Revision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new genera

Abstract The species of seventeen genera of Agathidinae (Braconidae) from Vietnam are revised: Agathis Latreille, 1804, Bassus Fabricius, 1804; Biroia Szépligeti, 1900; Braunsia Kriechbaumer, 1894; Camptothlipsis Enderlein, 1920; Coccygidium de Saussure, 1892; Coronagathis gen. n. (type species: Coronagathis cornifera sp. n.); Cremnops Foerster, 1862; Disophrys Foerster, 1862; Earinus Wesmael, 1837; Euagathis Szépligeti, 1900; Gyragathis gen. n. (type species: Gyragathis quyi sp. n.), Gyrochus Enderlein, 1920; Lytopylus Foerster, 1862; Therophilus Wesmael, 1837; Troticus Brullé, 1846, and Zelodia gen. n. (type species: Zelomorpha varipes van Achterberg & Maetô, 1990). Keys to the Vietnamese species are given. Sixty-five species are recognised, of which twelve species are newly recorded for Vietnam: Bassus albifasciatus (Watanabe, 1934), Coccygidium angostura (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), Cremnops atricornis (Smith, 1874), stat. n., Disophrys erythrocephala Cameron, 1900, Gyrochus yunnanensis Wang, 1984, Lytopylus romani (Shestakov, 1940), comb. n., Therophilus festivus (Muesebeck, 1953), comb. n., Therophilus javanus (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Therophilus lienhuachihensis (Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n., Therophilus marshi (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia absoluta (Chen & Yang, 1998), comb. n. and Zelodia longidorsata (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n. Forty-two species are new to science: Agathis citrinisoma sp. n., Bassus albobasalis sp. n., Bassus albozonatus sp. n., Biroia soror sp. n., Braunsia bicolorata sp. n., Braunsia devriesi sp. n., Braunsia maculifera sp. n., Braunsia nigrapiculata sp. n., Braunsia pumatica sp. n., Camptothlipsis hanoiensis sp. n., Coronagathis cornifera sp. n., Earinus aurantius sp. n., Earinus brevistigmus sp. n., Euagathis flavosoma sp. n., Disophrys maculifera sp. n., Disophrys quymanhi sp. n., Disophrys rhinoides sp. n., Gyragathis quyi sp. n., Therophilus annuliferus sp. n., Therophilus cattienensis sp. n., Therophilus contrastus sp. n., Therophilus crenulisulcatus sp. n., Therophilus depressiferus sp. n., Therophilus elongator sp. n., Therophilus levisoma sp. n., Therophilus marucae sp. n., Therophilus mellisoma sp. n., Therophilus nigrolineatus sp. n., Therophilus nuichuaensis sp. n., Therophilus parasper sp. n., Therophilus planifrons sp. n., Therophilus punctiscutum sp. n., Therophilus robustus sp. n., Therophilus rugosiferus sp. n., Therophilus scutellatus sp. n., Troticus alloflavus sp. n., Troticus giganteus sp. n., Zelodia albobasalis sp. n., Zelodia anginota sp. n., Zelodia bicoloristigma sp. n., Zelodia brevifemoralis sp. n. and Zelodia flavistigma sp. n. The following new synonyms are proposed: Euagathis nigrithorax Bhat & Gupta, 1977, Euagathis variabilis Enderlein, 1920, Euagathis variabilis var. tibialis Enderlein, 1920, Euagathis variabilis var. melanopleura Enderlein, 1920 and Euagathis variabilis var. sucarandana Enderlein, 1920 with Euagathis abbotti (Ashmead, 1900); Euagathis jinshanensis Chen & Yang, 2006 and Euagathis sharkeyi Chen & Yang, 2006, with Euagathis forticarinata (Cameron, 1899). The genus Amputostypos Sharkey, 2009, is synonymised with Coccygidium de Saussure, 1892, syn. n. The following new combinations are given: Bassus subrasa (Enderlein, 1920), comb. n., Gyragathis angulosa (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Lytopylus romani (Shestakov, 1940), comb. n., Therophilus annulus (Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n., Therophilus asper (Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n., Therophilus cingulipes (Nees, 1812), comb. n., Therophilus daanyuanensis (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Therophilus fujianicus (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Therophilus javanus (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Therophilus lanyuensis (Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n., Therophilus luzonicus (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Therophilus muesebecki (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Therophilus rudimentarius (Enderlein, 1920), comb. n., Therophilus similis (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Therophilus sungkangensis (Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n., Therophilus tanycoleosus (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Therophilus tonghuaensis (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Therophilus tongmuensis (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Therophilus transcasperatus (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Troticus latiabdominalis (Bhat, 1978),comb. n., Zelodia absoluta (Chen & Yang, 1998), comb. n., Zelodia achterbergi (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Zelodia albopilosella (Cameron, 1908), comb. n., Zelodia chromoptera (Roman, 1913), comb. n., Zelodia nihonensis (Sharkey, 1996), comb. n., Zelodia cordata (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia diluta (Turner, 1918), comb. n., Zelodia dravida (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia exornata (Turner, 1918), comb. n., Zelodia longidorsata (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia longiptera (Yang & Chen, 2006), comb. n., Zelodia maculipes (Cameron, 1911), comb. n., Zelodia nigra (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia philippinensis (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia reticulosa (Yang & Chen, 2006), comb. n., Zelodia quadrifossulata (Enderlein, 1920), comb. n., Zelodia ruida (Sharkey, 1996), comb. n., Zelodia similis (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia penetrans (Smith, 1860), comb. n. and Zelodia varipes (van Achterberg & Maetô, 1990), comb. n.


Introduction
Members of the moderately large subfamily Agathidinae Nees, 1814 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea: Braconidae), from Vietnam have only recently been extensively studied; consequently, no reliable keys to species are available. Th e few keys available for the Oriental Region are outdated (e.g., Bhat and Gupta 1977) or are limited to an island (Chou and Sharkey 1989). Th ose limited to a country (Sharkey 1996, Chen and deal with a partly or completely East Palaearctic fauna. Only the genus Euagathis Szépligeti, 1900, has received more attention (van Achterberg and Chen 2002). Th is paper is an attempt to give an overview of the diversity of Agathidinae of Vietnam and to supply keys to the taxa. For the fi rst time all available Vietnamese species are illustrated by colour photographs. Th e study of variation in most species is severely hampered by the lack of specimens, so the keys presented here are just a start to a better understanding of the diversity of the subfamily in Vietnam. Th e paper by Sharkey et al. (2009) on the Oriental genera of Agathidinae (with special attention to the fauna of Th ailand) appeared just before the present paper was fi nished and deals with a similar fauna. It is an important attempt to summarize the latest results on the phylogeny of the subfamily and deals with some recent fi nds in Th ailand. However, the number of genera found in Vietnam is higher than in Th ailand; e.g. the genus Bassus Fabricius s.s. is not recorded for Th ailand, and we found two new genera in Vietnam. Th e diff erent interpretation of some diagnostic characters, the use of additional characters, the correct interpretation of a type species and the new genera are suffi cient reason to include a new key to the genera in our review. We propose another generic name (Zelodia van Achterberg gen. n.) for one genus following the correct interpretation of a type species. In addition, keys to all known species from Vietnam are presented and the 42 species new to science are described and illustrated. Th e new species represent two-thirds of the total number of species of Agathidinae known from Vietnam. Th e biology of most species is unknown, but in general agathidines are koinobiont endoparasitoids of larvae of Lepidoptera. Th e species with a short ovipositor select exposed larvae and those with a long ovipositor use larvae with a concealed way of life.

Material and methods
Two recent (and probably largest) collections of agathidines from Vietnam are used for this revision: the Braconidae collection in the Institute of Ecology & Biological Resources (IEBR) at Hanoi (assembled by the second author) and the NCB Naturalis collection (RMNH) at Leiden (assembled during fi ve RMNH-IEBR expeditions in Vietnam). For identifi cation of the subfamily Agathidinae, see van Achterberg (1990Achterberg ( , 1993Achterberg ( , 1997, for references to the genera, see Yu et al. (2007) and Sharkey et al. (2009; but genus Bassus omitted in the description part) and for the terminology used in this paper (except for the stigmal spot), see van Achterberg (1988van Achterberg ( , 1993. Th e stigmal spot is a well defi ned and more or less circular dark brown patch below the parastigma present in many species (Figs 57,159;Fig. 113 in Bhat and Gupta 1977;Figs 19-21, 26-28 in Simbolotti & van Achterberg, 1995). Th e ramellus is the short vein externally connected to the second submarginal cell of the fore wing (Figs 47,57,117). Measurements are taken as indicated by van Achterberg (1988). Additional non-exclusive characters in the key are between brackets. In the keys to species sometimes notes to similar species unknown from Vietnam are included because they may occur in Vietnam. Putative apomorphies were determined through outgroup comparison making assumptions about the placement of certain taxa in Agathidinae according to the cladistic analysis by Sharkey et al. (2006). No taxonomic history is presented in this paper; for information is referred to the Taxapad interactive catalogue (Yu et al. 2007 and later updates).

7.
Inner or outer hind claw with a distinct wide and acute lobe submedially or a wide dark obtuse submedial lamella (a); if rather narrow then about as long as apical tooth; outer aspect of scapus partly smooth and somewhat concave (b); ovipositor sheath slender and much longer than apical height of metasoma ( Outer hind tarsal claw with a distinct lobe similar to lobe of inner hind tarsal claw and no pecten (a); area near inner side of antennal sockets shallowly depressed (b); mesosternal sulcus deep and coarsely crenulate; hind trochantellus more or less carinate ventrally (c; but may be rounded or nearly so); at least posterior half of precoxal sulcus distinctly crenulate (d); [not yet found but likely to occur in North Vietnam] .......Cremnoptoides van Achterberg & Chen, 2004 -Outer hind tarsal claw with a dentiform or squarish black lamella and more or less with a black pecten basally and diff erent from lobed inner claw (aa); area near inner side of antennal sockets deeply depressed (bb); mesosternal sulcus shallow and smooth or nearly so; hind trochantellus rounded ventrally (cc); precoxal sulcus absent or nearly so ( 13. Veins of fore wing largely absent (a); hind trochantellus much longer than trochanter (b); hind tibia with blackish bristles (c); pedicellus enlarged (d); [not yet found in Vietnam, but  Vertical axis [v] of malar triangle 1.7-6.0 times its horizontal axis [h] and the part of head below eyes only gradually narrowed ventrally (a) to parallelsided; clypeus strongly convex (b); mouth-parts more or less lengthened in form of a beak, galea nearly always distinctly longer than 1.3 times its width, longer than labial palp ( -Outer side of antennal sockets not or only slightly protruding in dorsal view (aa), sometimes as a narrow lamella; subpronope comparatively shallow and epomia medium-sized to weakly developed (bb); basal half of third tergite often without sharp lateral margin or weakly developed (cc), except in Lytopylus; dorsal carinae of fi rst tergite usually weakly developed (dd) or absent; propodeal spiracle medium-sized to small, round or sub-elliptical (ee); ramellus of fore wing absent ( First metasomal tergite 5-6 times as long as wide apically (a) and 1. 6-1.7 times as long as hind coxa (b); frons fl attened anteriorly except for a short median depression (c); hind femur short compared to hind coxa (d); hind basitarsus with numerous spiny setae ventrally (e); [not yet found in Vietnam but expected to occur; synonymised with Lytopylus Foerster by Sharkey et al. (2009) Note. In Vietnam only one species has been found, A. citrinisoma sp. n., which is rather aberrant because of its colouration (metasoma entirely yellow and strongly contrasting with black metasoma) and the partly developed vein 1-SR+M of the fore wing (Fig. 5). It has the fi rst metasomal tergite very robust (as long as wide apically), superfi cially fi nely striate and partly smooth (Fig. 9).

