Twenty-four new species of Polycentropus (Trichoptera, Polycentropodidae) from Brazil

Abstract Twenty-four new species of the caddisfly genus Polycentropus (Insecta: Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae) occurring in Brazil are diagnosed, described, and the male genitalia of each are illustrated. Eighteen of the new species are placed in the Polycentropus jorgenseni species complex of the Polycentropus gertschi group of New World Polycentropus sensu lato. Furthermore, 6 new species within the Polycentropus gertschi group (Polycentropus ancistrus sp. n., Polycentropus boraceia sp. n., Polycentropus carioca sp. n., Polycentropus froehlichi sp. n., Polycentropus galharada sp. n., and Polycentropus graciosa sp. n.) are placed in an informal diagnostic cluster of species with Polycentropus urubici Holzenthal and Almeida. Ten of the other Polycentropus gertschi group species form a second cluster of diagnostically similar species, the Polycentropus soniae cluster (Polycentropus caaete sp. n., Polycentropus carolae sp. n., Polycentropus cheliceratus sp. n., Polycentropus fluminensis sp. n., Polycentropus itatiaia sp. n., Polycentropus minero sp. n., Polycentropus santateresae sp. n., Polycentropus soniae sp. n., Polycentropus tripui sp. n., and Polycentropus virginiae sp. n.). Two of the remaining 8 new species are included in the Polycentropus jorgenseni species complex (Polycentropus cipoensis sp. n. and Polycentropus verruculus sp. n.), while the remaining 6 are unique and cannot be placed in one of the groups at this time (Polycentropus acinaciformis sp. n., Polycentropus amphirhamphus sp. n., Polycentropus cachoeira sp. n., Polycentropus inusitatus sp. n., Polycentropus paprockii sp. n. and Polycentropus rosalysae sp. n.).


Introduction
Although cosmopolitan, Polycentropus is still not well known is South America. Flint et al. (1999) reported 64 species of Polycentropus for the Neotropics. Subsequently, only 14 species in the genus have been added, 1 each from Argentina (Angrisano and Sganga 2009), Brazil (Holzenthal and Almeida 2003) and Hispaniola (Flint and Sykora 2004), 2 each from Costa Rica (Chamorro-Lacayo 2003), Ecuador, and Venezuela (Hamilton and Holzenthal 2005), and 5 from Mexico ( Barba-Alvarez and Bueno-Soria 2005). In their checklist of the caddisfl ies of Brazil, Paprocki et al. (2004) reported 378 species as of September, 2003. More than half (26) of the 46 species of polycentropodids included, were Cernotina. To date, the only named species of Polycentropus from Brazil is P. urubici Holzenthal & Almeida (2003). No Polycentropus species have been added to the known Brazilian fauna since.
In this paper we add 24 new species to the list of Brazilian Polycentropus, 9 of which were previously described and illustrated in a dissertation on the New World species of Polycentropus sensu stricto (Hamilton 1986). Th e remaining 15 were collected as part of a survey of the caddisfl ies of southeastern and southern Brazil by Dr. Ralph Holzenthal and colleagues.

Materials and methods
All material described here is based on pinned specimens, except as noted. While preparation of male genitalia occurred over many years, the procedures for clearing and illustrating the specimens generally followed those presented by Holzenthal and Andersen (2004).
Terminology used in describing male genitalia follows that of Hamilton (1986) and, particularly in regard to naming the parts of the preanal appendage, Chamorro and Holzenthal (2010). Paired appendages and the processes of these appendages (intermediate appendages, preanal appendages, and inferior appendages) are referred to in the singular in diagnoses and descriptions. Our interpretation of the shape and position of the mostly membranous tergum IX + X should not be considered absolute because the membranous nature of the segments makes their demarcation diffi cult to discern and their exact shapes subject to degree of infl ation at the time of preservation or during the clearing process. Likewise, the membranous attachment between the intermediate and preanal appendages as well as the shape of the endothecal membranes are variable and our descriptions represent our best interpretation of their relative positions and shapes in the specimens we have studied. Because of their small size, the shapes of the endothecal and subphallic sclerites are diffi cult to discern, especially if deeply embedded in membranes; in particular the shape of the pedicel of the subphallic sclerite, if present, and the length of the arms that cradle the phallobase are often hard to discern. In P. carioca sp. n., P. boraceia sp. n., P. galharada sp. n., P. graciosa sp. n., P. froehlichi sp. n., and P. ancistrus sp. n., the base of the mesolateral process of the preanal appendage is lightly sclerotized, so its position relative to the mesoventral process is not fi xed.
Females that were collected at the same location and date as described males are included in the type series, although the certainty of these associations awaits further investigation. Types are deposited in the collections of the Museo de Zoologia, Universidade do São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP), United States National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC (NMNH), the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (UFRJ), the Universidade Federal do Bahia, Salvador, Brazil (UFBA), and the University of Minnesota Insect Collection, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. (UMSP), as indicated in the species description. Th e holotypes of P. minero sp. n. and P. carolae sp. n., are on long term loan to the NMHN from MZUSP.

