Contribution to knowledge of the genus Chydaeus in Xizang Autonomous Region [Tibet] and Yunnan Province, China (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Harpalini)

Abstract Five new species of the genus Chydaeus Chaudoir, 1854 are described from China: Chydaeus fugongensis sp. n. (Shibali, Fugong County, Yunnan Province), Chydaeus gutangensis sp. n. (Gutang, Medog County, Xizang Autonomous Region [Tibet]), Chydaeus hanmiensis sp. n. (Hanmi, Medog County, Xizang Autonomous Region [Tibet]), Chydaeus asetosus sp. n. (NE of Fugong, Yunnan Province), and Chydaeus baoshanensis sp. n. (N of Baoshan, Yunnan Province). Taxonomic and faunistic notes on eleven other species occurring in Xizang and Yunnan are also provided. Chydaeus shunichii Ito, 2006 is re-described, based on specimens from Lushui County, Yunnan. Chydaeus kumei Ito, 1992 is treated as a subspecies of Chydaeus andrewesi Schauberger, 1932 [NEW STATUS]. The taxonomic status of Chydaeus guangxiensis Ito, 2006 is discussed. The following taxa are recorded from China for the first time: Chydaeus obtusicollis Schauberger, 1932 (Xizang and Yunnan), Chydaeus malaisei Kataev & Schmidt, 2006 (Yunnan), Chydaeus semenowi (Tschitschérine, 1899) (Xizang and Yunnan), Chydaeus andrewesi andrewesi Schauberger, 1932 (Xizang and Yunnan), Chydaeus andrewesi kumei Ito (Yunnan), Chydaeus bedeli interjectus Kataev & Schmidt, 2002 (Xizang), and Chydaeus bedeli vietnamensis Kataev & Schmidt, 2002 (Yunnan).


Keywords
Coleoptera, Carabidae, Harpalini, Chydaeus, China, Xizang, Yunnan, Gaoligong Shan, taxonomy, distribution, new species introduction Genus Chydaeus Chaudoir, 1854 is a moderately diverse group of anisodactyline species, members of which are distinctly recognizable in having the dentate mentum completely fused with the submentum. The genus includes more than 40 species distributed mainly over mountainous regions of southeastern Asia, from the Himalayas and China to the Sunda Isles; however, three species are known from New Guinea (Baehr 2007) and one from Australia (Baehr 2004). Many species of Chydaeus are apterous and have very restricted geographical distributions. Some species, including ones with both fully-winged and brachypterous adults, demonstrate considerable geographical variation in their morphology, and several of them are treated as polytypic, with between two and five subspecies each. No comprehensive revision of this genus has been published since Schauberger's work (1934b) dealing with the 11 species known at that time. Chydaeus species occurring in the Himalayan region were studied by Schmidt (2002, 2006), who assigned these species to several species groups based mainly on the male genitalic structure and metacoxal and elytral chaetotaxy. The Chydaeus fauna of China is still inadequately known. Thirteen species have been described or recorded from China (three of them only from Taiwan), but many species in the region remain undescribed.
The present paper provides descriptions for five new species from Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet) and Yunnan Province, as well as taxonomic and faunistic notes on some previously described species also occurring in this region. These species belong to seven species groups, two of them (the kasaharai and gutangensis groups) are established in this paper. The order of presentation of species treatments here follows that of Schmidt (2002, 2006), with new species arranged according to likely species group relationships. Because additional new species of Chydaeus undoubtedly remain to discovered and described from inadequately sampled portions of the study area, presentation of a key to species would be of dubious value at this time.

Material and methods
As in our preceding papers , 2007, this study is based mainly on examination of the collections of the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, but also on material collected during the period 1998-2007 through a joint project of the Institute of Zoology (Beijing) and the Kunming Institute of Zoology (Yunnan) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the California Academy ora with two setae along posterior margin. Protibiae with one ventroapical spine, the outer margin in both sexes with three or four uniform preapical spines. Tarsi glabrous dorsally, at most with a few setae on enlarged male protarsomeres; tarsomere 5 with three pairs of lateroventral setae. Metatarsi in both sexes notably shorter than minimum linear distance across neck constriction just behind eyes; tarsomere 1 longer than tarsomere 2 and shorter than tarsomeres 2+3. In males, protarsi moderately enlarged, with tarsomere 1 about as long as wide, tarsomeres 2 to 4 distinctly wider than long and tarsomeres 1 to 4 with adhesive vestiture ventrally (only apically on tarsomere 1); mesotarsi comparatively slightly enlarged, with tarsomere 1 slightly longer than wide, tarsomere 2 approximately as long as wide, tarsomere 3 slightly wider than long, tarsomere 4 much smaller than tarsomeres 2 and 3 and deeply concave apically; mesotarsomeres 2 and 3 with adhesive vestiture ventrally.
Distribution. Fig. 56. This species is known only from the Gaoligong Shan in Lushui and Tengchong counties, western Yunnan Province, China, at elevations of 2500-3200 m.
Habitat. Specimens were collected in roadside and road cut open areas, hidden under stones and other debris during daylight hours and active on the soil surface at night .