Diagnosis.
A. citrinisoma runs in the key by  to Agathis asternaulica , from Japan; however, this species has the metasoma largely black (citrinisoma: yellow), no trace of vein 1-SR+M of the fore wing (citrinisoma: partly developed) and the notauli are smooth posteriorly (citrinisoma: crenulate).
Head. Antennal segments 34, length of third segment 1.5 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.7, 2.8 and 1.7 times their width, respectively; length of apical antennal segment 1.6 times as long as penultimate segment; maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 2.8 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view temple short, length of eye 5.3 times temple; temple directly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 7); POL:OD:OOL= 8:4:10; face shiny with no carinae and with short medial groove between antennal sockets, sparsely and fi nely punctate and setose; frons, vertex and temple shiny and smooth (Fig. 7).
Head. Antennal segments 31, length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment; third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.6, 3.3 and 1.4 times their width, respectively; length of apical segment 1.2 times as long as penultimate segment; length of maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 2.7 times as long as basal width of mandible; temple short ( Fig. 24), in dorsal view length of eye 4.6 times temple; ocelli in low triangle, POL:OD:OOL = 9:7:18 (Fig. 24); face with distinct fi ne punctures; frons shiny, smooth; vertex and temple shiny with sparse minute punctures (Fig. 24). Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; subpronope shallow; pronotum largely smooth laterally, with sparse fi ne punctures dorsally; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum sparsely crenulate; lateral and middle lobes of mesoscutum sparsely and distinctly punctate, fl at and smooth posteriorly; notauli complete, moderately crenulate anteriorly and narrowly crenulate posteriorly; scutellar sulcus 0.4 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with 4 carinae; scutellum slightly convex and distinctly narrowed with lateral carina, shiny with sparse fi ne punctures, subposterior crest curved (Fig. 17); precoxal sulcus rather deep, moderately crenulate (Fig. 18); mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus with sparse fi ne punctures; mesopleuron above precoxal sulcus largely smooth; metapleuron with large sparse punctures; propodeum closely reticulate-rugose; propodeal spiracle small, as long as wide.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.2, 6.8 and 10.0 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with bristly setae; length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times middle basitarsus, respectively; apex of outer side of hind tibia with a cluster of 8 pegs; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws without lobe (cf. Fig. 12).
Metasoma. Length of fi rst tergite 1.4 times its apical width (Fig. 19); fi rst tergite sparsely and rather coarsely longitudinally striate, dorsal carinae nearly complete; second tergite largely smooth, but transverse groove and area behind it striate; remainder of metasoma smooth (Fig. 19); ovipositor sheath 0.7 times as long as fore wing, slender (Fig. 16 black; hind tibial spurs yellow; fi rst and second tergites ivory dorsally and white ventrally; hind tibia and tarsus dark brown, except yellow basal ring; veins and pterostigma dark brown, but pterostigma basally narrowly pale brownish; apical 0.4 of fore wing distinctly infuscate and remainder of wings slightly infuscate or subhyaline.
Variation. Antennal segments 29-31; second submarginal cell of fore wing with vein r-m absent or present; vein M+CU of hind wing 0.6-0.8 times as long as vein 1-M; second tergite with smooth or striate transverse groove; apical segment of antenna 1.0-1.2 times as long as penultimate segment; length of body 3.2-5.2 mm.
Distribution. C Vietnam: Th ua Th ien-Hue and S Vietnam: Dak Lak. Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "albus" (Latin for "white") and "basis" (Latin for "foundation, base"), because of the white base of the metasoma.  (Watanabe, 1934), but diff ers by having the malar space twice (2.6-2.8 times in B. albifasciatus) as long as basal width of mandible, the precoxal sulcus short and shallow (distinct and 0.8 times as long as mesopleuron), the propodeum with three complete apical carinae (evenly reticulate-rugose) and (except more or less posteriorly) brownish-yellow (brown to black), the notauli more widely crenulate (rather narrowly crenulate), the mesoscutum fl attened medio-posteriorly (rather convex) and the hind tibial spurs pale yellowish and distinctly contrasting with the blackish hind basitarsus (brownish and less contrasting). Because of the colour of the head and of the fi rst tergite the new species is similar to B. subrasa (Enderlein, 1920) comb. n. from Indonesia. However, the latter has the eye about 3 times as long as the temple (2.3 times in B. albozonatus), the second tergite distinctly costate (only partly striate), the notauli smooth (fi nely crenulate) and vein cu-a of the fore wing distinctly postfurcal (interstitial).