Phylogenetic considerations
Eighteen of the 24 new Brazilian species are clearly members of the Polycentropus gertschi group (hereafter referred to as the gertschi group). Th is group, as characterized by Hamilton (1986), comprises most of the Neotropical Polycentropus species. Th e gertschi group shares 3 synapomorphies: "(1) ventral process of phallobase is apicoventral in position, (2) each intermediate appendage free to its base and articulates basomesally on its preanal appendage, and (3) there is a sclerite formed in the membrane below and around the phallus that appears to support and guide this organ" (Hamilton and Holzenthal 2005). Th ese 18 species are further placed in the Polycentropus jorgenseni species complex (hereafter referred to as the jorgenseni species complex) within the gertschi group, a clade that Hamilton (1986) characterized based on the occurrence of a dorsal sclerotized band in the endothecal membranes (often folded back into phallobase when endothecal membrane inverted). Th e remaining 6 new species, including Hamilton's (1986) "Polycentropus sp. n. 8" and "Polycentropus sp. n. 9," are more problematic in regard to group affi nities based on characters employed by Hamilton (1986). All 6 species appear to lack the articulated intermediate appendages so evident in members of the gertschi group, but some of the 6 have other characters that suggest affi nities to the group, including the endothecal sclerotic band in P. rosalysae sp. n. P. acinaciformis sp. n., and P. cachoeira sp. n. In lieu of a phylogenetic analysis, discussion of suggested affi nities will be included in the diagnoses of the species.
In the following descriptions, the fi rst 6 species (P. ancistrus sp. n., P. boraceia sp. n., P. carioca sp. n., P. froehlichi sp. n., P. galharada sp. n., and P. graciosa sp. n.) seem to demonstrate affi nities to P. urubici Holzenthal & Almeida (2003) based in particular on the shape of the preanal appendage. Th e mesolateral process of the preanal appendage is digitate and its base is narrowed and lightly sclerotized. As a result, its position relative to the rigid mesoventral process is not fi xed. In addition, in these 6 species and P. urubici, the posteroventral region of the inferior appendage is short while the dorsolateral fl ange is relatively high and more elongate, forming a pointed process in most species. Also, these species have a vestiture of fi ne, black setae on the wings and lack the patches of pale setae so common in other Polycentropus. Unlike P. urubici, the intermediate appendage is long, often more than twice the length of the digitate mesolateral process of the preanal appendage. In the diagnoses below, we refer to this diagnostic cluster of 7 species as the Polycentropus urubici cluster (hereafter referred to as the urubici cluster), although we do not intend to indicate that a phylogenetic analysis has occurred nor that this cluster be recognized as a formal clade.
Th e next 10 species descriptions, also species of the jorgenseni species complex are close to the recently described P. aguyje Angrisano and Sganga (2009) (P. caaete sp. n., P. carolae sp. n., P. cheliceratus sp. n., P. fl uminensis sp. n., P. itatiaia sp. n., P. minero sp. n., P. santateresae sp. n., P. soniae sp. n., P. tripui sp. n., and P. virginiae sp. n.). Th ese appear similar in the compact, often quadrate, lateral aspect of the interior appendage; the elongate, typically decurved intermediate appendage; and the shape of the preanal appendage in lateral view with its mesolateral process short and very broad and the mesoventral process more digitate. As in the urubici cluster, the wings appear solid black and lack pale patches of setae. For convenience, we will designate this diagnostically similar cluster of 11 species as the Polycentropus aguyje cluster (hereafter referred to as the aguyje cluster). As in the urubici cluster discussed above, the aguyje cluster should not be recognized as a formal clade.
Of the remaining 8 new Brazilian species, 2 species are clearly members of the jorgenseni species complex (P. cipoensis sp. n., and P. verruculus sp. n.), but are unique and not similar to members of the urubici and aguyje clusters. Th e fi nal 6 species (P. acinaciformis sp. n., P. amphirhamphus sp. n., P. cachoeira sp. n., P. inusitatus sp. n., P. paprockii sp. n., P. rosalysae sp. n.) cannot be placed in the jorgenseni species complex based on the synapomorphies identifi ed by Hamilton (1986), although several show some similarities to the complex.
Ongoing investigations by Brazilian researchers and others (e.g., Chamorro and Holzenthal 2010) may add to our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of these and other species of Neotropical Polycentropus. Clearly, Brazil has a poorly understood richness of species in the genus.

