Cuban Calisto (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), a review based on morphological and DNA data

Abstract The Cuban species of Calisto are reviewed based on the morphology of adult and immature stages, as well as DNA sequences of six genes (COI, EF1α, wingless, GAPDH, RpS5, CAD). A new species, Calisto occulta sp. n., is described from the northeastern Cuban mountains. Calisto smintheus Bates, 1935 and Calisto bruneri, Michener 1949 are revised and revalidated. A new status, the species level, is proposed for Calisto brochei, Torre 1973, Calisto muripetens, Bates 1939 and Calisto bradleyi, Munroe 1950. The immature stages of Calisto smintheus, Calisto brochei,and Calisto occulta are described for the first time, and those of Calisto herophile, Hübner 1823 are redescribed. Useful morphological characters for adults are the shape and conspicuousness of androconial patch, the number and relative size of white dots on underside of hindwing, the shape of aedeagus, the shape of digitiform projection of genitalia valve, the shape and relative size of tegumen and uncus, the relative size of female genitalia, the height of sterigmal ring dorsal crown of the latter, and the relative size of corpus bursae and ductus bursae. For the immature stages, the most important characters are the color pattern of head capsule, the number and width of longitudinal lines of body, in the larvae; and the color pattern and the absence or presence of dorsal ridges on the abdomen of pupae. The phylogenetic relationships between the Cuban Calisto species are quite robust and well-supported; however, conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear datasets was detected in Calisto brochei, Calisto muripetens and to a lesser degree in Calisto bradleyi.


Collection and rearing of immature stages
Eggs were obtained by confining females to plastic jars of 5 oz. After being laid, the eggs remained untouched (no measures were taken) until larvae hatched. Egg collection data: C. herophile-Pinar del Río, Sierra del Rosario, Rangel, 19-20 April 2009, C. occulta-Holguín, Moa, Yamanigüey, 25 September 2009 February 2011, C. smintheus brochei -Guantánamo, Baracoa, northern slope of Monte Iberia, 3-4 May 2011. Larvae were maintained at ambient temperature, humidity and photoperiod in Havana. For all species, two introduced common grass species, Zoysia japonica and Cynodon dactylon, were used daily as substitute host plants. Width and height of head capsules and length of larvae, at first instar, were measured with an ocular micrometer having 0.01 mm of precision mounted in a Carl Zeiss Stemi 2000 stereoscopic microscope. Length of last instar larvae and pupae were measured with a metric ruler of 1 mm of precision.

Dissections, characters & descriptions
Wings were cleared with sodium hypochlorite, Eosin-Y tinged and mounted in Euparal. Genitalia and other body parts were treated with hot 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution and the cleaned material was stored in glycerine.
Morphological characters for adults were those traditionally used in previous studies on Calisto. For wing pattern, we follow Smith et al. (1994), Jonhson and Hedges (1998), and Núñez (2009). For male genitalia, we follow the terms used by Núñez (2009) and for the female genitalia those detailed by Johnson et al. (1987). Species descriptions and the key are based primarily on fresh specimens. Recently collected individuals show all details of color pattern, mainly those important on the under surface of the wings, which fade relatively fast after death (Smith et al. 1994;Sourakov in Johnson and Hedges 1998). For immature stages, the characters given by Sourakov and Emmel (1995) and Sourakov (1996; were used. The nomenclature for the longitudinal lines of larvae was after Dethier (1940) except for the para-dorsal for which case the subdorsal line was used.

DNA analysis
Two butterfly legs per individual were preserved either desiccated or immersed in ethanol. Total DNA was extracted from legs using the DNEasy extraction kit (QIA-GEN). Six molecular markers including one mitochondrial (COI) and five nuclear genes (EF1α, wingless, GAPDH, RpS5 and CAD) were amplified using previously published primers and protocols (Wahlberg and Wheat 2008). DNA sequencing was carried out by the company Macrogen-South Korea. Sequence editing and alignment

Results
Calisto israeli Torre, 1973 http://species-id.net/wiki/Calisto_israeli 25,32,40,48,56,57,[60][61][62]66 Calisto israeli Torre 1973: 3, Hernández 1987: 41, Núñez 2009: 49 Calisto israel Smith et al. 1994: 57, misspelling Calisto sibylla smintheus Lamas 2004: 207 Diagnosis. Calisto israeli can be separated from all its congeners by the large, triangle shaped patch of white scales at the middle portion of the inner margin at UNHW. Description. FWL: 24-26 mm ♂, 25-27 mm ♀. Male UPFW uniform brown except basal two thirds of costa and androconial patch, dark brown almost black (Fig. 1). Androconial patch extending diagonally between posterior margin of cell and 2A vein to beyond M 3 origin, outer and posterior margins rounded, about three fifths the length of FW (Fig. 32). Female UPFW with basal three fifths and outer margin dark brown, outer two fifths pale brown (Fig. 2). Male UPHW uniform dark brown, costa pale brown. Female UPHW dark brown at anterior two thirds, posterior third pale brown. UN of wings brown mixed with ochre and, in less extent, pale yellow scales mostly at basal half (Figs 3,25); interspace of stl pale brown mixed with pale yellow scales. UN lines of wings without external edge of pale scaling, only white scales on outer edge of pdl at posterior half of wing. UNFW without red on cell and white scaling below cell to posterior margin. Post discal area on UNHW with four white dots at Rs-M 1 , M 1 -M 2 , M 2 -M 3 , dot at M3-Cu 1 if present very small; middle of UNHW posterior margin with a large triangular patch of white scales; post discal area heavily suffused with white scales. HW anal lobe entirely black at UN. Male genitalia heavily sclerotized, tegumen approximately 0.7 the length of uncus, with dorsum nearly flat (Fig. 40); uncus stout and slightly arched, tapering gradu- Distribution. Collected specimens of Calisto israeli come from several localities in the middle and western parts of the NSB mountains, from Monte Iberia plateau 25 km west to Cupeyal (Figs 56,57). The species has also been recorded from Sierra de Cristal, 1230 m, during the last management plan of Pico Cristal National Park (ENPFF 2010), extending its known distribution almost 50 km west compared to previous records. Species is probably present on the eastern half of NSB whenever its habitat is preserved.
Immature stages. Eggs are laid loose, are near spherical in shape and ivory white in color.
Habitat and biology. The species inhabits several variants of evergreen and rainforests and, to a lesser extent, scrub forests (charrascales) of the NSB Mountains at altitudes between 250 and 1230 m (Figs 60-62). Individuals can be found mainly on forest paths and clearings both sunny and shady. Núñez (2009) recorded 28 individuals along 1.5 km of old mining roads. At Pico Cristal, during an ascent from the foothills to the top, 356 individuals of this species were recorded (ENPFF 2010). Although its life story is unknown, the species seems to be associated with climbing grasses like some of its Hispaniolan congeners (Smith et al. 1994;Schawrtz and Wetherbee 1996). In different visits to Monte Iberia plateau, the senior author found the species abundant only at sites where two climbing grass species, Arthrostylidium pinifolia and Chusquea sp., dominated the lower strata of the rainforest (Fig. 61). The only mating pair observed was found on May 2011, 3:30 pm, at one of the sites covered by grasses mentioned above.

Calisto smintheus smintheus
Distribution. Species is restricted to the Sierra Maestra. It has been recorded from Pico Mogote (Fontenla 2006) in the east to 140 km west at La Platica (Figs 56,57). Besides anterior literature data, species has been recorded from La Bayamesa, Granma province (Fontenla 2005).
Immature stages. Egg & oviposition -Eggs are glued to substrate, spherical in shape and ivory white in color becoming beige with irregular orange brown spots a day after laid. Time to hatch 8 days (n=1).