Bassus albozonatus
Description. Holotype, ♂, length of body 6.5 mm, of fore wing 6.0 mm. Head. Antennal segments 36, length of third segment 1.1 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.4, 4.0 and 2.3 times their width, respectively; length of apical antennal segment 1.6 times as long as penultimate segment; maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space twice as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 2.3 times temple; ocelli in low triangle, POL:OD:OOL = 8:7:21 (Fig. 34); face shiny, with distinct punctures; frons with a medial ridge, smooth (Fig. 34); vertex and temple shiny, with sparse minute punctures.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.9, 7.5 and 10.4 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae; length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.4 and 0.5 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer apex of middle tibia with a cluster of 10 pegs; outer apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 12 pegs; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.4 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; outer side of hind coxa with sparse punctures, of hind femur with distinct punctures; tarsal claws without lobe (Fig. 35).
Metasoma. Length of fi rst tergite 1.5 times its apical width, with dorsal and dorsolateral carinae coarsely developed, dorsal carinae convergent, costate medially and pos- teriorly nearly up to apex of tergite (Fig. 29); fi rst tergite sparsely but coarsely striate; second tergite 1.4 times as long as third tergite, large basal area on two thirds of tergite partly smooth, rugose-punctate and remainder densely striate (Fig. 29); remainder of metasoma smooth.
Colour. Brownish-yellow; antenna (but scapus yellow) brown; hind leg (but tibia with pale yellow basal ring) and metasoma dark brown or black (but basal area of second tergite ivory and fi rst and second tergites white ventrally); pterostigma (except small pale brownish patch basally) and veins dark brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate or subhyaline, but apical 0.4 of fore wing rather infuscate.
Distribution. NE Vietnam: Ninh Binh and S Vietnam: Dak Lak. Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "albus" (Latin for "white") and "zona" (Latin for "girdle"), because of the white part of the second metasomal tergite.
Head. Antennal segments 45, length of third segment 1.5 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 1.7, 1.7 and 1.7 times their width, respectively; apical antennal segment 1.6 times as long as penultimate segment; length of maxillary palp 0.5 times height of head; in dorsal view length of eye 4.7 times temple; temple gradually narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 41); POL:OD:OOL = 8:5:15; face elongate ( Fig. 38), with dense and fi ne punctation laterally, shiny and sparsely punctate medially; frons smooth, two strong lateral carinae extending up near rim of antennal sockets (Fig. 41); vertex and temple with sparse fi ne punctures.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.0, 6.0 and 9.3 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with strong setae; length of outer and  inner spur of middle tibia 0.4 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus; fore and middle tarsi slender (Fig. 36).
Metasoma. Shiny smooth; fi rst tergite distinctly widened subposteriorly and then narrowed apically; length of fi rst tergite 1.4 times as long as its apical width (Fig. 39); dorsal carinae absent; fi rst tergite with long erect setae laterally (Fig. 39), apical third of fi rst tergite with transverse a row of sparse setae; second tergite with large basal round area bordered by a groove (Fig. 39), area near groove with two rows of sparse setae; latero-posterior corners of third tergite with a dense cluster of setae; ovipositor sheath 0.9 times as long as fore wing.
Colour. Black; galea, palpi, mandible, fore legs and tarsus yellow; wing membrane black but hyaline on apical third of fore wing and on one fourth of hind wing.
Distribution. S Vietnam: Dong Nai. Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "soror" (Latin for "sister"), because of its close similarity to B. abdominalis (Enderlein). Vein 2-SR+M of hind wing distinctly transverse (or longitudinal); propodeum with a rather weakly developed transverse carina anteriorly (Fig. 65); lateral ocelli small (Fig. 71), POL 0.7 times as long as OOL; vein cu-a of fore wing interstitial (Fig. 67) Bhat & Gupta, 1977, from India, but diff ers by having the fi rst tergite about 3.7 times as long as its apical width (in B. latisocreata 1.5 times); the second tergite about twice as long as wide apically (1.5 times); the second submarginal cell of the fore wing with a rather long (i.e. distinctly longer than vein r of fore wing) ramellus (short) and the metasoma entirely reddish yellow (black).
Head. Antennal segments 47, length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.7, 3.3 and 2.0 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; in dorsal view head transverse and 1.3 times as wide as mesonotum; length of eye 2.1 times temple (Fig. 52); POL:OD:OOL = 7:4:11; antennal sockets not tubular; occipital fl ange sharp; malar space 1.8 times as long as basal width of mandible; face shiny with sparse fi ne punctures, frons and vertex smooth.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 5.7, 10.0 and 10.6 times their width, respectively; hind coxa smooth; hind femur with short and sparse setosity (Fig. 49); outer side of apical third of middle tibia with a row of 5 pegs; outer side of apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 8 pegs; length of outer and inner spurs of middle tibia 0.4 and 0.5 times middle basitarsus, respectively; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.4 times hind basitarsus.
Metasoma. First tergite slender shiny, rugulose near apex, slightly and roundly widened apically (Fig. 47); length of fi rst tergite 3.7 times its apical width; dorsal carinae of fi rst tergite divergent and on three fourth of the tergite; second tergite 2.1 times as long as wide apically and with posteriorly diverging striae, on apical third of second tergite with transverse furrow; dorsal half of third tergite with striae, apical half fi nely granulate; remainder of metasoma smooth (Fig. 47), ovipositor sheath wide and ribbon-shaped ( Fig. 50), 1.1 times as long as fore wing.
Variation. Female: second submarginal cell of fore wing triangular or pentagonal; vein M+CU of hind wing 0.5-0.6 times as long as 1-M; outer side of hind tibial apex with cluster of 8-10 pegs. Male: antenna with 45 or 48 segments; vein cu-a of fore wing interstitial; outer side of hind tibial apex with 7 pegs; hind coxa and fi rst tergite apically dark brown.
Distribution. NE Vietnam: Hoa Binh, NW Vietnam: Lao Cai. Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "bi" (Latin for "two"), and "coloris" (Latin for "hue, tint"), because of the bicoloured body. Diagnosis. Th e new species is morphologically similar to Braunsia bipunctata Enderlein, 1906, from Indonesia, but diff ers by having the propodeum with a complete and regular basal transverse carina (B. bipunctata: transverse carina partly weakly developed and irregular); and the anterior half of the fi rst tergite coarsely striate medially (bipunctata: smooth except for a median carina).
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; subpronope large and deep; side of pronotum smooth; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum smooth; side of mesoscutum largely smooth with sparse setae and fi ne punctures; notauli deep and smooth (Fig. 56); scutellar sulcus short, 0.4 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with 4 carinae; scutellum convex, smooth, sparsely setose; mesopleuron above and below precoxal sulcus shiny and smooth; precoxal sulcus narrow and shallow similar to a smooth groove (Fig. 55); metapleuron smooth; propodeum with basal and transverse carinae, two longitudinal carinae forming a large areola; spiracle medium-sized, subelliptical and 2.3 times as long as wide.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 5.1, 9.7 and 11.6 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short and dense setosity; outer side of apical third of middle tibia with a row of 5 pegs and a cluster of 3 pegs at apex; outer side of apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 9 pegs; length of outer and inner  Metasoma. First tergite rather long, widened apically, 2.3 times as long as its apical width (Fig. 57); fi rst tergite longitudinally striate; dorsal carinae of fi rst tergite strong, diverging apically and fused with striae apically (Fig. 57); second tergite as long as third tergite, longitudinally striate, with a deep striate transverse groove on apical third; third tergite with parallel striae on basal two thirds and with a wide striate transverse groove on apical third; apical third of third tergite and remainder of metasoma smooth, with sparse setae apically; ovipositor sheath long, rather narrow (Fig. 54) and 0.8 times as long as fore wing.
Colour. Bright brownish-yellow; malar space pale yellow; antenna (except yellow scapus) and hind tarsus dark brown; fore wing with dark brown stigmal spot (Fig. 58); wing membrane yellowish, apically faintly infuscate (Fig. 58 Diagnosis. Th e new species is morphologically similar to B. margaroniae Nixon, 1950, from India, but diff ers by having the sides of the propodeal areola slightly curved (distinctly curved in B. margaroniae), the pterostigma completely yellow (apical two thirds brown), the hind tibia yellowish apically (brown) and the hind tarsus infuscate (brown), frons shallowly depressed near antennal sockets (distinctly concave), the antenna (except scapus and pedicellus) dark brown (brown), the fi rst tergite 1.4 times (1.6 times) as long as its apical width, the fore wing without an isolated dark brown stigmal spot (present) and the ovipositor sheath about 0.6 times (1.0-1.1 times) as long as body.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times its height; subpronope large and deep; side of pronotum smooth; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum smooth; side of mesoscutum largely smooth, moderately setose and punctulate; notauli deep and nearly completely smooth (Fig. 65); scutellar sulcus deep, 0.4 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with two short crenulae; scutellum smooth, distinctly convex and rather steep posteriorly; mesopleuron shiny and smooth; precoxal sulcus narrow, deep (but absent anteriorly) and with few short crenulae (Fig. 64); metapleuron largely smooth, punctulate and with some rugulae ventrally; propodeum with a rather weak complete transverse carina and a subparallel-sided areola (Fig. 65); spiracle rather large, elliptical, close to lateral carina and twice as long as wide; lateral carina of propodeum comparatively weak medially.
Legs. Hind coxa largely smooth, punctulate; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.2, 8.2 and 8.2 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with medium-sized dense setosity; fore tarsal segments rather short, fourth segment about as long as wide; outer side of apical two thirds of middle tibia with a row of 3 pegs and a cluster of 2 pegs at apex; outer side of apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 7 pegs; length of outer and inner spurs of middle tibia 0.4 and 0.5 times middle basitarsus, respectively; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively.
Metasoma. First tergite distinctly widened apically, 1.4 times as long as its apical width (Fig. 66); basal third of fi rst tergite smooth, remainder longitudinally costate as second tergite; dorsal carinae of fi rst tergite strong lamelliform, slightly diverging posteriorly and nearly complete (Fig. 66); second tergite 0.8 times as long as wide apically and about as long as third tergite, longitudinally costate, with transverse groove submedially; third tergite with parallel costae and after striate transverse groove smooth; remainder of metasoma smooth and with sparse setae apically; ovipositor sheath narrow ( Fig. 63) and 0.6 times as long as body or fore wing.
Distribution. NE Vietnam: Phu Th o. Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "macula" (Latin for "spot"), and "fero" (Latin for "carry"), because of the dark brown stigmal spot. Diagnosis. Th e new species similar to Braunsia bipunctata Enderlein, 1906, from Indonesia, but diff ers by having the transverse subbasal carina of the propodeum complete and moderately developed (B. bipunctata has transverse carina partly weakly developed and irregular); the vein 1-R1 of the fore wing dark brown (bipunctata: yellow), the apical half of the third tergite longitudinally striate, with only apical fourth smooth (bipunctata: completely smooth or nearly so) and the metasoma dorsally (except basally), the inner side of the hind femur and the hind tibia largely dark brown (bipunctata: yellowish-brown).
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; subpronope large and deep; side of pronotum smooth; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum smooth; side of mesoscutum largely smooth with sparse setae and fi ne punctures; notauli deep and smooth (Fig. 74); scutellar sulcus short, 0.4 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and without carina; scutellum smooth, distinctly convex anteriorly and sloping posteriorly; mesopleuron above precoxal sulcus shiny and smooth, below precoxal sulcus shiny with minute punctures; precoxal sulcus narrow, similar to a smooth groove (Fig. 73); metapleuron smooth; propodeum with a subbasal transverse carina, without areola, spiracle large, elliptical, close to lateral carina and 2.8 times as long as wide; lateral carina of propodeum interrupted medially.
Wings. Fore wing: second submarginal cell pentagonal, narrow anteriorly, with rather long ramellus, distinctly angled at ramellus and 1. Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 5.0, 8.7 and 11.0 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short and dense setosity (Fig. 77); outer side of apical third of middle tibia with a row of 5 pegs and a cluster of 3 pegs at apex; outer side of apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 7 pegs; length of outer and inner spurs of middle tibia 0.3 and 0.4 times middle basitarsus, respectively; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.4 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively.
Metasoma. First tergite moderately long, widened apically, 1.9 times as long as its apical width (Fig. 76); basal half of fi rst tergite smooth, apical half longitudinally striate as second tergite; dorsal carinae of fi rst tergite strong, diverging apically (Fig. 76); second tergite as long as third tergite, longitudinally striate, deep striate transverse groove on apical third; third tergite with parallel striae but smooth on extreme apex; striate transverse groove on apical third wide; remainder of metasoma smooth with sparse setae apically; ovipositor sheath broken; ovipositor about as long as fore wing.
Colour. Brownish-yellow; antenna brown; malar space pale yellow; fore wing with a vague brown stigmal spot (Fig. 75); apical third of wings dark brown, basal two thirds yellow; parastigma dark brown; hind tarsus yellowish-brown; hind tibia and tarsus  dark brown; metasoma black, but basal two thirds of fi rst tergite yellow; fi rst-third metasomal segments ivory ventrally.
Distribution. C Vietnam: Th ua Th ien-Hue, Quang Nam. Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "nigra" (Latin for "black"), and "apiculatus" (Latin for "smallpointed"), because of the black apical part of the body. Diagnosis. Th e new species is close to Braunsia sumatrana Enderlein, 1906, from Indonesia and East Malaysia, but diff ers by having the fi rst tergite 3.3 times (twice in B. sumatrana) as long as its apical width, basal two thirds of the third tergite longitudinally striate (only basal half ) and the apical third of the third tergite micro-sculptured (smooth) and the hind coxa smooth (sparsely fi nely punctate).
Head. Antennal segments 47; length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.5, 2.2 and 1.3 times their width, respectively; length of apical antennal segment 1.6 times as long as penultimate segment; maxillary palp 0.8 times height of head; in dorsal view length of eye 2.9 times temple (   Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times its height; subpronope large and deep; side of pronotum smooth; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum with crenulae; side of mesoscutum nearly smooth, with sparse fi ne punctures and setae; notauli wide and crenulate anteriorly, narrower and smooth posteriorly (Fig. 83); scutellar sulcus deep and with 3 carinae; scutellum slightly convex with sparse fi ne punctures; mesopleuron above precoxal sulcus largely smooth; mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus with sparse fi ne punctures; precoxal sulcus wide and shallow, slightly crenulate (Fig. 80); metapleuron with sparse fi ne punctures; propodeum with a strong subbasal carina (Fig. 83), without areola, largely rugose posteriorly; spiracle medium-sized, round and 1.7 times as long as wide.
Wings. Fore wing: second submarginal cell triangular, with rather long ramellus, 0.7 times as long as vein r (11:15) ( Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 5.4, 7.6 and 9.0 times their width, respectively; hind coxa shiny smooth; hind femur with sparse fi ne punctures and medium-sized setosity (Fig. 86); outer side of apical third of middle tibia with a row of 4 pegs; length of outer and inner spurs of middle tibia 0.5, and 0.6 times their basitarsus, respectively; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.4, and 0.5 times their basitarsus.
Metasoma. First tergite long and slightly widened apically (Fig. 85), shiny and largely smooth; length of fi rst tergite 3.3 times its apical width; dorsal carinae of fi rst tergite diverging and fused apically; second tergite long and nearly parallel-sided; second tergite 2.6 times longer than wide apically; second tergite and base of third tergite largely striate; third tergite micro-sculptured apically; remainder of metasoma smooth; ovipositor sheath wide, ribbon-shaped (Fig. 90), 1.3 times as long as fore wing.
Variation. Male with 44-45 antennal segments; length of apical antennal segment 1.4 times as long as penultimate segment; vein cu-a of fore wing slightly antefurcal; vein 3-SR vertical; vein M+CU of hind wing 0.6 times as long as 1-M; outer side of middle tibia with row of 3 or 6 pegs and cluster of 3 and 5 pegs at apex; fi rst and second metasomal segments whitish-yellow basally.  Achterberg, 1992). Baeognatha turanica is close to the genus Agathis Latreille considering the shape of the head, but diff ers by the elongate and nearly straight tarsal claws (Figs 138,140,141,l.c.) and, therefore, is retained as a separate genus.  Chou & Sharkey, 1989, from Taiwan (China) by having the ovipositor sheath 0.9 times as long as fore wing (1.0-1.1 times in C. taichungensis), propodeum without rugosity (coarsely reticulate-rugose medially), pterostigma with a small pale basal area (absent), length of the malar space 3.3 times basal width of the mandible (2.1-2.4 times), posterior groove of pronotal side largely without crenulae (completely crenulate) and medio-posterior groove of mesoscutum shorter (longer, Fig. 163 in Chou & Sharkey, 1989). Camptothlipsis fl avidus Gupta & Bhat, 1974, from India has the fi rst tergite about as long as wide apically and the precoxal sulcus absent anteriorly. C. gossypiella Gupta & Bhat, 1974, from India is similar but has the propodeum fi nely rugose basally and the second tergite with a distinctly impressed transverse groove. C. dravida Gupta & Bhat, 1974, from India is very similar because it has the propodeum only granulate and fi rst tergite 1.3-1.4 times as long as wide apically, but the length of the malar space is 2.5 times basal width of mandible, the transverse groove of the second tergite is distinctly developed, the frons very fi nely punctate and the metapleuron weakly granulate.
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 3.4 mm, of fore wing 2.9 mm. Head. Antennal segments 29, length of third segment 1.1 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.4, 3.0 and 1.7 times their width, respectively; length of apical antennal segment 1.2 times as long as penultimate segment; maxillary palp 0.6 times height of head; malar space 3.3 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 4.0 times temple; temple roundly narrowed posteriorly; ocelli in rather high triangle, POL:OD:OOL = 6:4:8 (Fig. 99); face sparsely fi nely punctate and its width 1.3 times height of face and clypeus combined; frons with rather dense distinct punctation laterally; vertex and temple near smooth.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.3, 6.4 and 9.7 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae (Fig. 95); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.5 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a cluster of 9 pegs of which 2 at apex; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claw with lobe.  Metasoma. Length of fi rst tergite 1.3 times its apical width (Fig. 94); fi rst-second tergites granulate; second tergite with basal area bordered by a superfi cial transverse groove (Fig. 94); remainder of metasoma smooth; ovipositor sheath 0.9 times as long as fore wing.
Etymology. Combination of "corona" (Latin for "crown") and the generic name Agathis Latreille because of the protuberances of the scutellum and the axillae. Gender: feminine.
Diagnosis. Apex of antenna without spine; malar space somewhat protruding posteriorly (Figs 109); area between antennal sockets with a pair of lamelliform crests (Figs 104,105); frons with lateral carinae running to posterior ocelli; area behind antennal sockets rather deep and outer rim of antennal socket protruding; outer as- pect of scapus sparsely punctulate and convex; malar suture absent; notauli complete and crenulate (Fig. 110); scutellum with pair of large horns and axillae protruding, wing-like (Figs 106,110); second submarginal cell of fore wing rectangular and with an obsolete ramellus (Fig. 109); vein M+CU of hind wing about half as long as vein 1-M; hind wing with 2 + 4 hamuli; subbasal cell of hind wing narrower than plical lobe (Fig. 109); fore tarsal claws bifurcate, the inner tooth nearly as large as the outer tooth; outer face of middle tibia with one lateral and one apical peg; inner spur of middle tibia about 0.6 times as long as middle basitarsus; ventral carina of hind trochantellus weakly developed; inner and outer hind claw bifurcate, with a medium-sized subapical inner tooth; hind coxa enlarged and coarsely sculptured; fi rst metasomal tergite smooth and depressed behind spiracles (Fig. 107); length of ovipositor sheath unknown, but probably about as long as apical height of metasoma or less.
Phylogenetic position. Putative synapomorphous character states of the new genus Coronagathis are the horns of the scutellum, the wing-like axillae and the coarsely sculptured and elongate hind coxa, surpassing the apex of the fi rst tergite. Its position is uncertain, but seems to be between the genus Disophrys Foerster and the Coccygidium complex. Similar to Disophrys because of the carinae of the frons (present and running to the lateral ocelli) and the elongate hind leg. However, the derived character state of the short vein M+CU of the hind wing indicates that it belongs to the more derived group consisting of the Coccygidium complex and the genus Euagathis Szépligeti. Th e new genus lacks the synapomorphies of the Coccygidium complex as the apical antennal spine and the long inner spur of the middle tibia. It cannot be included in Euagathis, because Euagathis is characterised by the derived character state of the absent lateral carinae of the frons. Th e genus Hypsostypos Baltazar from Sulawesi and Sundaland is similar, but Hypsostypos has several autapomorphies. For example, the long impressed malar suture, the reduced notauli and the enlarged lamelliform antennal sockets.
Distribution. Vietnam. Biology. Unknown. de Vries, RMNH'99". Diagnosis. Except for the aberrant scutellum and axillae it may be confused with aberrant species of the genus Disophrys Foerster because of the carinae of the frons (present and running to the lateral ocelli), the more or less angulate hind trochantellus and the elongate hind leg. However, it is separated from Disophrys by the size of the subbasal cell of the hind wing (narrower than plical lobe ( Fig. 109; about as wide as plical lobe in Disophrys) and the short vein M+CU of the hind wing (distinctly shorter than vein 1-M versus at least subequal in Disophrys). Superfi cially similar to the genus Euagathis Szépligeti, but the scutellum bears a pair of large horns ( Fig. 110; absent in Euagathis), the frons has lateral carinae ( Fig. 105; absent in Euagathis), the hind trochantellus is more or less angulate ventrally (rounded ventrally in Euagathis) and the subbasal cell of the hind wing is narrower than the plical lobe ( Fig. 109; subequal in Euagathis).

Coronagathis cornifera
Description. Holotype, ♂, length of body 6.3 mm, of fore wing 6.2 mm. Head. Antennal segments 47, length of third segment 1.5 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.2, 2.2 and 1.4 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; head in dorsal view 2.9 times as wide as its median length; in dorsal view length of eye 1.5 times temple; temple nearly straight behind eyes (Fig. 105) and spaced fi nely punctate; POL:OD:OOL = 10:5:8; clypeus, face and vertex coarsely areolate-punctate; face with long setae; clypeus strongly convex; frons largely smooth, rather deep near antennal sockets, lateral carina running from near antennal socket to posterior ocellus (Fig. 105); pair of crests between antennal sockets lamelliform, strongly protruding, parallel-sided, slightly higher than protruding outer rim of antennal sockets.
Wings. Fore wing: second submarginal cell quadrate, with an indistinct ramellus ( Legs. Hind femur 0.9 times as long as hind tibia; hind tibia distinctly compressed basally and widened apically; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0 times their width, respectively; hind femur and tibia largely punctate, but partly pimply, with short setosity; middle tibia with two small pegs; length of outer and inner spurs of middle tibia 0.4 and 0,5 times middle basitarsus, respectively; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.4 and 0.6 times hind basitarsus respectively; fore and middle tarsi slender. Metasoma. First tergite 2.2 times as long as its apical width, smooth and subparallel-sided apically (Fig. 107); second tergite without a transverse depression and second metasomal suture almost absent.
Colour. Body black; wing membrane rather dark brown and without a stigmal spot (Fig. 103); mandible, palpi, fore and middle legs (but coxae rather brownish) pale yellow; pterostigma, veins and metasoma largely dark brown.