Species descriptions
Polycentropus boraceia Hamilton & Holzenthal, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8B813827-03F9-4752-8D82-E0E79968F5F8 Fig. 1 Polycentropus new species 7 Hamilton 1986: 93-94, 210;Fig. 6.10. Description. Similar to P. urubici Holzenthal & Almeida (2003) in general form, P. boraceia sp. n. is particularly distinct in the much greater length and shape of the intermediate appendage and the general shape of the inferior appendage. Most similar to P. galharada sp. n., the shape of the inferior appendage in lateral and posterior views provides distinctive features that separate P. boraceia sp. n. from P. galharada sp. n. as well as other species of the urubici cluster. In particular, the dorsolateral fl ange of the inferior appendage is shorter and more dorsally rounded in lateral view and the mesoventral spine in posterior aspect is acute while in P. galharada sp. n. this spine is more angularly truncate.
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 6.1-8.8 mm. Body dark brown to black; dorsum of head and thorax dark brown, clothed with long, erect dark setae; base of forewing with long, erect dark setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne black setae, lacking patches of pale setae; legs dark brown to black.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 1. Sternum IX in lateral view subtriangular, about 2/3 height of segment VIII; in ventral view quadrate, anterior corners sharply rounded, sides slightly constricted mesally, anterior margin moderately concave, posterior margin produced medially. Terga IX + X membranous. Intermediate appendage slightly sinuate, very long, length greater than height of abdomen, basal region turned laterad at base; in dorsal view nearly uniform in diameter throughout length, gradually narrowing apically. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage moderately long, digitate, apex rounded, at base narrowly joined to dorsal portion of mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed caudad, digitate, about 2/3 length of mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view short, somewhat triangular; posteroventral margin acute below moderate caudal emargination; dorsolateral fl ange relatively high, rounded dorsally, apically tapered to rounded or sharp point, with prominent apicoventral point, exposed in lateral view; mesoventral spine present, narrow, in lateral view acute, positioned medially; in ventral view inferior appendage broad basally, slender, tapering apically, caudomesal spine prominent, acute; mesoventral spine hidden. Phallobase short; in lateral view apicoventral projection narrow, slightly longer than apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 2 points; separated by shallow median groove; endothecal sclerotic band somewhat broad, becoming less sclerotized apically; endothecal spines absent; phallotremal sclerite narrow in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite Y-shaped, arms long, pedicel with narrow lateral expansions; narrow in lateral view, ventrally somewhat narrowed. the shape and length of the intermediate appendage as well as the shape of the inferior appendage. Separated from P. boraceia as noted above, P. galharada sp. n. also resembles P. froehlichi sp. n., P. ancistrus sp. n., and P. graciosa sp. n. in the shape of the inferior appendage. It is distinguished from these species in details of this organ, particularly in the shape of the dorsolateral fl ange and the caudomesal spine in addition to the shapes and relative lengths of the processes of the preanal appendage.
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 7.5-8 mm. Body dark brown to black; dorsum of head and thorax black, clothed with long, erect dark setae; base of forewing with long, erect black setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne black setae, lacking patches of pale setae; legs dark brown to black.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 2. Sternum IX in lateral view broadly subtriangular, about 3/4 height of segment VIII; in ventral view quadrate, anterior corners very broadly rounded, sides straight, anterior margin deeply concave, posterior margin slightly concave. Terga IX + X membranous, slightly sclerotized ventrally. Intermediate appendage gently curving ventromesad, very long, length much greater than height of abdomen, basal region slightly expanded; in dorsal view nearly uniform in diameter throughout length, gradually narrowing apically. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage moderately long, digitate, apex somewhat swollen, rounded, at base narrowly joined to dorsal portion of mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed dorsocaudad, digitate, about 2/3 length of mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view moderately long, somewhat triangular; posteroventral margin acute below moderate ( Fig. 2A) to deep (Fig. 2H) caudal emargination; dorsolateral fl ange low, somewhat straight with 2 shallow excavations of dorsal margin beyond midlength, apically tapered to sharp point, with prominent apicoventral point, exposed in lateral view; mesoventral spine present, narrow, in lateral view acute, positioned medially; in ventral view inferior appendage broad basally, slender, tapering apically, caudomesal spine prominent, acute; mesoventral spine hidden; apex angularly truncate. Phallo base moderately short; in lateral view apicoventral projection narrow, much longer than apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 2 points; separated by shallow median groove; endothecal sclerotic band somewhat broad, becoming less sclerotized apically; endothecal spines absent; phallotremal sclerite narrow in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite Y-shaped, arms long, pedicel with broad lateral expansions; broad in lateral view, ventrally narrowed. Description. Resembling P. galharada mainly in the shape of the preanal and inferior appendages, P. froehlichi sp. n. is distinguished from that species and the other species of the urubici cluster particularly by the phallobase where the apicoventral process is relatively thick at its base and is perpendicular to the axis of phallobase, when viewed laterally. Also, the base of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage of P. froehlichi sp. n. is much broader than that of P. galharada.
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 7-7.5 mm. Body black; dorsum of head and thorax black, clothed with long, black setae; base of forewing with long, erect black setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne black setae, lacking patches of pale setae; legs dark brown to black.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 3. Sternum IX in lateral view broadly subtriangular, about 2/3 height of segment VIII; in ventral view slightly trapezoidal, anterior corners very broadly rounded, sides strongly constricted mesally, anterior margin moderately concave, posterior margin deeply and broadly concave. Terga IX + X membranous, slightly sclero tized ventrally; with several long, slender setae. Intermediate appendage slightly curved dorsad, very long, length much greater than height of abdomen, basal region slightly expanded; in dorsal view nearly uniform in diameter throughout length, gradually narrowing apically. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage moderately long, broadly digitate, apex rounded, at base narrowly joined to dorsal portion of mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed caudad, very broad basally, narrowing to irregularly rounded apex, about 1/2 length of mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view moderately long, somewhat triangular; posteroventral margin protruding, rounded below shallow caudal emargination; dorsolateral fl ange low, slightly rounded dorsally, apically tapered to sharp inturned point, without caudomesal spine; mesoventral spine present, broad, in lateral view obtuse, positioned medially; in ventral view inferior appendage broad basally, slender, tapering apically; mesoventral spine hidden; apex acute. Phallobase short; in lateral view apicoventral projection moderately broad, slightly shorter than diameter of apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 2 points; separated by shallow median groove; endothecal sclerotic band somewhat broad, becoming less sclerotized apically; phallotremal sclerite wide in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite Y-shaped, arms short, pedicel with narrow lateral expansions; broad in lateral view, ventrally somewhat narrowed.  Description. Polycentropus ancistrus sp. n. most closely resembles P. froehlichi. It is distinguished from P. froehlichi and the other urubici cluster species by the strongly incurved and acute apices of the dorsolateral fl ange and caudomesal spine of the inferior appendage as well as the near equal length of both processes of the preanal appendage.
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 6 mm. Body brown; dorsum of head and thorax brown; legs stramineous.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 4. Sternum IX in lateral view nearly round, slightly greater than 1/2 height of segment VIII; in ventral view slightly trapezoidal, anterior corners very sharply rounded, sides slightly convex, narrowed posteriorly, anterior margin shallowly concave, posterior margin shallowly concave. Terga IX + X membranous. Intermediate appendage straight, very long, length much greater than height of abdomen, basal region simple, not expanded; in dorsal view nearly uniform in diameter throughout length, gradually narrowing apically. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage moderately long, digitate, apex rounded, at base broadly joined to dorsal 1/2 of mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed caudad, size and shape of mesolateral process, slightly shorter than length of mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view moderately long, somewhat triangular; posteroventral margin acute below shallow caudal emargination; dorsolateral fl ange low, slightly excavated medially, apically tapered to sharp inturned point, with prominent caudomesal spine, exposed in lateral view; mesoventral spine absent; in ventral view inferior appendage broad basally, slender, tapering apically, caudomesal spine prominent, acute. Phallobase moderately short; in lateral view apicoventral projection narrow, slightly longer than apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 2 points; separated by very shallow median groove; endothecal sclerotic band forming fl anges within phallobase; phallotremal sclerite diffi cult to discern due to specimen condition. Subphallic sclerite Y-shaped, arms long, pedicel narrow; narrow in lateral view, ventrally somewhat narrowed.
Etymology. From the Greek ankistron for fi shhook, in reference to the caudomesal spines on the inferior appendage of the male genitalia. Description. Among the 6 new species in the urubici cluster, P. graciosa sp. n. resembles P. boraceia, P. galharada, P. froehlichi, and P. ancistrus in the shape of the inferior appendage with the elongate dorsolateral fl ange. In P. graciosa sp. n., the dorsolateral fl ange of the inferior appendage is uniformly wide in lateral view and narrows relatively abruptly to a rounded or acute apex. Likewise, the caudomesal spine of the inferior appendage is absent, forming a rounded protrusion, and the mesoventral spine in posterior aspect is bifurcate unlike any of the aforementioned species.
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 7-8 mm. Body dark brown to black; dorsum of head and thorax black, clothed with long, black setae; base of forewing with long, erect black setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne black setae, lacking patches of pale setae; legs dark brown to black.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 5. Sternum IX in lateral view broadly subtriangular, about 3/4 height of segment VIII; in ventral view quadrate, anterior corners sharply rounded, sides slightly constricted mesally, anterior margin shallowly concave, posterior margin moderately concave with small, shallow convex medial region. Terga IX + X membranous. Intermediate appendage slightly curved dorsad, very long, length much greater than height of abdomen, basal region slightly expanded; in dorsal view nearly uniform in diameter throughout length, gradually narrowing apically. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage moderately long, digitate, apex roundly truncate, at base narrowly joined to dorsal portion of mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed caudad, broadly digitate, about 2/3 length of mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view moderately long, somewhat triangular; posteroventral margin protruding, rounded below shallow caudal emargination; dorsolateral fl ange low, slightly rounded dorsally, apically tapered to rounded point, without caudomesal spine; mesoventral spine present, broad, in lateral view acute, bifurcate, positioned well caudad; in ventral view inferior appendage broad basally, slender, tapering apically; mesoventral spine prominent; apex acute, bifurcate. Phallobase moderately short; in lateral view apicoventral projection narrow, approximately equal to apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 2 points; separated by shallow median groove; endothecal sclerotic band somewhat broad, becoming less sclerotized apically; endothecal spines absent; phallo tremal sclerite wide in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite U-shaped, arms long, pedicel with narrow lateral expansions; broad in lateral view, ventrally somewhat narrowed.
Etymology. Named for the type locality, a river fl owing through the lush Atlantic forest of the Serra da Graciosa, Paraná, Brazil. Description. Polycentropus carioca sp. n. is the most unusual of the species in the urubici cluster. In lateral view, the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage is nearly as wide as long, while in the other 6 species this process is always much narrower relative to its length. Also, in lateral view the inferior appendage in P. carioca sp. n. is short with the dorsolateral fl ange being compacted and rounded while the mesoventral spine in posterior view is large and erect.