Remarks. Chydaeus shunichii was originally described on the basis of one male from "Dakei, alt. 2430-2440 m, Mts. Gaoligongshan, Tengchong Xian, Yunnan" (Ito 2006). The specimens from Lushui County share with the holotype most of the characters listed by Ito in the original description, but they differ slightly in the male genitalia. The apical part of the median lobe is less markedly curved dorsad than that illustrated by Ito (2006) and with a more acute, unbordered apex. The ventral side of the median lobe is nearly straight medially in lateral aspect, and the internal sac possesses the very characteristic spiny armature, without "a peg-shaped sclerite" mentioned by Ito (2006) for the holotype. In addition, there are also differences in several characters of external morphology. In the specimens from Lushui County, the head is smooth ("sparsely and coarsely punctate and transverse rugosities on frons" in the holotype), the pronotal dorsal microsculpture consists of the isodiametric meshes ("consisting of transverse meshes" in the holotype), the elytra have seven to eight setigerous pores in anterior group of the umbilicate setal series (five in the holotype), and only mesotarsomeres 2 and 3 in males have adhesive vestiture ventrally ("mid tarsi of male bearing spongy adhesive hairs on ventral surface of 2nd to 4th segments" in the holotype). One of us [HBL] was able to examine the holotype of C. shunichii at Ito's home (Kawanishi City, Japan) and found that at least the aedeagus of the holotype was described and il-lustrated inaccurately by Ito (2006) because it is identical to that of the specimens from Lushui County as described above. The extent to which specimens of C. shunichii from Lushui County actually differ morphologically from those from Tengchong County requires further study based on additional material from Tengchong.
Chydaeus shunichii members are similar in habitus and male genitalia to those of C. kasaharai Ito, 2002, which was described from Dashennongjia Mountain in the eastern part of the Daba Shan (western Hubei Province). However, in members of the latter species, the head and elytra are punctate at least laterally, the basal borders of the elytra are markedly sinuate laterally and form with lateral margin of elytra a sharp, nearly rectangular angle, the elytral striae are distinctly crenulate, the tarsi are pubescent dorsally, and the median lobe of the aedeagus is narrower, with much longer terminal lamella and with only one narrow, curved spiny patch in the internal sac apically. These two species (C. shunichii and C. kasaharai) are distinct from other known species of Chydaeus in their morphology and, in our opinion, form a natural species group named here the kasaharai group. The main distinctive characters of members of this group are: the wide body, the elytra with comparatively short parascutellar stria and with basal parascutellar setigerous pore present, the umbilicate setal series of elytra usually with a more or less wide gap medially, rarely continuous, the metepisterna slightly wider than long or approximately as wide as long, and the metacoxae with a posterolateral setigerous pore and (in most specimens) additional medial setigerous pores. Members of the kasaharai group are very similar in these characters to those of the irvinei group (sensu Schmidt 2002, 2006), but the latter are distinguished from members of the kasaharai group in having elytra without a parascutellar setigerous pore and without a parascutellar striole (the latter present as only a rudiment in a few specimens). Color: Body black, shiny on dorsum; mandibles basally, pronotum at basal angles and elytral epipleura slightly paler, reddish black. Antennae brown, with antennomeres 3 and 4 infuscated. Palpi light brown. Tarsi dark brown.

Chydaeus fugongensis
Microsculpture: Head with dorsal microsculpture comprised of fine isodiametric meshes, visible throughout, except effaced on frons and vertex. Pronotum with microsculpture visible throughout, comprised of fine isodiametric meshes basally and laterally and of slightly transverse, nearly effaced meshes on remaining surface. Elytra with microsculpture distinct throughout, comprised of fine, slightly transverse meshes.
Head: Comparatively large (HWmax/PWmax = 0.73 and HWmin/PWmax = 0.63), covered with micropunctures and very fine wrinkles; tempora slightly convex, almost flat, sloped to neck. Clypeus slightly concave and with slightly convex bead apically. Frontal suture distinct, slightly impressed. Frontal foveae small, oval, slightly deepened; clypeo-ocular prolongations absent. Supraorbital setae situated just behind hind margins of eyes. Eyes small and moderately convex. Antennae slightly extended beyond pronotal basal margin, with antennomeres 5 to 7 each about 1.6 times as long as wide. Labrum distinctly emarginate apically. Left mandible truncate at apex. Ligular sclerite nearly parallel-sided, straight at apex. Pronotum ( Fig. 10): Markedly transverse (PWmax/PL = 1.64), narrowed basad (PWmax/PWmin = 1.26) and widest before middle. Sides rounded in anterior half and very faintly sinuate in basal half, with one lateral setigerous pore on each side before middle. Apical margin arcuately emarginate, bordered only laterally. Basal margin very broadly emarginate, almost straight, distinctly bordered throughout, slightly wider than apical margin and slightly narrower than elytral base between humeral angles. Apical angles slightly less than 90°, extended anteriad and narrowly rounded at apices. Basal angles slightly more than 90°, sharp at apices, each with a tiny denticle produced laterad. Pronotal disc moderately convex, slightly depressed basally, slightly sloped to sides and more abruptly sloped to apical angles. Lateral depressions present as narrow furrows behind apical angles, slightly widened behind lateral setigerous pore, and fused in basal quarter with large laterobasal depressions. Basal foveae elongate, moderately deep. Areas between basal foveae and between basal foveae and lateral depressions slightly convex. Pronotal surface coarsely and irregularly punctate along base and in lateral depressions, finer and sparser punctation present along apical margin and in central portion of disc.