Genus Cremnops Foerster, 1862
Cremnops atricornis (Smith, 1874) stat. n. Diagnosis. Very close to C. desertor (Linnaeus, 1758). Th e traditionally used differences for separation are not suffi cient and, consequently, it was synonymised by . Both species are very variable in colour, especially the extension of the dark parts of the wing membrane is variable and thus useless for diagnosis. Neverthe- less, it is possible to separate the West Palaearctic typical specimens of C. desertor from the East Palaearctic and Oriental specimens (including C. atricornis) by the relative length of the fore tarsus of the females. In C. desertor the fore tarsus is distinctly longer than the fore tibia and (including claws) about as long as the tibia in C. atricornis. Th e Vietnamese specimens have the fi rst tergite 1.5-1.8 times as long as its apical width (up to 2.2 times in East Palaearctic specimens according to ) and the vertex is yellowish-brown (Fig. 113).

Genus Disophrys Foerster, 1862
Note. Pseudocremnops Szépligeti, 1902 (correctly synonymised with Disophrys by Sharkey et al., 2006) belongs here despite having more slender and completely dark brown wings (Fig. 118), a complete ventral carina of the hind trochantellus and vein 1r-m of the hind wing 1.0-1.4 times longer than 1-M (usually shorter than 1-M in other species). Recently, also Platyagathis Turner, 1918, from Western Australia has been correctly synonymised with Disophrys by Stevens et al. (2010).
Head. Antennal segments 55, length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 1.9, 1.6 and 1.8 times their width, respectively; scapus robust; length of maxillary palp 0.6 times height of head; in dorsal view length of eye 1.5 times temple; temple rather bulging (Fig. 122); POL:OD:OOL = 7:6:20; face and clypeus shiny, densely setose with sparse fi ne punctures; frons and vertex smooth; pair of crests between antennal sockets sharp, lamelliform, extended to frons forming x-like shape; lateral carinae from anterior rim of lateral ocelli near to antennal sockets laterally (Fig. 122).
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.7 times its height; subpronope small and shallow; side of pronotum smooth; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum crenulate; mesoscutum shiny and smooth; medio-posteriorly fl at, middle lobe without a pair of distinct shallow grooves; lateral lobes fl attened; notauli wide, deep and coarsely crenulate; scutellar sulcus with one carina and 0.8 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum; scutellum slightly convex, shiny and fi nely punctate, its subposterior crest long and transverse; precoxal sulcus wide and strongly crenulate; mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus narrowly and sparsely fi nely punctate and above precoxal sulcus shiny and smooth; metapleuron with strong rugae and long setae; propodeum with large areola, costulae, with short basal and long apical longitudinal carinae; propodeal spiracle round, 1.7 times as long as wide, distance between spiracle and lateral carina 1.5 times as long as width of spiracle.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.4, 5.5 and 8.3 times their width, respectively; outer side of hind coxa smooth; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with long and dense setosity; outer side of apex of hind tibia with two equal long pegs; outer hind spur distinctly widened basally and curved apically; length of outer and inner spurs of middle tibia 0.4 and 0.5 times middle basitarsus, respectively; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively.
Metasoma. First tergite gradually widened apically (Fig. 125), shiny and smooth; length of fi rst tergite 1.6 times its apical width, with three transverse rows of setae apically and slightly depressed laterally; second metasomal suture fi ne (Fig. 125); ovipositor sheath 0.3 times as long as inner hind tibial spur; ovipositor rather robust, widened basally and gradually curved. Colour. Brownish-yellow; antenna, apical third of fore wing, parastigma and vein C+SC+R dark brown; stemmaticum, lateral and middle lobes of mesoscutum anteriorly, mesosternum, metasoma and hind leg (but hind coxa, trochantellus and basal half of hind femur yellow); metasoma (but fi rst tergite and fi rst-third sternites yellow) black.
Variation. Antennal segments 54-57; second submarginal cell of fore wing more or less narrowed anteriorly and with a short or rather long ramellus; vein M+CU of hind wing 1.6-1.8 times as long as 1-M; female and male may have hind leg and metasoma entirely black.
Head. Antennal segments 61, length of third segment 1.8 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.7, 1.5 and 1.5 times their width, respectively; apical antennal segment 1.5 times as long as penultimate segment; length of maxillary palp 0.8 times height of head; in dorsal view length of eye 3.6 times temple (Fig. 128); POL:OD:OOL = 7:10:25; face coarsely punctate laterally and fi nely punctate medially; frons depressed near antennal sockets and laterally fl at and punctate; pair of high lamelliform fl anges between antennal sockets (Fig. 128); lateral carinae from anterior rim of lateral ocelli to antennal sockets laterally and its surroundings distinctly depressed; vertex with rather coarse punctures, but interspaces wider than interspaces; temple fi nely and spaced punctate.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times its height; subpronope large and deep; side of pronotum moderately punctate dorsally, crenulate posteriorly and remainder largely smooth; lateral carina of mesoscutum lamelliform and surroundings smooth; mesoscutum shiny and largely spaced moderately punctate; medio-posteriorly hardly impressed, its middle lobe with a pair of faint shallow longitudinal grooves and lateral lobes weakly convex; notauli shallow and smooth, except for an anterior trans- verse crest (Fig. 131); scutellar sulcus slightly shorter than dorsal face of scutellum and with 3 carinae; scutellum with some coarse punctures; its subposterior crest strong and transverse, connected to a strong longitudinal carina; side of scutellum crenulate; precoxal sulcus wide, strongly crenulate, but separated from prepectal carina; mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus and dorso-anteriorly rather densely coarsely punctate, remainder of mesopleuron largely smooth; metapleuron with long setae and rather densely coarsely punctate, ventrally with some rugae; propodeum with lateral carina lamelliform, with wide and anteriorly triangular areola; propodeal spiracle elongate, elliptical, 2.5 times as long as wide; distance between spiracle and lateral carina twice as long as width of spiracle.
Metasoma. First tergite smooth, evenly convex (but concave basally) and gradually widened apically (Fig. 130); length of fi rst tergite 2.4 times its apical width; laterope long; second metasomal suture absent; ovipositor sheath elliptical, with long setae and 0.02 times as long as fore wing and about as long as basal width of hind tibia; ovipositor narrow, slightly curved.
Colour. Brownish-yellow; antenna black; apical half of wings, hind tarsus largely and apex of hind tibia narrowly dark brown; stigmal spot large; apical half of pterostigma largely dark brown and narrow area below pterostigma yellow as remainder of wings (Fig. 134).
Variation. Paratype has length of body 9.2 mm and of fore wing 9.3 mm, antenna with 55 segments, apical third of pterostigma dark brown, ramellus obsolescent, length of fi rst tergite 2.6 times its apical width, vein M+CU of hind wing 1.3 times as long as vein 1-M, vein 1r-m of hind wing 0.9 times as long as vein 1-M.
Distribution. Diagnosis. Similar to D. subfasciata (Brullé, 1846) from India, but that species has no horn-like protuberances between the antennal sockets (present in D. rhinoides), the face, mesoscutum and scutellum coarsely punctate (fi nely punctate), the scutellar sulcus with 3 carinae (with 1 carina), the area below the precoxal sulcus densely punctate (sparsely punctate) and the inner hind tibial spur 0.6 times (0.5 times) as long as the hind basitarsus.
Head. Antennal segments 52, length of third segment 1.8 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.5, 1.4 and 2.0 times their width, respectively; apical antennal segment twice times as long as penultimate; length of maxillary palp 0.6 times height of head; in dorsal view length of eye 2.3 times temple (Fig. 136); POL:OD:OOL = 8:5:18; face fi nely punctate laterally, but rugose-punctate medially; crests between antennal sockets forming pair of large horn-like protuberances (Fig. 136); frons wide, shiny, with rugae; long carina emitted from each base of horn-like protuberances and diverging posteriorly; lateral carinae from anterior rim of lateral ocelli to antennal sockets laterally; vertex with sparse fi ne punctures.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times its height; subpronope large and deep; side of pronotum with sparse fi ne punctures; area near sharp lateral carina of mesoscutum smooth; mesoscutum shiny and smooth with sparse fi ne punctures; medioposteriorly impressed, its middle lobe with a pair of faint shallow longitudinal grooves; notauli narrow, deep and fi nely crenulate (Fig. 138); scutellar sulcus as long as dorsal face of scutellum; scutellum laterally smooth, slightly narrowed posteriorly, convex anteriorly and depressed posteriorly; subposterior crest transverse, lateral carina incomplete; precoxal sulcus wide and strongly crenulate; mesopleuron below and above precoxal sulcus shiny, with sparse fi ne punctures, almost smooth; metapleuron short setose and with sparse strong rugae; propodeum with strong lateral carinae, large areola with one transverse carina; propodeal spiracle elongate, elliptical, 2.8 times as long as wide; distance between spiracle and lateral carina twice as long as width of spiracle.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.3, 6.1 and 7.8 times their width, respectively; outer side of hind coxa smooth; hind femur (as remainder of leg) with short and dense setosity; length of outer and inner spurs of middle tibia 0.5 and 0.6 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of apex of hind tibia with two equal pegs; outer hind spur distinctly widened basally, almost straight; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; fore and middle tarsi rather robust; hind basitarsus with a distinct carina-like row of short setae ventrally.
Metasoma. First tergite smooth and gradually widened apically (Fig. 140); length of fi rst tergite 1.7 times its apical width, without setae apically; laterope long; second metasomal suture absent, ovipositor sheath robust and as long as basal width of hind tibia; ovipositor slender, slightly curved.
Colour. Brownish-yellow; antenna and apical 0.6 of both wings dark brown; hind tarsal segments brown; stigmal spot large and dark brown (Fig. 141); basal two thirds of pterostigma, narrow area below pterostigma and basal 0.4 of wings yellow.
Variation. Antennal segments 52-54; length of body 7.5-9.0 mm and of fore wing 7.5-8.6 mm; vein M+CU of hind wing 1.2-1.5 times as long as 1-M; one female has the body dusty dark brown.
Distribution. NE Vietnam: Th ai Nguyen, Hoa Binh and Central North Vietnam: Nghe An.
Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "rhinos" (Greek for "nose"), because of the small nose-like projections between the antennal sockets. Diagnosis. Th e new species is similar to Earinus burmensis Gupta & Bhat, 1974, from Myanmar, but diff ers by having the fi rst tergite 1.3 times as long as its apical width (E. burmensis: twice); mesoscutum medio-apically and scutellum orange brown; hind tarsus black (burmensis: only apices of hind tarsal segments) and tibia with dark brown ring (burmensis: absent).
Head. Antennal segments 34; length of third segment 1.1 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.8, 3.4 and 1.7 times their width, respectively; maxillary palp as long as height of head; length of malar space twice as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 4.2 times temple (Fig. 149); POL:OD:OOL = 7:3:6; face shiny, nearly smooth with very sparse minute punctures; between antennal sockets two carinae and a short groove (Fig. 149); frons, vertex and temple shiny and smooth (Fig. 149).
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.8, 8.2 and 9.5 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae (Fig. 147); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.4 and 0.5 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer apex of middle tibia with a row of 6 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; ventral side of middle basitarsus with sparse unusual thick setae; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.2 and 0.4 times hind basitarsus; tarsal claws without lobe; outer side of hind tibia with sparse unusual thick setae.
Distribution. NW Vietnam: Lao Cai. Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "aurantium" (Latin for "orange"), because of the orange brown scutellum. Diagnosis. Th e new species is similar to Earinus burmensis Gupta & Bhat, 1974, from Myanmar, but diff ers by having the malar space 2.6 times as long as basal width of mandible (E. burmensis: 1.8 times); fi rst metasomal tergite 1.2 times as long as its apical width (burmensis: twice); precoxal sulcus absent (burmensis: with a deep depression posteriorly)). Th e new species is also similar to E. bicolor Chou & Sharkey, 1989, from China, but diff ers by having the metasoma black (bicolor: yellowish red); POL 0.9 times as long as OOL (bicolor: 0.7 times) and face distinctly punctate (bicolor: sparsely minutely punctate).
Head. Antennal segments 32, length of third segment 1.5 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.7, 2.5 and 1.5 times their width, respectively; maxillary palp as long as height of head; length of malar space 2.6 times basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 2.3 times temple (Fig. 158); POL:OD:OOL = 8:4:9; face punctate; frons fl at, shiny and smooth, between antennal sockets with a deep groove (Fig. 158); vertex and temple shiny with very sparse minute punctures.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.0, 5.5 and 10.0 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae (Fig. 156); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.4 and 0.5 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 7 pegs; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.4 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus; tarsal claws without lobe.

Genus Euagathis Szépligeti, 1900
Key to Vietnamese species of the genus Euagathis Szépligeti
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 10.1 mm, of fore wing 11.2 mm. Head. Antennal segments 59, length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.1, 1.8 and 1.7 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 1.3 times height of head; in dorsal view length of eye 1.3 times temple; temple concave laterally and distinctly narrowed (Fig. 180); POL:OD:OOL = 7:6:19; face and vertex smooth; malar space densely setose (Fig. 179); pair of crests between antennal sockets convergent, and higher than rim of antennal sockets.
Wings. Fore wing: second submarginal cell pentagonal, distinctly narrowed anteriorly, with short ramellus (Fig. 173) Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.0, 7.3 and 8.8 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short and dense setosity (Fig. 176); outer side of apex of hind tibia with 3 pegs; length of outer and inner spurs of middle tibia 0.3, and 0.5 times their basitarsus, respectively; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.6 times their basitarsus; fore and middle tarsi robust (Fig. 177); hind spurs distinctly widened basally; fi rst-third hind tarsal segments with a carina-like row of special short strong setae ventrally.

