A revision of the Chinese Stephanidae (Hymenoptera, Stephanoidea)

Abstract Stephanidae Leach, 1815 (Hymenoptera: Stephanoidea) from China are revised. Five genera are reported from China: Foenatopus Smith, 1861; Megischus Brullé, 1846; Parastephanellus Enderlein, 1906; Schlettererius Ashmead, 1900; and Stephanus Jurine (in Panzer), 1801, and the genera are keyed. All the Chinese species are described and illustrated and new synonyms are established. Keys to species of the five genera occurring in China and adjacent regions are provided. Six species are new to science: Foenatopus brevimaculatus sp. n., Foenatopus maculiferus sp. n., Foenatopus yangi sp. n., Parastephanellus angulatus sp. n., Parastephanellus brevicoxalis sp. n. and Parastephanellus zhejiangensis sp. n. One species, Parastephanellus matsumotoi van Achterberg, 2006, is newly recorded from China. The following 9 new synonyms are proposed: Foenatopus aratifrons Enderlein, 1913 and Foenatopus yunnanensis Chao, 1964, new synonymys for Foenatopus annulitarsus Enderlein, 1913; Foenatopus cerviculatus (Chao, 1964) and Foenatopus chaoi Belokobylskij, 1995 for Foenatopus chinensis (Elliott, 1919); Foenatopus formosanus Enderlein, 1913 for Foenatopus cinctus (Matsumura, 1912); Foenatopus simillimus (Elliott, 1920) and Foenatopus trilineatus (Elliott, 1920) for Foenatopus flavidentatus (Enderlein, 1913); Foenatopus trilobatus (Elliott, 1920) for Foenatopus ruficollis (Enderlein, 1913); Parastephanellus austrochinensis Belokobylskij, 1995 for Parastephanellus brevistigma Enderlein, 1913. A lectotype is designated for Diastephanus trilineatus Elliott, 1920.


Introduction
The family Stephanidae Leach, 1815, is a cosmopolitan family with 345 extant species (van Achterberg and Yang 2004;van Achterberg and Quicke 2006;Aguiar 2004Aguiar , 2006Aguiar and Jennings 2005;Hong et al. 2010;Hong and Xu 2011). It is considered to be the most basal group of the Hymenoptera-Apocrita and occurs mainly in subtropical and tropical forests (Vilhelmsen 1997; van Achterberg 2002), but some species occur in subtropical and moderate climate zones. The species of Stephanidae are usually medium-sized to large, and the largest species are in the genus Megischus, with body length reaching up to 35 mm. Stephanidae are conspicuous by the "crown" on the head, the more or less modified pronotum, the shape of hind legs (especially the more or less swollen hind femur with ventral large teeth, the hind tibia widened apically), the often present ivory streaks on the frons or temple and ivory or whitish subapical band of the ovipositor sheath in some genera ( van Achterberg 2002;van Achterberg and Yang 2004).
Stephanidae are generally considered to be rare or extremely rare, and nearly 95% of all stephanid species were described from a single specimen. The systematics of the Stephanidae is imperfectly known; many types have never been studied since their descriptions and they exhibit a rich, but often continuous morphological variation. Stephanidae are not easily collected by traditional methods (Aguiar 2004). Sweeping, Malaise traps and yellow pan traps, which are all staple methods for collecting many Hymenoptera, seem ineffective for stephanids. Aguiar and Sharkov (1997) suggested that the use of blue pan traps could be an effective trapping technique for Stephanidae; however, only seven stephanids were collected in 39 blue pan traps and further evidence is needed to prove the potential of such traps in the Old World. In total, three hundred and three specimens of Stephanidae from China and adjacent regions have been studied and 21 species are recognized to occur in China, of which 6 species (or 29%) are new to science.
The actual biology of nearly all Stephanidae species is unknown or nearly unknown and only Schlettererius cinctipes and Stephanus serrator are recorded from several hosts. Stephanidae can be found around tree trunks or branches of trees dead for about one year, which are inhabited by beetle larvae and not yet infested by fungi ( van Achterberg 2002). Stephanidae are solitary idiobiont ectoparasitoids of wood boring insect larvae and their hosts are mainly Cerambycidae and Buprestidae. Other recorded hosts belong to other families of Coleoptera such as Curculionidae, and to Hymenoptera, Siricidae larvae as well as solitary bees (Taylor 1967;van Achterberg 2002;Aguiar 2004).
Megischus ptosimae was reported as parasitoid of larvae of Ptosima chinensis Mars in peach trees (Chao 1964); Schlettererius cinctipes was once introduced from California to Tasmania to prove its potential value as a member of the parasitoid complex on Sirex nectil-ed Kingdom (BMNH), Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany (SDEI), The Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Leiden (RMNH) and Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest (HNHM).
Morphological terminology, including the wing venation system (Fig. 1), follows van Achterberg (2002). Observations and descriptions were made either under an Olympus SZ61 stereoscope, or a Shunyu SZ45-ST1 stereoscope, in combination with a 40W LED lamp. Photographic images were processed with both Image-Pro Plus and AnalySIS Extended Focal Imaging software, and figures were finished with Adobe Photoshop® 8.0.1 and ACDSee 10.0, mostly to adjust the size and background.
Description. Redescribed after a female from Guangdong (Mt. Nanling), length of body 22.8 mm, of fore wing 11.6 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 28.9 mm.
Head. Flagellum with 38 flagellomeres; first flagellomere 3.9 times as long as wide, and 0.8 times as long as second flagellomere; anterior coronal teeth acute and moderately large, both posterior ones arcuate and smaller; frons coarsely transversely carinaterugose, posteriorly both ends of carinae curved backwards to coronal area (Fig. 11); vertex with 4 strong and relatively short transverse carinae between posterior ocelli, followed by transversely carinate flattened area, carinae antero-medially coarse and strong, more or less rugose, posteriorly much finer and straight, reaching to part of gena ( Fig. 9); temple smooth and shiny, angulate in dorsal view (Fig. 10).
Wings. Fore wing ( Fig. 2): wing membrane hyaline; vein 2-CU1 distinctly developed and 0.9 times as long as vein cu-a; vein cu-a distinctly curved; pterostigma moderately elongate and apically acute, 1.6 times as long as vein r and 12 times longer than its maximum width; vein r ends third length of pterostigma behind level of apex of pterostigma; vein SR1 subparallel to costal margin, vein SR1 and vein r obtuse-angled.
Legs. Hind coxa slender, shiny, anterior part rugose, remainder annular, finely transversely spaced striate; hind femur ( Fig. 6) moderately slender, densely finely striate, apically somewhat coriaceous, ventrally with 2 large acute teeth and some denticles in between, teeth antero-ventrally distinct and triangular; basal narrow part of hind tibia coriaceous, 1.2 times as long as widened part, and with ventral carina, outer side of widened part of hind tibia coriaceous, inner side basally distinctly depressed, apically with densely bristly setose area; hind basitarsus slender, parallel-sided, its ventral length 6.8 times as long as its width.