Polycentropus carioca
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 7 mm. Body dark brown; dorsum of head and thorax dark brown, clothed with long, erect dark setae; base of forewing with long, erect dark setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne black setae, lacking patches of pale setae; legs dark brown to black.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 6. Sternum IX in lateral view nearly round, approximately 1/2 height of segment VIII; in ventral view quadrate, anterior corners very broadly rounded, sides slightly constricted posteriorly, posterior margin moderately concave with small, shallow convex medial region. Terga IX + X mostly membranous with light dorsal sclerotization basally; with numerous scattered minute spicules. Intermediate appendage straight, very long, length greater than height of abdomen, basal region simple, not expanded; in dorsal view nearly uniform in diameter throughout length, gradually narrowing apically. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage moderately long, digitate, apex rounded, at base narrowly joined to dorsal portion of mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed ventrocaudad, broadly truncate, about 2/3 length of mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view short, somewhat triangular; posteroventral margin protruding, rounded below shallow caudal emargination; dorsolateral fl ange relatively high, rounded dorsally, without caudomesal spine; mesoventral spine large, erect, narrow, in lateral view acute, positioned more basad; in ventral view inferior appendage rhomboidal, broadest apically; mesoventral spine with apex visible. Phallobase moderately short; much longer than apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 1 point; endothecal sclerotic band narrow, becoming less sclerotized apically; endothecal spines absent; phallotremal sclerite narrow in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite Y-shaped, arms long, pedicel with broad lateral expansions; narrow in lateral view, ventrally somewhat narrowed. Polycentropus new species 1 Hamilton 1986: 85-86, 198;Fig. 6.4.

Description.
Polycentropus fl uminensis sp. n., and the other 9 species of the aguyje cluster show similarities in the shape of both processes of the preanal appendage, the strongly, often decurved intermediate appendage and the general appearance of the inferior appendage. Among the 10 species of this cluster, P. fl uminensis sp. n. has the shortest and most compact inferior appendage with a strongly reduced dorsolateral plane and the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage is notably broad and short, barely exceeding the mesoventral process.
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 6.5-7.5 mm. Body dark brown to black; dorsum of head and thorax black, clothed with long, black setae; base of forewing with long, erect black setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne black setae, lacking patches of pale setae; legs dark brown to black.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 7. Sternum IX in lateral view broadly subtriangular, about 2/3 height of segment VIII; in ventral view slightly trapezoidal, anterior cor-ners sharply rounded, sides very slightly constricted mesally, anterior margin deeply concave, posterior margin slightly concave with broad, shallow convex medial region. Terga IX + X membranous. Intermediate appendage gently curving ventromesad, long, length slightly greater than height of abdomen, basal region slightly expanded; in dorsal view nearly uniform in diameter throughout length, gradually narrowing apically. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage short, apex rounded, with slight apicoventral extension, at base broadly joined to mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed caudad, digitate, equal in length to mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view very short, generally oval; dorsolateral fl ange very low, rounded dorsally, with prominent caudomesal spine, exposed in lateral view; mesoventral spine present, broad, in lateral view rounded, positioned well basad; in ventral view inferior appendage approximately oval, caudomesal spine prominent, acute. Phallobase moderately short; in lateral view apicoventral projection narrow, slightly longer than apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 1 point; endothecal sclerotic band narrow, ending in pair of small spines resembling a claw-hammer; endothecal spines absent; phallotremal sclerite wide in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite Y-shaped, arms long, pedicel with broad lateral expansions; narrow in lateral view, ventrally somewhat broadened. Description. In lateral aspect, this species most closely resembles P. fl uminensis, in the compactness of the inferior appendage and the breadth of the mesolateral process of the preanal appendage. In P. tripui sp. n., the dorsolateral fl ange of inferior appendage is larger and the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage is much broader in lateral aspect. Th e phallic apparatus provides several unique characters that separate this species from the other species described in this paper. Th e phallobase is very short and there is a very large U-shaped sclerite at the apex of the sclerotized band of the phallic membrane (typically found folded back within the phallobase).
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 6-6.5 mm. Body brown to dark brown; dorsum of head and thorax dark brown, clothed with long, erect dark setae; base of forewing with long, erect dark setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne brown setae, lacking patches of pale setae (in alcohol); legs brown.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 8. Sternum IX in lateral view subtriangular, about 2/3 height of segment VIII; in ventral view quadrate, anterior corners very broadly rounded, sides very slightly constricted mesally, anterior margin shallowly concave, posterior margin slightly concave with very broad, shallow convex medial region. Terga IX + X membranous. Intermediate appendage gently curving ventromesad, moderate elongate, length about two-thirds height of sternum IX, basal region simple, not expanded; in dorsal view nearly uniform in diameter throughout length, gradually narrowing apically. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage short, apex truncate, with slight apicoventral extension, at base broadly joined to mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed caudad, broad, hatch-shaped, slightly shorter than length of mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view short, generally oval; dorsolateral fl ange very low, rounded dorsally, with prominent caudomesal spine, slightly exposed in lateral view; mesoventral spine present, narrow, in lateral view acute, positioned well basad; in ventral view inferior appendage approximately oval, caudomesal spine prominent, acute; mesoventral spine hidden. Phallo base very short; in lateral view apicoventral projection narrow, much shorter than diameter of apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 2 points; endothecal sclerotic band broad, very large hooked process, appearing U-shaped in dorsal view; endothecal spines absent; phallotremal sclerite wide in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite Yshaped, arms short, pedicel with broad lateral expansions; broad in lateral view, ventrally somewhat broadened.  Fig. 9 Description. Polycentropus soniae sp. n. most closely resembles P. fl uminensis and P. tripui, particularly in the ventral aspect of the compact inferior appendage. It can be separated from these species by the angular dorsolateral fl ange of the inferior appendage and the narrower and rounded mesolateral process of the preanal appendage.
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 6-7 mm. Body dark brown to black; dorsum of head and thorax black, clothed with long, erect dark setae; base of forewing with long, erect black setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne black setae, lacking patches of pale setae; legs dark brown to black. Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 9. Sternum IX in lateral view broadly subtriangular, about 3/4 height of segment VIII; in ventral view trapezoidal, anterior corners broadly rounded, sides very slightly constricted mesally, anteriorly, posterior margin slightly concave with very broad, shallow convex medial region. Terga IX + X membranous. Intermediate appendage slightly curved on basal 1/3 and relatively straight for remainder of length, long, length slightly greater than height of abdomen, basal region slightly expanded; in dorsal view nearly uniform in diameter throughout length, gradually narrowing apically. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage very short, apex rounded, at base broadly joined to ventral 2/3 of mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed caudad, broadly digitate, slightly shorter than length of mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view short, quadrate; dorsolateral fl ange low, straight dorsally, with prominent caudomesal spine, exposed in lateral view; mesoventral spine present, broad, in lateral view rounded, positioned more basad; in ventral view inferior appendage approximately oval, caudomesal spine prominent, acute; mesoventral spine hidden. Phallobase short; in lateral view apicoventral projection narrow, much shorter than diameter of apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 1 point; endothecal sclerotic band narrow, becoming rapidly less sclerotized toward apex; endothecal spines absent; phallotremal sclerite wide in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite Y-shaped, arms long, pedicel with broad lateral expansions; broad in lateral view, ventrally narrowed. Description. Very similar to P. minero sp. n., P. cheliceratus sp. n. can be distinguished from that species as well as the other 8 species of the aguyje cluster by the shape of the inferior appendage in both lateral and ventral views as well as the lateral aspect of the preanal appendage. Compared to P. minero sp. n., in lateral view, the caudoventral corner and the dorsoventral fl ange of the inferior appendage are less angular and the mesoventral spine is absent. Also, in P. cheliceratus sp. n. the mesolateral process of the preanal appendage is smaller in dorsoventral length and its mesoventral process is more slender and longer compared to the mesolateral process.
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 6.6-7.6 mm. Body dark brown to black; dorsum of head and thorax black, clothed with long, black setae; base of forewing with long, Figure 10. Polycentropus cheliceratus sp. n. Male genitalia: A lateral B dorsal C ventral D inferior appendages, caudal E phallus, lateral F phallus, dorsal G phallobase, caudal H subphallic sclerite, caudal. erect black setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne black setae, lacking patches of pale setae; legs brown.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 10. Sternum IX in lateral view quadrate, about 2/3 height of segment VIII; in ventral view slightly trapezoidal, anterior corners sharply rounded, sides very slightly constricted mesally, anterior margin deeply concave, posterior margin slightly concave with broad, shallow convex medial region. Terga IX + X membranous, slightly sclerotized ventrally. Intermediate appendage gently curving ventromesad, moderate elongated length about equal to height of sternum IX, basal region simple, not expanded; in dorsal view nearly uniform in diameter throughout length, gradually narrowing apically. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage short, apex rounded, at base broadly joined to mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed ventrad to rounded point, digitate, equal in length to mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view short, generally round; dorsolateral fl ange low, rounded dorsally, with prominent caudomesal spine, partially exposed in lateral view; mesoventral spine absent; in ventral view inferior appendage approximately oval, caudomesal spine prominent, acute. Phallobase moderately short; in lateral view apicoventral projection narrow, slightly longer than apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 1 point; endothecal sclerotic band very narrow, becoming less sclerotized apically; endothecal spines absent; phallotremal sclerite narrow in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite Y-shaped, arms long, pedicel narrow in posterior and lateral views. Description. Similar to P. cheliceratus, the more angular shape of the inferior appendage in lateral and ventral aspects as well as the lateral view of the preanal appendage with its larger mesolateral process and shorter, thick mesoventral process distinguishes P. minero sp. n. from it and other similar species of the aguyje cluster.
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 6.4-8.2 mm. Body dark brown; dorsum of head and thorax black; general vestiture of forewing with fi ne brown setae (in alcohol); legs brown.
Etymology. Th e name minero is the Portuguese demonym for the inhabitants of Minas Gerais, the Brazilian state where the type specimens were collected. Description. Polycentropus carolae sp. n. is most similar in many features to P. minero and P. caaete sp. n. In P. carolae sp. n., the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage slightly exceeds the mesolateral process, whereas in P. minero it is shorter and in P. caaete sp. n. it is much longer. Also, P. carolae sp. n. has a shallow excavation in the posterior margin of the inferior appendage while it is absent in P. minero and deeper in P. caaete sp. n. Finally, the triangular shape of the mesolateral process of the preanal appendage and the small claw-like structure at the apex of the endothecal sclerotic band are unique to this species in the 10-species aguyje cluster.