Euagathis forticarinata (Cameron, 1899) Figs 182-184
Notes. Here belong the following new synonyms: E. jinshanensis  (holotype is a melanistic male from Fujian (China) with darkened posterior part of mesosoma and legs and not a female as indicated) and E. sharkeyi   Etymology. From "gyros" (Greek for "circle") and the generic name "Agathis", because of the circular carina near the antennal sockets. Gender: feminine.
Diagnosis. Apex of antenna without spine; antennal sockets (up to level of anterior ocellus) with a circular carina (Figs 206,208); temples with a lateral tubercle (Fig. 207), in dorsal view parallel-sided and angulate (Fig. 206); area behind antennal sockets shallowly impressed (Fig. 206); area between antennal sockets with a trough (Fig. 208); pedicellus short (Fig. 198); clypeus fl attened and with narrow straight ventral rim, but laterally wider and protruding (Fig. 205), malar fl ange protruding ventrally (Figs 205, 207); mouth-parts normal, galea not longer than wide, shorter than labial palp, and not visible in lateral view (Fig. 207); labrum slanted backwards, horizontal; mandible small; vertical axis of malar triangle about equal to horizontal axis, part of head below eyes directly narrowed ventrally (Fig. 205); malar suture absent; scutellum spaced punctate, with a subposterior crest and its medio-posterior depression transverse, rather narrow and largely smooth (Fig. 203); transverse metasternal carina non-lamelliform and below upper level of hind coxal cavities; veins of fore wing largely present, but vein 1-SR+M of fore wing absent (Fig. 202); vein 1-M of hind wing 0.6 times as long as vein M+CU; hind wing with 2 + 2 hamuli; fore and middle tarsal claws with a submedial lobe; hind trochantellus shorter than trochanter and trochanter fl attened ventrally, without ventral carina; hind tibia without long black bristles (Fig. 198); outer face of middle tibia with row of pegs; ovipositor sheath distinctly longer than metasoma and 0.9-1.2 times fore wing.
Phylogenetic position. Putative synapomorphies of the new genus Gyragathis are the circular carina of the frons, the tuberculate temple and the genal protuberance behind the mandible. It is otherwise similar to some atypical species of Th erophilus Wesmael. Typical Th erophilus has as synapomorphies the deeply concave frons, the narrowed marginal cell of the fore wing (occurs also in Camptothlipsis) and the widened second metasomal tergite.
Distribution. Oriental (four species). Biology. Unknown.  (Bhat & Gupta, 1977) comb. n., from the Philippines, but it has the notauli fi nely crenulate anteriorly and medially (smooth in G. angulosa), apical half of the wing membrane slightly infuscate (apical 0.7 dark brown and basally yellowish-hyaline), second tergite 1.1 times as long as its apical width and with a crenulate curved groove (about twice as long as wide and with a transverse groove), second metasomal suture smooth (crenulate), third tergite without a transverse groove and about 1.1 times as long as its basal width (groove present and about twice as long as wide). G. daanyuanensis  comb. n. from China (Fujian) has the head and mesoscutum black, the temple rugulose posteriorly, the ovipositor sheath about as long as the fore wing and the basal half of the hind tibia yellowish. G. parallelus (Chou & Sharkey, 1989) comb. n. from China (Taiwan) has the mesoscutum orange brown and the hind tibia completely dark brown, but the head is blackish, the fi rst tergite is costate and the ovipositor sheath 0.9 times as long as the fore wing.
Head. Antennal segments 40; length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.8, 3.0 and 2.0 times their width, respectively; length of apical segment twice as long as penultimate segment; maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 2.7 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 2.7 times temple; temples parallel-sided (Fig. 206); POL:OD:OOL = 6:4:11; face moderately densely punctate (Fig. 205), with distinct smooth interspaces; clypeus largely smooth, with some spaced fi ne punctures; frons fl attened and smooth; vertex and temple shiny and mainly smooth.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.5, 6.5 and 10.5 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae; length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.45 and 0.55 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with row of 5 pegs; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.4 and 0.6 times hind basitarsus, respectively; outer side of hind tibia with cluster of 10 pegs; outer side of hind coxa with sparse fi ne punctures; outer side of hind femur rugose-punctate.
Metasoma. First tergite subparallel-sided, 1.9 times as long as its apical width (Fig. 201); dorsal carinae absent, fi nely and densely longitudinally striate, apically with sparse fi ne punctures and partly smooth; second tergite subparallel-sided, shiny, smooth but with a wide elongate punctate transverse depression, 1.1 times as long as its apical width and 1.3 times its basal width (Fig. 201); third tergite without a transverse groove and about 1.1 times as long as its basal width; ovipositor sheath 1.23 times as long as fore wing.

Genus Lytopylus Foerster, 1862
Note. Th e only Vietnamese species has the hind leg (but the tibial spurs are white or ivory) and the head (but the labrum is white or pale brown) black, the basal half of third metasomal tergite coarsely striate and with a transverse crenulate groove (Fig. 216) and the fi rst tergite distinctly widened apically (Figs 216, 219).

Genus Th erophilus Wesmael, 1837
Note. Th e majority of the Vietnamese Th erophilus species previously were considered to belong to the genera Agathis Latreille and later to Bassus Fabricius. Th e genus Th erophilus Wesmael is rather heterogeneous (e.g., Figs 224,232,250,270,282) and probably will be divided into several genera or subgenera in the future. Lateral lobes of mesoscutum rugose-striate posteriorly; notauli fused posteriorly, forming deep groove near scutellar sulcus (Fig. 303); second metasomal tergite smooth or superfi cially fi nely striate (Fig. 304)  Body completely pale yellowish or brownish-yellow, with base of fi rst tergite and second tergite more or less ivory (Fig. 310); frons rather depressed (Fig. 307) Head and mesosoma brownish-yellow (Fig. 267); base of fi rst tergite narrowly ivory (Fig. 270); mesopleuron comparatively robust (Fig. 268) Mesoscutum protruding over pronotum (Fig. 366); middle mesoscutal lobe comparatively short and wide (Fig. 367); second metasomal tergite elongate and subparallel-sided, ivory (Fig. 368)  Hind femur robust (Fig. 379); second metasomal tergite basally smooth, with a distinctly curved groove, and posteriorly striate (Fig. 377) Mesoscutum rather matt and densely micro-sculptured (Fig. 340); hind femur comparatively slender (Fig. 343); fi rst metasomal tergite robust and comparatively wide (Fig. 341); second submarginal cell of fore wing normal (Fig. 342) Note. If the mesoscutum is orange brown and rather robust (Fig. 238), the second tergite more slender (Fig. 241) and the propodeum coarsely reticulate (Fig. 240   comb. n. from China, but that species has the hind leg largely yellowish-brown, the hind tibia ivory (except for its apical darkened quarter), the second tergite with a distinct curved transverse impression, vein r-m of the fore wing very small, the hind femur rather slender, the antenna brown and the face largely, the pronotum ventrally and the posterior orbita pale brown or yellowish-brown. If the basal 0.4 of the hind tibia is pale yellowish (with only a faintly indicated darker subbasal band), cf. the male holotype of T. fujianicus (Chen & Yang, petiolate, marginal cell of fore wing very narrow, prepectal carina mediumsized, propodeum coarsely areolate and mesoscutum yellowish-brown (but laterally darkened), cf. T. tongmuensis