Metasoma. First tergite very slender, cylindrical, densely finely transversely striate (Fig. 7), 17.6 times as long as its width and 2.1 times as second tergite; remainder slen-der, smooth and with a few sparse, short setae; pygidial area ( Fig. 7) triangular, shallowly impressed laterally, somewhat granulate, and narrowly lamelliform posteriorly; subapical whitish band of ovipositor sheath 1.44 times as long as apical blackish part; length of ovipositor sheath 1.3 times as long as body.
Colour. Black, except parts as follows: frons largely reddish; temple with a wide yellowish streak; tibiae and tarsi of legs brown; wing membrane hyaline; subapical part of ovipositor sheath whitish.
Male. Very similar to female in structure and colour, but differs in size; body length up to 13 mm according to Chao (1964).
Variation. Female: length of body 18-23 mm, of fore wing 10-12 mm, and of ovipositor 23-29 mm; vein 2-CU1 0.7-0.9 times as long as vein cu-a, pterostigma 1.6-1.9 times as long as vein r and 12-16 times longer than its maximum width; first tergite 17.6-19.7 times as long as its maximum width and 2.1-4.2 times as second tergite; subapical whitish band of ovipositor sheath 1.4-1.8 times as long as apical blackish part.
Description. Redescribed after a female from Hainan (Mt. Diaoluoshan), length of body 13.1 mm, of fore wing 7.0 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 9.1 mm.
Head. Flagellum with 30 flagellomeres; first flagellomere very short, twice its maximum width, almost equal to pedicel and half as long as second flagellomere; frons (Fig. 34) strongly reticulate-rugose, rugae extending to coronal area; three anterior coronal teeth acute, both posterior ones arcuate; vertex ( Fig. 32) with four strong, curved spaced carinae followed by coarsely transversely rugose and slightly convex area; temple ( Fig. 33) with weak rugae from vertex along orbit, ventrally smooth, temple roundly narrowed behind eyes; head transverse in dorsal view.
Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 26): wing hyaline; vein 2-CU1 0.9 times as long as vein cu-a; pterostigma obtuse apically and comparatively wide and short, 1.4 times as long as vein r and 8.3 times as its maximum width; vein r ends 0.24 times length of pterostigma behind level of apex of pterostigma; vein SR1 about 1.3 times as long as vein r; vein SR1 and vein r obtuse-angled, vein SR1 elongate towards vein margin and ending near before reaching vein margin.
Metasoma. First tergite largely transversely striate, basal 0.2 rugose and apical 0.05 smooth, first tergite 10.2 times as long as its maximum width, 2.8 times as long as second tergite and 0.8 times as long as rest of metasoma; second tergite basal 0.2 rugose, medially largely microreticulate and apical 0.2 aciculate; rest of tergites transversely aciculate, somewhat smooth; pygidial area setose, laterally shallowly impressed, medially distinctly convex and granulate, pygidial impression widely reversed V-shaped; length of ovipositor sheath 0.7 times as long as body length, length of subapical brownish band 0.4 times length of dark apex (Fig. 31).
Colour. Largely black, except parts as follows: head dark brown with some reddish tint; frons ivory from mandibles to narrowly above antennae; scape, pedicel, posterior coronal teeth and carinae between posterior ocelli on vertex, two spots behind posterior ocelli reddish brown; basal rugose part dorsally red brown but laterally with two yellow spots; malar space, basal part of mid tibia, basal half of mid basitarsus, ventral large teeth of hind femur and hind basitarsus whitish; subapex of ovipositor sheath pale brown.
Male. Body length 16 mm; almost the same as female, but different in body colour (Chao, 1964). A specimen from Guangxi (No. 821489) with body length 11.5 mm, frons completely yellowish (Fig. 36), carinae on the neck complete and transverse (Figs 38,39), and vein 2-CU1 of fore wing 0.3 times as long as vein cu-a (Fig. 37).
Variation. Female: length of body 6.5-15 mm, of fore wing 3.6-7.7 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 7.2-14 mm; vein 2-CU1 0.9-1.1 times as long as vein cu-a; pterostigma 1.4-1.8 times as long as vein r and 8.3-9.5 times as long as its maximum width; first tergite 9.0-12.8 times as long as its maximum width, 2.1-2.8 times as second tergite and 0.7-0.9 times as rest of tergites; length of ovipositor sheath 0.7-0.9 times as long as body length; length of subapical brownish or yellowish band of ovipositor sheath 0.4-0.8 times length of dark apex. One specimen from Hainan (No. 870229) has ovipositor sheath totally dark brown and without pale brownish part; carinae on the neck complete and not interrupted dorsally; mixed coloured, coronal area, pronotum, propodeum, first tergite largely red brown. Male: body length 11.5-16 mm; frons completely yellowish (Figs 36,48); Neck with transverse and complete carinate (Fig. 39) or obliquely carinate (Fig. 41); vein 2-CU1 of fore wing 0.3-0.9 times as long as vein cu-a.
Distribution. China (Yunnan, Guangxi, Taiwan, Hainan); Vietnam. Notes. The type series of F. yunnanensis has been examined and proved to be in the variation of F. annulitarsus. Vietnam is a new record for this species. Description. Holotype, female, length of body 12.5 mm, of fore wing 6.7 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 11.8 mm.
Head. Antenna with flagellomeres partly missing; frons with spaced striae and microreticulate (Fig. 57); three anterior coronal teeth large and acute, two posterior ones short and wider; coronal area with some longitudinal carinae; vertex flat and finely transversely striate (Fig. 55); temple smooth and shiny, narrowly rounded behind eye (Fig. 56).
Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 7): wing hyaline, vein 2-CU1 absent; pterostigma elongate and subparallel-sided, acute apically, 15 times as long as its maximum width and 2.7 times as vein r; vein r and vein SR1 obtuse-angled, vein r ends 0.2 times length of pterostigma behind level of apex of pterostigma; vein SR1 subparallel to costal margin.
Legs. Hind coxa transversely striate, subapex dilated; hind femur ( Fig. 53) rugulose or microreticulate, with 2 large ventral teeth and with a comparatively smaller obtuse basal tooth; hind tibia coriaceous, 1.1 times as long as hind femur; basal narrow part of hind tibia 1.1 times as long as widened part, inner side of widened part basally distinctly depressed, followed by convex and setose area, apically densely setose.
Metasoma. First tergite transversely striate, 15.3 times as long as its maximum width, 2.5 times as second tergite and 0.9 times as remainder of tergites; second tergite basal 0.2 rugose, remaining tergites largely smooth or weakly aciculate; pygidial area distinctly differentiated, pygidial impression reverse V-shaped; ovipositor sheath completely black (Fig. 54) and 0.9 times as long as body length.
Colour. Largely black; frons with 3 short ivory streaks not reaching level of anterior coronal tooth (Fig. 57); hind legs largely dark brown.
Male. Similar to female, but differ in: comparatively smaller in size, body length 7-9.5 mm; ivory or yellowish streaks longer and reach level of anterior coronal tooth.
Head. Flagellum with 30 flagellomeres; length of first flagellomere 4.2 times its maximum width and 0.7 times as second flagellomere; frons finely transversely striate (Fig. 76); coronal area with oval-elongate, regular carinae encircling central ocellus and coronal teeth; three anterior coronal teeth large and acute, both posterior ones small and ear-like; vertex with three short transverse carinae between posterior ocelli, followed by finely transversely striate flattened area, striae widely posteriorly reaching to occipital carina (Fig. 74); temple with striae from vertex, but smooth ventrally (Fig.  75); temple narrowed behind eye, genal angle indistinct in dorsal view.
