New Coleoptera records from New Brunswick, Canada: Megalopodidae and Chrysomelidae

Abstract Zeugophora varians Crotch and the family Megalopodidae are newly recorded for New Brunswick, Canada. Twenty-eight species of Chrysomelidae are newly recorded for New Brunswick, including Acalymma gouldi Barber, Altica knabii Blatchley, Altica rosae Woods, Altica woodsi Isely, Bassareus mammifer (Newman), Chrysolina marginata (Linnaeus), Chrysomela laurentia Brown, Crepidodera violacea Melsheimer, Cryptocephalus venustus Fabricius, Neohaemonia melsheimeri (Lacordaire), Neohaemonia nigricornis (Kirby), Pachybrachis bivittatus (Say), Pachybrachis m-nigrum (Melsheimer), Phyllobrotica limbata (Fabricius), Psylliodes affinis (Paykull), Odontota dorsalis (Thunberg), Ophraella communa (LeSage), Ophraella cribrata (LeConte), Ophraella notata (Fabricius), Systena hudsonias (Forster), Tricholochmaea ribicola (Brown), and Tricholochmaea rufosanguinea (Say), which are also newly recorded for the Maritime provinces. Collection data, habitat data, and distribution maps are presented for all these species.


Introduction
This paper treats the families Chrysomelidae and Megalopodidae. The Megalopodidae (megalopodid leaf beetles), historically considered a subfamily of Chrysomelidae (Seeno and Wilcox 1982), is a small family of leaf-feeding beetles related to the Chrysomel-idae. Only the genus Zeugophora occurs in North America. Known hosts of North American species include Populus and Salix spp. Larvae are leaf miners and adults feed externally on leaves . Seven species (as subfamily Zeugophorinae in the Chrysomelidae) were reported from Canada by LeSage (1991). No species were reported from this family from New Brunswick or the Maritime provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island).
The Chrysomelidae (the leaf beetles) is one of the largest families of beetles. The Chrysomelidae, as the common name implies, are phytophagous and feed on leaves of plants, usually Angiospermae. Adults of most species are either monophagous or oligophagous and usually use terrestrial species, whereas the larvae have more diverse feeding habits. Donaciinae larvae are aquatic and live on submerged stems and roots of their host (Hoffman 1940). Case-bearing larvae are found in three subfamilies in Canada: larvae of the Clytrinae feed on debris in ant nests (LeSage and Stiefel 1996), larvae of the Cryptocephalinae feed on decaying leaves in litter (LeSage 1985(LeSage , 1986a, and larvae of the Chlamisiinae eat fresh leaves in the open like the adults (LeSage 1982). Root miners are mainly found in Alticini, Eumolpinae, and Galerucini, whereas leaf miners are numerous in Alticini and in all Hispini (Lawson 1991). Riley et al. (2002) presented a general review of the Chrysomelidae of North America, and that publication should be consulted for details on the classification and a general overview of the biology of members of this family. Riley et al. (2003) reported 139 species of Chrysomelidae from New Brunswick, Canada in their catalog of the leaf beetles of North America. Since that publication, the adventive Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus) and Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull) have been newly reported from the province by Finnamore (1988) and Weston and Hoebeke (2003), respectively. Majka and LeSage (2007) reported on the overall distribution of P. viburni in Maritime provinces, and LeSage et al. (2007) on that of O. melanopus. The following year, Majka and LeSage (2008a) reported the presence of Chrysolina staphylaea (Linnaeus) in Nova Scotia and Quebec, but did not report it from New Brunswick, although it will likely be found in the province with additional sampling. Majka and LeSage (2008b) and Majka and Kirby (2011) reported on the distribution and range expansion of the adventive Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) in the Maritime provinces, including New Brunswick. LeSage et al. (2008) confirmed the presence of both introduced asparagus leaf beetles (Crioceris asparagi (Linnaeus), Crioceris duodecimpunctata (Linnaeus)) in the Maritimes, including New Brunswick. Majka and LeSage (2008c) confirmed the presence of the introduced Cassida rubiginosa Müller in New Brunswick, and the following year LeSage and Majka (2009) Riley et al. (2003) in their catalog. There are no specimens of C. digna and D. penstemonis in the CNC (Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes) and these two species were not reported from New Brunswick by Riley et al. (2003), and thus these species are excluded from the provincial list, although it is probable that both species occur in the province. There are many specimens in the CNC under the name D. catarius but their determinations have not been verified and C. catarius may be a synonym of Diachus auratus (Fabricius). The genus Diachus is in need of revision. This species is therefore excluded from the provincial list until this genus is revised and the species name of the specimens in the CNC can be verified.
Intensive collecting by the first author and others since 2003 has resulted in the discovery of additional species of Chrysomelidae from New Brunswick (Table 1). Additional records were discovered in the older material preserved in the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa, including the first record of the family Megalopodidae. The purpose of this paper is to report on these new discoveries.