19.
Length of ovipositor sheath 0.5-0.6 times fore wing (Fig. 294); second metasomal tergite widened apically and shorter, without a transverse groove and completely smooth ( Diagnosis. Closely related to T. nigrolineatus sp. n., but T. annuliferus has the ovipositor sheath about as long as the fore wing (T. nigrolineatus: 0.6 times) and the sculpture of the second metasomal tergite only striate (nigrolineatus: fi nely costate).
Head. Antenna incomplete, with 31 segments remaining, length of third segment 1.5 times fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 4.0 and 2.8 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.8 times height of head; malar space 1.1 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 4.0 times temple; temple directly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 227); ocelli in low triangle, POL:OD:OOL= 9:5:11; face shiny and distinctly rather fi nely punctate; clypeus largely smooth and weakly convex, only laterally punctulate; frons with weak medial ridge, smooth medially and densely fi nely punctate laterally; vertex and temple shiny and largely smooth, with sparse fi ne punctures.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.2, 7.7 and 12 times their width, respectively; hind femur densely and rather coarsely punctate but with narrow smooth interspaces and with short setae (Fig. 225); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.5 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with row of 4 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with large lobe.
Metasoma. First tergite parallel-sided without distinct dorsal carinae, its length 2.3 times its apical width (Fig. 224); fi rst and second tergites densely and moderately coarsely striate; second tergite somewhat narrowed anteriorly and with a curved transverse groove (Fig. 224); remainder of metasoma (including second suture) smooth; ovipositor sheath 1.06 times as long as fore wing.
Colour. Black; antenna blackish-brown; mesoscutum slightly chestnut-brown posteriorly; palpi, mandible, second tergite laterally, third tergite antero-laterally and basal half of metasoma ventrally white or ivory; fore leg (but coxa, trochanter, trochantellus, femur ventrally and partly laterally and small patch of tibia brown), middle tibia dorsally (but subbasal patch and apical fi fth brown), spurs and tarsus pale yellow; remainder of middle leg dark brown; hind leg black or blackish-brown and with a white basal tibial ring (Fig. 220); tegulae, apical half of metasoma ventrally, veins and pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate.
Variation. Antennal segments of female 35; vein M+CU of hind wing 0.8-0.9 times as long as vein 1-M; outer side of middle tibia with row of 4-5 pegs; length of body 5.2-5.9 mm, of fore wing 4.4-4.6 mm; length of fi rst tergite 2.2-2.3 times as long as wide apically; length of ovipositor sheath 0.9-1.1 times fore wing.
Head. Antennal segments 28, length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.0, 3.3 and 2.3 times their width, respectively; length of apical antennal segment 1.4 times as long as penultimate segment; maxillary palp 0.8 times height of head; malar space 2.5 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 5.7 times temple; ocelli in high triangle (Fig. 236), POL:OD:OOL= 6:4:9; with two carinae between antennal sockets; face with distinct punctures; frons with distinct punctures laterally; vertex and temple shiny with sparse fi ne punctures.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 2.6, 5.0 and 7.5 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae; length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.4 and 0.6 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with 4 pegs; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively (fi gs); tarsal claws with lobe.
Variation. Antennal segments of female 28, of male 30; outer side of middle tibia with row of 1-4 pegs; length of hind femur 2.6-3.0 times as long as wide; second tergite pale yellow (♀) or largely dark brown (♂), smooth or partly superfi cially granulate; length of body 3.2-3.3 mm, of fore wing 4.4-4.6 mm; head dorsally, mesopleuron partly and metapleuron of males dark brown or blackish.  (Chou & Sharkey, 1989), but diff ers by having the notauli fused posteriorly, forming a large crenulate area (T. lienhoachihensis: rugose); the scutellum with sparse fi ne punctures ( lienhoachihensis: rugose-punctate) and the mesonotum reddish yellow (lienhoachihensis: black). Bassus albifasciatus (Watanabe, 1934) is similar, but T. contrastus diff ers by having the tarsal claws with a large lobe (B. albifasciatus: claws without a lobe); outer side of the middle tibia with a row of 4-5 pegs (albifasciatus: 4-10 pegs); the pronotum crenulate anteriorly (albifasciatus: with two carinae) and the head entirely black (albifasciatus: reddishbrown). Th e new species is also close to Th erophilus festivus (Muesebeck, 1953), but diff ers by having the fi rst tergite about 1.7 times as long as its apical width (T. festivus: 1.8-1.9 times); pronotum and mesonotum reddish-yellow (festivus: black)and basal half of hind tibia without a dark brown basal ring (festivus: basal ring usually present).
Head. Antennal segments 36, length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.7, 3.1 and 2.0 times their width, respectively; length of apical antennal segment 1.3 times as long as penultimate segment; maxillary palp 2.2 times height of head; malar space 2.7 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 3.5 times temple; temple directly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 246); POL:OD:OOL= 9:6:11; face with densely punctate;  frons rather dull and distinctly punctate laterally (Fig. 246); vertex and temple with sparse fi ne punctures.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.8, 6.1 and 9.2 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae (Fig. 243); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.4 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 3 pegs; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; outer apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 7 pegs; tarsal claws with a distinct lobe.
Variation. Antenna with 33-36 segments; fi rst tergite 1.7-1.9 times as long as its apical width; second tergite weakly longitudinally striate or smooth; ovipositor sheath 0.8-0.9 times as long as fore wing; length of body 4.9-5.2 mm and of fore wing 3.6-3.8 mm.
Distribution. NE Vietnam: Ha Noi and S Vietnam: Dong Nai. Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "contra" (Latin for "opposite"), because of the contrasting orange and black body colour.   comb. n. from Fujian (China) is similar but T. daanyuanensis has no medio-posterior groove of the mesoscutum, the tegulae, the mesopleuron and the metapleuron partly orange brown, the fi rst tergite distinctly longitudinally striate, the second tergite striate and with a wide curved transverse depression, the fore coxa and trochanter and trochantellus brownish-yellow and the middle tibia completely ivory.
Head. Antenna with 27 segments, length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.5, 3.0 and 1.5 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 2.3 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 2.1 times temple; temple gradually narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 254); POL:OD:OOL = 8:5:10; face shiny and punctulate, with a small narrow groove medio-dorsally; clypeus largely smooth and weakly convex, mainly dorsally punctulate; frons with a weak medial ridge (Fig. 254), moderately concave anteriorly, smooth medially and sparsely punctulate laterally and with an indistinct triangular area in front of anterior ocellus; vertex and temple shiny, largely smooth and sparsely punctulate.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.6, 6.4 and 9 times their width, respectively; hind femur largely smooth, spaced punctulate and with medium-sized setae (Fig. 252); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia both 0.45 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 3 minute pegs and 2 minute pegs apically; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.4 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with large lobe.
Metasoma. First tergite widened posteriorly, sparsely and weakly striate, with dorsal carinae weakly developed, its length 1.5 times its apical width (Fig. 250); second tergite smooth, somewhat narrowed anteriorly and with a curved transverse groove (Fig. 250); remainder of metasoma (including weakly impressed second suture) smooth; ovipositor sheath 0.81 times as long as fore wing.
Colour. Black; palpi pale yellowish; middle and hind spurs white; antenna, legs (but fore tibia brown and fore femur partly yellowish-brown, hind and middle basitarsi basally, hind tibia with a narrow basal and a wide submedial band white or ivory), tegulae, metasoma (but baso-ventrally pale brown), veins and pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate.
Head. Antennal segments 45; length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.8, 2.5 and 1.5 times their width, respectively; length of apical segment 2.3 times as long as penultimate segment; maxillary palp 0.8 times height of head; malar space 2.4 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 4.8 times temple; ocelli in low triangle (Fig. 264), POL:OD:OOL= 7:6:13; face densely punctate (Fig. 263); frons smooth, laterally densely punctate and concave near antennal sockets (Fig. 264); vertex and temple shiny with sparse punctures.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.7, 6.7 and 8.0 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae (Fig. 261); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with 1 peg and a cluster of 5 pegs at apex; hind tibia distinctly narrowed basally and widened apically (Fig. 256); length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.4 times hind basitarsus, respectively; outer side of hind tibia with a cluster of 12 pegs (fi gs); hind coxa distinctly punctate; hind femur reticulate-punctate; tarsal claws with a large lobe (Fig. 262).
Colour. Black; mouthparts, fore leg and middle tibia and tarsus yellow; medial round area of face, malar space and temple partly, mesoscutum, tegula reddish yellow; hind tibia (but basal pale yellow ring and yellow spurs) and tarsus brown; fi rst-second metasomal tergites ivory ventrally; wing membrane dark brown, with pale band extending from vein 2-SR+M to vein 3-CU1.
Variation. Length of body 8.2-9.3 mm, of fore wing 7.0-7.4 mm, vein M+CU 0.7-0.8 times vein 1-M, outer side of middle tibia with 2-12 pegs; second tergite without weak transverse groove; large reddish-yellow medial area of face may be fused with clypeus; entirely malar space and temple may be reddish-yellow; length of ovipositor sheath 1.0-1.1 times fore wing; wing membrane dark brown or yellowish-brown; basal ring of hind tibia white or pale brownish.
Head. Antenna with 35 segments, length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.8, 3.0 and 1.7 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 1.8 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 4.0 times temple; temple directly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 275); ocelli in low triangle, POL:OD:OOL= 8:5:11; face shiny, largely smooth and punctulate; clypeus largely smooth and moderately convex; frons with obsolete medial ridge, with wide fl attened triangular area in front of anterior ocellus, weakly depressed behind antennal sockets, smooth but sparsely punctulate laterally; vertex and temple shiny and smooth, but temple with sparse punctures.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.8, 8.9 and 9 times their width, respectively; hind femur fi nely pimply or punctulate and with short setae (Fig. 272); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.3 and 0.4 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 3 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.2 and 0.4 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with large lobe.
Metasoma. First tergite subparallel-sided, with distinct dorsal carinae in its basal half, its length 2.5 times its apical width and rather coarsely longitudinally striate (Fig. 270); second tergite elongate and anteriorly slightly narrowed (Fig. 270), densely and moderately coarsely striate and with a distinct transverse groove; remainder of metasoma (including shallow second suture) smooth; ovipositor sheath 1.18 times as long as fore wing.
Colour. Yellowish-brown; antenna blackish-brown; tegulae, middle coxa, base of middle femur and hind spurs brown; malar space, base of fi rst tergite, basal half of second tergite, ventral half of metasoma and basal ring of hind tibia white; remainder of metasoma and of hind leg dark brown; mandible ivory; palpi, fore leg and remainder of middle leg brownish-yellow; veins and pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline but slightly infuscate apically.
Distribution. C Vietnam: Ha Tinh. Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "elongatus" (Latin for "prolonged"), because of the elongated fi rst metasomal tergite.  Biology. Recorded as a parasitoid of Tortricidae, Pyralidae, Blastobasidae, Carposinidae, Noctuidae, Gelechiidae and Cossidae, but no reared material seen by us and such a wide host range seems most improbable. Note. One female from Cat Tien N.P. (Ficus trail, 9-30.iv.2007) is a pale form with the pronotum, the mesopleuron dorsally and the mesoscutum orange brown (Fig. 277); normally the mesosoma is completely black (Fig. 276). Th e basal cell of the fore wing is densely or sparsely setose. (Bhat & Gupta, 1977) (Chou & Sharkey, 1989) comb. n., but diff ers by having the propodeum with a strong transverse carina dividing propodeum in anterior and posterior areas and its posterior half steep (T. sungkangensis: without transverse carina and posteriorly convex); precoxal sulcus narrow, largely crenulate (sungkangensis: rather wide and anterior 0.4 absent); notauli strongly crenulate (sungkangensis: weakly crenulate); the new species is also similar to T. rugosiferus sp. n., but diff ers by having the apical half of the second tergite smooth (T. rugosiferus: apical half striate; vein M+CU of the hind wing as long as vein 1-M (rugosiferus: 0.8 times) and the outer and inner spurs of the middle tibia subequal (rugosiferus: inner spur 1.7 times longer than outer spur). Th e new species is similar to T. daanyuanensis  comb. n. from Fujian (China), because of the coarsely crenulate notauli and the absence of a medio-posterior groove of the mesoscutum. However, T. daanyuanensis has the frons largely smooth (only punctulate), the tegulae, the mesopleuron and the metapleuron partly orange brown, the marginal cell of the fore wing comparatively narrow basally, the fi rst tergite distinctly longitudinally striate, the second tergite striate and with a wide curved transverse depression, the fore coxa and trochanter and trochantellus brownish-yellow and the middle tibia completely ivory. Bassus canaliculatus , from China, is superfi cially similar, but has a distinct medio-posterior groove of mesoscutum and fi nely crenulate notauli, head and mesosoma completely black, pronotum ventrally and fore coxa blackish; simple tarsal claws and depression of second tergite distinctly sinuate. T. tonghuaensis  comb. n.