Wings. Fore wing ( Fig. 67): wing hyaline, vein 2-Cu1 weakly developed, 0.2 times as long as vein cu-a; pterostigma elongate and acute apically, 2.9 times as long as vein r and 21.2 times long as its maximum width; vein r and vein SR1 obtuse-angled, vein r ends 0.3 times length of pterostigma behind level of apex of pterostigma; vein SR1 subparallel to costal margin, and disappearing 0.5 times its length before reaching wing margin.
Legs. Hind coxa finely transversely spaced striate, basally somewhat rugose, outer side of subapex dilated (Fig. 81); hind femur swollen, finely densely strigate and sparsely with very short, soft setae, ventrally with two large acute teeth and with two obtuse basal tubercles (Fig. 71); hind tibia 1.2 times as long as hind femur; basal narrow part of hind tibia obliquely strigate and 1.5 times as long as widened part, outer side of widened part coriaceous and microreticulate, inner side of widened part basally distinctly depressed, followed by convex and setose area, apically densely setose; basitarsus parallel-sided, rather slender, its ventral length 7.2 times as long as its width, ventrally densely setose.
Colour. Largely black; frons with three longitudinal ivory streaks, one centrally and the other two along the inner orbits; temple with an ivory streak along eye; antenna brown; fore and middle legs with brown parts; subapical ovipositor sheath whitish.
Male. Very similar to female, but differs as follows: smaller; frons entirely vivid bright yellow, distinctly contrasting with colour of vertex (Fig. 86); a third basal tooth present and quite acute (Fig. 82).

Foenatopus cinctus
Diagnosis. Vertex transversely carinate or striate, centrally and area near eyes more or less coarsely rugose (Figs 87,92,102,112) Description. Redescribed after a female from Guangxi, length of body 13.8 mm, of fore wing 9.5 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 20 mm.
Wings. Fore wing ( Fig. 106): wing hyaline, vein 2-Cu1 well developed, 0.4 times as long as vein cu-a; pterostigma elongate and acute apically and 12 times as long as its maximum width; vein r and vein SR1 obtuse-angled, vein r ends third of length of pterostigma behind level of apex of pterostigma; vein SR1 subparallel to costal margin.
Legs. Hind coxa transversely striate, basal third rugose; hind femur microreticulate, ventrally with two large acute teeth and with two smaller tubercles basally (Fig.  110); hind tibia coriaceous, 1.2 times as long as hind femur, basal narrow part of hind tibia 1.1 times as long as widened part, inner side of widened part basally distinctly depressed, followed by convex and setose area, apically densely setose.
Metasoma. First tergite finely transversely striate, 15 times as long as its maximum width, 2.1 times as second tergite and 0.8 times as remainder of tergites; second tergite basal 0.2 weakly rugose, remainder largely smooth and aciculate; pygidial impression somewhat reverse V-shaped; ovipositor sheath 1.4 times as long as body length, with subapical ivory band 1.5 times length of dark apex (Fig. 111).
Colour. Largely dark brown or blackish; frons brownish and with three yellowish streaks; vertex dark brown and reddish brown; temple completely yellowish; ovipositor sheath with subapical ivory band.
Male. Similar to female, but smaller. Variation. Female: length of body 9.7-24 mm, of fore wing 6.5-12.6 mm, and of ovipositor 16-29 mm; vein 2-CU1 of fore wing 0.5-1.2 times as long as vein cu-a; length of ovipositor sheath 1.2-1.4 times as long as body length; length of subapical whitish band 1.2-1.8 times as long as apical blackish part. Male: length of body 8.7-21 mm, and of fore wing 4.8-10 mm.
Description. Redescribed after the lectotype from Taiwan, female, length of body 15.6 mm, of fore wing 7.3 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 14.2 mm.
Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 125): hyaline, vein 2-Cu1 indistinctly developed, 0.1 times as long as vein cu-a; pterostigma elongate and acute apically, twice as long as vein r and 14.8 times long as its maximum width; vein r and vein SR1 obtuse-angled, vein r ends 0.2 times length of pterostigma behind level of apex of pterostigma; vein SR1 subparallel to costal margin.
Legs. Hind coxa finely transversely spaced striate, basally rugose; hind femur swollen and finely microreticulate, ventrally with two large acute teeth and with one acute smaller denticle basally (Fig. 129); hind tibia coriaceous, 1.2 times as long as hind femur, basal narrow part of hind tibia 1.4 times as long as widened part, inner side of widened part basally distinctly depressed, followed by convex and setose area, apically densely setose; basitarsus parallel-sided and ventrally densely setose.
Metasoma. First tergite finely densely aciculate, first tergite 10.8 times as long as its maximum width, 2.3 times as second tergite and 0.8 times as remainder of tergites; second tergite basally weakly rugose, remainder largely smooth and shiny; pygidial area medially slightly convex and smooth; pygidial impression deep and reverse V-shaped; length of ovipositor sheath 0.9 times as long as body length, length of subapical yellowish band 2.6 times length of dark apex (Fig. 130).
Colour. Largely brownish or blackish; frons with three longitudinal yellowish streaks; vertex and pronotum reddish brown; scutellum and propodeum blackish; hind femur chestnut brown and with two large ventral teeth yellowish; ovipositor sheath with subapical yellowish band.
Description. Holotype, female, length of body 6.0 mm, of fore wing 3.5 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 4.0 mm.
Head. Flagellum with 23 flagellomeres; length of first flagellomere much shorter than scape and pedicel combined, 3.8 times its maximum width, and 0.8 times as second flagellomere; frons finely, transversely sculptured (Fig. 167); coronal area rugose and with acute coronal teeth; vertex with 3 transverse, curved carinae, anterior one strong and arcuate, two posterior one coarse, followed by coarsely irregularly striaterugose, slightly convex area (Fig. 165); temple largely smooth and shiny, narrowed ventrally and behind eye (Fig. 166), head transverse in dorsal view.
Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 158): hyaline; vein 2-CU1 0.1 times as long as vein cu-a; pterostigma wide and short, obtuse and rounded apically, 2.6 times as long as vein r and 5.2 times as its maximum width; vein r ends 0.3 times length of pterostigma behind level of apex of pterostigma; vein SR1 2.6 times as long as vein r; vein SR1 and vein r obtusely angled, vein SR1 elongate towards vein margin and ending near before reaching vein margin.
Legs. Hind coxa transversely striate, striations more regular posteriorly, outer side medially slightly depressed and flattened; hind femur ( Fig. 162) finely transversely striate, dorsally sparsely punctuate, with two large acute ventral teeth and some denticles in between, each denticle bearing one short seta; hind tibia coriaceous and microreticulate, 1.3 times as long as hind femur, coarsely micro-areolate, basal narrowed part 1.1 times as long as widened part, inner side of widened part basally steeply depressed and followed by convex area, hind tibia apically densely setose; hind basitarsus robust, its ventral length 3.6 times its maximum width, ventrally densely setose.
