The spider family Selenopidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Australasia and the Oriental Region

Abstract We relimit and revise the family Selenopidae to include four new genera and 27 new species from Australia and the Oriental Region. The family is redefined, as are the genera Anyphops Benoit, Garcorops Corronca, Hovops Benoit, Selenops Latreille, and Siamspinops Dankittipakul & Corronca, to accommodate the new genera and to correct previous inconsistencies in the diagnoses and definitions of the aforementioned genera. The species of Selenops that occur throughout India and China are also reviewed. Three species occur in China: Selenops bursarius Karsch 1879, also known from Japan, Korea and Taiwan, Selenops ollarius Zhu, Sha, & Chen 1990, and Selenops radiatus Latreille 1819, the type of the genus and most widespread selenopid. Selenops cordatus Zhu, Sha & Chen syn. n. is recognized as a junior synonym of Selenops radiatus. Amamanganops gen. n. is monotypic, with Amamanganops baginawa sp. n. (♀; from the Philippines). Godumops gen. n. is monotypic, with Godumops caritus sp. n. (♂; from Papua New Guinea). Karaops gen. n. occurs throughout Australia and includes 24 species. A new combination is proposed for Karaops australiensis (L. Koch 1875) comb. n. (ex. Selenops), and the new species: Karaops gangarie sp. n. (♀, ♂), Karaops monteithi sp. n. (♀), Karaops alanlongbottomi sp. n. (♂), Karaops keithlongbottomi sp. n. (♂), Karaops larryoo sp. n. (♂), Karaops jarrit sp. n. (♂,♀), Karaops marrayagong sp. n. (♀), Karaops raveni sp. n. (♂,♀), Karaops badgeradda sp. n. (♀), Karaops burbidgei sp. n. (♂,♀), Karaops karrawarla sp. n. (♂,♀), Karaops julianneae sp. n. (♀), Karaops martamarta sp. n. (♀), Karaops manaayn sp. n. (♀, ♂), Karaops vadlaadambara sp. n. (♀, ♂), Karaops pilkingtoni sp. n. (♀, ♂), Karaops deserticola sp. n. (♀), Karaops ngarutjaranya sp. n. (♂,♀), Karaops francesae sp. n. (♂,♀), Karaops toolbrunup sp. n. (♀, ♂), the type species Karaops ellenae sp. n. (♂,♀), Karaops jenniferae sp. n. (♀), and Karaops dawara sp. n. (♀).The genus Makdiops gen. n. contains five species from India and Nepal. A new combination is proposed for Makdiops agumbensis (Tikader 1969), comb. n., Makdiops montigenus (Simon 1889), comb. n., Makdiops nilgirensis (Reimoser 1934) comb. n.,(ex. Selenops). Also, there are two new species the type of the genus Makdiops mahishasura sp. n. (♀; from India), and Makdiops shiva sp. n. (♀). The genus Pakawops gen. n. is monotypic. A new combination is proposed for Pakawops formosanus (Kayashima 1943) comb. n. (ex. Selenops), known only from Taiwan. A new combination is proposed for Siamspinops aculeatus (Simon)comb. n. (ex. Selenops). The distribution and diversity of the studied selenopid fauna is discussed. Finally, keys are provided to all of the selenopid genera and to the species of Karaops gen. n.and Makdiops gen. n.

software program AutoMontage Pro Version 5.02 (p) by Syncroscopy. Illustrations were prepared directly from the specimen or from digital images. The left palpus was illustrated, or if unavailable, a photograph of the right palpus was reversed. Positions on the face of the left bulb oriented in a standard 'upright' position are denoted by referring to a clock dial. Measurements were made using an ocular micrometer or from digital images, and are given in millimeters. Leg spination patterns follow that of Platnick and Shadab (1975). When a ventral leg spination pattern is given for the tibiae and metatarsi, such as 4-3, it means there are 4 pairs of ventral spines on the tibiae and 3 pairs of ventral spines on the metatarsi. Somatic characters are as defined in Ubick et al. (2005), and genitalic characters for selenopids follow that of Corronca (1998Corronca ( , 2002Corronca ( , 2003Corronca ( , 2005, except for the posterodorsal fold which Corronca called the uterus externus (see Crews, in press Strand, 1913, by original designation. Synonymized by Corronca (1996: 60).
