A pair of new sister species of Loneura (Psocodea, ‘Psocoptera’, Ptiloneuridae) from Valle del Cauca, Colombia, representing a new infrageneric group

Abstract Two sister species of Loneura, from Valle del Cauca, Colombia, are here described and illustrated. They constitute a new species group that modifies the scheme of classification, proposed earlier for the genus by García Aldrete et al. (2011b). The new group is characterized by having the central sclerite of the male hypandrium with four posterior projections. A key to the males of Group II is included. The types are deposited in the Entomological Museum of the Universidad del Valle. Colombia may prove to be the most species rich area for Loneura.


introduction
Recently, García Aldrete et al. (2011b), proposed a classification of Loneura, based on the structure of the male hypandrium and phallosome; in it, they recognized three groups of species and assigned the known species in them. A pair of undescribed sister species of Loneura, from Valle del Cauca, Colombia, have come since to our attention; they are remarkable in that they constitute a new species group in the genus, and our purpose in this paper is to describe them, and modify the scheme of classification originally presented, to include the new group they represent. The types are deposited in the Entomological Museum of the Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali, Colombia (MUSENUV).

Material and methods
Eight specimens were available for study, three of them were dissected in 80% ethyl alcohol, and their parts (head, right wings, right legs and genitalia), were processed in 100% ethyl alcohol, xilol, clove oil, and mounted on slides in Canada balsam (see González et al. 2011). Before dissection, color was recorded from whole specimens in 80 % ethyl alcohol, observed under a dissecting microscope illuminated with cold white light at 80×. Measurements (given in microns) of parts on the slides were taken with an ocular micrometer, mounted in a Nikon Eclipse 200 microscope. Abbreviation of parts measured are as follows: FW and HW: lengths of right forewing and hindwing, F, T, t1 and t2: lengths of femur, tibia and tarsomeres of right hind leg, ctt1: number of ctenidobothria on t1, Mx4: length of fourth segment of right maxillary palp, f1...fn: lengths of flagellomeres 1...n, of right antenna, IO, D and d, respectively: minimum distance between compound eyes, antero-posterior diameter and transverse diameter of right compound eye, all in dorsal view of head, PO: d/D. The illustrations were made from photographs, taken with a Nikon Coolpix 4500 digital camera, processed in a vector graphics editor CorelDRAW.   edge; posterior pair of endophallic sclerites connected anteriorly by a curved bridge, each sclerite long, slender, wide proximally, hooked distally.
Color (in 80% ethyl alcohol). Body dark brown, with some creamy areas as indicated below. Head with a dark brown oblique band from each compound eye to epistomal sulcus, enclosing the antennal fossae (Fig. 2). Compound eyes black, ocelli hyaline, with ochre centripetal crescents, forming a triangular ocellar group. Vertex creamy white, with a brown spot on each side of the epicranial suture and irregular spots next to each compound eye. Postclypeus with diagonal brown striae. Anteclypeus and labrum brown. Genae creamy white. Antennae: scape brown, pedicel and flagellum pale brown. Mx 1-2 creamy white, Mx 3 brown and Mx 4 brown, with apical third dark brown. Tergal lobes of meso-and metathorax dark brown, thoracic pleura brown, except the metapleura, creamy white. Legs: coxa and trochanter of fore-and mid legs brown; coxa and trochanter of hind leg creamy white, femur of fore-and mid legs with proximal halves brown, distally creamy white; femur of hind leg creamy white, with a subapical brown band; tibiae of all legs brown, distally darker; tarsomere 1 brown, tarsomeres 2-3 dark brown (all legs). Forewings ( Fig. 1) hyaline, veins brown, a brown marginal band from R4+5 to distal half of 1A, a brown spot distally on R 2+3, pterostigma dark brown. Hindwings with brown spots distally on the veins (Fig. 1). Abdomen creamy white, with irregular brown spots. Hypandrium yellowish, with sides dark brown; anterior side sclerites dark brown, posterior side sclerites pale brown. Paraprocts and epiproct creamy, with brown spots.