Elytra: Oval, rounded at sides, moderately wide (EL/EW= 1.34, EL/PL = 2.83, EW/PWmax = 1.29), widest approximately at middle, not fused along suture. Humeri slightly prominent, widely rounded at apices, each with indistinct denticle visible only from behind; sides just behind humeral angles markedly rounded. Subapical sinuations shallow. Sutural angles not separated from each other, less than 90°, blunt at apices. Basal borders slightly sinuate, joined with lateral margin at very obtuse angle. Striae impunctate, faintly impressed along entire length. Parascutellar striae present, short, with basal setigerous pores present. Intervals slightly convex, almost flat, impunctate. Umbilicate setal series widely interrupted at middle, with anterior group comprised of six setigerous pores and posterior group comprised of seven setigerous pores on right side and of nine setigerous pores on left side.
Hindwings: Reduced to small scales. Venter: Prosternum covered with scattered and very short setae. Prosternal medial process not projected posteriad. Proepisterna smooth, impunctate. Metepisterna (Fig.  11) distinctly narrowed posteriad, slightly wider than long. Sternum VII (anal) in male with two pairs of setae along apical margin and slightly truncate at apex.
Legs: Metacoxae with additional posteromedial setigerous pore and with one or two additional medial setigerous pores. Metafemora with two setae along posterior margin. Protibiae with one ventroapical spine, the outer margin with one stouter spine and three slenderer spines apically. Tarsi glabrous dorsally, tarsomere 5 with three or four pairs of lateroventral setae. Metatarsi approximately equal to minimum linear distance across neck constriction just behind eyes; tarsomere 1 distinctly longer than tarsomere 2 and slightly shorter than tarsomeres 2+3. Protarsi (in male) moderately enlarged, with tarsomere 1 slightly longer than wide, tarsomeres 2 slightly wider than long, tarsomeres 3 and 4 distinctly wider than long and tarsomeres 1 to 4 with adhesive vestiture ventrally (only apically on tarsomere 1); mesotarsi comparatively slightly enlarged, with tarsomere 1 (not enlarged) distinctly longer than wide, tarsomere 2 slightly longer than wide, tarsomere 3 slightly wider than long, tarsomere 4 much smaller than tarsomeres 2 and 3 and deeply concave apically; mesotarsomeres 2 and 3 with adhesive vestiture ventrally.
Aedeagus (Figs 12-15): Median lobe moderately widened medially (dorsal aspect), bent ventrad behind basal bulb and with terminal lamella slightly curved dorsad (lateral aspect) and with ventral margin nearly straight medially. Terminal lamella ( Fig.  12) flat, in dorsal aspect triangular, slightly longer than wide, narrowly rounded at apex and without any apical capitulum. Apical orifice in dorsal position, prolonged to basal bulb. Internal sac with several spiny patches. Fig. 56. This new species is known only from the type locality (Shibali, Lishadi town, Fugong County) in the northern part of Gaoligong Shan, northwestern Yunnan Province, China.

Distribution.
Habitat. The holotype specimen was collected in a roadside open area hidden under a stone (Fig. 66).
Specific epithet. The specific epithet refers to Fugong, the county in Yunnan Province, where the type specimen was collected.
Remarks. Like C. shunichii re-described above, C. fugongensis belongs to the kasaharai group because the holotype specimen has all the distinctive features of that group, namely: elytra with comparatively short parascutellar striae and with basal setigerous pores, the umbilicate setal series with wide gap medially, metepisterna slightly wider than long, and metacoxae with a posterolateral setigerous pore and additional medial setigerous pores. Within this group, the single known C. fugongensis male is most similar to those of C. shunichii, differing from them in the following characters: body, particularly the elytra, more elongate, pronotal sides slightly sinuate in basal half, pronotal microsculpture comprised of fine isodiametric meshes basally and laterally and of slightly transverse and nearly effaced meshes on the remaining surface, sternum VII (anal) slightly truncate at apex, median lobe of the aedeagus narrower, less markedly curved ventrad and with a longer terminal lamella, and the internal sac with characteristic armature. The C. fugongensis male is similar to those C. kasaharai in the shape of the median lobe, but differs from them in having impunctate elytra with much wider inner humeral angles (formed by the junction of the basal border and lateral elytral margin) and dorsally glabrous tarsi, and in the structure of the internal sac of the aedeagus. In addition, the basal bulb of the median lobe in C. fugongensis is relatively smaller than that in C. kasaharai males. Color: Body black, slightly shiny on dorsum, almost matte due to fine micropunctation and distinct, granulate microsculpture; two penultimate abdominal sterna V and VI along posterior margin and sternum VII (anal) in apical portion clearly paler, light brown. Antennae, palpi, and legs light brown, femora slightly infuscated.
