Revision of the Malagasy genus Trichoteleia Kieffer (Hymenoptera, Platygastroidea, Platygastridae)

Abstract The species of the genus Trichoteleia Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) are revised: 42 species are recognized, of which two were previously named and are redescribed: Trichoteleia afo Talamas, sp. n., Trichoteleia albidipes Kieffer, Trichoteleia bicolor Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia bidentata Talamas sp. n.; Trichoteleia carinata Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia cincta Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia delilah Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia eburata Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia echinata Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia fisheri Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia funesta Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia halterata Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia hemlyae Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia irwini Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia janus Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia jiro Talamas, sp. n.; T. ketrona Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia levii Talamas & Johnson, sp. n.; Trichoteleia longiventris Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia minima Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia nify Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia oculea Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia orona Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia parvipennis Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia pauliani (Risbec); Trichoteleia picturata Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia prima Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia prolixa Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia quazii Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia ravaka Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia rugifrons Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia solocis Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia sphaerica Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia subtilis Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia tahotra Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia takariva Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia tezitra Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia tigris Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia tonsa Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia warreni Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia xantrox Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia zuparkoi Talamas & Masner, sp. n. A neotype is designated for Trichoteleia albidipes and a lectotype is designated for Trichoteleia pauliani.


Introduction
Th e richness and endemicity of Madagascar's fauna and fl ora is well documented in a wide variety of organisms. Th e genus Trichoteleia is an example that fi ts this pattern with 42 species known only from Madagascar and the surrounding islands. More than half of the species treated in this revision are represented by fi ve or fewer specimens, and many are known from singletons, suggesting that more species remain to be discovered. Th e extraordinary explosion of species presented in this paper highlights the importance of faunal exploration in Madagascar and other regions with rapidly vanishing biodiversity.
Th e genus Trichoteleia was described by J. J. Kieff er (1910) to contain one species, Trichoteleia albidipes Kieff er, which was based on a single male specimen collected in Madagascar during an expedition of the German zoologist Alfred Voeltzkow. Alan Dodd described 6 species as Trichoteleia between 1914 and 1920, all of which were eventually transferred to Calliscelio Ashmead (Galloway 1976, Masner 1976, Styloteleia Kieff er (Dodd 1929, Masner 1976 and Baryconus Förster (Masner 1965). Masner (1976) transferred Alloteleia pauliani Risbec to Trichoteleia. At the time of that publication Masner was unable to locate the holotype of T. albidipes in Berlin, and all of the platygastroids described by Kieff er from the Voeltzkow expedition are now considered to be lost.
Th e goal of this paper is to reevaluate the generic concept of Trichoteleia, to provide characters by which it may be unambiguously identifi ed, and to document its species. Th is work is conducted as part of the Platygastroidea Planetary Biodiversity Inventory and represents a step toward revision of the Scelionini sensu lato and resolution of the relationships between its constituent genera. Th e contributions of the authors are as follows: E.J. Talamas: character defi nition, generic concept development, species concept development, imaging, key development, manuscript preparation; L. Masner: generic concept development, species concept development, manuscript preparation, key preparation; N.F. Johnson: character defi nition, species concept development, manuscript preparation, key development. Th e responsible authors of the new species are indicated by their names in the heading of each description.