Diagnosis. All members of this genus can be distinguished from other genera by the ventral spination on the tibiae and metatarsi of legs I and II, where there are 3 pairs of spines on the tibiae, and 2 pairs of spines on the metatarsi. Remarks. Despite the amount of recent work that has been done on the family, there is still some difficulty in determining boundaries of genera, in particular with the genus Selenops. Corronca (1998Corronca ( , 2002 has provided diagnoses of the genera of Selenopidae, but there are many variations, and several species considered in the present study do not quite fit into the genus Selenops as currently defined. Walckenaer (1837) first recognized three groups based on characteristics of the chelicerae, labium and leg lengths. These characters were not substantiated by Simon (1880) who attempted to divide the family into Old and New World species based on eye size. In the New World, F. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1900) first distinguished species using eye size and position along with genitalic characters. Petrunkevitch (1925Petrunkevitch ( , 1930 divided these species into groups and described new species based on leg proportions. In 1953, Muma established six species groups for species from North and Central America and the Caribbean based on leg lengths, eye size and position, and genitalic characters. Current authors (Alayón-García 1992Valdez-Mondragon 2007 still use these characters and groupings despite variation and species that do not fit into any group (Crews in press).
Additionally, molecular phylogenetic work (Crews and Gillespie 2010) and morphological data indicate that the monophyly of the genus Selenops is somewhat questionable. In the molecular phylogenies, Selenops is either para-or polyphyletic, though these results lack significant support in all trees. The para-and polyphyly occurs between the Old and New World selenopids. That is, the New World selenopids are monophyletic, and the Old World selenopids are not. Benoit (1968, p. 118) noted that American Selenops are very different from the African ones, and that they have nothing at the generic level in common with species from the Old World. He suggested that they should be the object of a new classification. Unfortunately, he did not elaborate further. We examined multiple species of New and Old World Selenops, but we have no better conclusion than Benoit (1968). We are unable to find any morphological characters that consistently differentiate Old and New World Selenops, and do not have enough molecular data from Old World species, and thus the genus is retained for both groups at this time.
Description. Total length 4-20. Cephalothorax: Carapace with some marks, wider than long; long, narrow fovea with 6 radiating lines. Setae either plumose or stiff, sometimes both types occur on same specimen; clypeus low. Eyes: 6 eyes in anterior row, either in a straight line or slightly recurved; PME larger than AME in most specimens, but in some specimens equal or, rarely, smaller; eye size occasionally differs between sexes of same species; Chelicerae slightly geniculate, robust, with 3 prolateral and 2 retrolateral teeth. Legs: Leg II longer than leg IV in most species, however, this is not always the case. Leg lengths are highly variable in this genus, and do not seem to be a good indicator of phylogeny or classification; tibia and metatarsai with 3 and 2 ventral spines, respectively. Tarsal, and in some species, metatarsal scopulae present, especially in females. Female copulatory organs: Epigynum usually with lateral lobes, occasionally with epigynal pockets; some species have a posterodorsal fold (Crews, in press), which is an extension of the external copulatory organs that folds in and may cover spermathecae or internal ducts. Male copulatory organs: Tibia typically with 2, and in some species 3 apophyses, with dorsal apophysis longer than ventral one in most species; median apophysis is one or two branched, and can be translucent, or with one or both branches sclerotized.
Distribution. Selenops occurs in the New World from southern North America, throughout Central America, to southern South America, including islands in the Caribbean Sea. In the Old World, Selenops occurs throughout Africa, the Mediterranean, Middle East, and Asia including Japan and Taiwan.
Composition. Currently there are 124 species of Selenops described. Revisionary work of the African Selenops species was done first by Lawrence (1940), followed by Benoit (1968), and Corronca (2002). Corronca (2001) has also described new species from the African region. Selenops radiatus, the type of the genus, is the most widespread species, occurring from northern Africa, throughout the Middle East and Mediterranean and into India and China. In the New World, Muma (1953) revised the North American, Central American and Caribbean Selenopidae. Corronca (1998) revised South American representatives. Alayón-García (2005) has revised the Cuban species and reviewed and described species from other Caribbean islands such as Jamaica (Alayón-García 2003), the Dominican Republic (Alayón-García 1992), and Curaçao (Alayón-García 2001). Valdez-Mondragón (2007 has also described a handful of species from México. The most recent revision of the North and Central American and Caribbean species was done by Crews (in press). Below we include a special section reviewing the Selenops species found in China, as the literature is difficult to obtain.