First instar larva (Fig. 67) -Head capsule dark brown, almost black, with a bronze gloss and with two short horns on top. Body beige, greenish white on sides after fed on host leaves, with a dorsal line and four pairs of longitudinal pale orange brown lines: subdorsal, suprastigmatal, stigmatal, and infrastigmatal. Suprastigmatal line more greenish and the thinnest one, remainder lines more brownish and broader but subdorsal thinner than stigmatal and infrastigmatal lines. Dimensions (n=1): head capsule width 0.61 mm, head capsule height 0.64 mm, initial total length 2.9 mm, final total length 4.2 mm. Duration (n=1): 15 days.
Second instar with beige brown head capsule with slightly darker marks, body pattern similar to first but with a pair of dots, one at each subdorsal line, at metathorax that is present in remainder instars (Fig. 68). Instars from third and fourth with the same pattern of fifth, described below, but paler, with lines less contrasting, subdorsal and suprastigmatal lines straighter and the stigmatal and infragstigmatal lines distinct.
Fifth instar larva (Figs 69-71) -Head capsule beige regularly speckled with numerous dark brown dots; horns reduced; sides with two pairs of dark brown spots, each pair almost equidistant between them and to dorsal and ventral edges; mandibles black; X-mark of epicranium obsolete, represented only by a small rounded spot at apex of each arm, slightly darker than background. Body pale brown with brown striations; dorsum of each segment with darker "butterfly" like mark formed by small brown striations; lines slightly darker than background, except subdorsal which is pale yellow, lines becoming diffuse toward thorax; each abdominal segment with a transverse ashy gray band at beginning from dorsum to near suprastigmatal line and edged anteriorly by a brown dot at each end; dorsal line edged at beginning of each abdominal segment by two pale yellowish beige dots; a dark brown dot above subdorsal line on metathorax; subdorsal lines thinner than dorsal line, wavy, closer to dorsal line at middle of each segment, ending on caudal tails; suprastigmatal lines wavy following the wave pattern of subdorsal ones with dark brown dot above it near mid way to subdorsal, above it on each segment one pair of diffuse brown dots, one central, larger, and other near posterior margin; stigmatal and infrastigmatal lines diffuse mixed; area behind and below whitish, the latter crossed the infrastigmatal line. Dimensions (n=1): head capsule width 2.55 mm, head capsule height 2.58 mm, initial total length 14 mm, final total length 22 mm. Duration (n=1): 19 days.
Pupa (Figs 72-74) -Head and wing sheaths pale gray; antennae and leg sheaths with regular discontinuous pattern of dark brown dots; a pair of ventral black dots on eyes and another at sides of appendages near abdomen; wing sheaths edged at dorsum by an irregular dark brown large spot at middle; dorsum of thorax and abdomen pale gray with diffuse dark brown striations heavier at sides of dorsal ax forming a large spot on each side; abdomen with a dark brown line on sides, abdomen with a transverse ridge with a pair of more prominent crests on dorsum of segments 1 to 6; last abdominal segment long, stout, cremaster area enlarged, broad. Two days before emergence the dark brown extends covering almost entire thorax, extending gradually until occupying entire surface before emergence. Dimensions (n=1): total length 11 mm, maximum width 4.5 mm. Duration (n=1): 12 days.
Habitat and biology. Throughout its range, the species inhabits evergreen and rainforests at altitudes between 800 m and 1500 m (Fig. 63). It is also found in cloud forest above 1500 m, and at the cloud scrub around Pico Turquino, 1972 m and Cuba highest peak. Individuals can be found in interior of forests but also at its edges. The species seems to prefer relatively well preserved areas but occasionally can be found at places with secondary vegetation. At La Platica village, Turquino massif, Sierra Maestra, the species was observed in shady places of gardens nearby forest, whereas, at Gran Piedra, it was found inside 25 year old pine plantations. Adults were observed feeding on flowers of Bourreria laevis, Palicourea alpina, Pavonia fruticosa, Mikania micrantha, and Stachyterpheta cayenensis in rainforest near La Platica.
Two females were observed when laid eggs singly at underside of leaves near midday. The host, Ichnanthus mayarensis, is the first one recorded for the Cuban species of the genus. This small grass is common at forest understory, sometimes abundant along paths, of rainforests in the Turquino Massif. Larvae eat the entire corion after hatching and feed at night remaining inactive during the day in lower parts of the plant. Larvae accepted both substitute host plants. First instar was 15 days long and all other were 9 days long each. Prepupal period was one day long and pupal stage extended for 12 days. Immature development takes 80 days and five larval instars.
Remarks. Calisto smintheus and C. herophile are the only members of the genus inhabiting the Sierra Maestra. Their altitudinal ranges overlap between 800 and 1100 m, however, C. herophile is rare in places where C. smintheus is present and vice versa. Munroe (1950) mentioned the possibility of hybridization between them but there is no evidence available from present work to confirm it. The phylogenetic inferences and genetic distances agree on the establishment of C. smintheus as a single species with a minimum divergence of no lower than 5% from other Cuban Calisto taxa. The close phylogenetic relationship between C. smintheus and C. brochei is discussed below.
Calisto brochei Torre, 1973, stat. n. http://species-id.net/wiki/Calisto_brochei 27,34,42,56,57,60,66,[75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82] Calisto smintheus brochei Torre 1973: 6, Núñez 2009: 56 Calisto sibylla smintheus Rodríguez 1990: 8, Lamas 2004: 207 Diagnosis. Calisto brochei is similar to C. smintheus but is smaller on average, lacks the reddish suffusion at the anal lobe in the UPWH, and is paler and less brightly colored at UN of wings (see more details below C. smintheus). Calisto brochei has four white dots on UNHW and the androconial patch trilobed at the outer margin whereas C. bradleyi, C. occulta, sp. n., and C. muripetens have only three white dots and have dif-ferent shaped androconial patches, the first species with a single rounded lobe at apex, and the other two without lobes at the outer margin. Calisto herophile also resembles C. brochei, but it is paler and has a smaller androconial patch without lobes at the outer margin. From C. sibylla, C. brochei differs by its darker coloration, the presence of red in cell at the UNFW, and the three lobes at the outer margin of androconial patch. The Hispaniolan C. confusa, C. hysius and C. obscura are superficially similar but are smaller on the average (13-17.5 mm of FWL), and have straighter white edged lines at UNHW. Calisto pauli possesses a similar wing pattern but its female genitalia has a terminal production a middle of dorsal crown, absent in C. brochei, and its male genitalia has the uncus and tegumen flattened, they are slightly rounded in C. brochei. Also, the uncus is shorter in C. brochei and the aedeagus has two prongs at apex, there are four in C. pauli.
Description. FWL: 16-22 mm ♂, 20-22 mm ♀. Male UPFW dark brown except darker, almost black, androconial patch, outer third slightly paler (Fig. 7). Androconial patch distinct, dark brown almost black, approximately triangular with outer margin waved forming three usually distinct lobes, anterior margin not entering into cell, about one half the length of FW (Fig. 34). Female UPFW dark brown at basal two thirds, outer third pale brown (Fig. 8). UN background brown moderately mixed with pale reddish and pale yellow scaling basal to pdl and apex of both wings (

CZACC.
Distribution. Calisto brochei is present in several localities in the middle and western NSB mountains, from Monte Iberia plateau to more than 100 km west at Pinares de Mayarí at Nipe plateau (Figs 56, 57). The species is probably present along NSB wherever its habitat is preserved.
Immature stages. Egg & oviposition -Eggs are glued to substrate. Color is pale yellow with slight greenish tint becoming beige with irregular orange brown spots a day after being laid. Eggs are near spherical, diameter 1.0-1.1 mm, height 0.8-1.0 mm (n=9). Time to hatch 7 to 8 days (n=9).