Materials and methods
Th is work is based upon specimens deposited in the following collections, with abbreviations used in the text: CASC, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 1 ; CNCI, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada 2 ; MNHN, Muséum unique identifi er or the red holotype label. Th e numbers prefi xed with "OSUC " and "CASENT " are unique identifi ers for the individual specimens (note the blank space after the acronyms). Details on the data associated with these specimens may be accessed at the following link, purl.oclc.org/NET/hymenoptera/hol, and entering the identifi er in the form.
Th e species descriptions are generated by a database application, vSysLab (purl. oclc.org/NET/hymenoptera/vSysLab), designed to facilitate the generation of taxon by character data matrices, to integrate these with the existing taxonomic and specimen-level database, and to export the data both as text and as input fi les for other applications. Th e output is in the format of "Character: Character state(s)." Images were produced using AutoMontage extended-focus software. Th e individual images are archived at the image database at Th e Ohio State University (purl.oclc.org/NET/ hymenoptera/specimage) and with MorphBank (www.morphbank.net), the latter also contains collections of images organized by plate. All new species have been prospectively registered with Zoobank (Polaszek et al. 2005) and other taxonomic names have been retrospectively registered therein. All names are also registered in the Hymenoptera Name Server (hns.osu.edu). Life sciences identifi ers, lsids, may be resolved at the URLs specifi ed in the footnotes or at lsid.tdwg.org.
For the purpose of this revision, species are defi ned as taxa diagnosable by putative autapomorphies or a unique combination of fi xed character states.
Mesosoma in dorsal view longer than wide, in lateral view longer than high; pronotum in dorsal view strip-like to moderately broad laterally, anterolateral corners rounded to angulate; transverse pronotal carina present or absent; lateral pronotum without vertical epomial carina but usually with distinct transition line between sculptured cervical pronotal area and smooth lateral pronotal area; dorsal epomial carina present; lateral face of pronotum slightly to moderately concave below dorsal epomial carina, facing anterolaterally; pronotal setal patch present, accompanied by striate or rugulose sculpture; netrion present, glabrous, moderately wide, open or closed ventrally; anterior margin of mesoscutum weakly to strongly fl exed ventrally to meet pronotum; mesoscutum pentagonal in outline, posterolateral corner rounded; parapsidal line visible; notaulus present, percurrent or incomplete and reaching mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus as a row of punctures; skaphion absent; transscutal articulation well-developed; mesoscutellum transverse, narrowing laterally, posterior margin convex to straight; axilla small, dorsal margin sinuate; metanotum short, metascutellum sparsely to moderately setose, clearly diff erentiated, apex bifi d to bispinose; plical area densely setose; lateral propodeal carina and plica well developed, forming triangular to quadrate lateral propodeal area; mesopleural depression well developed; anterior half of mesopleural carina present; posterior half of mesopleural carina present, absent or indicated by rows of punctures; anteroventral portion of mesepisternum coarsely sculptured to smooth; sternaulus not distinguishable; postacetabular foveae not distinguishable; mesopleural pit present, distinct; anterior margin of ventral portion of mesepisternum and acetabular carina transverse, not extended forward between forecoxae; mesepimeral sulcus indicated by dorsoventral line of punctures or crenulae; posterodorsal corner of mesepimeron prominent, rounded or angulate, not produced into sharp posteriorly directed tooth; mesopleuron with a strong longitudinal ledge or row of robust longitudinal carinae below subalar pit, dorsally delimiting mesopleural furrow; anteroventral portion of metapleuron continuous with lateral face; metapleural triangle often setose; metapleural epicoxal carina present or absent; metapleural epicoxal sulcus absent; paracoxal sulcus present as a dorsoventral line of cells or punctures; metapleural sulcus present; metapleural pit present or absent; posterior margin of metapleuron narrowly lamellate; legs not unusually proportioned; posterior surface of hind coxa smooth, sparsely setose to glabrous; trochantellus absent; tibial spur formula 1-1-1; tarsal formula 5-5-5; pretarsal claws simple.
Wings hyaline to infuscate, often banded or patterned; Sc+R (submarginal vein) straight basal to intersection with Rs+M (basal vein), curved costad apically; R (marginal vein) present, shorter than r (stigmal vein); R1 (postmarginal vein) as long as r or longer; bulla absent; no other tracheate veins in forewing; M+Cu and Rs+M indicated by folds or pigmentation; M (medial vein), Cu (cubital vein), and Rs usually present as folds or lines of faint pigmentation; hindwing with tracheate portion of R present and reaching anterior margin; three hamuli present.
Diagnosis. Th is species is most similar to T. jiro in color pattern, size, and habitus. It may be distinguished by the coarse reticulate rugose sculpture of T2-T3 (Figs 41, 60) and the single transverse band in the forewing (Fig. 35).
Etymology. Th is species is given the name afo, meaning "fi re" in Malagasy, for the bright red color of the head and mesosoma in females. Th e epithet is used as a noun in apposition.
Link  CASENT 2042214, 2042915-2042916, 2043326-2043327, 2043339, 2043391, 2043512-2043513, 2043775-2043781, 2043783, 2133948, 2134576, 2134804, 2134839, 2136213-2136217, 2136577, 2136579, 2136582, 2136589, 2136598-2136599, 2136603, 2137670, OSUC 143327 (CASC); OSUC 143344, 186062 (CNCI); CASENT 2042728, 2137960, OSUC 143325, OSUC 143326, OSUC 143328, OSUC 143330, OSUC 143331, OSUC 143332, OSUC 143342, OSUC 143343, OSUC 143345, OSUC 186063, OSUC 186064, OSUC 186065 (OSUC). Notes. In the introduction of the paper in which this species was described, Kieff er (1910) stated that the specimens would be deposited in the Königliche Zoologische Museum in Berlin. However, the curator of Hymenoptera reports that the type species of the genera of Scelioninae described by Kieff er are not present. We conclude that this material was probably lost as a consequence of damage to that institution in World War II. We believe that the establishment of a neotype for T. albidipes is highly desirable in order to stabilize interpretation of the genus Trichoteleia. Kieff er's original description contained three characters that, in combination, we believe enable us to identify this species among the examined specimens. Th ese are: cheeks with striae meeting medially at vertex, T2-T3 fi nely longitudinally striate, and mesopleuron horizontally striate. Th e collection locality of the neotype is less than 50 miles from that of the original holotype specimen. No host data are known for Trichoteleia, therefore it is impossible to be certain that the neotype parasitizes the same host as the lost holotype. Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: slightly infuscate throughout. Color of forewing in male: slightly infuscate throughout. Color of hind wing: slightly infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.