Head: Comparatively large (HWmax/PWmax = 0.70 and HWmin/PWmax = 0.59), covered with micropunctures and very fine wrinkles on dorsum; tempora short, slightly convex. Clypeus slightly depressed laterally and apically, with apical margin slightly concave and unbordered. Frontal suture superficial. Frontal foveae moderately wide and shallow, clypeo-ocular prolongations short and faintly impressed. Supraorbital setae situated at level of hind margins of eyes. Eyes slightly convex. Antennae short [apical antennomeres missing], with antennomeres 5 to 7 each about 1.8-2.0 times as long as wide. Labrum distinctly emarginate apically. Left mandible blunt at apex. Apex of ligular sclerite concave, with apical angles slightly projected laterally. Pronotum ( Fig. 16): Relatively long (PWmax/PL = 1.36), distinctly narrowed basad (PWmax/PWmin =1.27) and widest in anterior third. Sides gently rounded anteriorly, moderately sinuate in basal half and slightly divergent just before base; each side with one lateral setigerous pore in anterior third. Apical margin almost straight, bordered only near apical angles. Basal margin slightly emarginate medially, slightly oblique laterally, faintly bordered throughout, very slightly wider than apical margin and slightly narrower than elytral base between humeral angles. Apical angles acute, distinctly but not markedly produced anteriad. Basal angles almost 90°, with sharp apices, not denticulate. Pronotal disc moderately convex, not depressed basally, moderately sloped to sides and abruptly sloped to apical angles. Lateral depressions narrow anteriorly, slightly widened behind middle and indistinct at basal angles. Basal foveae wide and very shallow. Area at basal angles flat. Pronotal surface throughout densely micropunctate and covered with very fine wrinkles; laterobasal areas slightly more coarsely punctate.
Aedeagus : Median lobe symmetrical, comparatively slender, markedly bent ventrad just behind basal bulb and with straight ventral margin. Sides rounded in middle portion and convergent in apical portion. Terminal lamella (Fig. 20) about 1.5 times as long as wide, triangular, narrowly rounded at apex, without apical capitulum. Apical orifice in dorsal position, prolonged to basal bulb. Internal sac without distinct sclerotic elements.
Distribution. Fig. 56. This new species is known only from the type locality (Gutang Township) in the eastern Himalaya, the southeastern part of Xizang Autonomous region (Tibet), Medog County, China.

Specific epithet. The specific epithet refers to Gutang in Xizang Autonomous
Region, where the type specimen was collected.
Remarks. This new species is isolated taxonomically from other known species of the genus and we include it in separate species group (the gutangensis group). Its members may be recognized by the following combination of characters: medial prosternal process distinctly projected posteriad, elytra with parascutellar strioles rudimentary and basal setigerous pores present, inner striae nearly effaced at apex, the umbilicate setal series without a gap at middle, metepisterna distinctly wider than long, slightly narrowed posteriad, metacoxae with a posteromedial setigerous pore and without additional setigerous or nonsetigerous foveae medially, and tarsi distinctly setose dorsally. The prosternum with the medial process distinctly projected posteriad is unique among all species of Chydaeus known to us. In adults of all other species, the medial prosternal process is either not or only slightly projected posteriad (as in C. hanmiensis described below).
The single known male of C. gutangensis is most similar to members of the irvinei group species (sensu Schmidt 2002, 2006), which have metacoxae with an additional posteromedial setigerous pore, wide metepisterna and rudimentary parascutellar strioles, but is distinguished from them by the presence of the parascutellar setigerous pore on the elytra, dorsally setose tarsi, and greater body size (body length less than 8.0 mm in species of the irvinei group) among other features. Like members of some species of the irvinei group, the elytra of the holotype of C. gutangensis are fused along the suture.
The holotype male of C. gutangensis is similar also to the members of the kasaharai group in having wide metepisterna and additional posteromedial setigerous pores on the metacoxae, however it differs from them in having the body more elongate, the medial prosternal process distinctly projected posteriad, and the elytra with almost completely reduced parascutellar strioles, very fine striae that are effaced apically, and the umbilicate setal series more uniformly spaced, without a distinct gap near the middle. Color: Body dark piceous; antennae brown, palpi slightly lighter brown; femora black, tibiae dark brown, tarsi brown.

Chydaeus hanmiensis
Microsculpture: Head with dorsal microsculpture very fine, distinct throughout, comprised of more or less isodiametric meshes. Pronotum with microsculpture comprised of distinct isodiametric and slighty transverse meshes, except effaced on disc. Elytra with microsculpture very fine, comprised of slightly transverse meshes on disc and of isodiametric meshes on two lateral intervals.
Head: Comparatively large (HWmax/PWmax = 0.73 and HWmin/PWmax = 0.62), very finely micropunctate on dorsum and covered with fine wrinkles mainly in and around frontal foveae; tempora moderately long, slightly convex. Apex of clypeus concave, very faintly bordered. Frontal suture thin, faintly impressed, clypeo-ocular prolongations thin, not deepened, extended to supraorbital furrows. Supraorbital seta situated at level of hind margin of eye. Eyes moderately convex. Antennae short, not extended to pronotal basal margin, with antennomeres 5 to 7 each about 1.4-1.5 times as long as wide. Labrum distinctly emarginate apically. Left mandible truncate at apex. Ligular sclerite slightly widened anteriorly, with straight apex. Pronotum ( Fig. 23): Slightly transverse (PWmax/PL = 1.45), distinctly narrowed basad (PWmax/PWmin =1.24) and widest in anterior third. Sides rounded in anterior two-thirds and slightly sinuate before base; each side with one lateral setigerous pore in anterior third. Apical margin slightly emarginate, bordered only laterally. Basal mar- gin almost straight, distinctly bordered throughout, approximately equal in width to apical margin and slightly narrower than elytral base between humeral angles. Apical angles slightly protruded anteriad, acute and very narrowly rounded at apices. Basal angles obtuse, with sharp, slightly denticulate apices. Pronotal disc moderately convex, not depressed basally, markedly sloped toward apical angles in apical half and slightly sloped toward sides in basal half. Lateral depressions very narrow from apical angles to pronotal base. Basal foveae oval and shallow, isolated from basal border. Areas at basal angles and between basal foveae slightly convex. Pronotal surface punctate almost throughout, very finely punctate medially and along apical margin and more densely and coarsely punctate basally and along sides, punctures confluent and particularly coarse within basal foveae.