Instars from second to fifth ( Fig. 76) with color pattern similar to that of sixth, described below, but with pattern better defined and the following dots: a pair, brown, at end of each abdominal segment, the upper one in contact with the more ventral part of subdorsal lines waves; a dark brown, larger at middle segments, at each abdominal segment on the most dorsal portion of suprastigmatal lines waves, above spiracles.
Sixth instar larva (Figs 77-79) -Head capsule beige regularly speckled with scarce dark brown dots; horns reduced, spotted with dark brown; sides with a dark brown vertical line passing horns to epicranial suture; a dark brown band crossing lower part of frons and curved down at sides to stemmata; sides of clypeus, mandibles and stemmatal areas dark brown, almost balck; X-mark of epicranium dark brown, arms ellipse like and connected by almost indistinct paler lines, lower arms larger. Body pale brown with brown striations; dorsum of each segment with darker diffuse X-marks at sides of dorsal line; lines slightly darker than background, diffuse; a transverse diffuse band at end of each abdominal segment, slightly darker than background; dorsal line edged at beginning of each abdominal segment by two dark brown dots; subdorsal lines wavy, diffuse almost indistinct, closer to dorsal line at middle of each segment; suprastigmatal lines wavy following the wave pattern of subdorsal ones; stigmatal and infrastigmatal lines diffuse, indistinct, area between them and below paler; spiracles dark gray brown surrounded by whitish. Dimensions (n=1): head capsule width 2.62 mm, head capsule height 2.69 mm, initial total length 18.4 mm, final total length 22 mm. Duration (n=1): 15 days.
Pupa (Figs 80-82) -Entirely pale ashy gray minutely speckled with darker gray color heavier dorsolaterally on wing sheats; three pairs of frontal brownish gray dots: one elongated on eyes and two smaller and rounded on sheaths of legs, one at first third and the other at apical third; wing sheaths with a small darker crescent on the middle; a row of small submarginal dots on wing sheats; abdomen with a transverse ridge with a pair of more prominent crests on dorsum of segments 1 to 6, with a brownish gray line on sides; last abdominal segment long, stout, cremaster area large, broad. Two days before emergence eyes turns dark brown extending gradually to occupying entire surface. Dimensions (n=1): total length 10 mm, maximum width 4.3 mm. Duration (n=1): 12 days.
Habitat and biology. The species inhabits several variants of rain and evergreen forests of NSB Mountains at altitudes between 200 and 800 m (Fig. 60). Individuals can be found mainly at shady forest paths.
Larvae eat the entire corion after hatching and feed at night, remaining in the lower parts of grasses during day. Calisto brochei larvae did not accept well the two grass species supplied as substitute food and only one of nine larvae survived to pupation. Average duration of each instar was about two weeks each. Prepupal period was two days long and pupal stage extended for 12 days. Immature development took three months and larvae went through six instars (possibly due to low food quality). Adult emergence occurred at the beginning of the afternoon, between 14:00 and 15:00.
Remarks. Although superficially almost identical, C. brochei and C. smintheus both possess small consistent differences in the adult stage and are well differentiated in the immature stages. Adults can be separated by the characters given above in the Diagnosis section. Immature stages are more different than adults, with the first instar of C. smintheus having the head capsule dark brown, almost black, whereas it is pale orange in C. brochei. In the latter species, the pair of dark dots on dorsum of metathorax present from second instar of C. smintheus is absent. Pupae are also different, with those of C. brochei paler in color pattern whereas in C. smintheus have a heavily dark spotted pattern.
Two individuals of C. brochei (PM07-03 and PM15-03) are grouped together by the COI sequences (Fig. 66A) and placed as sister to a large clade comprising all other taxa except C. israeli and C. smintheus. One of these individuals (PM07-03) was also sequenced for nuclear genes, which place it within the new species C. occulta (Fig.  66B). Another individual (PM07-20) is the sister to C. smintheus based on both sets of markers, but is morphologically different to C. smintheus. The existence of hybrids between brochei and occulta may explain these results. Munroe (1950) hypothesized that populations of C. smintheus and C. herophile may interbreed. The high mortality rate of C. brochei larvae may be due to substitute food used during rearing; however, it could be also an indication of hybridization. It is clear that more individuals of C. brochei need to be sequenced in order to discover the general patterns of molecular variation in this species. Michener, 1949, stat. rev. http://species-id.net/wiki/Calisto_bruneri 28,35,43,51,56,57,[60][61][62]66 Calisto bruneri Michener 1949: 2, Torre 1952: 62, Torre 1954: 120, Torre 1968: 17, Núñez 2009: 56 Calisto herophile bruneri Alayo and Hernández 1987: 40, Smith et al. 1994: 56, Lamas 2004 Diagnosis. Calisto bruneri differs from all other Calisto with similar color pattern, brown with red at the UNFW cell, by its pear shaped ocellus at the UNHW, ovoid in the others. Calisto bruneri was regarded in the past as subspecies of C. herophile; however, besides the character given above, the first has uniformly colored UP of wings and three white dots at UNHW, whereas the second has the apical third of wings paler and four white dots. Their genitalia also differ, that of C. bruneri male has valvae with concave ventral margins and a more sinuous aedeagus in dorsal view, and its female genitalia has the ductus and corpus bursae almost equal in length, the ductus is almost twice the length of the corpus in C. herophile. The Hispaniolan Calisto pulchella Lathy, 1899, C. raburni Gali, 1985, C. schwartzi Gali, 1985and C. tasajera González, Schwartz & Wetherbee, 1991 also have pear shaped ocelli but can be easily separated from C. bruneri, among other features, by the conspicuous reddish suffusion at the UN of wings that is absent in the latter. Description. FWL: 16-19 mm ♂, 18-21 mm ♀. UP of wings uniform dark grayish brown almost black, anal lobe with a small black dot (Figs 10, 11). Androconial patch indistinct in fresh specimens, approximately triangular with apex slightly angled, anterior margin not surpassing posterior margin of cell, about two fifths the length of FW (Fig. 35). UNHW background brown mixed with grayish white and, in less extent, pale yellow scales (Figs 12, 28). UNHW ocellus pear shaped and narrow. Post discal area on UNHW with three white dots at M 1 -M 2 , M 2 -M 3 , M 3 -Cu 1 , the first one smaller and sometimes absent in rubbed specimens. Male genitalia with tegumen about two thirds the length of uncus, slightly curved (Fig. 43); uncus broad at basal third, tapering gradually from the middle toward apex, arched at apical third, base with a small ventral notch; valvae base very broad; digitiform projection of valvae narrow and short with ventral margin concave; aedeagus sinuated in dorsal view with a left curve both at basal and apical half, the first one more pronounced. Female genitalia with dorsal crown tall (Fig. 51); corpus bursae somewhat narrow, near equal in length to ductus bursae. Distribution. Calisto bruneri occurs in the western parts of the NSB Mountains (Figs 56, 57). Previous records gave a small distribution area around Moa town, including Punta Gorda, Holguín province, near the coast up to an altitude of 300 m in neighboring hills (Michener 1949;Torre 1968). Its distribution is widened here about 10 km east to Cayo Grande, and 55 km westward to Sierra de Cristal at 450 m of altitude.

Calisto bruneri
Immature stages. Torre (1968) mentioned that females glued eggs to the substrate and that they are spherical and beige with orangish spots.
Habitat and biology. The species inhabits rainforests, scrub forests (charrascales) and pine forests (Figs 60-62). Scrub forests have high levels of sun exposition and water loss, and C. bruneri has been observed to spend most time near the ground in the shade of shrubs. At Cayo Grande, Moa, the species was observed taking nectar from flowers of Scaevola wrightii, a local endemic shrub. Throughout its range, the species is replaced by C. herophile in areas where its habitat has been destroyed, mostly around towns and major roads.