Selenops from China
The Chinese species have been reviewed by Zhu et al. (1990). Currently, there are only three species described from this vast region, one of which is widespread throughout eastern Asia, including China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan, and one has the largest range of any member of the genus. Here we review the species, synonymize one species, and provide collecting localities, information on the types and some natural history data. gen. n. from Australia, though this relationship is not well supported. Selenops bursarius shares the 3-2 tibial-metatarsal ventral spination with Old and New World Selenops species, however the male palps are unique among selenopids. The RTA is very elaborate and consists of three apophyses; large dorsal and medial apophyses and a smaller ventral apophysis. The embolus resembles that of some Karaops gen. n. species in its shape and origin. The MA is bulbous, two-branched and highly sclerotized, a unique feature. Finally, the conductor is somewhat T-shaped, a characteristic found in several selenopid genera. We have chosen to retain this species in Selenops at the present time, though clearly it retains unique features and may indeed represent an undescribed lineage.
Natural history. In China, it has been found on cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), where it hides under the bark during the day and comes out at night (Zhu et al. 1990).
further east (Map 1), making it the most widespread member of the Selenopidae, the phylogeography of which would no doubt be interesting to study.
Etymology. Amamanganops gen. n. comes from a combination of words and honors the indigenous peoples from the region of the type locality of this selenopid. Hanunuo Mangyan: Amamangan = spider; Greek: ops = face, eye. We retain the traditional ending of selenopid genera of ops, which originally referred to the eye arrangement. The gender is masculine.
Diagnosis. Amamanganops gen. n. can be separated from all other genera by genitalic characters. The epigynum is the simplest known for all Selenopidae. It is not divided into lateral lobes, has a sinuous posterior margin, and has extremely simple and small internal ducts (Figs 1A-B). Males unknown.
Description. Total length 6.90. Cephalothorax: Carapace with some dusky markings, wider than long. Fovea short, broad, and shallow. Setae variable, simple, with both long and thin and short and thick hairs present. AER straight, PER slightly recurved. PME equal to AME. Chelicerae slightly geniculate, robust, 3 prolateral and 2 retrolateral teeth. Legs: Leg II longer than leg IV, leg III longest. Right leg I has 4 paired spines on tibia and 3 on metatarsus; left leg is missing. Leg II has 5 paired spines on tibia and 3 on metatarsus. Tarsal scopulae absent. Female copulatory organs: Epigynum without lateral lobes, with a sinuate posterior margin, and epigynal pockets. Spermathecae small and simple (Figs 1-2).
Distribution. Amamanganops gen. n. is known from a single specimen collected around San Jose, on the southern part of the island of Mindoro (Map 1). It is likely found on other parts of the island.
Composition. A single species, Amamanganops baginawa sp. n. Etymology. The specific epithet comes from the Buhid Mangyan word baginawa, meaning spider in the language of the indigenous people inhabiting the region of the type locality. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition. with three teeth, retromargin with two teeth; maxillae longer than broad, with tuft of conspicuous setae distally; labium distally rounded. Sternum: 0.95 times longer than broad, posteriorly indented. Pedipalp: tarsus slightly swollen, claw present with less than six teeth. Legs: Leg I only slightly shorter than legs II, III and IV; leg formula 3241; leg III longest; scopulae absent on all legs; tarsus I-IV with strong claw tufts on all legs; pr claw with less than 10 teeth, rl claw with none; spination: leg I, Fm pr 1-1-0, d 1-1-1, rt 0; Ti v 2-2-2-2; Mt v 2-2-2; Ti and Mt I and II with strong spines; leg II, Fm pr 0, d 1-1-1, rt 0; Ti 2-2-2-2; Mt v 2-2-2; leg III, Fm pr 0, d 1-1-1, rt 0; Ti 0; Mt 0; leg IV, Fm pr 0, d 1-1-1, rt 0; Ti 0; Mt 0. Abdomen: Terminal setal tufts present. Epigyne: Lateral lobes not distinct, median septum, copulatory openings located