Aedeagus : Median lobe asymmetrical, markedly bent ventrad behind basal bulb, more faintly bent ventrad in apical portion, and slightly directed dorsad just at apex to form a faintly recognizable apical capitulum; middle portion of ventral margin convex. Terminal lamella (Fig. 27) about 2.0 times as long as wide, flat, triangular, slightly blunted at apex (dorsal aspect) and distinctly directed to right, its dorsal side with a triangular depression in basal quarter. Apical orifice in dorsal position, prolonged to basal bulb. Internal sac with two small and narrow spiny patches basally.
Distribution. Fig. 56. Known only from the type locality (Hanmi) in the eastern Himalaya, in the southeastern part of Xizang Autonomous region (Tibet), Medog County, China.
Specific epithet. The specific epithet refers to Hanmi, the locality in Tibet, from where the new species is described.
Remarks. This new species belongs to the semenowi group (sensu Kataev and Schmidt 2006), members of which are characterized by metacoxae without additional posteromedial setigerous pores and the aedeagus with a flat, triangular terminal lamella. Within this group, C. hanmiensis adults are distinguished by the slightly sinuate pronotal sides combined with comparatively short metepisterna (approximately as long as wide). In addition, the prosternal medial process is slightly projected posteriad in C. hanmiensis members, whereas this process is not or only faintly projected in members of other species of the semenowi group. The holotype of C. hanmiensis is externally similar to males of C. obtusicollis Schauberger, 1932, but, in the latter, the medial lobe is more arcuate and with an additional medial spiny patch in the internal sac on the left side. Description. Dorsal habitus as in Fig. 54. Size: Body length 8.8-10.8 mm, width 3.8-4.6 mm.
Microsculpture: Head with dorsal microsculpture present throughout in most specimens, comprised of fine isodiametric meshes, more or less effaced on frons and vertex. Pronotum with microsculpture comprised of more or less effaced meshes, more distinct in females than in males. Elytral microsculpture in males comprised of more or less isodiametric meshes, distinct on two or three lateral intervals and in area along basal border, otherwise more or less effaced; in females comprised of isodiametric, nearly granulate meshes in basal half and on two or three lateral intervals apically and of slightly transverse meshes on inner intervals in apical half.
Head: Comparatively large (HWmax/PWmax = 0.70-0.73 and HWmin/PWmax = 0.60-0.66), with micropunctures in areas near frontal foveae and around and behind supraorbital setae in most specimens, micropunctures also present on clypeus and frons in some specimens, micropunctation absent from head in a few specimens; tempora short, nearly flat, sloped to neck. Clypeus slightly concave and distinctly bordered apically. Frontal suture distinct, superficial or slightly impressed. Frontal foveae small and shallow, clypeo-ocular prolongations superficial, short in most specimens but distinct to supraorbital furrows in some specimens. Supraorbital seta situated at level of hind margin of each eye. Eyes small, moderately convex. Antennae short, not extended to pronotal basal margin, with antennomeres 5 to 7 each about 1.6-2.0 times as long as wide. Labrum distinctly emarginate apically. Left mandible truncate at apex. Ligular sclerite slightly widened and rounded at apex. Pronotum (Fig. 30): Slightly transverse (PWmax/PL = 1.40-1.51), narrowed basad (PWmax/PWmin =1.25-1.36) and widest in anterior third. Sides rounded along their entire length, but in basal half less distinctly than in apical half; without any lateral setigerous pores. Apical margin very slightly concave or nearly straight medially, bordered only laterally. Basal margin more or less straight (very broadly rounded in some specimens), distinctly bordered throughout, width approximately equal to apical margin and slightly narrower than elytral base between humeral angles. Apical angles nearly 90° (lateral aspect), slightly protruded anteriad. Basal angles obtuse, each with small denticle at apex. Pronotal disc convex, only faintly depressed basally, markedly sloped to apical angles. Lateral depressions varied, from very narrow along entire length, indistinct, and with area at basal angles convex, to distinctly widened and deepened in basal third and depressed at basal angles. Basal foveae small, either flat or slightly impressed. Pronotal surface densely and distinctly punctate, mainly along sides laterobasally and lateroapically, with punctation more widely distributed over entire basal and apical portions in some specimens, or with very fine punctures also present in central portion in a few specimens, or with punctation restricted only to lateral and latero-basal areas in a few other specimens; in all specimens, punctures coarsest in latero-basal portion and in narrow area along sides.
Elytra: Oval, rounded at sides, moderately wide (EL/EW= 1.33-1.44, EL/PL = 2.42-2.67, EW/PWmax = 1.22-1.30), widest at middle, not fused along suture. Humeri subangulate, rounded at apices, each with a tiny denticle visible only from behind. Subapical sinuations moderately deep. Sutural angles not separated from each other medially, slightly less than 90°, with apices blunted in male and sharp in female. Basal borders slightly sinuate, joined with lateral margin at very obtuse angle. Striae impunctate, slightly impressed along entire length. Parascutellar striae present, short, basal setigerous pores present; in some specimens, first (sutural) striae interrupted ba-sally with distal part of parascutellar striae connected to proximal part of isolated distal portion of first striae. Intervals slightly convex or nearly flat, in some specimens two or three lateral intervals very finely micro-punctate. Umbilicate setal series more or less widely interrupted at middle.