Remarks. Alayo and Hernández (1987) considered bruneri a subspecies of C. herophile arguing that UNHW ocellus shape was the only difference. Like previous authors (Michener 1949;Torre 1968), Núñez (2009) considered it a valid species. Morphological and molecular support of its species status are discussed below.
DNA analysis of C. bruneri (4 specimens, 3 localities) showed an average divergence of 4.68% from C. herophile (5 specimens, 5 localities). Indeed C. bruneri forms a single well-supported monophyletic clade together with C. occulta, C. muripetens, C. bradleyi and C. herophile, and altogether sister to the group israeli-brochei-smintheus (Fig. 66). Furthermore, both nuclear and mitochondrial datasets suggest an earlier divergence of C. bruneri from sister taxa within the clade, diversifying later in the western part of the NSB Massif. Average COI distances between C. bruneri and C. occulta, C. muripetens and C. bradleyi are 4.94%, 5.52% and 5.52% respectively. Bates, 1939, stat. n. http://species-id.net/wiki/Calisto_muripetens 36,44,52,56,58,66 Calisto smintheus muripetens Bates 1939: 3, Michener 1943: 6, Munroe 1950: 226, Torre 1952: 62, Torre 1954: 120, Torre 1968: 20 Calisto sibylla muripetens Fontenla and Rodríguez 1990: 8, Smith et al. 1994: 57, Lamas 2004 Diagnosis. Calisto muripentens is similar to several Cuban congeners. From the more similar C. bradleyi and C. occulta, both with three white dots at the UNHW with the middle one distinctly larger, C. muripetens differs by its androconial patch, without the apical lobe present in the first and occupying a larger area of wing than in the second. Their female genitalia are also different, being the corpus bursae smaller in C. muripetens than in C. occulta, and the dorsal crown taller in the first than in C. bradleyi. It differs from C. smintheus, C. brochei, and C. herophile, which have four white dots at the UNHW, by having only three white dots at that part of wings with the one at M 2 -M 3 interspace distinctly larger. Other differences with C. smintheus and C. brochei are detailed in their respective Diagnosis sections. From C. herophile, it also differs by the larger area occupied by its androconial patch and its size, larger on the average, 18-22 mm of FWL versus 14-19 mm in males, and 20-23 mm versus 17-21 mm in females. The Hispaniolan C. confusa, C. hysius, C. obscura, and C. pauli are superficially similar but are smaller, and have four white dots at the UNHW.

Calisto muripetens
Description. FWL: 18-22 mm ♂, 20-23 mm ♀. Male UPFW uniform grayish brown except androconial patch, dark brown almost black (Fig. 13). Androconial patch distinct from surrounding areas, about one half the length of FW, approximately triangular in shape with apex and outer margin rounded, anterior margin entering into cell (Fig.  36). Male UPHW dark grayish brown, paler at outer third. Female UP of wings uniform grayish brown, paler than male (Fig. 14). UNFW cell red patch variable in size, occupying from apical third to entire cell. Pdl edged by scarce pale yellow scaling. HW background brown mixed with pale yellow and, in less extent, ochre scales (Fig. 15). Post discal area on UNHW with three white dots at M 1 -M 2 , M 2 -M 3 , M3-Cu 1 , with that on M 2 -M 3 larger, smaller dots can gone in rubbed specimens. Male genitalia with tegumen about two thirds the length of uncus, dorsally flat and posteriorly rounded (Fig. 44); uncus gradually tapering and curved from base to apex, base rounded; valvae base broad; digitiform projection of valvae short and stout with ventral margin slightly concave; aedeagus straight at basal two thirds with a left curve at apical third in dorsal view. Female genitalia with dorsal crown tall (Fig. 52); corpus bursae somewhat broad, near equal in length to ductus bursae. Distribution. Calisto muripetens is restricted to a few localities in the central Cuban mountains: the Guamuhaya massif, above 750 m and up to 1140 m on Pico San Juan, the highest peak (Figs 56, 58). Immature stages. Unknown.
Habitat and biology. The species inhabits evergreen forests of the mogotes vegetation complex, limestone hills of vertical slopes, and rainforests, flying mostly in shady places.
Remarks. Calisto smintheus muripetens type series was not available for study. Online pictures of MCZ insect type material, last accessed in 9 th October 2011, do not include them. However, examination of original description leaves no doubt of its identity. Calisto muripetens differs from C. herophile, the only other species in its range, by its larger size, darker color pattern and structure of the genitalia of both sexes.
Calisto muripetens is closest to C. occulta, a new species described below from NSB, the northeastern Cuban mountain range. Besides differences noted at the Diagnosis section, C. muripetens has other differences with C. occulta. These include the proportionally larger genitalia of the latter with the aedeagus with an enlarged base, swollen both in dorsal and lateral view.
As with C. brochei, two individuals of C. muripetens (PM07-08 and PM07-11) did not group together in both the nuclear and the mitochondrial data analyses (Fig.  66). A third individual, PM15-02, groups together with PM07-08 in the COI tree in a clade sister to C. occulta. The relationships of PM07-11 are unresolved in the mitochondrial data set being located in an unresolved clade containing C. herophile s.l. and C. bradleyi; however, this individual is sister to C. bradleyi based on the nuclear markers (Fig. 66B). This pattern suggests either hybridization or retained ancestral polymorphisms (see Discussion for further discussion on the potential causes of polyphyletic multiple haplotypes in Calisto). Diagnosis. Calisto occulta is more similar to C. muripetens and C. bradleyi than other Cuban relatives. Characters separating C. occulta from C. muripetens are discussed above, at the Diagnosis section of the latter. From C. bradleyi, C. occulta differs by its darker color, its androconial patch without apical lobe, the slight red suffusion below cell at the UNFW, and its proportionally larger male and female genitalia. From the remainder Cuban species and from Bahaman ones with similar pattern, C. occulta can be separated by having fewer white dots at the UNHW (except C. bruneri), its proportionally larger male and female genitalia, and the presence of a slight red suffusion below the cell at UNFW. The Hispaniolan C. confusa, C. hysius, C. obscura, and C. pauli are superficially similar but are smaller, and have four white dots at the UNHW.