Metasoma. First tergite transversely coarsely striate, basally more rugose, subapex much wider than basal part; first tergite 7.6 times as long as its maximum width, 2.3 times second tergite and 0.8 times as long as remainder of metasoma; second tergite subconical, basal part rugose, remainder together with rest of tergites largely smooth; pygidial area setose, laterally shallowly impressed, medially distinctly convex and lamelliform apically, pygidial impression widely reversed V-shaped (Fig. 163); length of ovipositor sheath 0.7 times as long as body length, length of subapical brownish band nearly 0.6 times length of blackish apex (Fig. 164).
Colour. Body mainly black or dark brown; malar space ivory; frons largely vivid yellow; vertex, pronotum, third tergite with yellow spots or patches; coronal teeth, basal 0.7 of scutellum, posterior 0.3 of propodeum and metapleuron, large part of first tergite and hind femur (except ventral teeth) red brown or reddish; middle and hind basitarsi and large teeth of hind femur whitish; ovipositor sheath largely brownish and with ivory subapex.

Male. Unknown.
Distribution. China (Hainan). Etymology. From "macula" (Latin for patch) and "ferus" (Latin for carrying) because of the two pale patches of the third metasomal tergite.
Notes. This species is similar to F. menglongensis, but F. maculiferus has the two pale patches of the third metasomal tergite (absent in F. menglongensis), the scutellum convex medially (flat in F. menglongensis), the propodeum rather matt (shiny in F. menglongensis) and the hind femur comparatively slender (comparatively swollen in F. menglongensis).
Description. Holotype, female, length of body 7.4 mm, of fore wing 4.6 mm, and of ovipositor 6.8 mm.
Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 168): wing membrane hyaline; vein 2-CU1 nearly absent; pterostigma comparatively short and rounded apically, about 1.9 times as long as vein r and about 7 times its maximum width; vein r ends about 0.2 times length of pter-ostigma behind level of apex of pterostigma; vein SR1 nearly parallel to costal margin, vein SR1 and vein r obtusely angled.
Metasoma. First tergite 8.5 times as long as its maximum width, 2.2 times as second tergite and 0.9 times as long as remainder of tergites.
Colour. Largely dark brown or blackish. Head reddish brown, pronotum with brown tint, ventral large teeth of hind femur whitish; ovipositor brown (sheath missing).
Description. Redescribed after a female from Guangdong (Nanling), length of body 10.3 mm, of fore wing 5.6 mm, and of ovipositor 10.5 mm.
Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 201): wing hyaline, vein 2-Cu1 nearly absent; pterostigma widened and comparatively short, obtuse apically, 2.3 times as long as vein r and 7.4 times as its maximum width; vein r ends 0.2 times length of pterostigma behind level of apex of pterostigma; vein 2-SR 2.1 times as long as vein r; vein SR1 and vein r obtuse-angled, vein SR1 curved towards costal margin and disappearing 0.5 times its length before reaching wing margin.
Legs. Hind coxa subcylindrical, anteriorly rugose and posteriorly transversely spaced striate; hind femur finely transversely strigate, with three large ventral teeth and some denticles between posterior ones (Fig. 206); hind tibia 1.4 times as long as hind femur, basal narrow part of hind tibia coriaceous and oblique strigate, 1.4 times as long as widened part, outer side of widened part coriaceous and obliquely strigate, inner side of widened part basally depressed, followed by coriaceous, microareolate convex area, apically densely setose (Fig. 206); hind basitarsus parallel-sided, rather slender, its ventral length 5.3 times as long as its width, ventrally densely setose.
Metasoma. First tergite subcylindrical, coarsely transversely striate, 11.3 times as long as its maximum width, 2.2 times as second tergite and 0.7 times as remainder of tergites; second tergite basal 0.3 rugose, medial part coriaceous and microareolate, apical 0.1 aciculate; the rest of tergites largely aciculate; pygidial area with short hair as surroundings, slightly impressed laterally and centrally convex, pygidial impression reversed V-shaped; ovipositor sheath completely dark brown (Fig. 207), as long as body length.
Colour. Almost entirely brownish or dark brown; frons near antennae ivory; malar space ivory; temple with light brownish patch along half of eye; hind basitarsus whitish; ovipositor sheath totally brownish.
Male. Unknown. Variation. Female: length of body 8.5-14.5 mm, of fore wing 5.6-5.9 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 10.5-14.8 mm; pterostigma 2.1-2.3 times longer than vein r; shape and size of ivory or brownish part on frons variable.
Description. Holotype, female, length of body 13.4 mm, of fore wing 6.7 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 11.6 mm.
Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 211): wing membrane hyaline; vein 2-CU1 weakly developed and 0.1 times as long as vein cu-a; pterostigma moderately elongate and somewhat rounded apically, 2.9 times as long as vein r and 13.7 times as its maximum width; vein r ends 0.2 times length of pterostigma behind level of apex of pterostigma; vein SR1 nearly parallel to costal margin, vein SR1 and vein r obtusely angled.
Metasoma. First tergite finely transversely striate, 14.2 times as long as its maximum width, 2.2 times second tergite and 0.9 times remainder of metasoma; pygidial area indistinctly differentiated, apically truncate, laterally slightly impressed, medially weakly convex and granulate; subapical ivory band of ovipositor sheath 2.5 times as long as apical blackish part (Fig. 217); ovipositor sheath 0.9 times as long as body length.
Colour. Brownish to blackish; frons with 3 longitudinal yellowish streaks, one centrally and the other two along the inner orbits; temple ventrally brownish along eye; wing membrane hyaline, wing veins light brownish; pterostigma ivory; pronotum, hind femur and hind tibia, and metasoma largely dark brown; fore and middle legs largely brownish and with some whitish parts; large ventral teeth of hind femur ivory; subapical ivory band of ovipositor sheath 2.5 times as long as apical blackish part.

Distribution. Cosmopolitan.
Notes. Before this study, 83 species in the genus Megischus were known worldwide, of which 3 species were known from China. In this paper, these three species of the genus are listed from China. A key to species of the genus Megischus from China is as follows:

Megischus chaoi van
Description. Redescribed after a female from Guangdong (Chebaling), length of body 13.9 mm, of fore wing 7.5 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 12.8 mm.
Head. Flagellum with 32 flagellomeres; first flagellomere slender, 4.0 times its maximum width, and 0.9 times as second flagellomere; frons (Fig. 246) coarsely reticulaterugose and covered with few scattered short setae; coronal area somewhat reticulate and with some short carinae, three anterior coronal teeth large, both posterior ones small and as sinuate transverse and wide lamellae; vertex (Fig. 244) with three coarse carinae, two anterior ones strong and arcuate, the last one much shorter, followed by broadly reticulate-rugose and sparsely pubescent area, sculpture postero-dorsally gradually weaker near occipital carina; temple (Fig. 245) smooth and shiny, except for small punctures with associated setae on ventral half of temple and narrowly along eye orbit, temple slightly bulging behind eye in dorsal view.