Hindwings: Reduced to small scales. Venter: Prosternum smooth and glabrous, with at most a few very fine and barely evident setae apically. Prosternal medial process slightly prominent, not projected posteriad (Fig. 31). Proepisterna smooth, at most finely micropunctate. Metepisterna (Fig. 32) markedly narrowed posteriad, approximately as long as wide or slightly wider than long. Sternum VII (anal) in both sexes with two pairs of setae along apical margin and rounded at apex. Tergum VII (anal) of female rounded at apex.
Legs: Metacoxae generally without posteromedial setigerous pore or any additional setigerous or nonsetigerous foveae medially [in one female collected at 0.3 km above Shibali on Yaping road, left metacoxa with an additional posteromedial setigerous pore]. Metafemora with two setae along posterior margin. Protibiae with one ventroapical spine, outer margin with one or two stouter spines and also two or three slenderer spines apically in most males, with four or five uniform, stout spines in females. Tarsi glabrous dorsally, tarsomere 5 with three (four in some specimens) pairs of lateroventral setae. Metatarsi approximately equal in length to minimum linear distance across neck constriction just behind eyes in males, slightly shorter in females; tarsomere 1 distinctly longer than tarsomere 2, but distinctly shorter than tarsomeres 2+3. In males, protarsi markedly enlarged (tarsomeres 2-4 much wider than long, tarsomere 1 about as long as wide, and tarsomeres 1-4 with adhesive vestiture ventrally); mesotarsi moderately enlarged (tarsomere 1 slightly longer than wide; tarsomere 2 approximately as long as wide; tarsomere 3 about 1.3 times as wide as long; and tarsomere 4 distinctly smaller than tarsomeres 2 and 3, and deeply concave apically, and tarsomeres 2-4 with adhesive vestiture ventrally).
Female genitalia (Figs 33-34): Apical stylomere comparatively faintly curved. Aedeagus (Figs 35-37): Median lobe markedly bent ventrad behind basal bulb and convex on ventral side medially. Terminal lamella directed ventrad, triangular in dorsal aspect, about two times as long as wide and very narrowly rounded at apex (Fig. 35), dorsal side basally with large triangular depression prolonged apicad up to or beyond middle of terminal lamella; apical capitulum very small, slightly prominent ventrad and dorsad. Apical orifice slightly shifted to right, prolonged to basal bulb. Internal sac with two basal and (in most specimens) one medial spiny patches; medial spiny patch, if present, located on right side of medial lobe.
Distribution. Fig. 57. This new species is known only from the northern part of the Gaoligong Shan (Fugong County) in northwestern Yunnan Province, China.
Habitat. Specimens were collected in roadside and road cut open areas (Fig. 67) and in other disturbed areas, hidden under stones and other debris during daylight hours and active on the soil surface at night. Specific epithet. The specific epithet refers to the asetose sides of the pronotum in members of this species.
Remarks. Like members of C. hamiensis, those of C. asetosus have the metacoxae without additional posteromedial setigerous pores and the aedeagus with flat, triangular terminal lamella, which suggest that they belong to the semenowi group (sensu Kataev and Schmidt 2006). Members of this new species are easily distinguished from those of all known species of Chydaeus (not just of the semenowi group species) by the absence of lateral pronotal setae. Members of all other Chydaeus species known to us have from one to several lateral setae on each pronotal side. Among the species of the semenowi group, C. asetosus members are similar in habitus and male genitalia to members of C. obtusicollis, but the median lobe is less markedly arcuate, the metepisterna are much shorter, the body is more convex, and the pronotum is relatively larger in C. asetosus members than in C. obtusicollis members. The short metepisterna and male genitalia of C. asetosus members are similar to those of C. hanmiensis members, but the former differ from the latter in having rounded pronotal sides, impressed elytral striae, and a longer terminal lamella of the aedeagus. In external morphology, C. asetosus adults are also similar to those of C. satoi Ito, 2003; but in males of latter species, the median lobe has the terminal lamella much longer and more markedly bent dorsad. Description (male). Dorsal habitus as in Fig. 55. Size: Body length 9.5 mm, width 4.1 mm.
Elytra: Elytra relatively short (EL/EW= 1.40, EL/PL = 2.45, EW/PWmax = 1.19), widest just behind middle, without humeral denticles. Subapical sinuations slightly shallower than in C. asetosus. Parascutellar striae short, about 2.0-3.5 times as long as diameter of parascutellar setigerous pore, not connected distally with first (sutural) striae. Intervals nearly flat, lateral intervals very finely and indistinctly micro-punctate. Umbilicate setal series without distinct gap at middle. Venter: Metepisterna (Fig. 39) markedly narrowed posteriad, slightly wider than long. Legs: Metatarsi slightly shorter than minimum linear distance across neck constriction just behind eyes Aedeagus (Figs 40-43): Median lobe similar to that of C. asetosus, but terminal lamella (Fig. 40) narrower, slightly curved dorsad at apex and without apical capitulum; basal triangular depression on its dorsal side prolonged apicad up to middle of terminal lamella. Internal sac with two basal and one medial spiny patches; medial spiny patch located on left side of median lobe .