Calisto occulta
Adult. Male (Figs 16, 18, 29, 37) -FWL: 17-20 mm. Head: antennae dark brown, UN pale yellow at basal third and UP orange at club; eyes black, hairy, delimited by a pale yellow band; labial palpi dark brown on UN, pale yellow on UP, middle and basal segments rough. Thorax: UPFW uniform grayish brown except androconial patch, dark brown almost black. Androconial patch slightly distinct from surrounding areas, about two fifths the length of FW, approximately triangular in shape with apex rounded, anterior margin entering into cell and apex reaching M 3 origin (Fig. 37). UPHW darker than FW, about the same hue of androconial patch. UNFW brown, slightly posterior to pdl (Figs 18, 29); a red patch in outer half of cell with outer margin edged by dl, patch posterior margin diagonal between anterior and posterior limits of cell; a slight red scal-ing below cell; dl, pdl and both stl darker than background; basal third of costa and outer edge of pdl with grayish white scales; ocellus black encircled by a pale yellow ring laying M 1 -M 3 , with two white pupils laying midway between M 1 -M 2 and M 2 -M 3 , the posterior one more basad. UNHW brown mixed with pale yellow and grayish white scales; pdl and stl outer edged with pale yellow scales around ocellus; pdl area with three white dots at M 1 -M 2 , M 2 -M 3 and M 3 -Cu 1 , with that on the middle greatly enlarged, dots surrounded by scattered whitish lilac scales; ocellus large, broad, laying between Cu 1 and Cu 2 , black with a bluish white pupil at base and surrounded by a yellowish ochre ring outer edged by a ferruginous suffusion; tornal lobe slightly developed, black, innerly edge with pale yellow; legs dark brown, inner side of femora pale yellow, tibiae and tarsi white on external side. Abdomen: UP dark brown, UN pale yellowish brown. Genitalia (Fig.  45): uncus having typical bird's beak shape with a dorsal keel and gradually tapering toward apex, arched at apical half, base protuberant and rounded, separated from tegumen by a single dorsal notch; tegumen hood shaped, dorsally flat but rounded at anterior end, approximately one half the length of uncus, lateral fold narrow, extending ventrally along vinculum; gnathos spine shaped, approximately 0.3 the length of uncus; valvae elongated with a broad base, digitiform projection of valvae stout with a very broad base and slightly concave at venter, extending toward apical third of uncus, joins to main body relatively sclerotized; saccus developed, finger-like at anterior half and flattened, slightly convex, toward venter on posterior half; aedeagus robust and slightly arched ventrad at middle, straight at basal two thirds with a strong left curve at apical third in dorsal view, moderately swollen toward basal half both in lateral and dorsal view, ventrally divided from basal third to bifid terminus, ending in a pair of ventral triangular flattened processes. Female (Fig. 17) -FWL: 18-21 mm. Similar to male except: UP of wings uniform dark brown; UNFW with red scaling below cell more distinct than in male, below lower limit of cell. Genitalia (Fig. 53): large in proportion to body; sterigmal ring rounded and well developed, dorsal crown broad and symmetrical, ring almost entirely covered by a ventral fold slightly sclerotized; inner sterigmal loop large, sclerotized, left arched in ventral view almost reaching anterior margin of ring; ductus bursae originated at left side of sterigmal ring in ventral view, membranous; ductus seminalis arising close to origin of ductus bursae; corpus bursae greatly enlarged, broad, approximately the same length of ductus bursae, signa formed by two parallel columns of numerous transverse rows of small irregular sclerotized processes. Etymology. The species name derives from the Latin occultus (hidden, reserved) in reference to the cryptic nature of this species that remained hidden between its sympatric congeners until the present work.
Distribution. Calisto occulta is known from a few localities from the middle part of the NSB Mountains, from the Monte Iberia plateau 14 km north to near Yamanigüey, in northeastern Cuba (Figs 56, 57). It is probable that C. occulta is more widespread in the NSB in areas where its habitat is preserved.
Immature stages. Egg & oviposition -Eggs are glued to substrate, are spherical in shape and ivory white in color becoming beige with irregular orange brown spots a day after being laid. Time to hatch 8 to 9 days (n=7).
Second to fifth instars ( Fig. 84) with the color pattern similar to that of sixth, described below, but paler and less contrasting and without the tranversal ashy gray bands.
Sixth instar larva (Figs 85-87) -Head capsule beige brown with numerous dark brown dots, a vertical dark brown line from each side reaching horns and joining at epicranial suture, a dark brown line connecting horns with subdorsal lines, horns much reduced; ventral third dark brown, almost balck, with a small rounded pale beige area at frons near clypeus; mandibles amber brown; X-mark of epicranium black with lower arms longer and rounded at tip. Body pale grayish brown, yellow from above spiracles to above prolegs, ventral side, including prolegs brown; dorsum of each segment with a darker "butterfly" like mark formed by small brown striations; lines slightly darker than background, except subdorsal which is pale yellow; each abdominal segment with a transverse ashy gray band at beginning from dorsum to suprastigmatal line; dorsal line edged at beginning of each segment by two black dots encircled in ashy gray; subdorsal lines thinner than dorsal line, wavy, closer to dorsal line at posterior margin of each segment, ending on caudal tails, with black dots on its upper edge aligned with dots of dorsal and suprastigmatal lines; suprastigmatal lines thin, diffuse, above it on each segment a central white dot encircled in brown and another, brown, near posterior margin; stigmatal lines thinner passing dorsal to spiracles encircled in ashy gray; infrastigmatal line thin and diffuse. Dimensions (n=2): head capsule width 2.41-2.57 mm, head capsule height 2.53-2.68 mm, initial total length 14-16 mm, final total length 22-23 mm. Duration (n=2): 30-35 days.
Pupa (Figs 88-89) -Head and wing sheaths pale brown with a row of black dots at wing sheaths margin; three pairs of frontal black dots: one elongated on eyes and two smaller and rounded on sheaths of legs, one at first third and other nearer to apex; wing sheaths edged on thorax by a brown line; dorsum of thorax and abdomen pale yellow with transverse rows of tiny black dots, density varies between individuals giving a darker or paler appearance to abdomen; abdomen smooth, with a brown line on sides; last abdominal segment long, stout, cremaster area reduced. Three days before emergence color turns brown on dorsum extending gradually to occupying entire surface. Dimensions (n=2): total length 11-12 mm, maximum width 4.5-4.7 mm. Duration (n=2): 18-19 days.
Habitat and biology. The species inhabits the scrub forests (charrascales) of lowlands and rainforests up to 700 m in the NSB mountain range (Figs 60-62). At Yamanigüey scrub, it flies mostly below shrub shadow avoiding the high temperatures of insolated areas.
Larvae eat the entire corion after hatching and feed at night, remaining in the lower parts of grasses during day. Calisto occulta larvae did not accept well the two grass species supplied as substitute food and only two of seven larvae survived to pupation after undergoing six instars. Duration of first four instars was about two weeks each whereas fifth and sixth took about three and five respectively. Prepupal period was two to three days long and pupal stage extended for two and a half weeks. Immature development took up to four months. Adult emergence occurred at the beginning of the afternoon, between 14:00 and 15:00. A mated pair was observed at 3:00 pm Monte Iberia north slope in May 2011.
Remarks. It is remarkable that the closest species to C. occulta is C. muripetens, an inhabitant of another mountain range. The relationship between them was discussed above. In the following paragraphs we discuss the differences with the remainder Cuban taxa.
Immature stages also support species status. The first instar of C. occulta has a pale orange beige head capsule which is almost black in C. smintheus and C. herophile. The longitudinal lines are fewer more spaced on sides and dorsum in C. smintheus and C. occulta than in C. herophile. Larvae of fifth and sixth instars of C. occulta have transverse ashy gray bands at beginning of each segment occupying from dorsum to suprastigmatal line, those lines are absent from C. herophile larvae. The subdorsal brown dots at metathorax of C. smintheus are absent in C. occulta. Pupae also show differences. Those of C. herophile have several pair of ridges on dorsum of abdomen and are beige, almost immaculate. In C. occulta, the head and thorax are pale grayish brown and the abdomen, that lacks the dorsal ridges, is beige with numerous black dots and a dark brown stripe at sides. As whole, is more spotted than the pupa of C. herophile but less than C. smintheus. Pupal head and cremaster shape are also different between species. Development time and number of larval instars also differ. The complete development took 60 to 70 days in C. herophile and 80 in C. smintheus both with five instars and 99 to 120 days and six larval instars in C. occulta.