Mesosoma. Neck (Figs 241, 242) moderately slender, anteriorly moderately emarginate, medio-dorsally largely smooth, laterally with three pairs of strong, oblique carinae, anterior two pairs narrowly interrupted dorsally, the posterior pair curved backwards and apically widely separated; neck postero-dorsally at much lower level than middle pronotum, resulting in a distinct, deep cavity below pronotal fold; pronotal fold stout and strongly developed; middle pronotum dorsally at about same level with posterior pronotum and strongly striate-rugose; posterior pronotum largely foveolate and with smooth interspaces, foveolae with associated long setae and some foveolae dorsally coalescent; lateral ventral groove narrowly impressed and smooth, area below it obliquely rugose; propleuron coriaceous and setose; prosternum densely foveolate, foveolae circular and setose; mesoscutum largely densely and strongly foveolate, some foveolae coalescent, generating areolation; notauli and median groove distinct, formed by closely aligned foveolae; axillae foveolate, foveolae deep and separated by about their diameter, axillae separated basally by a large fovea; scutellum (Fig. 243) irregularly distributed with circular foveolae and with smooth interspaces, foveolae laterally denser than dorsally; mesopleuron largely coarsely and densely punctate-rugose, each foveola bearing long and thin seta; convex part of metapleuron densely foveolate and with long whitish setosity, antero-ventrally crenulate and with both anterior and ventral depressions rather deep; propodeum (Fig. 243) dorsally almost glabrous, completely with shallow, circular foveolae, most foveolae separated by about 0.1 of their diameter, some of them coalescent.
Legs. Hind coxa rather robust, subelliptical, with long whitish setosity strongly inclined towards apex, coarsely spaced punctate-rugose, but posteriorly transversely striate; hind femur ( Fig. 247) with scattered punctures and largely smooth and shiny interspaces, each puncture bearing one long whitish seta, hind femur ventrally with two large teeth and several minute teeth in between and behind apical one; hind tibia (Figs 248, 249) 1.4 times longer than hind femur, largely sparsely punctate and with long setae, basal narrow part of hind tibia 0.3 times as wide as widest part; outer side of widened part basally widely and rather steeply depressed and ventrally strongly concave, apical part rather robust; inner side of widened part basally slightly depressed and smooth, followed by coarsely granulate area, apically densely setose; hind tarsus bristly setose ventrally, hind basitarsus robust and somewhat widened apically.
Metasoma. First tergite transversely striate-rugose, 6.2 times as long as its maximum width, 1.7 times as second tergite and 0.6 times as remainder of metasoma; basal 0.2 of second tergite weakly rugose, remainder largely coriaceous and somewhat microareolate; remainder of tergites transversely densely and finely aciculate and sparsely short setose, setae on last two tergites denser; pygidial area with moderately long setae, laterally distinctly impressed and centrally convex, medially granulate; pygidial impression somewhat reversed U-shaped; length of ovipositor sheath 0.9 times as long as body length, length of subapical whitish band nearly 1.6 times length of dark apical part.
Colour. Largely black or dark brown; most of head, mesosoma and hind coxa black or blackish; malar space and basitarsi ivory; temple and basal 0.3 of hind tibia orange or reddish brown; wing membrane light brownish; antenna, veins, pterostigma, legs (except basal 0.3 of hind tibia and basitarsus), and most of metasoma brown or dark brown; mandible except its apex black; clypeus, fore and middle legs, lateral part of metasoma (except first tergite) yellowish brown; ovipositor sheath largely black and with whitish subapical band.
Male. Very similar to female, but smaller, length of body 12.7 mm, and of fore wing 6.3 mm; widened part of hind tibia ventrally not concave but more or less straight (Fig.  251); hind tarsus with five tarsomeres.
Biology. A parasitoid of Ptosima chinensis Mars. (Buprestidae) larvae in peach trees, and of Buprestidae in other Prunus species (Chao 1964).
Distribution. China (Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Fujian, Guangdong). Note. The name of this species is derived from the generic name of its host, Ptosima chinensis (Chao 1964 Diagnosis. Temple with pale yellowish streak along eye (Figs 257,270,304,330); neck short and comparatively robust, without pronotal fold or distinct transverse carinae (Figs 253,266,279,288,300,313,326,339); metapleuron robust; vein 2-CU1 of fore wing completely developed; veins 2-SR and 2-SR+M of fore wing present, sometimes only pigmented; vein 1-SR of fore wing straight (Figs 252,265,278,287,299,312,325,338); outer side of hind tibia with distinct oblique striae or carinae ventrally, rarely without striae or ventral carina (Figs 263,276,282,310,323,336,349); ovipositor sheath without ivory subapical band (Figs 264,276,311,324,337,350). Distribution. Australian, Palaearctic and Oriental. Notes. Before this study, 56 species in the genus Parastephanellus were known worldwide, of which 2 species were known from China. In this paper, 3 species of this genus are new to science, one species is synonymized (Parastephanellus austrochinensis Belokobylskij, 1995for P. brevistigma Enderlein, 1913 and one species, P. matsumotoi, is a new record to China; altogether 5 species are known from China. A key to species of Parastephanellus from China and adjacent regions follows:

Key to species of the genus Parastephanellus from China and adjacent regions 1
Pygidial process of female rounded apically (Fig. 347); propodeum densely foveolate and interspaces small (Fig. 341) and yellowish streak reaching occipital carina (Fig. 342); apical large tooth of hind femur comparatively wide and more or less obtuse (Fig. 349) -Pygidial process of female horn-shaped apically (Figs 261,274,308,321,334), but unknown of P. brevistigma; propodeum usually sparsely foveolate and interspaces mostly wider than diameter of punctures or subequal, and if densely foveolate then yellowish streak remain far removed from occipital carina (Figs 255,268,281,290,302,315,328); apical large tooth of hind femur comparatively narrow and more or less acute (Figs 262,276,294,310,323,335 Middle basitarsus of female about 6 times as long as its medial with; first discal cell of fore wing comparatively narrow and its length about 3.1 times as long as vein 1-M (Fig. 265) Hind femur shiny and largely smooth (Fig. 262); distance from dorsally widened pale streak on temple to occipital carina in dorsal view less than width of streak (Fig. 256); temples strongly angulate in dorsal view (Fig. 256); pronotum chestnut-brown (Figs 253, 254); frons orange-brown (Fig. 258) 258); temples dark brown and distinctly angulate in dorsal view (Fig. 256); yellowish streak on temple in dorsal view distinctly contrasting with surroundings and reaching vertex but not reaching occipital carina (Figs 256, 257); pronotum transversely rugose in dorsal view (Fig. 253); propodeum sparsely foveolate and with coriaceous interspaces (Fig. 255); pterostigma long and about 6 times as long as wide (Fig. 252); hind femur distinctly swollen, obtuse subbasal tooth comparatively large and apical large tooth comparatively narrow and acute (Fig. 262); hind tibia ventrally with regular weak carinae and basal narrow part of outer side mainly finely aciculate (Figs 262,263); pygidial process of female medium-sized (Fig. 261).
Description. Holotype, female, length of body 13.1 mm, of fore wing 8.4 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 19.3 mm.