Distribution. Fig. 57. This new species is known only from the type locality, N Baoshan (Baoshan City) in the southern part of the Nu Shan (Mountains) in western Yunnan Province, China.
Specific epithet. The specific epithet refers to Baoshan city in Yunnan Province, where the type specimen was collected.
Remarks. Chydaeus baoshanensis belongs to the semenowi group and the holotype specimen is morphologically very similar to specimens of C. asetosus, differing from them mainly in the presence of one lateral seta on each pronotal side, the wider pronotal base and form of the male genitalia. The terminal lamella of the aedeagus of C. baoshanensis males is narrower than that of C. asetosus males, slightly curved dorsad and without an apical capitulum. As with C. asetosus, C. baoshanensis members are very similar externally to those of C. satoi and C. hanmiensis, including in having short metepisterna; but males of all four species are very distinct in genitalic form. In addition, C. baoshanensis differs from C. hanmiensis in having deeper elytral striae, rounded, not sinuate, pronotal sides, and the prosternal medial process not projected posteriad. Members of C. baoshanensis differ most distinctly from those of C. obtusicollis in having much shorter metepisterna. Distribution. Fig. 58. Chydaeus satoi was previously known only from the type locality (Zhonghe Feng) at an elevation of 2620 m in the Diangcang Shan (Mountains), situated north of Dali, western Yunnan Province, China (Ito, 2003). The additional material listed above was also collected in western Yunnan, but in the Gaoligong Shan, about 150 km to the west of the type locality.

Chydaeus satoi
Habitat. Specimens were collected in roadside and road cut open areas (Fig. 64) and on open, disturbed stream banks, hidden under stones and other debris during daylight hours.
Remarks. This species belongs to the semenowi group (Kataev and Schmidt 2006). Male members are very similar in their appearance to those of C. baoshanensis, but easily distinguished from them by the peculiar median lobe with the terminal lamella very long and markedly bent ventrad (Figs 44-46).
In male specimens from the Gaoligong Shan, the terminal lamella is slightly narrower in dorsal aspect than in males from the Diangcang Shan as illustrated by Ito (2003). The significance of this difference should be tested by examination of additional material. One of us (HBL) examined the type specimens of C. satoi at Ito's home (Kawanishi City, Japan) and found no differences between the type and specimens from the Gaoligong Shan. Distribution. Fig. 57. All the previous records for species were restricted to the Central Himalaya, from the eastern part of Nepal to West Bengal (Darjeeling) and Sikkim, at elevations of 1800-2900 m (Kataev and Schmidt 2006). Specimens recorded here extend the range of C. obtusicollis eastward to Xizang Autonomous Region (Cona and Medog counties) and northwestern Yunnan Province (Gongshan and Lushui counties), China. The elevational range of Yunnan records extends from 1400 to 2250 m.
Habitat. Specimens were collected in roadside and road cut open areas (Fig. 68), on open, disturbed stream banks, and in other disturbed areas, hidden under stones and other debris during daylight hours and active on the soil surface at night.
Remarks. Kataev and Schmidt (2006) included C. obtusicollis in the semenowi group and redescribed this species based on Central Himalayan specimens. Specimens examined from China are similar to those from the Central Himalaya in the main morphological characteristics, including the male genitalia; but the basal pronotal angles, in some specimens from Yunnan, have more or less distinct apical denticles. The taxonomic status of specimens from Yunnan merits further study. As with populations in the Central Himalaya, Yunnan populations of C. obtusicollis are dimorphic for wing length, with both brachypterous and macropterous individuals present. Distribution. Fig. 58. This species was previously known from several localities, all restricted to the southern parts of the Gaoligong Shan in western Yunnan Province, China, at elevations of 2200-2400 m (Kataev and Schmidt 2006). The new material was also collected on the southern parts of Gaoligong Shan, at elevations of 1800-2500 m, within Longling, Longyang, and Tengchong counties, western Yunnan Province, China.

Chydaeus convexus
Habitat. Specimens were collected in roadside and road cut open areas, on open, disturbed stream banks, and in other disturbed areas (Fig. 70), hidden under stones and other debris during daylight hours and active on the soil surface at night.
Remarks. Kataev and Schmidt (2006) indicated the absence of the parascutellar setigerous pore on elytra in C. convexus as one of the distinctive features of this species belonging to the semenowi group. The examination of the addition material revealed the high variability of this character. Among 125 specimens examined, the parascutellar setigerous pore was absent from only 55 specimens, in a few from only one elytron. Distribution. Fig. 59. This species was described from a series collected in Kambaiti, northeastern Myanmar. The new material from Yunnan was collected about 100 km to the northeast of the type locality, in the Pianma area, near the Myanmar border, on the western slope of the Gaoligong Shan, at elevations of 2100-2500 m. These new records support Kataev and Schmidt's (2006) suggestion that the geographical range of C. malaisei is confined to the region west of the crest of the Gaoligong Shan.

Chydaeus malaisei
Remarks. This species, a member of the semenowi group, is closely related to C. convexus and appears to be a geographical vicariant of the latter (Kataev and Schmidt 2006). The specimens examined from Yunnan demonstrate all the distinctive features of C. malaisei listed in the original description, except for the absence of the parascutellar setigerous pore on elytra. In all the specimens from Yunnan examined, this pore is present. As in the case for C. convexus, this character appears to be variable in C. malaisei.
Habitat. Specimens were collected in roadside and road cut open areas, hidden under stones and other debris during daylight hours and active on the soil surface at night (Figs 71).