The DNA analyses place all C. occulta (5 specimens, 2 localities) together, although the nuclear data placed a specimen of C. brochei within the C. occulta clade (Fig. 66). Both datasets suggest that C. occulta is related to C. muripetens, C. bradleyi and C. herophile, perhaps with C. muripetens being the closest relative. The species is separated from C. herophile and C. bradleyi with an average COI distance of 2.28% and 3.09% respectively, while the average COI divergence within C. occulta sampled from two distinct localities is just 0.98%. Munroe, 1950, comb. n. http://species-id.net/wiki/Calisto_bradleyi Figs 19-21, 30, 38, 46, 54, 56, 59, 64-66 Calisto smintheus bradleyi Munroe 1950: 227, Torre 1952: 63, Torre 1954: 121, Torre 1968: 7 Calisto sibylla bradleyi Brown and Heineman 1972: 51, Alayo and Hernández 1987: 41, Fontenla and Rodríguez 1990: 9, Smith et al. 1994: 57, Lamas 2004 Diagnosis. Calisto bradleyi resembles C. muripetens and C. occulta more than its other congeners. It can be separated from these species by the presence of an apical lobe at the androconial patch, and by having an iridescent blue band edging the black dot of the anal lobe at the UNHW. Other differences were treated in the Diagnosis section of those species. From other Cuban (except C. bruneri), Hispaniolan and Bahamian species differs by the same characters and by have fewer white dots at UNHW. Its female genitalia is also diagnostic due to its proportionally smaller size and its thinner dorsal crown. The Hispaniolan C. confusa, C. hysius, C. obscura, and C. pauli are superficially similar but are smaller, and have four white dots at the UNHW. Description. FWL: 17-20 mm ♂, 20-21 mm ♀. UPFW outer third and area anterior to apical half of androconial patch pale grayish brown, basal area anterior to patch darker (Figs 19, 20); costal two thirds and androconial patch dark brown, almost black. UPHW uniform dark brown, slightly paler than androconial. Androconial patch distinct from surrounding areas, approximately triangular with a rounded lobe at apex, not entering into cell, about one half the length of FW (Fig. 38). Lines at UN of wings with little if any pale shade of external side (Figs 21, 30). UNHW background pale brown heavily mixed with ochre scaling basal to pdl. Post discal area on UNHW with three white dots at M 1 -M 2 , M 2 -M 3 , M3-Cu 1 , with that on M 2 -M 3 larger, smaller dots can gone in rubbed specimens. UNHW lobe with a black dot anteriorly edged by a small band of iridescent blue scales. Male genitalia with tegumen about half the length of uncus, tapering gradually toward apex and arched along its length (Fig. 46); uncus strongly arched; digitiform projection of valvae stout, slightly arched toward venter; aedeagus with two sinuations of left side at apical half, the basal one smaller. Female genitalia small (Fig. 54); dorsal crown of sterigmal ring very narrow; corpus bursae small and broad, about two fifths the length of ductus bursae; ductus bursae very thin.

Calisto bradleyi
Type material. Holotype ♂: Pinar del Río, Sierra de Rangel (currently Sierra del Rosario), Río Tacoluco (almost surely Río Taco Taco) Distribution. Calisto bradleyi occurs in the major mountain range of western Cuba, Guaniguanico, from El Taburete, at Sierra del Rosario, 90 km west to Viñales valley, always at low elevations (Figs 56, 59). The species was previously known only from the type locality, Rangel, and Viñales (Munroe 1950;Fontenla 1987b). Attempts to find it at the type locality were made by Torre (1968) and ourselves without success.
Here we recorded it for the first time from Cajálbana and El Taburete widening its distribution to the eastern most portion of Guaniguanico mountain range.
Habitat and biology. The species inhabits various vegetation types throughout its distribution but can only be found in areas where original elements are still dominant. Habitats include the evergreen forest at El Taburete, the mogote vegetation complex at Viñales, and the dry scrub on serpentine soil at Cajálbana (Figs 64, 65). In Viñales valley, Pinar del Río, the species was flying in the shadow of the base of mogotes (limestone hills of almost vertivcal slopes) appearing occasionally in sunny places. There it was observed feeding on flowers of Stachyterpheta cayenensis, Hyptis verticilla, and Urena lobata, and a mating pair was observed at 3:30 pm in April 2009.
Remarks. The type specimen of Calisto smintheus bradleyi is apparently lost. Searching of the type specimen at the different collections mentioned by Munroe (1950), CUIC, AMNH, MCZ, and CMNH, was fruitless. However, based on the examination of original description and since the other only species in its range of distribution, Calisto herophile, is rather different, it can be easily identified.
DNA analyses are somewhat ambiguous about the relationships of C. bradleyi. The mitochondrial dataset suggests that C. bradleyi is paraphyletic with regard to C. herophile and one individual of C. muripetens (Fig. 66), while the nuclear data place the monophyletic C. bradleyi in a clade with C. occulta and C. muripetens. The COI distance between the sister species C. herophile and C. bradleyi is 1.91%. Nonetheless, the status of species in both cases is still valid as the molecular phylogenies consistently separate the lineages (Fig. 66). Therefore, we prefer to treat them as separate entities, proposing the species status for C. bradleyi, potentially phylogenetically close to C. herophile.  Bates 1935: 242, Michener 1943: 6, Michener 1949: 1, Munroe 1950: 225, Torre 1952: 62, Torre 1954: 120, Torre 1968: 12, Brown and Heineman 1972: 51, Alayo and Hernández 1987: 39, Schwartz and Hedges 1991: 136, Smith et al. 1994: 56, Lamas 2004: 2007, Núñez 2009 Diagnosis. Calisto herophile can be separated by its similar congeners in several ways. From C. smintheus and C. brochei, it differs, among other features, by its paler background color at both sides of wings, the inconspicuousness of its androconial patch and its less sclerotized male genitalia with a shorter uncus and less sinuous aedeagus.

Calisto herophile
From C. muripetens, C. occulta and C. bradleyi, it differs by having four white dots and paler coloration. Differences with C. bruneri are detailed in the Diagnosis section of that species. It is also similar the Bahamian C. sibylla but smaller, 14-21 mm of FWL versus 23 mm in C. sibylla which also lacks the red in cell at the UNFW present in C. herophile. The Hispaniolan C. confusa, C. hysius and C. obscura although similar in size are darker, and have straighter white edged lines at the UNHW. Other Hispaniolan species, C. pauli, is similar in size and pattern but has different genitalia including a larger and flattened uncus in males and a terminal production in the dorsal crown of the female genitalia. Description. FWL: 14-19 mm ♂, 17-21 mm ♀. Male UP of wings dark brown at basal area more or less defined by UN pdl, area outer to pdl distinctly paler (Fig. 22). Androconial patch indistinct in fresh specimens, approximately triangular with apex slightly angled, anterior margin not surpassing posterior margin of cell, about two fifths the length of FW (Fig. 39). Female UP of wings as in male but distinctly paler (Fig.  23). UNHW background pale brown heavily mixed with pale yellow scales (Figs 24,31). Post discal area on UNHW with four two white dots at Rs-M 1 , M 1 -M 2 , M 2 -M 3 , M 3 -Cu 1 interspaces, the last one, and occasionally the first one too, smaller and sometimes absent in rubbed specimens. Male genitalia with tegumen about two thirds the length of uncus, nearly straight, posterior end rounded (Fig. 47); uncus broad at basal half, tapering gradually from the middle toward apex, arched at apical third; digitiform projection of valvae with ventral margin straight; aedeagus only slightly sinuated in dorsal view, with two small left curves at apical half. Female genitalia with dorsal crown tall (Fig. 55); corpus bursae somewhat broad, about 0.6 the length of ductus bursae. Egg & oviposition -Eggs are laid loose, near spherical in shape and ivory white in color becoming beige with irregular orange brown spots a day after laid. Torre (1968) also mentioned that eggs are laid loose. Surface is covered by a fine raised reticulation forming minute polygonal areas (Dethier 1940, Torre 1968. Time to hatch 7 to 9 days (n=16), according Dethier (1940) 6 to 11 and Torre (1968) gave 5 to 8 days.