Methods and conventions
The following records are based in part on specimens collected as part of a general survey by the first author to document the Coleoptera fauna of New Brunswick. A description of the habitat was recorded for all specimens collected during this survey. Locality and habitat data are presented exactly as on labels for each record. This information, as well as additional collecting notes, is summarized and discussed in the collection and habitat data section for each species.

Collection methods
Most specimens were collected by sweeping vegetation in various habitats, and beating, sweeping, or hand picking beetles from host plants. Additional records were obtained from specimens contained in the collection belonging to Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service -Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick and the Canadian National collection, Ottawa, Ontario.

Specimen preparation
Males and females of some species were dissected to confirm their identity. Male aedeagi were dissected in 70% ethanol and glued on tip of small points under the specimens from which they originated. The female genital structures were dissected in 70% ethanol, dehydrated in absolute alcohol, transferred into cedar oil, and mounted in Canada balsam on small transparent acetate cards pinned with the specimens from which they originated.

Distribution
Distribution maps, created using ArcMap and ArcGIS, are presented for each species in New Brunswick. Every species is cited with current distribution in Canada and Alaska, using abbreviations for the state, provinces, and territories. New records for New Brunswick are indicated in bold under Distribution in Canada and Alaska. The following abbreviations are used in the text: Collection and habitat data. No bionomic data were associated with the specimens. This species has been recorded from Populus balsmifera L., Populus tremuloides Michx. and Salix .
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. BC, AB, SK, MB, QC, NB (Riley et al. 2003). These are the first records of this family for New Brunswick. Collection and habitat data. This species has been collected from leaves and stems of pondweeds (Potamogeton sp.) (Potamogetonaceea) (Askevold 1987) and from leaf litter beside small lakes from October to the first snow (L. LeSage, personal observa-tion). Neohaemonia species occur mostly in lotic sites near streams and are often submerged, and thus, are rarely collected (Askevold 1987). Larvae are submerged and feed on the stems and roots of Potamogeton (Hoffman 1940 Collection and habitat data. In New Brunswick, adults were collected from foliage of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in early July. One individual was collected from an apple (Malus pumilla P. Mill.) tree. Larvae mine the leaves of black locust and other woody species of Fabaceae. Adults also feed on black locust and other Fabaceae but have been collected from many other tree species Staines 2006 Collection and habitat data. Adults from New Brunswick were collected from the foliage of Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. (ox-eye-daisy) in open disturbed roadside sites near a red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and a jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) forest. Specimens were also collected in the late fall on a paved road during warm afternoons. Adults were collected during June, September, and October.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. AK, YT, NB (Riley et al. 2003). The population in New Brunswick is likely an adventive Palaearctic species known from Europe, Siberia, the Far East, and Alaska (Bieńkowski 2001).
Comment. Chrysolina finitima Brown, 1962 was placed in synonymy with C. marginata marginata (Linnaeus) by Bieńkowski (2001: 152), a synonymy accepted by Riley et al. (2003) in their catalog. It makes sense for specimens from Alaska or Yukon to belong to the nominal Palaearctic subspecies since this state and province can be considered as the easternmost part of the natural distribution of C. marginata that extends over the Bering Detroit into the New World. On the other hand, the presence of C. marginata in New Brunswick is not natural and is undoubtedly the result of a recent introduction into eastern Canada, which is not yet fully documented (LeSage, personal observations). Considering that there are nine Palaearctic subspecies (Bieńkowski 2011), it might be advisable not to use a subspecies name until our eastern population can