anterolaterally, posterior margin sinuate, epigynal pockets present; spermathecae very small and simple, well-separated, posterodorsal fold absent. Dimensions: Total length 6.93. Cephalothorax length 2.64, width 3.08. Sternum length 1. Diagnosis. Anyphops can be separated from all other genera by the ventral leg spination of Ti and Mt I and II, coupled with the collection locality. Specimens have either 4, 5, 6 or 7 paired ventral tibial spines and are found in Africa or Madagascar. If the tibial-metatarsal spination is 4-3 the spider is found in Africa and not Madagascar (see below under Remarks). In males, an additional character useful for diagnosis is the large, complex, sclerotized and often twisted MA. Remarks. Corronca (1998) described a single species of Anyphops from Madagascar, Anyphops benoiti. Anyphops had previously been known only from Africa while at the time only one genus, Hovops, had been described from Madagascar. Presumably A. benoiti was included in the genus Anyphops due to the leg spination on the metatarsi and tarsi of legs I and II (5-3). In 2003, Corronca described a new genus, Garcorops, endemic to Madagascar. He mentioned differences between Anyphops and Garcorops, and that Garcorops seemed to be morphologically closest to the B 1 group of Anyphops, as defined by Lawrence (1940) from Kenya and South Africa. Anyphops benoiti was not specifically mentioned in this paper. Although we have not examined specimens of A. benoiti, Corronca's illustration of the male palpus does not show the large, twisted median apophysis found in the majority of Anyphops species, but has a somewhat Tshaped conductor similar to that found in Garcorops, though A. benoiti does not have the projection on the conductor that Garcorops has. The illustrations of the female copulatory organs are similar to both Anyphops and Garcorops. While it may seem that leg spination may not be a very strong character by which to separate genera, we would like to point out that in the molecular study of Crews and Gillespie (2010), while not having all genera discussed in the current paper available for genetic study, the genera Karaops gen. n., Garcorops, Hovops, and Anyphops were distinct in all analyses. After examining many other morphological characters in detail, the leg spination, coupled with biogeographical data and genetic data, appears to be the best way to distinguish genera at the present time given the specimens that are available.

Amamanganops baginawa
Description. Total length 4.00-17.40. Cephalothorax: Carapace with dark bands or spots laterally, wider than long or equally as long as wide, with cephalic portion more noticeable than in Selenops. Narrow fovea with six radiating lines. Setae are simple and sometimes spiniform. Median eyes strongly recurved, PME>AME. Chelicerae slightly geniculate, robust, with 3 prolateral and 2 retrolateral teeth. Legs: Leg IV longer than leg II, and leg lengths are typically 4321. Tibiae I and II with pairs of 7, 6, 5 or 4 spines. Tarsal, and in some species, metatarsal scopulae present. Female copulatory organs: Epigynum with or without lateral lobes, with well defined median field, depression or septum. Epigynal pockets sometimes present. Spermathecae simple or complex. Male copulatory organs: Palpal cymbium with dense terminal scopulae. Palpal tibia with 2 tibial apophyses, dorsal larger than ventral. Dorsal apophysis twisted in some species, and in some species both branches bifurcated. MA complex, strongly sclerotized, angular, and twisted in some species.
Distribution. Anyphops occurs throughout Africa, as well as on the islands of St. Helena and Madagascar.
Composition. Currently there are 64 species of Anyphops described. Most species were first described as members of the genus Selenops by Lawrence (1940). Benoit (1968) transferred these into the genus Anyphops and described additional species. Corronca (1998Corronca ( , 2000Corronca ( , 2005 described five more species, and re-described the lycosiformis group. Diagnosis. Garcorops is easily separated from all other genera by the T-shaped conductor with a basally rounded projection. Females are best recognised from most other genera by the presence of 4 ventral pairs of spines on the tibiae and 3 pairs on the metatarsi, although there are some species of Anyphops with similar spination.