Polycentropus carolae
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 5.4-6.7 mm. Body dark brown to black; general vestiture of forewing with fi ne black setae, lacking patches of pale setae; legs brown.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 12. Sternum IX in lateral view subtriangular, about 3/4 height of segment VIII; in ventral view slightly trapezoidal, anterior corners broadly rounded, sides slightly constricted anteriorly, anterior margin moderately concave, posterior margin slightly concave with very broad, shallow convex medial region. Terga IX + X membranous. Intermediate appendage gently curving ventromesad, long, length slightly greater than height of sternum IX, basal region slightly expanded; in dorsal view nearly uniform in diameter throughout length, gradually narrowing apically. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage short, apex slightly triangular, at base broadly joined to mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed caudad, digitate, slightly exceeding length of mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view short, trapezoidal; posteroventral margin acute below shallow caudal emargination; dorsolateral fl ange relatively high, straight dorsally, partially exposed in lateral view; mesoventral spine present, broad, in lateral view acute, positioned more caudad; in ventral view inferior appendage approximately round, caudomesal spine hidden; mesoventral spine with apex visible. Phallobase moderately short; in lateral view apicoventral projection narrow, approximately equal to apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 1 point; endothecal sclerotic band narrow, apex terminating in simple claw; endothecal spines absent; phallo tremal sclerite wide in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite Y-shaped, arms long, pedicel with broad lateral expansions; narrow in lateral view, ventrally somewhat narrowed.   Fig. 13 Description. Polycentropus caaete sp. n. appears to be intermediate in appearance between P. carolae and P. itatiaia sp. n. in characters of the inferior appendage. Th e excavation of its posterior margin is deeper in P. caaete sp. n., but not as deep as in P. itatiaia sp. n.; the position of the caudomesal spine is similar to P. carolae, but it is near the upper apical corner in P. itatiaia sp. n.; and the mesoventral spine is more basad in P. caaete sp. n. than in the other 2 species. Th e relative lengths of the 2 processes of the preanal appendage will also separate P. caaete sp. n. from the other species. In the thickness of the apicoventral projection of the phallobase and the exposure of the caudomesal spine of the inferior appendage this species bears some resemblance to P. aguyje but can be separated by other details of the inferior and preanal appendages.
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 6-6.5 mm. Body dark brown to black; dorsum of head and thorax black, clothed with long, erect dark setae; base of forewing with long, erect black setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne black setae, lacking patches of pale setae; legs dark brown to black.
Etymology. From caá-etê, the Tupi-Guarani word for the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil.