be properly assigned to a subspecies. Collection and habitat data. Erynephala maritima was swept from foliage along a sea beach in August. According to Clark et al. (2004), this species is primarily associated with various species of Chenopodiaceae (Beta, Chenopodium, Salicornia, Salsola, Suaeda Collection and habitat data. Adults of this species were swept from foliage along a lake margin and a river margin. Adults were defoliating Alnus at the site south of Beaver Dam. This species was taken during June, July, and August. Distribution in Canada and Alaska. BC, AB, MB, ON, NB, NS, PE (Riley et al. 2003). This is a Palaearctic species now widely established throughout much of the northern half of the USA and Canada (Riley et al. 2003). It was introduced, together with Neogalerucella pusilla (Duftschmid), for the biocontrol of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) and has been successful in controlling this weed (Hight et al. 1995). Consequently, its presence on alder is incidental and the damage to the leaves may have been done before by the alder flea beetle (Altica ambiens alni Harris), which is closely associated with this bush (LeSage 1995). Collection and habitat data. The host plant of O. communa is common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), and all life stages can be found on this plant (Welch 1978). In New Brunswick, adults of O. communa were collected from foliage of common ragweed on a roadside and swept from roadside foliage near a wet meadow in an area with ragweed. Adults were collected during August and September.  1986b), Solidago bicolor L., Solidago nemoralis Ait., Solidago juncea Ait., and Solidago rugosa P. Mill. (Fall 1924;LeSage 1986b;Clark et al. 2004), all of which occur in New Brunswick (Hinds 2000). Adults from New Brunswick were collected from Solidago sp. (species not determined) in an old field with open sandy areas and in an old field area near a roadside. Adults were captured during June, July, and August.
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB (LeSage 1991). Collection and habitat data. Specimens of this species were swept from foliage in a mature hardwood forest and in a shaded marshy area in a mature red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) forest. One individual was collected from foliage of beaked hazelnut (Corylus cornuta Marsh.). Hosts reported by Clark et al. (2004) occurring in New Brunswick include common skullcap (Scutellaria galericulata L.) and maddog skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L.). Adults were collected during July and August.

Subtribe Luperina Chapuis, 1875
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. ON, QC, NB (LeSage 1991). Collection and habitat data. The only adult known from New Brunswick was sifted from leaf litter near a small Carex marsh during April. This was probably an overwintering site. Clark et al. (2004) reported that this species was associated with evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L. Collection and habitat data. All adults from New Brunswick were collected from the foliage of Rosa sp., a known host for this species (Woods 1918 Collection and habitat data. Mantura chrysanthami was swept or beaten from foliage from a variety of habitats in New Brunswick. These included a barrier beach, a jack pine forest, an old sand dune with red oaks (Quercus rubra L.), a power-line right-of-way, and a mixed forest. A small series was swept from the foliage of sheep sorrel, Rumex acetosella L. Adults were captured during June, July, and August. Based on personal observations and collecting by the second author in the Ottawa, ON area, M. chrysanthemi is monophagous on R. acetosella both in the larval and adult stages.

Tribe Alticini Newman, 1834
Distribution in Canada and Alaska. NF, QC, NB (LeSage 1991; Riley et al. 2003). This is an adventive Palaearctic species now established in most of the northeastern United States (Riley et al. 2003). Although Mantura floridana Crotch was cited by LeSage (1991) and Riley et al. (2003) from the Maritime provinces, the specimens determined as this species may be M. chrysanthemi, and thus the status of the former needs to be clarified. age in an old field with sandy areas, a small old-field opening in a mixed forest, and in a brushy opening within a 20-year-old regenerating mixed forest. Adults were captured during July and August. LeSage (1986) successfully reared the larvae of this species on a mixture of dead leaves of Alnus, Rubus, Salix, and Vaccinium spp.