Genus
Description. Total length 5.30-6.90. Cephalothorax: Carapace with some light markings, wider than long. Long narrow fovea with 6 radiating lines. Setae simple. Clypeus low. Eye rows recurved, with PME larger than AME. Chelicerae slightly geniculate, robust, with 3 prolateral and 2 retrolateral teeth. Legs: Leg IV longer than leg II. Tibiae and metatarsi with 4 and 3 pairs of ventral spines, respectively. Female copulatory organs: Epigynum with distinct lateral lobes in most species connected by a sclerotized bridge. Median field depressed, epigynal pockets absent, spermathecae complex. Male copulatory organs: Palpal tibia with 2 tibial apophyses, dorsal larger than ventral. MA unbranched and not sclerotized, conductor T-shaped with basally rounded projection.
Distribution. Garcorops is found in Madagascar and the Comoros Islands.
Composition. Currently there are three described extant species of Garcorops, G. jocquei Corronca, 2003, G. madagascar Corronca, 2003and G. paulyi Corronca, 2003, all recently described by Corronca (2003. A fourth species, Garcorops jadis, has been found in Madagascan copal, and was described by Bosselaers (2004). It has been suggested by Penney et al. (2005) that this could represent an 'undiscovered' extant species, or an extinct species.
Etymology. Godumops gen. n comes from a combination of words and honors the indigenous peoples of Papua New Guinea. Although there are many different indigenous groups and languages in Papua New Guinea, we chose the Nobonob language, as this language is spoken around the type locality. Nobonob: Godum = spider; Greek: ops = face, eye. We retain the traditional ending of selenopid genera of ops, which originally referred to the eye arrangement. The gender is masculine.
Diagnosis. Godumops gen. n. can be separated from all other genera by a combination of characters. In males, MA is lacking (Figs 5-6) with no distinct fovea and no radiating lines on the cephalothorax (Fig. 107). The terminal portion of the labium is also m-shaped (Fig. 109), whereas it is rounded in all other genera. Females unknown.
Description. Total length 4.50. Cephalothorax: Carapace slightly darker on edges, longer than wide, fovea indistinct, round, extremely shallow, lacking radiating lines. Setae variable, ranging from soft, to thick and coarse, short peg-like spines to long and thin; some are of medium length and thickness. Both AER and PER slightly recurved. PME smaller than AME. Chelicerae slightly geniculate, robust, with three prolateral and 2 retrolateral teeth. Legs: Leg II is the longest, followed by III, IV and I. Tibial and metatarsal ventral spination is 7-4. Tarsal scopulae absent. Male copulatory organs: Palpal tibia with 2 tibial apophyses. Dorsal apophysis much longer than ventral apophysis. MA absent.
Distribution. Known only from Madagascar and the island of Réunion.
Composition. There are currently six described species of Hovops: H. dufouri (Vinson, 1863), H. legrasi (Simon, 1887), H. madagascariensis (Vinson, 1863), H. mariensis (Strand, 1908), H. modestus (Lenz, 1886) and H. pusillus (Simon, 1887). This genus is in need of revision, as the newest species description is over 100 years old, with the other descriptions being 120-150 years old. The majority of species are described in separate publications and there are only two diagnostic drawings.
Etymology. Karaops gen. n. comes from a combination of words and honors the indigenous peoples of Australia by referring to the indigenous Selenopidae found throughout the continent. Nyoongar: Kara = spider; Greek: ops = face, eye. We retain the traditional ending of selenopid genera of ops, which originally referred to the eye arrangement. The gender is masculine.
Diagnosis. Karaops gen. n. can be separated from all other genera by a combination of characters: 1. ventral tibial and metatarsal spination of legs I and II something other than 3-2, 2. absence of scopulae, 3. found only in Australia. The males have a small, simple MA that is not twisted in any species.
Description. Total length 3.90-10.30. Cephalothorax: Carapace with some dusky marks, usually wider than long. Fovea longitudinal, broad, and shallow. Setae variable, ranging from soft to thick and coarse, short peg-like spines to long and thin; some are of medium length and thickness. Chelicerae slightly geniculate, robust, with 3 prolateral and 2 retrolateral teeth, or 4 prolateral and 3 retrolateral teeth. Eyes: AER straight to slightly recurved to recurved, PER slightly recurved to strongly recurved. PME larger than AME in most species, though equal or smaller in some specimens. Legs: Leg III usually longest, though leg II or IV is longest in some species. Leg pattern 3241in most specimens, but is variable both between and within species, as in Selenops. Tibial and metatarsal ventral spination is primarily in pairs of 5 and 3, respectively, but can also be 6-3, 5-4, 6-4, 5-0, or are unpaired. Tarsal scopulae absent. Female copulatory organs: Epigynum with lateral lobes, a well-defined median area, and with or without epigynal pockets. Spermathecae and internal ducts range from simple and round to highly coiled. Male copulatory organs: Palpal tibia with 2 or 3 tibial apophyses. Dorsal apophysis longer than or equal to ventral apophysis in most species. MA 1 or 2 branched, ranging from unsclerotized to strongly sclerotized.