First instar larva (Fig. 90) -Head capsule dark brown, almost black, with a bronze gloss and with two short horns on top. Body beige, greenish white after fed on host leaves, with a dorsal line and four pairs of longitudinal pale brownish green thin lines all of same width and more or less equally spaced: subdorsal, suprastigmatal, stigmatal and infrastigmatal. Dimensions (n=16): head capsule width 0.52-0.57 mm, head capsule height 0.56-0.59 mm, initial total length 2.2-2.5 mm, final total length 3.4-3.7 mm. Duration (n=16): 7-10 days. This description agrees with that by Dethier (1940), who reported an instar duration of 7 days.
Second to fourth instars ( Fig. 91) with the same pattern of fifth, described below, but paler and less contrasting.
Fifth instar larva (Figs 92, 94) -Pale morph. Head capsule pale brownish gray with numerous slightly darker dots, base of setae dark brown, a vertical brown line from each side reaching horns and almost joining at epicranial suture, horns reduced; stemmatal area, clypeus and area around mandibles brown or dark brown; mandibles amber brown, black at edge; X-mark of epicranium slightly darker than background with lower arms longer and rounded at tip, broken as four spots in some specimens. Body pale brownish yellow minutely striated in brownish gray thin lines on dorsum between subdorsal lines, with a dorsal line and five pairs of longitudinal pale brownish gray lines: subdorsal, suprastigmatal, stigmatal and infrastigmatal; dorsal line brownish gray edged at beginning of each segment by two black dots; subdorsal lines somewhat diffuse toward segments margins, with a black dot on its lower edge at posterior margin of each segment, dots on thorax enlarged, lines ending at caudal tails; suprastigmatal lines dark brown, thin, above it on each segment a central white dot encircled in black and another, black near posterior margin; stigmatal lines dark brown, thin, space between it and suprastigmatal pale beige, contrasting, edged on its lower edge by spiracles which are dark and encircled in grayish white; infrastigmatal lines thin, somewhat diffuse; subventral lines thick, wavy, and darkest; ventral side, including prolegs pale brownish yellow. Dimensions (n=4): head capsule width 1.41-1.57 mm, head capsule height 1.55-1.62 mm, initial total length 12-15 mm, final total length 20-23 mm. Duration (n=9): 11-18 days. Larvae reared by the senior author match Dethier (1940) descriptions of instars two to fourth, in general, color pattern is about the same, including the fifth instar, with minor variations.
Dark morph (Fig. 93). Head with all tones darkened. Body background pale brown with lines dark brown, somewhat diffuse; dots at edges of mid dorsal and subdorsal and encirclement of spiracles ashy white, contrasting; a thin pale yellowish beige line between subdorsal and suprastigmatal line, contrasting; dots above suprastigmatal line and encirclement of white dots above it indistinct; space between infrastigmatal and subventral offline pale yellowish beige, contrasting; subventral line thicker than in pale morph, dark brown extending over dorsum of prolegs. Torre (1968) apparently also reared larvae of this morph but only mentioned the general darkening of coloration.
Pupa (Figs 95-97) -Entirely more or less uniform stramineous; one pair of black dots at first third of legs sheaths; abdomen with a transverse ridge with a pair of more prominent crests on dorsum of segments 1 to 6; last abdominal segment short and stout, cremaster area enlarged, broad. Three days before emergence color turns brown on dorsum extending gradually to occupying entire surface. Dimensions (n=9): total length 10-11 mm, maximum width 3.5-4.5 mm. Duration (n=9): 8-10 days.  Habitat and biology. Calisto herophile inhabits many habitats, from suburban areas at major cities to the edges of evergreen and rainforests up to 1100 m of altitude, always disturbed in some degree. Individuals can be found any month of the year throughout the island. The species is one of the commonest butterflies in Cuba, especially in altered land with predominantly herbaceous vegetation but shaded to some degree (Fontenla 1987a;Núñez and Barro 2003;Fernández 2007). Fernández (2007) recorded it in Camagüey province from groves, hedges and open scrub land and recorded 26 plant species as nectar sources. We recorded two predation events on this species, one in November 2008 at La Chata, La Habana province, by a crab spider, Thomisidae (Fig. 98); the other in July 2009 at Pan de Matanzas, Matanzas province, by a nymph of the mantid Stagmomantis domingensis Palisot de Beauvois (Fig. 99). Larvae eat the entire corion after hatching and feed at night, remaining in the lower parts of grasses during the day. They accepted well the substitute grasses supplied. Duration of first three instars was about one to one and half weeks each whereas the last two were around two weeks each. The prepupal stage duration was one day long and the pupal stage extended for eight to ten days. Immature development takes 60 to 70 days and goes through five larval instars. Adult emergence occurred after mid day. Dethier (1940) apparently did not complete the life cycle, describing it only to the fourth instar without mentioning the pupa or adult emergence. Dethier used several grass species as food and said that the larvae preferred lawn grass; however, he did not give scientific names of any grass species. Torre (1968), although successful in rearing the species, only described the cycle superficially and mentioning the duration, 70 to 73 days, and number of larval instars, four. He used as substitute food Saccharum officinarum, Zea mays, and Stenotaphrum secundatum, and noted that larvae grew slower with the first.
Remarks. Calisto herophile is one of the easiest to recognize among all Cuban Calisto species. Its smaller size on average, as well as its pale wing pattern allow their unequivocal identification, although some specimens from altitudes above 800 m can be distinctly larger. The genitalia and immature stages can be also diagnostic. The species has a wide ecological range and tolerance to anthropogenic habitat alteration.
The status of C. herophile subspecies, Calisto herophile parsonsi Clench, 1943 and C. herophile apollinis, is yet pending further investigation. In the present study, only old material of parsonsi was available. The unique morphological difference with the nominal subspecies is the more homogeneous pattern at UN of wings, as pointed out by Clench (1943). Genitalic comparisons revealed an identical morphology. We were able to sequence a small fragment (337 bp) of COI for two specimens of the Bahamian subspecies C. herophile apollinis Bates. These specimens were clearly quite different to Cuban C. herophile (Fig. 66) and might warrant species status. Future studies involving fresh specimens, immature stages and DNA data could clarify the status of both of these taxa.

Discussion
The number of Calisto species recognized for Cuba, several more than the two accepted for most recent works (Smith et al. 1994;Lamas 2004;Sourakov & Zakharov 2011), was expected. Previous researchers, from Bates in early 1930's to Torre in the late 1960's, were aware of such diversity and described the majority of species, while Brown and Heineman (1972) proposed several taxonomical changes and the species number fell to only two species with a large number of subspecies. The synonymy of all Cuban mountain species under C. sibylla was unjustified as noted before by Munroe (1972) and Núñez (2009). The absence of C. sibylla specimens for dissections and DNA sequencing left as the only means for comparisons the examination of pictures of several specimens, including the holotype, and the descriptions made by Bates (1934;, which provides just wing pattern descriptions.
Despite the scarcity of evidence on hand, there are several elements pointing towards the valid species status of C. sibylla, distinct from Cuban species. The clearest difference is the lack of the reddish color in cell at UNFW, similar to only C. israeli within Cuban taxa. The presence of a black dot at both sides of HW anal lobe is also notable, being absent in all former Cuban synonyms of C. sibylla, except for C. bradleyi where the spot is edged in the UN by a small iridescent blue band. Calisto sibylla presents a white dot at Rs-M 1 which is absent in C. bradleyi, C. muripetens and C. occulta. In the latter three species, the white dot at M 2 -M 3 is distinctly larger than remainder dots whereas in all other Cuban and Bahamian species it may just be slightly larger.