Head. Flagellum with 32 flagellomeres; length of first flagellomere 4.9 times its maximum width, and 0.6 times second flagellomere; frons coarsely reticulate-rugose, frontal carina present (Fig. 258); three anterior coronal teeth acute, lobe-shaped, both posterior ones as sinuate transverse and wide lamellae; coronal area largely smooth, followed by three coarse and curved transverse carinae, anterior two carinae rather strong and posterior carina weaker; sculpture of vertex varies from undulate-rugose anteriorly to transversely striate posteriorly, narrowly reaching occipital carina (Fig. 256); temple largely smooth and shiny, except with a few punctures bearing setae ventrally (Fig.  257); temple strongly angularly protruding in dorsal view (Fig. 256).
Mesosoma. Neck short and rather stout, anteriorly distinctly emarginate, laterally with pairs of transverse striae, medio-dorsally smooth and posteriorly at much lower level than middle pronotum (Figs 253, 254); pronotal fold absent medially and distinct laterally; remainder of pronotum largely transversely striate and with sparse setae dorsally and posteriorly narrowly smooth and shiny, laterally somewhat striate; middle pronotum not distinctly differentiated from posterior pronotum, lateral oblique groove of pronotum smooth and rather impressed, ventral area below it somewhat sculptured (Fig. 254); propleuron coriaceous and densely setose; anterior third of mesoscutum transversely striate, posteriorly strongly foveolate-rugose; notauli and median groove complete and distinct, formed by closely aligned foveolae; axillae largely coarsely rugose, forming some irregular foveolae; scutellum irregularly aciculate medially and with rather large circular foveolae laterally (Fig. 255); mesopleuron largely rugose and with long, whitish setae, anteriorly more densely pubescent than posteriorly; convex part of metapleuron strongly reticulate-rugose and with rather long whitish setae, ventral part with spaced carinae and smooth interspaces; propodeum foveolate, foveolae circular, medium-sized and with aciculate interspaces, posterior foveolae close to each other and somewhat reticulate (Fig. 255).
Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 252): vein 1-M 2.2 times as long as vein 1-SR and 1.3 times vein m-cu; vein cu-a slightly antefurcal and distinctly curved; vein 2-SR 1.6 times as long as vein r; vein r ends 0.4 times length of pterostigma behind level of apex of pterostigma; vein r and vein 1-M distinctly curved; vein 1-SR approximately as long as parastigmal vein; basal third of vein 3-CU1 tubular, remainder largely nebulous, apically distinctly curved.
Legs. Hind coxa rather robust, largely spaced annularly striate dorsally, basal part rugose, outer side distinctly compressed medially and coarsely rugose (Figs 259, 260); hind femur strongly swollen, finely transversely striate, evenly distributed with small punctures, each puncture bearing a short whitish seta, hind femur with 3 large ventral teeth, basal one obtuse and another two teeth acute, with small tubercles in interspaces (Fig. 262); hind tibia 1.4 times as long as hind femur, basal narrow part about 1.2 times as long as widened part; outer side of hind tibia distinctly obliquely carinate and ventral carina rather stout, narrow part of inner side coarsely obliquely striate, widened part of inner side basally distinctly steeply depressed, medially distinctly convex and granulate, apically densely bristly setose (Fig. 262); basitarsus rather robust, ventral length about 6.0 times as long as its apical width.
Metasoma. First tergite cylindrical, about 8.3 times as long as its maximum width, 2.2 times second tergite and 0.9 times remainder of tergites, basal 0.1 rugose and apical 0.05 smooth, remainder largely finely transversely striate; basal third of second tergite rugose, remainder polished smooth; remainder of tergites densely transversely aciculate; pygidial area with 2 distinct projections, pygidial impression setose and somewhat reverse U-shaped (Fig. 261); ovipositor sheath about 1.5 times as long as body.
Colour. Body colour varies from reddish brown to dark brown; scape, pedicel and first-third flagellomeres brown, remainder of antenna darker; mandibles except apex and clypeus yellow; temple along eye with ivory wide streak; frons, coronal area, basal third of second tergite orange; mesosoma (except neck and lateral part of mesoscutum dark brown) and basal 0.2 of first tergite largely red brown; fore wing membrane largely pale brownish, pterostigma dark brown; apical parts of both second and third tergites with golden yellow patch; ovipositor sheath completely blackish.
Distribution. China (Hainan). Etymology. The name is derived from "angulatus" (Latin for angled) because of the angled temples.

Diagnosis.
Frons densely foveolate-rugose (Fig. 271); temple dark brown and with ivory streak along eyes distinctly contrasting with surroundings (Fig. 270); pronotum robust and weakly rugose (Figs 266, 267); propodeum coarsely and irregularly foveolate (Fig. 268); pterostigma comparatively long and about 5.5 times as long as wide (Fig. 265); first discal cell of fore wing comparatively narrow and its length about 3.1 times as long as vein 1-M (Fig. 265); hind coxa comparatively short and wide in lateral view (Fig. 273); basal narrow part of outer side of hind tibia distinctly carinate; apical large tooth of hind femur comparatively narrow and acute (Figs 275, 276); middle basitarsus of female about 6 times as long as its medial with; first tergite of female comparatively robust; ovipositor sheath about 1.4 times as long as body; pygidial process of female medium-sized (Fig. 274).
Description. Holotype, female, length of body 16.2 mm, of fore wing 9.9 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 22.9 mm.
Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 265): vein 1-M 1.25 times as long as vein 1-SR and 0.9 times vein m-cu; vein cu-a slightly postfurcal and subvertical; vein 2-SR 1.25 times as long as vein r; vein r ends 0.3 times length of pterostigma behind level of apex of pterostigma; vein r and vein 1-M distinctly curved; vein 1-SR 1.4 times as long as parastigmal vein; vein 3-CU1 basal 0.2 tubular, remainder largely nebulous, apically distinctly curved.
Legs. Hind coxa (Figs 272, 273) robust, antero-dorsally rugose, anterior 0.6 of outer side distinctly compressed and sculpture changing from rugose to microreticulate, posterior part of hind coxa coarsely transversely striate; hind femur ( Fig. 275) strongly swollen, densely finely aciculate, ventrally with 2 large teeth and some denticles in between, basal one third part having 2 obtuse teeth much smaller; hind tibia (Figs 275, 276) about 1.2 times as long as hind femur, basal narrow part about 1.4 times as long as widened part, outer side of hind tibia distinctly obliquely carinate, narrow part of inner side coriaceous, widened part of inner side distinctly depressed basally and densely bristly setose apically; basitarsus rather robust, ventral length about 3.8 times as long as its apical width.
Metasoma. First tergite 4.6 times as long as its maximum width, 1.7 times second tergite and 0.6 times remainder of tergites, densely coarsely and rather regularly transversely striate, basal 0.1 rugose and with 2 distinct, short longitudinal carinae, apically narrowly smooth; basal 0.2 of second tergite with several short longitudinal carinae, remainder of tergite smooth; remainder of tergites densely finely microaciculate; pygidial area with two distinct projections, pygidial impression setose and somewhat reverse V-shaped (Fig. 274); ovipositor sheath ( Fig. 276) about 1.4 times as long as body.
Colour. Largely black; head tricoloured: coronal teeth, vertex medio-longitudinally and narrow area of vertex behind eyes dark brown; frons and most of vertex reddish; gena narrowly along eye margin yellowish; propleuron largely yellowish; middle basitarsus with yellowish tint; fore leg, hind trochanter, hind tibia and basal 0.2 of second tergite dark reddish brown; wing membrane subhyaline; pterostigma and wing venation dark brown.