Remarks. Species of Karaops gen. n. can be locally abundant, but are relatively rare or at least elusive given the low numbers of species in museum collections. Although none have yet been determined to be short range endemics (SREs) (Harvey 2002), it is possible that with more thorough collecting in particular areas or with additional morphometric or molecular data, some will be found to be SREs. Many species are known only from one sex, and several species are known from only a single specimen.
Composition. In addition to transferring Selenops australiensis to Karaops gen. n., we describe 23 new species. It is likely that more species will be found. Given the large ranges of some species, yet seemingly stable morphology across isolated populations, molecular or morphometric data may reveal cryptic species.

Key to Karaops species
(males of K. monteithi sp. n., K. marrayagong sp. n., K. badgeradda sp. n., K. julianneae sp. n., K. martamarta sp. n., K. deserticola sp. n., K. jenniferae sp. n., K. dawara sp. n. unknown; females of K. alanlongbottomi sp. n., K. keithlongbottomi sp. n., and K. The following synopsis of Karaops species is based on similarities of the copulatory organs between species. Diagnosis. The male coiled, the small MA that is attached to the base of the cymbium (Fig. 7). Females can be separated from other species by the coiled sperm ducts that lead to small, ovoid spermathecae, and epigynal pockets are absent (Figs 9-10).
Remarks. The holotype from Bowen, north-eastern Queensland, is an immature (L. Koch 1875) and therefore unidentifiable to species level. We have assigned several adult specimens collected near Bowen to this species, in the assumption that only a single species occurs in the region. Although males and females have not been collected sympatrically, we have assigned them to the same species as they were collected less than 20 km apart.
Etymology. The specific epithet comes from the indigenous word for Cooktown, the type locality, in the Guugu Yimithirr language.
Diagnosis. Males can be distinguished from other species by a triangular projection directed basally coming off of the base of the embolus (Fig. 13) and females can be differentiated from others by the strongly coiled ducts and no distinctly swollen spermathecae (Fig. 12).
Diagnosis. Males of this species can be separated from all other species except K. raveni sp. n. by having unpaired spines on Ti I and II, and can be separated from K. raveni by having the MA with a quadrangular base. Females can be separated from other species by the a diamond shaped median septum, small posterodorsal folds, and coiled internal ducts (Figs 23-26).
Remarks. Though the male and female have not been collected together, it is clear from their morphologies that they are the same species. Additionally, and interestingly, this species is morphologically similar to K. raveni sp. n. and K. marrayagong sp. n. from eastern Australia. The cephalothorax of all three species is strongly flattened, giving the habitus a very truncate, or short and squat, appearance. The females have 5 paired spines on the ventral tibiae I and II, and 3 pairs on the metatarsi, whereas the male has either 4 or 5 spines (unpaired) on tibiae I and II, and no spines on the ventral surface of the metatarsi, though the male of K. marrayagong sp. n. is unknown.
Remarks. There is some ambiguity as to where exactly this specimen is from as it is rather old. The region of Kitty's Creek in Sydney has been searched recently, but the area has been developed a great deal since the specimen was originally collected.
Diagnosis. This species can be separated from all other species by genitalic characteristics, including a bilobed sclerotized area covering the copulatory openings located in the posterior third of the epigynal plate (Fig. 33). Males unknown.

Remarks.
Immatures are matched with this species as they were collected from the same locality as the holotype.
Etymology. This species is named for Andrew Burbidge in recognition of his conservation activities in Australia.
Diagnosis. Males of this species can be differentiated from other species by their large, transparent, laterally directed MA (Fig. 35). Females can be differentiated from other species by their medially located copulatory openings, and short internal ducts (Figs 37-38).