Polycentropus itatiaia Hamilton & Holzenthal, sp. n.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C0F3E691-A6B2-453A-84FE-4C2C9A9A52E5 Fig. 14 Description. Most similar to P. aguyje and P. santateresae sp. n., P. itatiaia sp. n. differs in the shape and depth of the emargination in the posterior margin of the inferior appendage as well as the median position of the relatively low mesoventral spine of this appendage. Th e mesolateral process of the preanal appendage in P. itatiaia sp. n. is triangular, as it is in P. carolae, and the mesoventral process is shorter and directed more ventrad.
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 6-6.5 mm. Body dark brown; dorsum of head and thorax black, clothed with long, erect dark setae; base of forewing with long, erect black setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne black setae, lacking patches of pale setae; legs dark brown to black.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 14. Sternum IX in lateral view subtriangular, about 2/3 height of segment VIII; in ventral view slightly trapezoidal, anterior corners sharply rounded, sides slightly convex, anterior margin shallowly concave, posterior margin slightly concave with very broad, shallow convex medial region. Terga IX + X membranous. Intermediate appendage slightly curved on basal 1/2 and relatively straight for remainder of length, very long, length greater than height of abdomen, basal region slightly expanded; in dorsal view nearly uniform in diameter throughout length, gradually narrowing apically. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage very short, apex slightly triangular, at base broadly joined to medial portion of mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed ventrocaudad, digitate, slightly shorter than length of mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view short, quadrate; posteroventral margin rounded, protruding below deep caudal emargination; dorsolateral fl ange low, straight dorsally, with prominent caudomesal spine, slightly exposed in lateral view; mesoventral spine present, broad, in lateral view obtuse, positioned medially; in ventral view inferior appendage approximately round, caudomesal spine partially hidden, acute; mesoventral spine hidden. Phallobase moderately short; in lateral view apicoventral projection narrow, approximately equal to apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 1 point; endothecal sclerotic band narrow, becoming less sclerotized apically; endothecal spines absent; phallotremal sclerite narrow in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite Y-shaped, arms long, pedicel with broad lateral expansions; broad in lateral view, ventrally somewhat narrowed.
Paratypes: same data as holotype, 1 female (MZUSP); Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Rio Campo Belo, trail to Véu da Noiva, 22°25.706'S, 44°37.171'W, 1310m, 5.iii.2002 Prather, 1 male, 1 female (UFRJ); Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Rio Campo Belo, 22°27.033'S, 44°36.818'W, 1300m, 7.iii.2002  Etymology. Named for Parque Nacional Itatiaia where the type specimens were collected. Itatiaia means "many-pointed rock" in Tupi-Guarani. Description. Polycentropus santateresae sp. n. is distinct in the shorter length of the intermediate appendage compared to other species of the aguyje cluster. Th e body of the mesolateral process of the preanal appendage is round and positioned on the dorsal half of its base. We have noted some variation in the lateral view of the inferior appendages of the material examined ( Fig. 15A and 15H), but at this time we consider this within the range of variation for P. santateresae sp. n. Th is species, particularly the variant from Rio Caparaó in Minas Gerais, is most similar to P. aguyje in the shape of the caudal excavation of the inferior appendage and the shape of the mesolateral process of the preanal appendage. Th is species can be separated from P. aguyje based on the narrow shape of apicoventral projection of the phallobase and the hidden position of the caudomesal spine of the inferior appendage in lateral view.

Polycentropus santateresae
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 5.5-6.5 mm. Body dark brown; dorsum of head and thorax black, clothed with long, erect dark setae; base of forewing with long, erect dark setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne black setae, lacking patches of pale setae; legs brown.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 15. Sternum IX in lateral view subtriangular, about 3/4 height of segment VIII; in ventral view trapezoidal, anterior corners broadly rounded, sides very slightly constricted mesally, anterior margin shallowly concave, posterior margin slightly concave with very broad, shallow convex medial region. Terga IX + X membranous. Intermediate appendage gently curving ventromesad, moderate elongate, length slightly less than height of sternum IX, basal region simple, not expanded; in dorsal view nearly uniform in diameter throughout length, gradually narrowing apically. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage short, apex rounded, with slight ventral extension, at base broadly joined to dorsal 1/2 of mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed caudad, digitate, equal in length to mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view short, quadrate; posteroventral margin acute below deep caudal emargination; dorsolateral fl ange relatively high, straight dorsally, hidden in lateral view; mesoventral spine present, broad, in lateral view obtuse, positioned more basad; in ventral view inferior appendage quadrate, caudomesal spine prominent, acute; mesoventral spine hidden. Phallobase short; in lateral view apicoventral projection narrow, approximately equal to apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 1 point; endothecal sclerotic band narrow, becoming less sclerotized apically; endothecal spines absent; phallotremal sclerite narrow in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite Y-shaped, arms long, pedicel with broad lateral expansions; narrow in lateral view, ventrally somewhat narrowed.

Polycentropus virginiae Hamilton & Holzenthal, sp. n.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E2F15EC7-EF36-4DA1-BC4D-C44947FE8607 Fig. 16 Description. Polycentropus virginiae sp. n. is readily distinguished from other aguyje cluster species by the shape of the inferior and preanal appendages. Specifi cally, the prominently visible recurved spine on the inferior appendage as well as the deep excavation below this spine and the large triangular fl ange lying dorsobasad of the spine are distinct. Th e mesolateral process of the preanal appendage is broad, low, and round, mostly closely resembling that of only P. caaete.
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 5.5-7 mm. Body dark brown to black; dorsum of head and thorax black, clothed with long, black setae; base of forewing with long, erect black setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne black setae, lacking patches of pale setae; legs dark brown to black.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 16. Sternum IX in lateral view broadly subtriangular, about 3/4 height of segment VIII; in ventral view slightly trapezoidal, anterior corners broadly rounded, sides very slightly constricted mesally, anteriorly, anterior margin moderately concave, posterior margin slightly concave with very broad, shallow convex medial region. Terga IX + X membranous. Intermediate appendage slightly curved on basal 1/2 and relatively straight for remainder of length, very long, length greater than height of abdomen, basal region simple, not expanded; in dorsal view nearly uniform in diameter throughout length, gradually narrowing apically. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage very short, apex rounded, at base broadly joined to mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed caudad, digitate, 2 times the length of mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view short, trapezoidal; posteroventral margin rounded, protruding below deep caudal emargination; dorsolateral fl ange relatively high, protruding as rounded triangle, with prominent caudomesal spine, exposed in lateral view; mesoventral spine present, broad, in lateral view obtuse, positioned well basad; in ventral view inferior appendage approximately round, caudomesal spine partially hidden, acute; mesoventral spine with apex visible. Phallobase moderately short; in lateral view apicoventral projection moderately broad, much shorter than diameter of apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 1 point; endothecal sclerotic band narrow, becoming less sclerotized apically; endothecal spines absent; phallotremal sclerite wide in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite Y-shaped, arms long, pedicel with narrow lateral expansions; narrow in lateral view, ventrally somewhat narrowed.
Holotype Etymology. Named with aff ection for Virgina Braga, in recognition for her many years of friendship with the junior author and his family.
Description. Polycentropus cipoensis sp. n. is clearly a member of the jorgenseni species complex, but is otherwise easily separated from the other Neotropical Polycentropus by the inferior appendage which has a triangular base, but extends into a long, narrowed apex and a mesobasal process that is somewhat palmate in its posterior aspect. In addition, the intermediate appendage is short as are the 2 processes of the preanal appendage. Th e endothecal sclerotic band ends in a pair of prominent hooks, similar to, but larger, than those in P. fl uminensis, P. tripui, P. carolae, and P. acinaciformis sp. n. Th e apicoventral process of the phallobase, while similar to that seen in other members of the jorgenseni species complex, is notably shorter and wider and the apical emargination is broadly u-shape.
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 5.8-7.0 mm. Body brown to dark brown; dorsum of head and thorax dark brown, clothed with long, erect dark setae; base of forewing with long, erect dark setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne brown setae, lacking patches of pale setae (in alcohol); legs brown.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 17. Sternum IX in lateral view subtriangular, slightly greater than 1/2 height of segment VIII; in ventral view trapezoidal, anterior corners sharply rounded, sides slightly constricted anteriorly, anterior margin shallowly concave, posterior margin slightly concave with broad, shallow convex medial region. Ter- ga IX + X membranous. Intermediate appendage slightly curved ventrad, short, length about one-half length of inferior appendage, basal region simple, not expanded; in dorsal view narrowly spindle-like. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage very short, apex truncate, at base broadly joined to dorsal 1/2 of mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed caudad, broadly truncate, slightly shorter than length of mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view long, slender; dorsolateral fl ange low, protruding as rounded triangle, without caudomesal spine; mesoventral spine present, narrow, in lateral view acute, positioned well basad; in ventral view inferior appendage narrowly triangular; mesoventral spine hidden. Phallobase very short; in lateral view apicoventral projection very broad, much shorter than diameter of apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 2 points; endothecal sclerotic band broad, ending in 2-prong hook; endothecal spines absent; phallotremal sclerite wide in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite Y-shaped, arms long, pedicel short, broad; narrow in lateral view, ventrally somewhat broadened.
Etymology. Named for Serra do Cipó, the mountain range where the species was collected.