Remarks. Chydaeus semenowi, a member of the semenowi group (Kataev and Schmidt 2006), is the most frequently encountered Himalayan species of Chydaeus. Specimens examined from southern Tibet are very similar in their morphology to other specimens from the Himalaya, but those from Yunnan are characterized by a smaller denticle at the apex of each pronotal basal angles, so they may represent a distinct geographical form. Schauberger, 1932 http://species-id.net/wiki/Chydaeus_andrewesi Remarks. Kataev and Schmidt (2006) treated C. andrewesi as a member of the obscurus group and recognized two subspecies: the nominotypic form, C. a. andrewesi, distributed over the eastern Himalaya, and C. a. szetschuanus Schauberger, 1932, occurring in Sichuan Province, China. Our study of additional material from China and Vietnam (see below) has convinced us that C. kumei Ito, 1992, described from Vietnam, is conspecific with C. andrewesi and represents a third subspecies of that species.  Ito, 1992, stat. n. http://species-id.net/wiki/Chydaeus_andrewesi_kumei Figs 47-50, 60, 74 Chydaeus kumei Ito, 1992: 52 ? Chydaeus (Chydaeus) guangxiensis Ito, 2006: 198 Material examined. A total of 35 specimens (25 males and 10 females, including 1 male in IOZ and 24 males and 10 females in cFED, cSCH, cWR, and ZIN) were examined from the following localities: CHINA. Yunnan Province. Jinping County: 1 male, Fenshuiling, Leidazhan, roadside, 22°51'41.0"N, 103°13'40.5"E, 2060m, 17.XII.2003. Distribution. Fig. 60. Previously, this taxon was known only from the single male collected in Sa Pa, northern Vietnam. Based on the new records presented here, this species occurs not only in the mountains of northern Vietnam, but also in southern Yunnan Province (China) adjacent to the Vietnamese border.

Chydaeus andrewesi kumei
Habitat. Specimens were collected in roadside and road cut open areas and other disturbed areas adjacent to moderately disturbed forest (Fig. 74), hidden under stones and other debris during daylight hours.
Remarks. Based on Ito's original description, Kataev and Schmidt (2006) treated C. kumei as a distinct species of the obscurus group, closely related to C. andrewesi as characterized by Ito (1992). Examination of specimens of C. kumei revealed that this taxon possesses all the distinctive features of C. andrewesi listed by Kataev and Schmidt (2006), including the elongate metepisterna (in both taxa, their length along inner margin is much greater than the width along the anterior margin). Moreover, the structure of the aedeagus in C. kumei males (Figs 47-50) is virtually identical to that in C. andrewesi males and, in our opinion, C. kumei should be treated as a subspecies of C. andrewesi. The vicariant distributions of these taxa in Yunnan also supports the subspecific status of C. kumei.
The main distinctive characters of adults of C. andrewesi kumei are: pronotum markedly narrowed basad, distinctly depressed and comparatively coarsely punctate laterobasally; pronotal basal angles each with a denticulate apex protruded laterad; elytral disc in males with very fine, more or less markedly effaced microsculpture comprised of thin, transverse meshes; proepisterna distinctly punctate anteriorly; and base of the terminal lamella of the median lobe of aedeagus (Fig. 47) slightly wider than that of other subspecies. We add the following mensural features to Ito's description: Specimens of C. andrewesi kumei are very similar to those of C. a. szetschuanus from Sichuan in morphological features, particularly in the shape of the pronotum (with denticulate basal angles), the punctate proepisterna, and the relatively wide elytra; but they differ from the latter mainly in having finer and sparser punctation on the apical half of the pronotum (pronotum densely and coarsely punctate anteriorly in C. a. szetschuanus specimens).
Chydaeus guangxiensis Ito, 2006 was described from one male from Guangxi ("Below Tienshan Ping, Mt. Miao'er, Xing'an Xian"). We examined two females from the same mountain [one labeled: "Guangxi, Mt. Miao'er, 2000m, 1985.VIII.1, Song Shimei leg. (IOZ); for the other, see Kataev and Schmidt (2006: 145)], that matched the original description of C. guangxiensis very well. Judging from Ito's original drawings (2006: Fig. 4), the aedeagus of C. guangxiensis males is identical to that of C. andrewesi males. The pronotum of C. guangxiensis adults is smooth or finely punctate anteriorly, as in C. a. kumei adults, but the denticle at each basal pronotal angle is only slightly evident or absent, as in C. a. andrewesi specimens. Further study, based on additional specimens, is necessary to determine the taxonomic status of C. guangxiensis; but it is very likely that this taxon is either consubspecific with C. a. kumei or, at most, another subspecies of C. andrewesi.

Remarks.
This species belongs to the monobasic salvazae group (Kataev and Schmidt 2006). Among the species of Chydaeus occurring in Yunnan, Ito (2003: 83) listed the name of Chydaeus oblongulus but omitted his recently described species C. nigricans Ito, 2002. However, according to our data, C. oblongulus has never been described, and therefore is a nomen nudum. Ito probably was referring to C. nigricans when he listed C. oblongulus because the characters he mentioned (Ito 2003) for C. oblongulus and his reference to his 2002 paper, in which he described C. nigricans, are consistent with this assumption. Chydaeus nigricans was treated as a junior synonym of C. salvazae by Kataev and Schmidt (2006).