Th erophilus javanus
from China belongs also here and diff ers from Bassus canaliculatus by having the fore coxa pale yellowish, vein r-m of the fore wing short, resulting in a minute second submarginal cell, hind femur brownish and less robust and the transverse depression of the second tergite is nearly straight.
Head. Antennal segments 32, length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 5.0, 4.0 and 2.0 times their width, respectively; length of apical antennal segment 1.5 times as long as penultimate seg- ment; maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 2.8 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 2.7 times temple; temple roundly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 293); ocelli in high triangle, POL:OD:OOL= 8:4:10; face distinctly punctate laterally, rugose-punctate medially; frons densely punctate; vertex and temple shiny with very sparse minute punctures.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.3, 5.4 and 9.5 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae; outer and inner spurs of middle tibia subequal and 0.5 times as long as middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with 4 pegs; hind tibia compressed basally and  distinctly widened apically; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; outer apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 9 pegs; tarsal claws with lobe.
Metasoma. First tergite slightly depressed laterally, 1.3 times as long as its apical width (Fig. 288), shiny with some longitudinal striae, smooth apically; second tergite with V-shape transverse groove (Fig. 288); remainder of metasoma shiny and smooth; ovipositor sheath 0.8 times as long as fore wing.
Colour. Black; fore leg brown (but coxa, trochanter, trochantellus and largely femur dark brown); basal ring of middle tibia and one third of middle basitarsus, two thirds of hind tibia (except small patch (Figs 285, 290), one third of hind basitarsus and spurs ivory; pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane infuscate.
Variation. Antennal segments of male 30 and of female 28-32; length of body of female 3.3-4.1 mm and of male 3.7 mm; length of fore wing of female 2.6-4.0 mm and of male 3.9 mm; face entirely punctate or partly rugose-punctate; apical antennal segment 1.2 times as long as penultimate segment; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 3 pegs; fore leg yellow or largely dark brown and brown; frons smooth to punctate laterally.
Head. Antennal segments 37, length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.5, 2.0 and 1.0 times their width, respectively; length of apical antennal segment twice as long as penultimate segment; length of maxillary palp 0.6 times height of head; malar space 3.4 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 3.0 times temple; temple roundly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 308); POL:OD:OOL = 10:6:14; face with dense distinct punctures; frons, vertex and temple shiny and smooth.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.4, 5.4 and 9.2 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae and coarsely punctate (Fig. 306); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.4 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with 2 rows of 2 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; hind tibia with cluster of 7 pegs; tarsal claws with lobe.
Colour. Black; antenna light brown (but scapus dark brown); tegulae dark brown; fore and middle legs pale yellow; fore and middle coxae brown; hind tibia and tarsus dark yellow; pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.
Variation. Antennal segments of both sexes 35-37; length of body of female 4.2-5.0 mm, and of male 4.3-4.6 mm, length of fore wing of female 3.6-4.2 mm, of male 3.7-4.2 mm, apical antennal segment 1.4-2.0 times as long as penultimate segment; vein M+CU of hind wing 0.9-1.1 times as long as vein 1-M; length of fi rst tergite (both sexes) 1.0-1.1 times as long as its apical width; basal area of second tergite weakly rugose or smooth.
Head. Antennal segments 31, length of third segment 1.1 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.8, 3.4 and 1.5 times their width, respectively; apical antennal segment as long as penultimate segment; maxillary palp 0.6 times height of head; malar space 3.3 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 4.0 times temple; ocelli in high triangle (Fig. 307), POL:OD:OOL = 8:4:11; face distinctly fi nely punctate medially, slightly rugose-punctate medially; frons smooth; vertex and temple smooth with very sparse minute punctate.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.3, 5.4 and 8.6 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae (Fig. 315); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 4 pegs and 3 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with lobe.
Metasoma. Length of fi rst tergite 1.3 times its apical width (Fig. 313), its surface weakly striate, smooth apically; second tergite 0.5 times as long as its apical width and 0.8 times as long as third tergite medially (Fig. 313); remainder of metasoma smooth; ovipositor sheath 0.6 times as long as fore wing.
Variation. Antenna with 31 segments; length of body 3.6-4.1 mm, length of fore wing 3.3-3.4 mm; vein M+CU of hind wing 0.8-0.9 times as long as vein 1-M; length of fi rst tergite 1.3-1.5 times its apical width.
Distribution. NE Vietnam: Hoa Binh and CN Vietnam: Nghe An. Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "mellitus" (Latin for "pertaining to honey"), and "soma" (Greek for "body"), because of the honey coloured body. Diagnosis. Th e new species is close to Th erophilus annulus (Chou & Sharkey, 1989) comb. n., from China (Taiwan) but diff ers by having the pronotum smooth (T. annulus: sparsely minutely punctate along margins and trough with 3 carinae), the propodeum with a large areola-like median area with irregular transverse carinae (annulus: rugose and with 2 median carinae), the ovipositor sheath 0.6 times as long as the fore wing (annulus: 1.3 times) and the fi rst tergite 2.2 times as long as wide apically (annulus: 1.5-1.6 times).
Head. Antennal segments 38, length of third segment 1.8 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.0, 2.2 and 1.3 times their width, respectively; apical antennal segment 1.5 times as long as penultimate segment; length of maxillary palp 0.8 times height of head; malar space 1.9 times as long as basal width of mandible; temple short, in dorsal view length of eye 3.0 times temple; temple roundly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 325); ocelli in low triangle, POL:OD:OOL = 10:6:13; face shiny, distinctly and fi nely punctate; frons with medial ridge, smooth; vertex and temple shiny, largely smooth, but sparsely punctulate.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.6, 7.5 and 10.0 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae (Fig. 320); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.5 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 5 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.4 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with lobe.
Distribution. S Vietnam: Dong Nai. Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "nigro" (Latin for "black"), and "linea" (Latin for "line"), because of the black linear middle part of the fi rst and second metasomal tergites. Diagnosis. Runs in the key by  to T. tayulingensis (Chou & Sharkey, 1989) from China (Taiwan), but that species has only the apical fi fth of the hind tibia dark brown, vein SR1 of the fore wing curved and resulting in a very narrow marginal cell anteriorly, vein cu-a of the fore wing oblique, the posterior ocelli comparatively large, larger than the anterior ocellus, the scutellar sulcus with three carinae, the fi rst tergite costate and the second tergite distinctly transverse. It runs in Chou & Sharkey (1989) because of the nearly square second tergite to T. festivus (Muesebeck, 1953), but that species has the scutellar sulcus with three carinae, the fi rst tergite costate, the second tergite rather costate to nearly smooth, the median area of the second tergite weakly diff erentiated and the fi rst tergite less robust, 1.6-1.9 times as long as wide apically.
Head. Antenna incomplete, with 21 segments remaining, length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 3.0 and 2.4 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.6 times height of head; malar space 2.4 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 3.2 times temple; temple gradually narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 336); ocelli in moderately high triangle, POL:OD:OOL = 9:5:10; face moderately shiny and densely punctulate; clypeus largely smooth and weakly convex, punctulate; frons with sharp and distinct medial ridge, shallowly concave anteriorly, smooth and rather convex medially and moderately punctulate laterally; area in font of anterior ocellus short and with a short subparallel depression; vertex and temple shiny and largely smooth, with sparsely punctulate.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.6, 6.6 and 7.6 times their width, respectively; hind femur largely smooth, fi nely pimply and with short setae (Fig. 334); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.5 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 3 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.4 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with large lobe.
Metasoma. First tergite mainly superfi cially granulate intermingled with rugulae, parallel-sided without distinct dorsal carinae, its length 1.4 times its apical width (Fig. 332); second and third tergites smooth, second tergite slightly narrowed anteriorly and with an obsolescent curved transverse groove (Fig. 332); remainder of metasoma (including second suture) smooth; ovipositor sheath 0.90 times as long as fore wing.
Colour. Black; pedicellus brown and distinctly paler than scapus and fl agellar segments mainly brown with dark medial band or largely dark brown; mandible, palpi, malar space ventrally, tegulae, basal 0.6 of hind tibia (but with an indistinct subbasal brown patch), largely hind trochanter and trochantellus, apex and base of fi rst tergite narrowly, second tergite, third tergite laterally and ventral half of metasoma ivory or pale yellowish; pronotum antero-medially, fore leg (but coxa largely dark brown), middle leg (but coxa dark brown and tarsus brown), scutellum laterally, metanotum, remainder of metasoma, pterostigma and veins dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 5.0, 8.1 and 10.7 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae (Fig. 343); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.4 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with 3 pegs; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with lobe.
Distribution. NW Vietnam: Lao Cai. Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "para" (Greek for "near"), and the specifi c name "asper", because of its similarity to that species.
Head. Antenna with 28 segments, length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.7, 3.0 and 2.0 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 1.8 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 4.0 times temple; temple roundly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 354); ocelli in low triangle, POL:OD:OOL = 9:5:11; face shiny and distinctly punctulate; clypeus smooth medially, remainder fi nely punctate and rather weakly convex; frons fl attened posteriorly, without a medial ridge or triangular area, but with a short groove medio-anteriorly, smooth medially and distinctly punctulate laterally; vertex and temple shiny and largely smooth, with sparse punctulation.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 2.9, 6.1 and 7.4 times their width, respectively; hind femur shiny, largely smooth and with rather short setae (Fig. 352); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.35 and 0.45 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 3 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.35 and 0.50 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with large lobe.
Metasoma. First tergite widened posteriorly, largely smooth, with a few striae laterally, its basal half with weak dorsal carinae, its length 1.4 times its apical width (Fig. 350); second and following tergites (including second suture) smooth; second tergite somewhat narrowed anteriorly and with a curved transverse groove (Fig. 350); ovipositor sheath 0.42 times as long as fore wing.
Head. Antenna with 32 segments, length of third segment 1.4 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.2, 3.0 and 1.5 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 2.2 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 3.8 times temple; temple gradually narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 363); ocelli in rather high triangle, POL:OD:OOL = 6:5:8; face rather shiny and distinctly rather densely and fi nely punctate; clypeus sparsely fi nely punctate and moderately convex; frons fl at and fi nely punctate between antennal sockets and without a medial ridge, no triangular area posteriorly, but in front of anterior ocellus with a narrow groove, smooth medially and rather densely fi nely punctate laterally; vertex and temple shiny and largely smooth, with sparse punctulation.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.3, 8.2 and 9.2 times their width, respectively; hind femur spaced fi nely punctate and with short setae (Fig. 361); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.35 and 0.50 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 3 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.4 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with large obtuse lobe.
Metasoma. First tergite parallel-sided, rather irregularly and densely longitudinally striate and 2.5 times as long as its apical width, with rather weak dorsal carinae in basal 0.6 of tergite (Fig. 359); second tergite irregularly longitudinally rugulose-striate, but basal 0.4 with nearly round convexity superfi cially micro-sculptured; second tergite somewhat narrowed anteriorly and with obsolete curved transverse groove (Fig. 359); remainder of metasoma (including second suture) smooth; ovipositor sheath 1.24 times as long as fore wing.
Colour. Black; antenna, tegulae, fore and middle coxae, apical half of hind tibia and small subbasal patch, hind tarsus, metasoma apically and ventrally (but anteroventrally largely ivory), ovipositor sheath, hind spurs, veins and pterostigma dark brown; malar space, palpi, mandible, fore trochanter, basal half of middle tibia (except brownish patch subbasally), middle spurs and middle basitarsus largely, remainder of hind tibia, basal third of second tergite and its lateral margin ivory or white; middle trochanter, base of middle femur, apical half of middle tibia and telotarsus brown; remainder of fore and middle legs brownish-yellow; and remainder of hind tibia whitish; wing membrane subhyaline.
Distribution. NE Vietnam: Hoa Binh. Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "punctum" (Latin for "small hole, spot"), and "scutum" (Latin for "shield"), because of the punctate mesoscutum. Diagnosis. Recognizable by the unique feature of the mesoscutum protruding over the pronotum anteriorly; in addition the middle lobe of the mesoscutum is comparatively short and wide.
Description. Holotype, ♂, length of body 5.1 mm, of fore wing 4.2 mm. Head. Antenna with 35 segments, length of third segment 1.5 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.4, 3.0 and 1.5 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 1.6 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 4.8 times temple; temple directly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 373); ocelli in low triangle, POL:OD:OOL = 6:5:7; face fl attened but medio-dorsally widely depressed, shiny and spaced fi nely punctate; clypeus largely smooth and weakly convex, only dorsally punctulate; frons with a short medial ridge, smooth medially and spaced coarsely punctate laterally, in front of anterior ocellus with a somewhat depressed large elongate triangular area and strongly depressed behind antennal sockets; vertex and temple shiny and largely smooth, with sparse punctures.
Wings. Fore wing: second submarginal cell rather small and petiolate (Fig. 369); vein SR1 straight; r:3-SR+SR1 = 1:13; r-m about half as long as petiolus; apical half of subbasal cell nearly completely glabrous. Hind wing: vein M+CU as long as vein 1-M. Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.5, 6.1 and 7 times their width, respectively; hind femur smooth (only slightly pimply) and with medium-sized setae (Fig. 370); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.5 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with row of 3 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.35 and 0.55 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with large lobe; hind coxa superfi cially granulate.
Metasoma. First tergite somewhat widened apically, 1.4 times as long as its apical width, longitudinally costate, with dorsal carinae nearly complete but similar to surrounding sculpture (Fig. 368); second tergite rather costate, subparallel-sided, its basal 0.6 with a semicircular convexity and with a curved transverse groove (Fig. 368); remainder of metasoma (including second suture) smooth.
Distribution. N Vietnam: Ha Noi. Biology. Th e holotype was reared from Omiodes indicata (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Pyraustinae) on soybean (Glycine max (Linnaeus)) according to the label data. It is the fi rst record of a species of Agathidinae as parasitoid of this species.
Head. Antenna broken, length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.5, 3.5 times their width, respectively; maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 3.6 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view, length of eye 7.0 times temple; temple roundly narrowed posteriorly; ocelli in high triangle (Fig. 381), POL:OD:OOL = 6:5:11; face densely setose with dense distinct punctures; frons with distinct fi ne punctures; vertex and temple shiny with sparse fi ne punctures; area near lateral ocelli densely punctate.
Legs. Hind femur robust; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 2.6, 5.0 and 9.5 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae   . 379); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with 2 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; outer apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 13 pegs; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.4 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with lobe.
Metasoma. Length of fi rst metasomal tergite 1.4 times its apical width (Fig. 377); fi rst tergite with dense longitudinal striae; second tergite with striate transverse groove, large basal area of second tergite smooth, apical half striate medially and smooth laterally (Fig. 377); remainder of metasoma shiny smooth; length of ovipositor 1.1 times fore wing, its sheath missing.
Colour. Black; clypeus, mouthparts, fore legs (but reddish yellow trochantellus and basal half of tibia); middle legs light brown or infuscate (but yellow femur apically, tibia and hind basitarsus basally); hind spurs, basal two thirds of hind tibia and basal half of hind basitarsus yellowish; pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate.
Distribution. NW Vietnam: Lao Cai and NE Vietnam: Hoa Binh. Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "rugosus" (Latin for "wrinkled"), and "fero" (Latin for "carry"), because of the rugose part of the mesoscutum. Diagnosis. Closely related to T. nigrolineatus sp. n. from South Vietnam, from which it diff ers mainly by the shape and sculpture of the scutellum (angulate anteriorly and coarsely punctate; T. nigrolineatus: rounded anteriorly and sparsely punctate) and the colour of the hind tibia (black subbasally; T. nigrolineatus: dark brown subbasally).
Head. Antenna with 38 segments, length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.0, 3.2 and 1.5 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 1.4 times as long as basal width of mandible, rectangularly protruding backwards; in dorsal view length of eye 4.8 times temple; temple gradually narrowed posteriorly; ocelli in rather high triangle (Fig. 390), POL:OD:OOL = 5:5:8; face shiny and rather densely fi nely punctate; clypeus spaced fi nally punctate and weakly convex; frons with sharp medial ridge anteriorly and with medium-sized triangular depression in front of anterior ocellus, smooth medially and spaced punctate laterally, behind antennal sockets distinctly depressed; vertex and temple shiny and largely smooth, with sparse fi ne punctures.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; pronotum smooth, with long epomial carina and behind it some striae and a long sinuate oblique carina, with large and deep subpronope, fi nely densely punctate dorso-posteriorly and ventral half of posterior groove distinctly crenulate, remainder largely smooth and narrow; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum fi nely crenulate; mesoscutum densely and rather coarsely punctate, but sparsely medio-posteriorly, medio-posteriorly lobes slightly convex, with some weak striae near elongate depression at end of notauli; notauli complete and moderately crenulate anteriorly and more widely so posteriorly; scutellar sulcus 0.6 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum, shallow and with 1 long and 4 short carinae; scutellum angulate anteriorly and with several coarse punctures, shiny, subposterior crest obsolescent and fi nely crenulate in front of it (Fig. 385) and behind it a strongly shiny, fl at, oblique and largely smooth area, without medio-posterior depression; area behind prepectal carina and pleural sulcus coarsely crenulate; precoxal sulcus rather deep, distinctly but narrowly crenulate and anteriorly absent (Fig. 384); mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus spaced fi nely punctate (ventrally becoming denser); remainder of mesopleuron shiny and largely smooth, but rather coarsely spaced punctate anteriorly and below scrobe; metapleuron densely setose, spaced coarsely punctate (interspaces about equal to diameter of punctures) and ventrally vermiculate-rugose; propodeum coarsely reticulate, with irregular median crest anteriorly (Fig. 385); propodeal spiracle rather large, nearly round.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.4, 7.8 and 11.4 times their width, respectively; hind femur densely and rather coarsely punctate but with narrow smooth interspaces and with rather short setae; length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.4 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 2 pegs and 1 peg at apex; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with large obtuse lobe.