The number, disposition and size of white dots at UNHW post discal area may constitute visual signals for sexual selection within Calisto. Robertson and Monteiro (2005) and Costanzo and Monteiro (2007) demonstrated that females of the nymphalid butterfly Bicyclus anynana Butler, 1879 select males based on critical features such as the size and brightness of the dorsal eyespot's ultraviolet reflecting pupils. Several combinations of those wing pattern elements are present in Cuban Calisto, with sympatric species at all major mountain ranges, except perhaps Sierra Maestra, having dots located in different parts of the UNHW, varying in size and number. At NSB Mountains, Calisto israeli exhibits additional white reflecting elements at UNHW that probably evolved as visual signals in response to selective pressure caused by a larger number of sympatric congeners. Indeed, the existence of such a mechanism in Calisto needs to be tested in experiments including other reproductive isolation mechanisms like sex pheromones, probably secreted by glands associated to androconia present in males of most species.
The androconial patch at male UPFW seems to also be important in species differentiation, with the shape and conspicuousness varying between species. In all Cuban species, except C. bruneri and C. herophile, the patch is at least partially distinct from surrounding areas. In C. sibylla, as in C. herophile, the patch is hidden by the dark brown basal two thirds of FW. Such differences in the secondary sexual structure seem to constitute a key diagnostic element in Calisto, as noted also by Bates (1935), Michener (1943), and Johnson and Hedges (1998).
Island isolation, habitat differences and morphology suggest specific differentiation between Cuban and Bahamian Calisto. Whereas C. sibylla inhabits coastal thickets (Clench 1977;Harvey and Peacock 1989), all Cuban species previously regarded as synonyms to the former are found only in montane habitats.
Within the Cuban Calisto, genitalic characters proved to be useful in taxonomy as has been found for Hispaniolan congeners (Jonhson et al. 1987;Sourakov 1999). The most important features are the shape of digitiform projection of genitalia valve, the shape and relative size of tegumen and uncus, the relative size of female genitalia, the height of sterigmal ring dorsal crown of the latter, and the relative size of corpus bursae and ductus bursae. Previously, Bates (1934) and Torre (1968) partially illustrated and described the masculine genitalia of C. smintheus and C. herophile, as well as the uncus, gnathos and the apex of valvae of C. herophile, C. bruneri, and C. smintheus, respectively. For females, Torre (1973) poorly illustrated the genitalia of C. brochei and C. israeli without describing them; whereas Jonhson and Hedges (1998) illustrated and discussed the sterigmal ring and dorsal crown of the "C. herophile complex" and "C. sibylla complex".
The immature stages of Cuban Calisto have more divergent characters than those present on adults. The case of C. smintheus and C. brochei illustrates this well. Similar to the species pair C. batesi Michener -C. hysius (Sourakov 1996) from Hispaniola, characters such as larva head capsule color pattern at all instar as well as pupae color pattern and the shape of head, last abdominal segment, and cremaster, clearly differ between species.
Preliminary DNA analyses, part of a larger work aiming to study the phylogenetic relationships of the whole genus Calisto and to examine their relationships with continental relatives (Matos et al. in prep.), showed that the Cuban species form a compact group. Excepting C. sibylla, which was not sequenced due to lack of fresh specimens, all species were grouped together supporting the idea of a species group: the herophile complex, as defined by Bates (1935) based on morphology. The average COI genetic distance supports the specific validity of all Cuban Calisto. Although muripetens-occulta and bradleyi-herophile species pairs exhibit relatively low values, 2.5% and 1.9% respectively, they are distinct lineages. The relationship of the herophile clade to Hispaniolan species remains to be tested, although Sourakov and Zakharov (2011) suggested that the Cuban species are derived from Hispaniolan species. Such a relationship with some taxa occurring on Hispaniola could be logical due to the common geological history of both islands (Pindell 1994;Iturralde-Vinent and MacPhee 1999). Furthermore, Johnson and Hedges (1998) described three species from Haiti's Tiburon peninsula similar to Cuban species but deeper genitalic comparisons or DNA sequencing are required to confirm any possible relationship between them.
The presence of more undescribed Calisto species in Cuba may be expected. Ecosystems with special features like the semi desert area at extreme southeast coast or the white sand savannahs at Isla de La Juventud and Pinar del Río may still possess yet undiscovered species. Other regions are far from adequately sampled. Torre (1968) mentioned an unidentified Calisto specimen collected in the hills of Isla de La Juventud, the status of this entity remains unresolved. The NSB Mountains themselves are still poorly surveyed with the scarce collections in the past being focused on three or four localities mostly at foothills.
Although the phylogenetic relationships between the Cuban Calisto species are quite robust and well-supported, conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear datasets has been detected in C. brochei, C. muripetens and to a lesser degree in C. bradleyi. Either incomplete lineage sorting or hybridization might be invoked in those cases, as reported previously in other nymphalid genera (e.g. Bull et al. 2006;Kronforst et al. 2006;Wahlberg et al. 2009). The group israeli-brochei-smintheus may be a case of incomplete lineage sorting as the monophyly of israeli and smintheus are confirmed, but while the nuclear genes agree in placing C. israeli as sister to C. smintheus and C. brochei, the mitochondrial gene reconstructs the phylogeny with C. israeli as sister to all Cuban Calisto taxa. Similar observation has been made for the occulta-muripetens-herophile-bradleyi group, where the mitochondrial dataset infers occulta-muripetens as sister to herophile-bradleyi whereas the nuclear genes place herophile as sister to the occulta-muripetens-bradleyi clade. On the other hand, hybridization may be a common phenomenon in Calisto as suggested by our DNA sequence data which found several independent lineages (vouchers PM07-11, PM07-06, PM07-03 and PM15-03) that do not appear to be consistently placed within a certain clade in the tree. Based on morphology, the individual PM07-03 has been identified as C. brochei but the nuclear dataset robustly places it within C. occulta, leaving the possibility of hybridization between these two sympatric species occurring in the NSB Massif. Similarly, PM07-11 and PM07-06 may be hybrid forms of C. herophile and C. bradleyi as their phylogenetic position is not resolved and there is conflict even within the nuclear genes in placing these within either herophile or bradleyi. Clearly, a larger number of specimens needs to be analyzed genetically to discover which patterns are more common and whether this actually represents hybridization.
The origin and diversification of Cuban Calisto taxa remain to be studied under a rigorous biogeographic approach. However, in the present study, the phylogenetic relationships elucidated from molecular markers generate some insights about such processes. Indeed the mountains in the easternmost part of the island, including Sierra Maestra and the NSB Massif, seem to have played an important role in the diversification of the genus in Cuba, as suggested by the earlier divergence events in the phy-logeny in most of the taxa occurring in those localities, whereas more derived species occupy current mountain systems in west central (C. muripetens) or western Cuba (C. bradleyi) and broad distribution ranges across the entire island (C. herophile). Although some phylogenetic relationships require further clarification, such as the israeli-brocheismintheus and the herophile-bradleyi-occulta-muripetens groups, the general pattern of diversification and spreading from Sierra Maestra and NSB westwards Cuba would not be altered. Interestingly, eastern Cuba and north central Hispaniola were physically connected until the Windward Passage began to separate those landmasses by late Oligocene whereas the connection between eastern Cuba and central/western Cuba happened geologically more recently, after the disappearance of the Havana-Matanzas Channel by middle/late Miocene (Iturralde-Vinent and MacPhee 1996; Iturralde-Vinent and Macphee 1999) making it more plausible that ancestral Cuban Calisto taxa colonized western territories from the primitive eastern Cuba-northern Hispaniola landmass. Whether extant species are able to overcome the 80 km wide Windward Passage or not remains to be verified. Sourakov and Zakharov (2011) supported the idea of dispersal events by Calisto ancestors from Hispaniola to other Greater Antillean islands; however, they only included C. herophile from Cuba in their study. Future studies on the entire genus Calisto will allow us to assess whether the Cuban species form a monophyletic group within the Hispaniolan clade, as a sister to the Hispaniolan clade, or whether the Cuban species are in fact not a monophyletic group. What ever the case may be, a more comprehensive study will help us understand the evolutionary history of this special group of butterflies.