Female. Color (in 80% ethyl alcohol). Body creamy with brown areas as indicated below (Fig. 6). Head with a wide brown band from each compound eye to epistomal sulcus, enclosing the antennal fossae (Fig. 9). Compound eyes black, ocelli hyaline, with ochre centripetal crescents, forming a triangular ocellar group. Vertex creamy, with brown irregular spots on both sides of epicranial suture and next to each compound eye. Postclypeus with diagonal slender striae. Anteclypeus and labrum pale brown. Genae creamy. Antennae: scape brown, pedicel and first flagellomere pale brown, rest of flagellomeres brown. Mx 1-2 creamy white, Mx 3 brown, Mx 4 brown, with apical third dark brown. Tergal lobes of meso-and metathorax brown, mesothoracic pleura dark brown, pro-and metathoracic pleura creamy white, with brown spots. Legs: coxa and trochanter of fore-and mid legs brown; coxa and trochanter of hind leg creamy white, femur of fore-and mid legs with proximal halves brown, distal halves creamy white; femur of hind leg creamy white, with a brown apical band; tibiae of all legs brown, distally darker; tarsomere 1 of all legs brown, tarsomeres 2-3 of all legs dark brown. Forewings hyaline, with a marginal brown band as illustrated (Fig. 8); pterostigma dark brown, except for a hyaline central area, with brown specks. Hindwings almost hyaline (Fig. 8), vein R 2+3 and branches of M with a brown distal spot. Abdomen creamy (Fig. 6), with brown irregular spots, subgenital plate creamy, middle area hyaline, sides pale brown; gonapophyses brown, IX sternum brown, epiproct and paraprocts creamy white.
Morphology. As in diagnosis, plus the following: outer cusp of lacinial tip broad, with nine denticles. Forewings as in the female (Fig. 13). Vein M mostly with six branches, often asymmetrical as in the females (6-6, 6-5, 5-6, or 6-7, for right and left forewings respectively), the last branch forked. Hindwing M four branched, often asymetrical (4-3, 4-4, 5-4, for right and left hindwings respectively). Paraprocts broadly triangular, setae as illustrated (Fig. 15), sensory fields with 30 trichobothria on basal rosettes (Fig. 15). Epiproct broadly triangular, wide based, rounded posteriorly, with setae as illustrated (Fig. 15). Discussion. The two species here described are regarded as sister species based on their similarities in forewing pigmentation pattern, shape of the pterostigma, structure of the hypandrium (constituted of five sclerites, the large central one with two pairs of posterior projections), and on the phallosomes built on the same structural plan (Yshaped anteriorly, anterior pair of endophallic sclerites bow-shaped, basally wide, and posterior pair of endophallic sclerites slender, distally hooked, anteriorly connected by a broadly triangular bridge).
The morphology of the hypandrium and phallosome outlined above impose modifications on Group II, of the infrageneric groups within Loneura, proposed by García Aldrete et al. 2011b, as follows: Group II. Hypandrium consisting of five sclerites, an anterior and a posterior pair, flanking a large central sclerite (Figs 4, 16, 18, 20). Phallosome with external parameres elongate, distally rounded, bearing pores; two pairs of endophallic sclerites, the posterior pair joined proximally by a sclerotized bridge.
Subgroup II b. Anterior side sclerites of hypandrium elongate, posterior side sclerites small, rounded (Figs 4, 16). Central sclerite with four posterior projections, two large on sides, and two small median ones (Figs 4, 16).   Table 1 presents the geographic distribution of the species known in Loneura. The species display a high level of endemism: of the eight Central American species, only two are shared with Mexico and none are shared with South America; of the 28 South American species, one is shared between Bolivia and Argentina, one is shared by Ecuador and Peru, and one is shared by Colombia and Venezuela, the rest are only known in their respective countries, probably a result of insufficient collecting in some areas.
The species here described raise to 11 the species of Loneura known in Colombia, four of them still undescribed (cf. García Aldrete et al. 2011a, b. Ten of the Colombian species are known only from Valle del Cauca (7 species) and from Gorgona Island (3 species), which account for less than 2% of the Colombian territory. Species richness of Colombian Loneura is likely much greater than currently documented. Ten additional species are known to occur in Brazil (Moreira de Castro 2007).