Diagnosis. Females of this species can be differentiated from all others by the indistinct median septum and lateral lobes, and the median field being a long, narrow depression, with round spermathecae, and the sperm ducts nearly touch medially (Figs 45-46). Male is unknown.

Karaops vadlaadambara
Diagnosis. Males can be differentiated from all other species by having a portion of the conductor behind the MA, and the conductor being sclerotized terminally. Additionally, the embolus is short and hook shaped, and in the center of the bulb rather than the lateral edge (Fig. 51). Females can be separated from other species by a quadrangular medium septum and well-separated, round spermathecae and short copulatory ducts (Figs 53-54).
Remarks. Although the male and female specimens were not collected together (they were collected some 46 km apart), it seems reasonable to assume they are conspecific.
Remarks. Throughout its range, this species is subject to variation in body size, ventral tibial and metatarsal spination of legs I and II, as well as in the number of promarginal teeth. There are 6 pairs of spines ventrally on tibiae I and II in most specimens, but some specimens have 5 pairs. Typically, there are 4 pairs of spines located ventrally on the metatarsus, however, at least one specimen has a 2-2-1 pattern. This species has either 4 or 5 promarginal teeth. The leg lengths also vary a great deal and have been found to be 3421, 23=41, 3241 and 2341. There is no genitalic variation.

Karaops toolbrunup
Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the type locality, which means 'drizzle carrier' in the indigenous Nyoongar language. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition.
Diagnosis. This species can be separated from most others by having 4 teeth on the cheliceral promargin, and from K. francesae sp. n. by genitalic characteristics. In the male, the cymbium is pointed distally, and the base of the embolus extends to the basal margin of the cymbium (Fig. 71). In the female, epigynal pockets are present and the sperm ducts are not coiled (Figs 69-70).
Diagnosis. Males of this species can be separated from others by the irregular shaped and unsclerotized MA, and the conductor has a pointed projection terminally (Fig. 73). Females of this species can be distinguished from others by the medially located copulatory organs and the widely spaced epigynal pockets (Fig. 75).
Distribution. Known only from the northern region of the Northern Territory ( Fig. 102; Map 5).
Diagnosis. Makdiops gen. n. can be separated from all other genera by a combination of characters. The ventral spination of the tibiae and metatarsi is 4-3, 3-3, or 3-2, there are no tarsal scopulae, and the genus is only found from India and Nepal.
It appears that at least two genera, Makdiops gen. n. and Selenops, occur throughout the Indo-Asian region (Map 1, Map 3). The species of Selenops include S. radiatus, the most widespread selenopid species, S. sumitrae Patel andPatel, 1973, andS. shevaroyensis Gravely, 1931. We were unable to examine specimens of the latter two species, however the published descriptions and illustrations of Selenops sumitrae (Patel and Patel 1973) make it difficult to differentiate from S. radiatus, and if it is not a synonym, they are certainly very closely related. The description and illustration of S. shevaroyensis are inadequate (Gravely 1931) and the type is not available. At this time, we will make no taxonomic changes to this species, pending the collection of new material.
It is likely that several more species from this region will be found with further exploration, and it is of note that the male of only one species of Makdiops gen. n. is known. Most of these are known from only a single specimen, and in cases where they are not, there seems to be a lot of variation. While it is possible that these species may represent more than one genus, at this time, we will group them together based on their geographic locations, genitalic similarities, and lack of tarsal scopulae.
Description. Total length 6.70-9.70. Cephalothorax: Carapace with some dark spots or dusky markings, wider than long. Fovea longitudinal, short, broad, and shallow. Setae variable, ranging from short and spine-like, to long and thin; some are of medium length and thickness. AER straight, PER slightly recurved to recurved. PME larger than AME. Chelicerae slightly geniculate, robust, with 3 prolateral and 2 retrolateral teeth. Legs: Leg II or III longest, with III usually longer than IV. Tibial and metatarsal ventral spination variable, either 4-3, 3-3, or 3-2. Tarsal scopulae absent. Female copulatory organs: Epigynum with lateral lobes, a well-defined median area, and with or without epigynal pockets. Spermathecae range from being simple and not coiled, to some coiling, to extremely coiled and asymmetrical. Posterodorsal fold present or not. Male copulatory organs: The male of only one species is known. Palpal tibia with 1 tibial bifid apophysis. Dorsal portion longer, thin and slightly curved; ventral portion shorter and flattened; MA small, simple and single-branched; Conductor large, T-shaped, pointed retrolaterally.