Distribution. China (Zhejiang).
Etymology. The name is derived from "brevis" (Latin for short) and "coxa" (Latin for hip) because of the short hind coxa.
Description. Holotype, male, length of fore wing 4.1 mm, and of incomplete body 2.8 mm (metasoma lost).
Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 278): vein 1-M 1.5 times as long as vein 1-SR and 1.1 times vein m-cu; vein cu-a slightly antifurcal and subvertical; vein 2-SR 1.7 times as long as vein r; pterostigma distinctly widened and comparatively short, 4.5 times as long as wide; vein r ends 0.4 times length of pterostigma behind level of apex of pterostigma; vein 1-SR 1.2 times as long as parastigmal vein; basal 0.2 of vein 3-CU1 tubular, remainder largely nebulous, apically distinctly curved.
Legs. Holotype has only hind coxa left on the legs, legs described after a male from Guangxi (Longzhou). Hind coxa (Figs 282,283,297) largely striate, medial part of outer side compressed and more or less rugulose; hind femur (Figs 294, 295) strongly swollen, finely aciculate and with 2 large ventral teeth; hind tibia 1.2 times as long as hind femur, basal narrow part 1.7 times as long as widened part; outer side of hind tibia coriaceous and ventrally with some spaced oblique carinae; widened part of inner side distinctly depressed basally and densely setose apically; ventral length of hind basitarsus about 3.5 times as long as its apical width.
Metasoma. Metasoma of holotype lost, described after a male from Guangxi (Longzhou). First tergite coarsely transversely striate, 4.8 times as long as its width, 1.9 times as second tergite and 0.9 as rest of tergite; second tergite basally with weak rugose, rest of metasoma largely smooth, somewhat microreticulate; pygidial process distinct and tubular apically (Fig. 298).
Colour. Body varies from yellowish brown to dark brown; frons and temple yellowish (with a paler ivory streak along eye) (Figs 285,286,292,293); vertex and pronotum orange brown; scutellum and propodeum dark brownish.
Description. Redescribed from a female from Henan, length of body 13.4 mm, of fore wing 7.1 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 19.2 mm.
Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 325): vein 1-M 1.4 times as long as vein 1-SR and 1.1 times vein m-cu; vein cu-a slightly antefurcal and subvertical; vein 2-SR 1.3 times as long as vein r; vein r ends 0.4 times length of pterostigma behind level of apex of pterostigma; vein 1-M and vein r distinctly curved; vein 1-SR 1.4 times as long as parastigmal vein; vein 3-CU1 largely nebulous, only basal 0.2 tubular.
Legs. Hind coxa robust, largely coarsely rugose; hind femur rugulose, ventrally with 2 large teeth and one smaller basal tooth (Fig. 335); hind tibia (Figs 335,336) largely coriaceous and ventrally distinctly oblique carinate, 1.3 times as long as hind femur, basal narrow part of hind tibia about 1.2 times as long as widened part; ventral length of hind basitarsus 5.2 times as long as its width.
Metasoma. First tergite densely transversely striate, 7.5 times as long as its maximum width, 2.3 times second tergite and 0.9 times remainder of metasoma; second tergite basally rugose; remainder of metasoma largely smooth and shiny; pygidial area differentiated and with pair of truncate horns apically, pygidial impression distinct and reversed V-shaped (Fig. 334); ovipositor broken; length of ovipositor sheath about 1.4 times as long as body.
Colour. Largely blackish or dark brown; temple with yellowish streak along eye. Variation. Female: length of body 7.5-16.4 mm, of fore wing 5.2-9 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 16.9-21.2 mm; frons completely dark brown or black or with orange or reddish patch (Figs 305,318,331); temple colour varied from reddish to blackish and with yellowish or ivory streak along eye (Figs 304,317,330). Male: similar to female, length of body 7.5-13 mm, and of fore wing 5-9 mm.
Description. Holotype, female, length of body 9.8 mm, of fore wing 5.8 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 10.2 mm.
Legs. Hind coxa rugose, but rugae on posterior third more regular and somewhat transverse (Figs 345, 346); hind femur densely finely aciculate, ventrally with two large obtuse teeth and some denticles in between (Figs 348,349); hind tibia about 1.2 times as long as hind femur, basal narrow part 1.3 times as long as widened part, narrow part of inner side coriaceous (Fig. 349), widened part of inner side distinctly depressed basally and densely bristly setose apically; basitarsus rather robust, ventral length about 4.2 times as long as its apical width.

Distribution. China (Zhejiang).
Etymology. The name is derived from "Zhejiang" because the type locality is situated in Zhejiang Province (China).  (Fig. 364). Distribution. Nearctic, East Palaearctic and Australian (only Tasmania: introduced for biological control of introduced Siricidae).

Genus
Notes. Two species of Schlettererius are known worldwide, one from China and one from North America. A key to the two species follows: Key to world species of the genus Schlettererius Ashmead 1 Posterior pronotum gradually elevated (Fig. 367); first-third metasomal tergites black or dark brown (Fig 373, 375 Hong-ying Zhang, No. 20047080. Diagnosis. Posterior half of pronotum comparatively low and dorso-posteriorly finely transversely rugose (Figs 366, 367); first subdiscal cell of fore wing comparatively robust and 2.0-2.5 times longer than wide (Fig. 365); first-third metasomal tergites black or dark brown (Fig. 375); first tergite irregularly coarsely transversely rugose (Figs 373, 375).
Description. Redescribed after the male from Shaanxi (Liuba), length of body 9.8 mm, and of fore wing 6.5 mm.
Head. Flagellum with 27 flagellomeres; frons (Fig. 371) coarsely transversely rugose; three anterior coronal teeth large and acute, both posterior ones arcuate and lamelliform, with two small lobe-shaped carinae on each side in front of both pos-terior ocelli; behind level of coronal area having four curved, progressively smaller carinae followed by rugose area, rugae finer medio-dorsally and more or less reticulate laterally, posteriorly narrowly reaching occipital carina (Fig. 369); temple smooth and shiny except for some very small punctures ventrally, somewhat rounded in dorsal view (Fig. 370).
Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 365): vein 1-M distinctly curved, 2.4 times as long as vein 1-SR; vein r ends before level of apex of pterostigma; first subdiscal cell robust, twice as long as its maximum width. Hind wing (Fig. 365): vein cu-a largely pigmented.
Legs. Hind coxa (Fig. 372) robust, largely coarsely striate-rugose, with a small obtuse subapical dorsal tooth (but absent in other coxa); hind femur ( Fig. 374) slender, granulate and covered with whitish, sparse setae, apically more or less strigate, ventrally with 3 acute teeth (the anterior one much smaller) and some denticles in between; hind tibia ( Fig. 374) 1.1 times as long as hind femur, basal narrow part of hind tibia 0.5 times long as widened part, widened part ventrally distinctly obliquely carinate; length of hind basitarsus 3.7 times as long as its width.
Colour. Body colour varies from light brown to blackish; malar space yellowish; antenna, fore and middle legs and wing membrane light brown; frons, vertex, pronotum and first tergite dark brown; mesosoma, hind coxae blackish; temples, metasoma (except first tergite) and hind legs (except hind coxae) brown.