Genus Troticus Brullé, 1846
Key to Vietnamese species of the genus Troticus Brullé

1.
Fore wing with a large stigmal spot connected to a dark brown band below pterostigma (Figs 398, 404); apical half of wings dark brown; fore and middle tarsus robust (Fig. 398); fi rst metasomal tergite about 0.8 times as long as its apical width (Fig. 403); second metasomal suture fi nely impressed (Fig. 403) Fore wing with a small isolated stigmal spot (Fig. 396); apical half of wings largely yellowish; fore and middle tarsus slender (Fig. 392); fi rst tergite about 1.5 times as long as apical width (Fig. 397); second metasomal suture absent (Fig. 397) Diagnosis. Th e colour pattern of this species seems to be unique in the genera Troticus and Disophrys, having the wings completely yellowish and having only a small isolated stigmal spot.
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 16.0 mm, of fore wing 16.0 mm. Head. Antennal segments 68, length of third segment subequal to fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 1.8, 2.0 and 1.2 times their width, respectively; apical antennal segment long conical, 2.6 times as long as penultimate segment; length of maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; in dorsal view length of eye 1.3 times temple; temple gradually narrowed (Fig. 394); ocelli large, POL:OD:OOL = 10:9:24; face with dense distinct fi ne punctures; lateral carina of frons near antennal sockets (Fig. 394); pair of crests between antennal sockets slightly convergent; frons, vertex and temple smooth, sparsely setose.
Legs. Hind coxa rather long, hind femur robust, length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.0, 7.2 and 12.6 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with long and dense setosity; outer side of apex of hind tibia with two equal and distal each other pegs; length of outer and inner spurs of middle tibia 0.3 and 0.4 times middle basitarsus, respectively; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.4 times hind basitarsus; fore and middle tarsi slender.
Distribution. S Vietnam: Kien Giang. Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "allo" (Greek for "other"), and "fl avus" (Latin for "yellow"), because of the diff erent yellow colour pattern. Diagnosis. Similar to Troticus latiabdominalis (Bhat, 1978) comb. n. from India. Th e latter has a short ramellus at the second submarginal cell of the fore wing, the vertex and the occiput brownish, the scutellar sulcus with 5 carinae, temple, face laterally and malar space yellowish-brown and the fi rst metasomal tergite about as long as its apical width. Also rather similar to Euagathis gracilitarsis van Achterberg & Chen, 2002, from China, but diff ers by having the fi rst tergite wider (its length 0.8 times its apical width; E. gracilitarsis: 1.7 times its apical width), the second submarginal cell of the fore wing distinctly narrowed anteriorly (E. gracilitarsis: slightly narrowed anteriorly), the temple largely black (E. gracilitarsis: yellowish-brown), the metasoma yellowish-brown (E. gracilitarsis: largely blackish) and the the pale patch below pterostigma large (E. gracilitarsis: small).
Legs. Hind coxa rather long, hind femur robust, length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 2.8, 5.6 and 6.2 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with long and dense setosity; outer side of apex of hind tibia with two distal each other pegs; length of outer and inner spurs of middle tibia 0.5 and 0.6 times middle basitarsus, respectively; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.6 times hind basitarsus; fore and middle tarsi robust (Fig. 398).
Etymology. From "zelo" (fi rst part of the genus name Zelomorpha) and "dia" (Latin for "between" because of its resemblance to the New World genus Zelomorpha Ashmead, 1900. Gender: feminine. Diagnosis. Apex of antenna with spine; area between antennal sockets with a pair of crests (Figs 415, 425), rarely with a trough; frons without a pair of carinae or crests laterally; malar space smooth, often comparatively long, usually hardly or not protruding posteriorly (Fig. 426); temples medium-sized (Fig. 425); notauli at least in anterior half of mesoscutum impressed and comparatively narrow (Fig. 421); vein M+CU of hind wing at most 0.8 times as long as vein 1-M; fore spur with a short, straight and setose apical spine (Figs 418,436); fore tarsal claws bifurcate, its inner tooth usually as large as its outer tooth, but sometimes smaller; outer face of middle tibia only with apical pegs (Figs 427,436); inner spur of middle tibia 0.8-1.1 times as long as middle basitarsus (Figs 409,436); hind coxa without longitudinal carina or rugae; hind trochantellus usually with a distinct ventral carina on its outer edge or edge distinctly angulate; ventral surface of hind femur distinctly sculptured; ovipositor sheath short, about as long as apical height of metasoma, hardly or not protruding in dorsal view; apex of the ovipositor sheath rather blunt apically and with numerous ampulliform papillae.
Phylogenetic position. Probably sister to the genus Euagathis Szépligeti according to Sharkey et al. (2009), but it belongs to the Coccygidium complex. It shares with the complex two synapomorphies: the apical spine of the antenna and the elongate inner spur of the middle tibia. Apomorphous character states of the new genus Zelodia within the Coccygidium complex are the comparatively narrow notauli and the densely sculptured ventral face of the hind femur. Th e genus Coccygidium de Saussure has the following synapomorphies: the fore spur with a long glabrous apical spine, the hind coxa with a longitudinal carina or rugae and the frons with more or less developed carinae or crests.
Notes. Sharkey et al. (2006) included the Zelomorpha sulana group of Bhat and Gupta (1977) in Hypsostypos Baltazar, because of the rugose ventral surface of the hind femur and some other character-states. However, the type species of Hypsostypos has several autapomorphies and lacks the apical spine of the antenna typical for the Coccygidium complex to which this group belongs. Th erefore, the Zelomorpha sulana group is excluded from Hypsostypos and Sharkey et al. (2009) intended to name this group Amputostypos. Unfortunately, they overlooked that the designated type species (Disophrys concolor Szépligeti, 1908) does not belong to this group. To the newly proposed genus Zelodia belong the following described species (all are new combinations): Zelodia absoluta  China Zelodia achterbergi  China Zelodia albopilosella (Cameron, 1908) Sarawak (Enderlein) from Sundaland (e.g., by the robust fi rst metasomal tergite with some punctures latero-apically), but the latter diff ers by having the hind coxa largely smooth dorsally, the propodeum and the metanotum yellowish-brown, the scutellum moderately punctate and with distinct interspaces between the punctures, the mesopleuron only punctulate and the hind femur less slender. Very similar to Z. achterbergi (Chen & Yang), but that species diff ers mainly by the sparsely punctate mesopleuron (interspaces wider than diameter of punctures) and no distinct rugae near the prepectal carina. Also similar to Z. similis (Bhat & Gupta) from Philippines, but Z. similis has the hind leg and metasoma (blackish)-brown, OOL less than POL, face moderately punctate, length of malar space twice basal width of mandible, scutellum sparsely and moderately punctate, second tergite parallel-sided and comparatively slender.  (Bhat & Gupta, 1977) comb. n., from Philippines, but diff ers by having POL 0.9 times as long as OOL (Z. similis: 2.5 times); the malar space 1.3 times as long as basal width of the mandible (similis: twice) and the fi rst tergite about 3 times as long as its apical width (similis: about 1.7 times). Also similar to Z. quadrifossulata (Enderlein, 1920) comb. n., but diff ers by having the malar space comparatively short (Z. quadrifossulata: twice as long as basal width of mandible); the propodeal spiracle small (quadrifossulata: rather large) and the fi rst tergite of female almost parallel-sided (quadrifossulata: distinctly widened apically).
Z. longiptera  comb. n. is similar, but that species has smaller ocelli (OOL 1.5 times POL), length of the malar space twice basal width of the mandible, the fi rst tergite about twice as long as its apical width (not 3.2 times as indicated in the original description), the hind femur 4.3 times as long as wide, the scapus dark brown and the wings subhyaline.
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 6.2 mm, of fore wing 5.7 mm. Head. Antennal segments 41; length of third segment 1.1 times as long as fourth segment; length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.3, 2.0 and 1.5 times  Diagnosis. Th e new species is close to Zelodia longidorsata (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), but diff ers by having the propodeal spiracle 3 times as long as wide (Z. longidorsata: twice); the fi rst tergite without a dorso-lateral carina above the spiracle and the glymma smooth (longidorsata: dorso-lateral carina present above spiracle and glymma sculptured); the second tergite as long as wide apically (longidorsata: 1.5 times longer than wide) and the head and mesosoma black except for the reddish yellow mesonotum (longidorsata: head and mesosoma yellowish-brown).
Head. Antennal segments 42, length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.5, 2.1 and 1.7 times their width, respectively; penultimate segment 0.6 times as long as apical segment; antenna densely setose; scapus nearly cylindrical, 2.2 times as long as wide; length of maxillary palp 0.7  times height of head; malar space 1.5 times as long as basal width of mandible, 0.3 times height of eye and 0.2 times as long as height of head in lateral view (Fig. 426); in dorsal view eye twice as long as temple (Fig. 425); POL:OD:OOL = 9:8:13; face shiny, punctate, rugose-punctate medially; frons shiny, smooth and without lateral carinae; vertex shiny with sparse fi ne punctures; pair of crests between antennal sockets strong, convergent; occipital fl ange large, its ventral margin convex (Fig. 426).
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.3, 6.5 and 11.3 times their width, respectively; outer side of hind coxa areolate-punctate; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with long and dense setosity (Fig. 420); outer side of apex of hind tibia with two pegs, and lower peg twice as long as upper peg; fore tarsus slender and with long setae; length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.5 and 0.9 times middle basitarsus, respectively; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.4 and 0.7 times hind basitarsus.
Metasoma. First tergite long, smooth, parallel-sided (Fig. 423); length of fi rst tergite 3.6 times its apical width; second tergite rectangular and as long as wide apically, smooth with three transverse rows of setae apically; second metasomal suture absent (Fig. 423); ovipositor sheath 0.4 times as long as hind basitarsus.
Distribution. NE Vietnam: Phu Th o and S Vietnam: Dak Lak.
Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "ango" (Latin for "pressed together") and "notos" (Greek for "back"), because of the narrow fi rst metasomal tergite. Diagnosis. Th e new species is similar to Z. quadrifossulata (Enderlein), but the latter diff ers by having the pterostigma entirely brown, the hind leg dark brown and the metasoma (except for the more or less yellowish or brownish fi rst and second tergites) black.
Head. Antennal segments 43, densely bristly setose, length of third segment 1.1 times as long as fourth segment; length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.6, 2.3 and 1.8 times their width, respectively; penultimate segments half as long as apical segment; scapus long somewhat compressed, nearly twice as long as wide; length of maxillary palp 0.6 times as long as height of head; in dorsal view length of eye 2.3 times as long as temple (Fig. 433); temple punctulate and setose, in lateral view 0.6 times width of eye (Fig. 428); POL:OD:OOL = 6:5:10; malar space twice as long as basal width of mandible, 0.4 times as long as eye height and 0.3 times as long as height of head in lateral view (Fig. 434); face distinctly punctate, interspaces somewhat larger than punctures; frons shiny, smooth (except for some punctures) and without lateral carinae; vertex shiny, sparsely fi nely punctate; pair of crests between antennal sockets rather weakly developed, convergent; occipital fl ange large, its ventral margin round (Fig. 428).
Colour. Yellowish-brown, but mesoscutum largely somewhat darkened and fi rst and second tergites pale yellowish; hind coxa, trochantellus, trochantellus and largely femur, hind tibial spurs, ovipositor sheath, scapus and pedicellus largely dark brown;  remainder of antenna, apex of hind tibia and tarsus blackish; wings subhyaline but near parastigma and vein r infuscate; parastigma, apical part of vein C+SC+R, apical half of pterostigma and veins of apical half of fore wing largely dark brown.
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.4, 5.3 and 12.0 times their width, respectively; outer side of hind coxa punctate; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with long and dense setosity (Fig. 441); outer side of apex of hind tibia with two pegs, and upper peg twice as long as lower peg; length of outer and inner spurs of middle tibia 0.6 times and subequal to middle basitarsus, respectively; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.5 and 0.7 times hind basitarsus.
Variation. Male: antennal segments 43-45; length of fi rst tergite 1.8 times as long as its apical width; fi rst-third segments of hind tarsus dark brown.
Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "brevis" (Latin for "short") and "femur" (Latin for "foundation, base"), because of the short hind femur. Diagnosis. Th e new species resembles Zelodia dravida (Bhat & Gupta), but the latter diff ers by having the head, hind leg and metasoma black, the scutellum sparsely punctate, the second submarginal cell of fore wing triangular, the wing membrane subhyaline and the pterostigma entirely brown.
Head. Antennal segments 43, length of third segment 1.1 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.5, 2.3 and 2.0 times their width, respectively; penultimate segment as long as apical segment; antenna densely setose; scapus nearly cylindrical, twice as long as wide; length of maxillary palp 0.9 times height of head; malar space 1.3 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 3.4 times as long as temple (Figs 453, 454); lateral ocelli large, POL:OD:OOL = 5:4:5; face punctate, but rugose-punctate medially; frons shiny, smooth, without lateral carinae; vertex sparsely fi nely punctate; pair of crests between antennal sockets strong, convergent; occipital fl ange rather large, its ventral margin convex (Fig. 447).
Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.3, 5.3 and 7.5 times their width, respectively; outer side of hind coxa punctate; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with long and dense setosity (Fig. 451); outer side of apex of hind tibia with two equal pegs; length of outer and inner spurs of middle tibia 0.5 and 0.9 times middle basitarsus, respectively; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.4 times hind basitarsus.
Colour. Yellow; antenna (except yellow scapus) dark brown; membrane of fore wing yellowish and wing without stigmal spot; parastigma and apex of vein C+SC+R of fore wing dark brown; hind tarsus light brown.
Variation. Antennal segments 44-45; apical antennal segment 1.2-1.3 times as long as penultimate segment; length of malar space 1.3-1.6 times basal width of man- dible; length of fi rst tergite 1.7-2.0 times as long as its apical width; second tergite 0.7-0.8 times as long as wide apically; hind tarsus blackish brown to light brown. Etymology. From "fl avus" (Latin for "yellow"), and "stigma" (Greek for "mark"), because of the entirely yellow pterostigma.
Diagnosis. Th e new species is close to the Palaearctic Zelodia varipes (van Achterberg & Maetô). Th e latter species diff ers by having the clypeus dorsally at lower level of eyes, hind femur fi nely sculptured, the pleural sulcus with shorter and more crenulae and rather narrow, the submedial cell of the fore wing largely glabrous and the mesoscutum dark brown.
Th e new species is similar to Z. quadrifossulata (Enderlein), but that species has the mesosoma completely yellowish-brown, OOL 1.6-2.0 times as long as POL and second tergite more or less yellowish or brown.
Head. Antennal segments 39, densely bristly setose, setose length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.0, 2.4 and 1.5 times their width, respectively; penultimate segment half as long as apical segment (including spine); scapus cylindrical, 2.1 times as long as wide; length of maxillary palp 0.6 times height of head; length of malar space twice basal with of mandible  Distribution. C Vietnam: Th ua Th ieu Hué. Further known from China (Fujian). Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "micro" (Greek for "small"), and "ocellus" (Latin for "small eye"), because of the small ocelli.