Polycentropus verruculus Hamilton & Holzenthal, sp. n.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E3AF8858-68AA-457D-BEE3-4BFFAEA60AF2 Fig. 18 Description. A member of the jorgenseni species complex, P. verruculus sp. n. is separated from others of this complex by the straight, blade-like intermediate appendage, the setose lateral knob on the mesolateral process of preanal appendage, and the very compact inferior appendage with its apicomesal tooth. Like P. cipoensis, the apicoventral process of the phallobase is broad and apically emarginated, but in P. verruculus sp. n. the process is much longer and the emargination v-shaped. Adult. Length of forewing (male) 5.5 mm. Body pale brown to yellow; dorsum of head and thorax brown, clothed with long, erect brown setae; base of forewing with long, erect black setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne brown setae and many patches of pale setae scattered over surface; legs stramineous.

Polycentropus acinaciformis
Hamilton & Holzenthal, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:17FF73EC-0951-40D8-AF4C-3094BAE1B8A8 Fig. 19 Description. Polycentropus acinaciformis sp. n. appears to belong to the jorgenseni species complex based on the presence of the apicoventral process of the phallobase and the endothecal sclerotic band, but it lacks the intermediate appendages and there is no evidence of the subphallic sclerite. Th e decurved, blade-like mesolateral process of the preanal appendage as well as the shape of the inferior appendage and the claw-like process in the endotheca distinguish this species from other Neotropical Polycentropus.
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 6.5 mm. Body brown; dorsum of head and thorax brown, clothed with long, erect dark setae; base of forewing with long, erect dark setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne brown setae (in alcohol); legs brown. Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 19. Sternum IX in lateral view broadly subtriangular to oval, about 2/3 height of segment VIII; in ventral view slightly trapezoidal, anterior corners very sharply rounded, sides slightly constricted mesally, anterior margin moderately concave, posterior margin shallowly concave. Terga IX + X membranous. Intermediate appendage absent. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage very long, broadest at midpoint, apex acuminate, at base narrowly joined to dorsal portion of mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed ventrocaudad, digitate, less than 1/4 length of mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view short, quadrate; dorsolateral fl ange very low, straight dorsally, with prominent caudomesal spine, exposed in lateral view; mesoventral spine absent; in ventral view inferior appendage broad basally, slender, tapering apically, caudomesal spine prominent, acute. Phallobase moderately elongate; in lateral view apicoventral projection narrow, approximately equal to apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 1 point; endothecal sclerotic band broad, ending in 2 recurved hooks; endothecal spines absent; phallotremal sclerite wide in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite absent.
Etymology. From the Latin words acinaces (Greek akinakes) for scimitar and forma for shape, in reference to the sword-like shape of the mesolateral process of the preanal appendage. Description. Polycentropus rosalysae sp. n. is most similar to P. amphirhamphus sp. n. Both lack the intermediate appendage and have an ovoid inferior appendage with apicomesal spine, large triangular mesoventral process of the preanal appendage, and a strongly bifurcate apicomesal process of the phallobase. Th is species has the sclerotic endothecal band and the apicoventral process of the phallobase is broadly divided to its base. Further, the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage is broadly triangular and its mesolateral process is nearly square. Th ese characters render it distinct from P. amphirhamphus sp. n. and other Neotropical Polycentropus.

Polycentropus rosalysae
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 6.5 mm. Body brown; dorsum of head and thorax brown, clothed with long, erect brown setae; base of forewing with long, erect brown setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne brown setae and many patches of pale setae scattered over surface; legs stramineous.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 20. Sternum IX in lateral view broadly subtriangular to oval, about 3/4 height of segment VIII; in ventral view trapezoidal, anterior corners very sharply rounded, sides very slightly constricted mesally, anterior margin deeply concave, posterior margin slightly concave with small, shallow convex medial region. Terga IX + X membranous. Intermediate appendage absent. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage short, apex broadly truncate, at base broadly joined to mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed caudad, broadly triangular, equal in length to mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view short, generally oval; dorsolateral fl ange low, rounded dorsally, with prominent caudomesal spine, slightly exposed in lateral view; mesoventral spine present, narrow, in lateral view acute, positioned medially; in ventral view inferior appendage quadrate, caudomesal spine mostly hidden, acute; mesoventral spine hidden. Phallobase very short; with paired apicolateral, spur-like, decurved processes on each side of phallobase apex; endothecal sclerotic band narrow, becoming less sclerotized, broadened apically; endothecal spines absent; phallotremal sclerite wide in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite absent. Etymology. Named with great honor for the late Dr. Rosalys Guahyba, whose friendship and help were instrumental in advancing our study of the Brazilian caddisfl y fauna. Description. Th is new species is similar to P. rosalysae in the general shape of the preanal and inferior appendages, lack of intermediate appendage, and the bifurcate apicomesal process of phallobase. Th e strongly bifurcate and extreme elongation of the apicomesal process of phallobase is the most distinctive feature of P. amphirhamphus sp. n., separating if from all other Neotropical Polycentropus. Additionally, the inferior appendage lacks the mesoventral spine seen in P. rosalysae and has a narrower mesoventral process and more ovoid mesolateral process of the preanal appendage compared to that species.