Description. Redescribed after a female from Henan (Baotianman), length of body 17.7 mm, of fore wing 11.9 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 28 mm.
Head. Flagellum with 25 flagellomeres; first flagellomere 3.9 times as long as wide, and 0.7 times as long as second flagellomere; frons (Fig. 382) coarsely reticulate and densely setose; three anterior lobe-shaped coronal teeth of head large, hardly larger than both posterior ones; vertex with four curved, progressively smaller carinae behind level of both posterior coronal lobes, remainder of vertex rather coarsely reticulaterugose, sculpture becoming finer posteriorly and narrowly reaching occipital carina (Fig. 380); temples smooth except for some small punctures bearing setosity ventrally (Fig. 381), shiny and rather angulate in dorsal view.
Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 376): vein 1-M 3.6 times as long as vein 1-SR and nearly straight. Hind wing: vein M+CU only partly pigmented and after middle of wing.
Legs. Hind coxa moderately slender, subparallel-sized, largely coarsely rugose, but posterior third striate; hind femur ( Fig. 383) slender, largely finely transversely striate, with two acute, large teeth and some denticles in between, laterally with spaced, small punctures and each bearing a whitish seta; basal narrow part of hind tibia 1.3 times long as widened part, parallel-sided and with ventral carina; outer side of widened part of hind tibia coriaceous, with small sparse punctures bearing whitish setae (Fig. 383); inner side flattened, sparsely granulate, apically with densely bristly setose area; hind basitarsus parallel-sided, basally hardly curved, ventral length 8.3 times its width.
Biology. A parasitoid of Cerambycidae larvae in Quercus sp., and probably in other deciduous trees (van Achterberg and Yang 2004).
Distribution. Palaearctic China (Henan). Notes. The name refers to the two ventral teeth of the hind femur. This species is unique in the Stephanidae by the combination of the hind tarsus with five tarsomeres in female and the hind femur with two large ventral teeth (van Achterberg and Yang 2004).
Description. Redescribed after a female from Shaanxi (Mt. Xinjia), length of body 13.8 mm, of fore wing 10.8 mm, and of ovipositor sheath 18.0 mm.
Head. Flagellum with 30 flagellomeres; first flagellomere moderately slender, 3.4 times as long as wide, and 0.8 times as long as second flagellomere; frons (Fig. 393) coarsely reticulate-rugose; three anterior lobe-shaped coronal teeth of head large; both posterior ones connected and ear-like, behind them with two distinct lobes laterally and four curved, progressively smaller carinae; medio-dorsally remainder of vertex rather finely transversely striate, laterally and including area behind posterior ocelli reticulate, sculpture becoming finer posteriorly and narrowly reaching occipital carina (Fig. 391); temples smooth except for some punctures ventrally, shiny and moderately angulate in dorsal view (Fig. 392).
Mesosoma. Neck (Figs 388, 389) comparatively short and robust, anteriorly moderately concave, neck postero-dorsally at lower level than middle pronotum, with three pairs of distinct carinae laterally and smooth medially in front of pronotal fold, with distinct cavity under pronotal fold; pronotal fold distinctly developed and sinuate in dorsal view (Fig. 388); middle pronotum robust, with a very short median carina directly behind pronotal fold, with some irregular and rather coarse transverse carinae (Fig. 388); lateral oblique groove of pronotum distinct and rather wide, impression somewhat carinate and with wide smooth interspaces and ventral area below it coarsely rugose; postero-laterally narrowly short setose; posterior pronotum dorsally coarsely carinate-rugose; mesoscutum laterally densely coarsely rugose, medially foveolate and with rather distinct notauli and a median groove; scutellum (Fig. 390) coarsely foveolate; axillae with some spaced foveolae; propleuron coarsely punctate; convex part of mesopleuron reticulate-foveolate and covered with whitish and rather sparse setosity; dorsal part densely rugose and setose; mesosternum with coarse punctures; medially metapleuron strongly convex, coarsely foveolate-reticulate and with short whitish setosity, antero-ventrally weakly crenulate and with dorsal anterior depression and ventral depression rather deep; propodeum (Fig. 390) densely and irregularly rugosefoveolate.
Legs. Hind coxa rather robust, subelliptical, anteriorly coarsely rugose, posteriorly striate; hind femur ( Fig. 394) slender, largely finely transversely striate, with three acute, large teeth and some denticles in between, laterally sparsely setose; basal narrow part of hind tibia about 1.1 times as long as widened part, parallel-sided and with ventral carina; outer side of widened part of hind tibia coriaceous and with sparse small punctures bearing whitish setae (Fig. 394); inner side flattened, sparsely granulate, apically with densely bristly setose area; hind basitarsus parallel-sided, basally hardly curved, ventral length 6.0 times its width.
Colour. Blackish or dark brown; face brownish; malar space yellowish, distinctly contrasting to temple and vertex; fore wing membrane largely pale brownish; tibiae, tarsi brownish, and hind trochantellus pale brown; ovipositor sheath completely blackish.
Male. Very similar to female, but smaller: length of body 11.5 mm and of fore wing 7.7 mm.
Variation. Female: length of body 13.8-16.9 mm, and of fore wing 10.1-12.8 mm; flagellum with 25-31 flagellomeres; middle teeth of hind femur maybe double, resulting in 4 ventral teeth in one leg and the normal 3 in the other leg (van Achterberg and Yang 2004); first tergite 4.4-5.7 times as long as its maximum width; length of ovipositor sheath 1.6-1.8 times as long as fore wing and 1.2-1.3 times as long as length of body. Male: length of fore wing 7.7-8.7 mm; flagellum with 25-27 flagellomeres.
Biology. A parasitoid of Buprestidae and Cerambycidae larvae in deciduous trees (van Achterberg and Yang 2004 Diagnosis. Temple with pale yellowish streak along eye; pronotum with weak or strong transverse protuberance; hind femur comparatively robust and less elongate, largely smooth and with some punctures, ventrally with 2 large teeth; hind tibia with a ventral carina and/or with oblique striae ventro-posteriorly, inner side of hind tibia usually with wide submedial depression, occupying entire width of tibia or depression absent; hind tarsus of female with three tarsomeres; ovipositor sheath without ivory subapical band. Distribution: Philippines, Indonesia, insular Malaysia, Arabian peninsula, Africa (van Achterberg 2002).
Note: This species is included in the generic key because it may occur in China. At present 4 species were known worldwide ( van Achterberg 2002;Aguiar 2004), but no species are known from China. and Mr Andrew Liston (SDEI) for the loan of the Enderlein types, Dr David Notton (BMNH) for the loan of the Elliott types, Dr A. Stark (Halle) kindly supplied a female of Stephanus serrator for this study and Dr M. Ohara (Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Sapporo) for the loan of the holotype of Foenatopus cinctus. The first author is grateful to the following persons: Prof. Zhong-qi Yang, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, for the loan of an undescribed Foenatopus specimen and providing facilities to check the types of Stephanus bidentatus and S. tridentatus; Curator Dr Ge-xia Qiao, Associate Curator Dr Jun Chen and lab administrator Jian Yao in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, for their kind help during the study of the Foenatopus types.