First records of Xyleborinus octiesdentatus (Murayama) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from North America

Abstract Xyleborinus octiesdentatus (Murayama), an ambrosia beetle native to Asia, is reported for the first time in North America based on specimens from Alabama and Louisiana. This is the twenty-first species of exotic Xyleborina documented in North America. A re-description of the female and a key to the four North American species of Xyleborinus are presented.


Introduction
In 1977, Steve Wood documented the introduced and exported North and Central American scolytines known at that time (Wood 1977). He also pointed out that many of the recent introductions into North America were species with sib-mating systems (Wood 1982). Since then there have been many papers citing the numerous species and increasing rate of introductions of non-native scolytines into North America. Th e number of non-native scolytines known to be established in North America has more than doubled since 1977. Whereas more than half of the species reported prior to 1977 were in the twig and seed infesting genera Hypothenemus and Coccotrypes, most of the recently established species are ambrosia beetles (Hoebeke andRabaglia 2008, Rabaglia et al. 2009).
Ambrosia beetles in the Xyleborina are commonly transported in dunnage and crating, and readily establish in new environments due to their cryptic nature and sib-mating behavior (Wood 1982, Atkinson et al. 1990, Brockerhoff et al. 2006). Since 1980, there have been 13 non-native xyleborines found to be established in North America. As of 2009, there were 42 species of Xyleborina known from north of Mexico, and 21 of these are non-native (Rabaglia et al. 2006;Hoebeke and Rabaglia, 2008;Rabaglia et al. 2009;Okins and Th omas 2010). Th is paper reports the fi rst occurrence of the 22nd non-native xyleborine, Xyleborinus octiesdentatus (Murayama), documented from North America, provides a key and description for its identifi cation, and presents recent collection and taxonomic data.
Th e USDA Forest Service has been pilot testing and later implementing on an operational basis, an early detection and rapid response (EDRR) project for bark and ambrosia beetles since 2001 . Th is project utilizes Lindgren funnel traps (Lindgren 1983) and lures which target non-native scolytines that are at high risk of introduction into the United States. As part of this project, in 2008 a study was conducted on the Kisatchie National Forest near Winnfi eld, Louisiana to determine the eff ects of lure release rates on beetle response. On April 24, 2008 a sample containing an unidentifi ed xyleborine ambrosia beetle was collected, and images were sent to RJR. Th e beetle was recognized as a new, non-native species and images were forwarded to MK who suggested it was identical with Xyleborinus octiesdentatus (Murayama, 1931). Th e identifi cation was then confi rmed by RJR after comparison with Murayama's type specimen of at the US National Museum. Th is was the fi rst record of this species in North America. An additional specimen was collected on August 14, 2008 in Vance, Alabama also as part of the EDRR project. In 2009, WJ collected additional specimens on the Kisatchie National Forest as part of a delimiting survey in Louisiana. Further collection details are in the Distribution section below.

Systematics
Th e Xyleborina (Xyleborini sensu Wood and Bright, 1992) is a large and complex group containing more than 1,200 species. Until Wood's (1986) reclassifi cation, most species in the tribe were placed in the polyphyletic genus Xyleborus. Recent molecular (Jordal 2002) and morphological (Hulcr et al. 2007) methods have helped create a more stable classifi cation (Hulcr and Cognato 2009). Th e genus Xyleborinus was established by Reitter (1913), and has at times been considered a synonym of Xyleborus. Since Wood (1986), it has been recognized as a distinct genus. Th e main character used to distinguish the two genera is the somewhat hidden, conical scutellum in Xyleborinus and the visible, fl at scutellum in Xyleborus.
Most publications on Xyleborinus octiesdentatus, including the original description from Korea by Murayama (1931), placed it in Xyleborus (Murayama 1934, Yin et al. 1984, Nobuchi 1985, Wood and Bright 1992. A study by R. A. Beaver (pers. comm.) and MK of Murayama's type collection at the US National Museum in 2003 indicated that the species should be placed in Xyleborinus (Beaver et al. 2008) Xyleborinus octiesdentatus (Murayama, 1931: 46) Figs 1, 2 and 3 Diagnosis. Specimens of X. octiesdentatus can be easily distinguished from other members of Xyleborinus occurring in North America by the sulcate shape of the elytral declivity, and the elevated lateral declivital margins which bear four pairs of long, narrow, sharply pointed spines, increasing in length approaching the posterior margin.

Revised Key to Xyleborinus in America north of Mexico
Th e following key, modifi ed from the key to Xyleborinus in Rabaglia et al. (2006), will enable the identifi cation of the fi ve species of Xyleborinus known from America north of Mexico. It includes the recently established X. andrewsi in Florida (Okins and Th omas 2010).  Nunberg (1982) Female. Length 2.1-2.4 mm (from anterior margin of pronotum to posterior margin of elytra, excluding spines), 2.5× as long as wide; color brown to dark brown, matt. Frons convex, strongly reticulate, with large, shallow, rather dense punctures. Antennal club round with two round sutures on its anterior side and one strongly apically displaced suture on posterior side. Pronotum cylindrical, 1.2× as long as wide, frontal edge broadly rounded bearing small tubercles as continuation of very fi ne asperities on anterior half, posterior half fi nely shagreened, with minute, shallow punctures. Scutellum typical for the genus, conical, visible between the emarginated bases of the elytra. Elytra cylindrical 1.5× as long as wide, 1.3× as long as pronotum, side straight on anterior half, narrowed on posterior half; striae on the disk very shallowly impressed, regularly and rather densely punctured; interstriae fl at, fi nely and regularly punctured; interstriae 1, 2 and 3 with small tubercles just before the upper margin of the declivity. Elytral declivity long, nearly from the middle of elytra, sulcate, sutural interstriae weakly elevated on upper part, not elevated below, without granules; lateral edges formed by strongly elevated continuation of 3rd interstriae, which bears four pairs of long, narrow, posteriorly directed sharply pointed spines, which increase in length approaching posterior margin, the last two pair exceeding outline of the elytral edge; several small, fi ne spines on the lateral raised margin of declivity. Vestiture consisting of moderately long, fi ne setae in uniseriate rows on interstriae, longer on declivity. Legs yellowish, brown.
Although this species is certainly established in the Winnfi eld area of Louisiana (Winn Parish) and probably in Alabama (Tuscaloosa Co.), it has not been collected from any host trees. In May, 2009, on the Kisatchie National Forest, Ilex vomitoria Aiton (yaupon), I. opaca Aiton (American holly) (Aquifoliaceae) and Carpinus caroliniana Walter (ironwood) (Corylaceae) were girdled and a sticky band placed on the trees to act as attractant/trap trees for the beetle. Th ese species were selected because known hosts of the beetles belonging to these genera occur in Asia. During the month following this treatment 27 specimens were collected on the sticky band on the girdled yaupon whereas no specimens were collected from the other species. No specimens of X. octiesdentatus were found boring into the yaupon tree.
Th e impact X. octiesdentatus will have in North America is still uncertain. All species of xyleborines carry symbiotic ambrosia fungi that are usually benign to hosts in their native range. However, as recently discovered with Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff , 1877, another ambrosia beetle introduced from Asia, certain ambrosial fungi may prove to be very pathogenic on new, novel hosts in North America (Fraedrich et al. 2008). Future studies with X. octiesdentatus will attempt to identify fungal associates, and test their pathogenicity against North American host trees.