Scotia. They also reported adults from belted polypore, Fomitopsis pinicola (Fr.) Kar., on conifers. Adults from New Brunswick were captured during May, June, July, August, and September, Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB, NS (LeSage 1991a; Majka and Pollock 2006). Collection and habitat data. This species was captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in a mature red spruce forest and an old red pine forest. One individual was collected at and ultraviolet light in a mixed forest. Adults were collected during June, July, and August.

Hallomenus serricornis
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. BC, AB, ON, QC, NB (LeSage 1991b).  (1,RWC). Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, S. repandus was found in mature hardwood forests with sugar maple and American beech, a mature mixed forest, and in an old red pine forest. Adults were found in Laetiporus sulphureus (Fr.) Murr., partially dried Pleurotus mushrooms on a dead, standing sugar maple, in a polypore fungi on a dead, standing Populus sp., and under bark of red maple. One individual was swept from vegetation along a forest trail. Adults were collected during May, June, and August.

Family Melandryidae Leach, 1815
The Melandryidae (the false darkling beetles) are either xylophagous (Serropalpini and Melandryini) or fungivores (Orchesiini), although fungi may be a significant portion of the diet of the xylophagous species (Pollock 2002). Majka and Pollock (2006) reviewed the Melandryidae of the Maritime provinces, summarized the known bionomics, and discussed the fauna in the context of potential impact of forest management practices in the region. They reported 16 species from New Brunswick; Enchodes sericea (Haldeman), Prothalpia undata LeConte, and Emmesia connectens Newman were reported as new to the province. Here, we report 10 additional species for the province.
Microscapha clavicornis LeConte and Zilora nuda Provancher are newly recorded for the Maritime provinces (Table 1).  (1,RWC). Collection and habitat data. Symphora flavicollis was found in a mature hardwood forest with sugar maple and American beech, a red oak and red maple stand, an old red oak forest, an old-growth northern hardwood forest, a regenerating (20-yearold) mixed forest, mixed forests, a mature red spruce forest, and an old red pine forest. Adults were captured in Lindgren funnel traps, at ultraviolet light, and by beating foliage. Majka and Pollock (2006)  Collection and habitat data. This species was found in a floodplain forest with black ash and butternut, an old silver maple swamp, an old-growth northern hardwood forest, an old-growth eastern white cedar forest/swamp, a red spruce stand on a rock outcrop, and an old red pine forest. Adults were collected by sweeping foliage, beating red spruce foliage, and in Lindgren funnel traps. This species was collected & C. MacKay, old mixed forest with red and white spruce, red and white pine, balsam fir, eastern white cedar, red maple, and Populus sp., Lindgren funnel trap (1,AFC).
Collection and habitat data. This species was found in various forest types in New Brunswick. These included hardwood forests with sugar maple and American beech, an old red oak stand, mixed forests, an old eastern white cedar forest/swamp, a red spruce forest, and an old red pine forest. Most adults were captured in Lindgren funnel traps. Adults with specific habitat data were collected from polypore fungi and from polypore fungi on a dead, standing American beech and a dead, standing eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.). One individual was collected at an ultraviolet light. This species and Orchesia castanea (Melsheimer) have an amazing jumping ability, and adults often jumped out of a 15 cm high sifting box, resulting in the loss of many specimens. Adults were collected during June, July, and August.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. NT, SK, MB, QC, NB, NS (LeSage 1991b).  (1,RWC). Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, O. ovata was found in a mature hardwood forest with sugar maple and American beech, an old-growth northern hardwood forest with sugar maple and yellow birch, an old red oak forest, an oak forest with scattered white pine (Pinus strobus L.), an old-growth white spruce and balsam fir forest, a mixed forest, and along a powerline right-of-way. Most adults were captured in Lindgren funnel traps. A few individuals were swept from foliage. Elsewhere, this Distribution in Canada and Alaska. QC, NB, PE, NS (LeSage 1991b; Majka and Pollock 2006). Collection and habitat data. Adults of S. quadripustulatus were captured in Lindgren funnel traps deployed in a mature hardwood forest with sugar maple and American beech (2), and in an old silver maple forest/swamp (13). Adults were captured during June and July.

Spilotus quadripustulatus
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. QC, NB, NS (LeSage 1991b; Majka and Pollock 2006). Collection and habitat data. Zilora hispida was found in a mature and an old mixed forest, an old-growth white spruce and balsam fir forest, and an old red oak forest