Distribution. Makdiops gen. n. occurs throughout India and Nepal (Map 3). It has been found at a higher elevation than any other selenopid species, at over 2500 m. It is likely to be found in other countries throughout the region (Map 3).

Remarks.
We were unable to examine the type of M. agumbensis comb. n. From the description and illustrations (Tikader 1969), it is impossible to tell whether or not it is valid, or whether it is indeed a unique species. However, the description suggests it is a species of Makdiops rather than Selenops, viz, tibiae I and II have 4 pairs of ventral spines, the epigyne has large epigynal pockets, and the genital openings are located behind a sinuous margin (Tikader 1969 ; fig. 2). Etymology. The specific epithet comes from the Kannada word ಮೈಸೂರ = Maisūru referring to Mahishasura, a Hindu asura, for which the city of Mysore, or the region of the type locality, was named. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition.

Makdiops mahishasura
Diagnosis. This species can be differentiated from all others by a combination of characters including tibiae I and II with three pairs of ventral spines, sperm ducts only coiled a few times, and ducts symmetrical (Fig. 86). Males unknown.

90
anterior to w-shaped area, median area in between this raised, small quadrangular area in center of plate, epigynal pockets present; internally, large posterodorsal fold present, and as this is the type of a rare specimen, we chose not to dissect it, spermathecae seen through integument are oblong and narrow, fertilization ducts located posterolaterally (Figs 87-88 Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the Hindu god Shiva, as the type locality is the location of one of the 12 traditional Jyotirlingas of Shiva. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. This species can be differentiated from all others by having 4 pairs of ventral tibial spines on legs I and II, and by the epigynal pockets reaching the sinuous margin where copulatory openings are located (Fig. 89). Males unknown.
Distribution. Taiwan, near Taipei (Map 1). It is likely found on other parts of the island.

Diagnosis.
Siamspinops females can be separated from those of all other genera by the combination of highly coiled spermathecae and by the presence of a posterodorsal epigynal fold. Some members of Karaops gen. n. also have strongly coiled ducts, but are lacking the posterodorsal fold. Males can be easily separated by having extremely strongly forward projecting chelicerae and long fangs. No other genus of selenopid has these characters. Description. Total length 6.00-7.90. Cephalothorax: Carapace with some dusky marks, wider than long. Short, broad, shallow fovea. Setae simple. AER straight, PER recurved. AME smaller than PME. Chelicerae slightly geniculate and robust in female; chelicerae and fangs in male are very long and strongly projecting forward; with 3 pro-lateral and 2 retrolateral teeth. Legs: Leg II is longer than leg IV, with leg III longest in females; tibiae I and II with 11-15 paired ventral spines, metatarsi I and II with 7-13 paired ventral spines; tarsal scopulae present. Female copulatory organs: Epigynum with or without lateral lobes, with median field and epigynal pockets. Spermathecae heavily sclerotized and coiled, with 7-14 spirals, posterodorsal fold present. Male copulatory organs: Palpal tibia with 2 tibial apophyses; embolus long and filiform; conductor Tshaped with one tip pointed;MA with only one branch, simple, and hook-shaped.
Distribution. Siamspinops occurs in Southeast Asia from Thailand, south to Malaysia (Map 1).
Composition. Four species, S. allospinosus, S. spinescens, S. spinosissimus, S. spinosus which were all recently described by Dankittipakul and Corronca (2009), and we transfer one species, Selenops aculeatus, to Siamspinops, and redescribe this species, bringing the total number of species to five. It is likely there are many more species in the region. (Simon, 1901), comb. n. http://species-id.net/wiki/Siamspinops_aculeatus Diagnosis. The female of this species can be easily distinguished from all others by the copulatory organs, as the sperm ducts are coiled 16 times, and a posterodorsal fold is present (Fig. 4). Male unknown.

Siamspinops aculeatus
Remarks. Selenops aculeatus comb. n. is assigned to Siamspinops based on the morphology of the numerous spermathecal coils and the very spiny legs (Dankittipakul and Corronca 2009).