Polycentropus amphirhamphus
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 5.7-6.6 mm. Body pale brown to yellow; dorsum of head and thorax brown; with long, erect setae, area of long, pale setae on vertex of head, darker on thorax; base of forewing with long, erect dark setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne brown setae and many patches of pale setae scattered over surface; legs brown.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 21. Sternum IX in lateral view teardrop-shaped, about 2/3 height of segment VIII; anterior corners broadly rounded, sides very slightly constricted mesally, anteriorly, anterior margin moderately concave, posterior margin slightly concave with small, shallow convex medial region. Terga IX + X membranous. Intermediate appendage absent. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage short, apex broadly triangular, at base broadly joined to dorsal 2/3 of mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed caudad, very broad basally, narrowing rapidly to slender process, slightly exceeding length of mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view short, generally round; dorsolateral fl ange low, rounded dorsally, with prominent caudomesal spine, partially exposed in lateral view; mesoventral spine absent; in ventral view inferior appendage approximately oval, caudomesal spine prominent, rounded. Phallobase moderately elongate; with paired apicolateral, blade-like, decurved processes on each side of slightly compressed phallobase apex; endothecal sclerotic band  Description. Polycentropus cachoeira sp. n. has some similarity to other Brazilian Polycentropus of the jorgenseni species complex. Most notable is the general shape of the phallus and its sclerotic endothecal band as well as the shape of the inferior appendage which resembles that of P. tripui except that it is more elongated in P. cachoeira sp. n. Th is species lacks the intermediate appendage and the subphallic sclerite found in other members of the species complex. Polycentropus cachoeira sp. n. is very similar to P. inusitatus sp. n. in the shape of most of the genitalic structures including a pair of large endothecal spines. Th e 2 species are reliably separated by details of the preanal appendage and phallus. Th e mesolateral and mesoventral processes of the preanal appendage are equally long in lateral view and broadly fused in P. cachoeira sp. n., while in P. inusitatus sp. n. the mesoventral process is markedly shorter and not so completely fused to the mesolateral process as seen in dorsal view. In P. cachoeira sp. n., the apicoventral process of the phallobase is undivided and there is an endothecal sclerotic band, whereas in P. inusitatus sp. n. the apex of the process is divided and the endothecal band is absent.
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 5 mm. Body brown to dark brown; dorsum of head and thorax brown, clothed with long, erect brown setae; base of forewing with long, erect brown setae, general vestiture of forewing with fi ne brown setae and many patches of pale setae scattered over surface; legs stramineous.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 22. Sternum IX in lateral view broadly subtriangular, about 2/3 height of segment VIII; in ventral view slightly trapezoidal, anterior corners very broadly rounded, sides slightly constricted anteriorly, anterior margin nearly straight, posterior margin slightly concave with small, shallow convex medial region. Terga IX + X membranous, dorsum with several long, slender setae. Intermediate appendage absent. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage short, apex rounded, with acute caudal point, at base broadly joined to dorsal 1/2 of mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed caudad, size and shape of mesolateral process, equal in length to mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view moderately long, rhomboidal; dorsolateral fl ange low, straight dorsally, with prominent caudomesal spine, exposed in lateral view; mesoventral spine absent; in ventral view inferior appendage quadrate, caudomesal spine prominent, acute. Phallobase moderately elongate; in lateral view apicoventral projection broad, slightly longer than apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 1 point; endothecal sclerotic band very broad, becoming less sclerotized apically; with pair of large endothecal spines; phallotremal sclerite wide in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite absent.
Paratypes: same data as holotype, 2 males (UMSP). Etymology. Cachoeira is Portuguese for cascade or waterfall, in reference to the habitat where the species was collected. Description. Polycentropus inusitatus sp. n. is most similar to P. cachoeira, but may be diff erentiated from it by the absence of the endothecal sclerotic band, the divided apicoventral process of the phallobase, and the shorter mesoventral process of the preanal appendage.

Polycentropus inusitatus
Adult. Length of forewing (male) 5.5-5.8 mm. Body brown; dorsum of head and thorax dark brown; forewings nearly denuded, membrane pale brown with white areas at r-m, m, m-cu crossveins (in alcohol); legs paler apically.
Male. Genitalia as in Fig. 23. Sternum IX in lateral view trapezoidal, about 2/3 height of segment VIII; in ventral view slightly trapezoidal, anterior corners nearly angular, sides constriction anteriorly, anterior margin nearly straight, posterior margin slightly concave with very broad, shallow convex medial region. Terga IX + X membranous. Intermediate appendage absent. Mesolateral process of preanal appendage short, apex rounded, shorter ventrally, at base broadly joined to mesoventral process; mesoventral process directed caudad, broadly truncate, about 1/2 length of mesolateral process. Inferior appendage in lateral view moderately long, rhomboidal; dorsolateral fl ange low, straight dorsally, with prominent caudomesal spine, exposed in lateral view; mesoventral spine absent; in ventral view inferior appendage rhomboidal, caudomesal spine prominent, acute. Phallobase short; in lateral view apicoventral projection broad, slightly shorter than diameter of apical diameter of phallobase apex, with 2 points; separated by narrow mesal split dividing apical 1/2; endothecal sclerotic band absent; with pair of large endothecal spines; phallotremal sclerite narrow in dorsal aspect. Subphallic sclerite U-shaped, arms long, pedicel absent; very narrow in lateral view.
Paratype: same data as holotype, 1 male (NMNH). Th e holotype and the paratype were sent to the senior author by Luiz S. W. Terra, Estacao Aquicola, Vila do Conde, Portugal.
Etymology. Latin for rare, uncommon, or unusual, in reference to our knowledge of only 2 specimens.

Polycentropus paprockii
Hamilton & Holzenthal, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E26A63F6-3CC4-4913-96CC-8956F7E65F03 Fig. 24 Description. Polycentropus paprockii sp. n. has several characteristics that suggest similarity to the 7 species of the urubici cluster. In particular, this similarity is suggested by the shape of the inferior appendage in all aspects, the notched apex of the apicoventral process of the phallobase, and the shape of the preanal appendage in dorsal view. Polycentropus paprockii sp. n. lacks the endothecal sclerotic band, but has 2 prominent endothecal spines, which are not found in these other species. Th e species also lacks the intermediate appendage and the mesolateral process of the preanal appendage is not digitate as in species of the urubici cluster. caddisfl y research at the University of Minnesota. As such, many people have contributed during the many manifestations of this project. For the species described in the senior author's dissertation, we acknowledge the substantial assistance and hospitality of Oliver S. Flint, Jr. and his wife Carol who collected and gathered many of the specimens as well as giving openly of their home during visits to the National Museum of Natural History. Also greatly appreciated is the support and encouragement provide by John C. Morse during the development, research, and writing of the dissertation by the senior author while at Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina.
Assistance in the fi eld and in the museum was rendered by Marcelo Amarante, Roger Blahnik, Virginia Braga, Adolfo Calor, Claudio Froehlich, Henrique Paprocki, Aysha Prather, and Adriano Sanches Melo. We particularly appreciate the eff orts of Roger Blahnik who sorted and made preliminary identifi cations of the more recently collected material.
Th is material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. DEB 9971885 and 0117772. Additional support for travel of the senior author during the development of the manuscript was provided by the Center of Excellence for Field Biology at Austin Peay State University.