Trichoteleia bicolor
Diagnosis. Females of T. bicolor are most similar to T. sphaerica. Th e present species may be distinguished from T. sphaerica in having two transverse bands of infuscation in the forewing (Fig. 72).
Etymology. Th is species is named for the color dimorphism in the wings and body color between males and females. Th e epithet is a noun in apposition.
Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: hyaline with transverse infuscate band medially. Color of forewing in male: hyaline with transverse infuscate band medially. Color of hind wing: hyaline throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: spectral.
Diagnosis. Bidentate mandibles are present in two known species of Trichoteleia, T. bidentata and T. prolixa. Trichoteleia bidentata may be separated from T. prolixa by the coarsely sculptured, relatively narrow gena and the less extreme length of the metasoma.
Etymology. Th e adjectival epithet bidentata refers to the number of mandibular teeth in this species.
Link to Distribution Map. Color of mesosoma in male: dark brown to black. Sculpture along posterior pronotal sulcus: striate, striae well defi ned. Notaulus: percurrent, reaching suprahumeral sulcus as a smooth furrow; smooth furrow incomplete, reaching suprahumeral sulcus as row of punctures. Sculpture of medial mesoscutum: moderately punctate in posterior half, becoming denser anteriorly. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: smooth with sparse fi ne   Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in male: slightly infuscate throughout. Color of hind wing: slightly infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.

Diagnosis.
Trichoteleia carinata has a distinctly elongate metasoma similar to T. longiventris, and it has a longitudinal median carina on S2, as does T. quazii (Fig. 45). It can be separated from both of these species by the presence of a prominent longitudinal carina on the lateral part of T2 (Fig. 84).
Etymology. Th is species is named for the diagnostic carinae on lateral T2 and medial S2. Th e epithet is an adjective.
Color of metasoma in female: yellow; variably patterned in alternating orange and brown. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: strongly convex. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Microsculpture on T4: absent. Horn on T1 in female: present as a large, apically rounded protuberance. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally striate throughout. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: weakly longitudinally striate; absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of medial T4 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T4 in female: obliquely strigose; rugulose. Punctation of T4 in female: absent along midline, otherwise moderately dense. Macrosculpture of T5 in female: longitudinally strigose laterally; weakly rugulose laterally. Punctation of T5 in female: absent along midline, otherwise moderately dense. Shape of T5 in female: width of posterior margin greater than or equal to length. Microscupture on T6 in female: absent. Sculpture of T6 in female: smooth with fi ne setigerous punctures along lateral margin. Sculpture of S2: longitudinally striate anteromedially, otherwise smooth. Prominent longitudinal median carina on S2: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: infuscate apical to R with white spot near apex of wing. Color of hind wing: hyaline with faint infuscate patches posterior to R and along anterior margin apical to R. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density  of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.
Diagnosis. Th is species shares the color pattern of the wings with T. delilah, T. picturata, and T. zuparkoi. It may be separated from T. delilah by the lack of a basiconic sensillum on A7, and from T. picturata and T. zuparkoi by the dorsoventrally strigose sculpture below the median ocellus.
Etymology. Th e adjectival species epithet refers to color pattern of the metasoma. Comments. Th e sculpture of the medial mesoscutum and the color of the body is extremely variable in Trichoteleia cincta. Th e anterior half of the medial mesoscutum varies from smooth to transversely rugose and the posterior half varies from smooth to longitudinally strigose. Th e two specimens with more pronounced sculpture have a brown head and mesosoma with a banded metasoma (Fig. 90). Th ose with smoother sculpture are entirely yellow. Talamas along midline, otherwise moderately dense. Macrosculpture of T5 in female: punctate rugulose laterally. Punctation of T5 in female: moderately dense throughout. Shape of T5 in female: width of posterior margin greater than or equal to length. Microscupture on T6 in female: absent. Sculpture of T6 in female: smooth with fi ne setigerous punctures along lateral margin. Sculpture of S2: longitudinally striate throughout. Prominent longitudinal median carina on S2: absent.

Trichoteleia delilah
Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: infuscate in apical two-thirds, white spot near apex, two white patches medially at anterior and posterior margins. Color of hind wing: slightly infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: less than 1.5 times as long as rs. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.
Diagnosis. Trichoteleia delilah is similar to T. cincta, T. picturata and T. zuparokoi in the banded coloration of the wings and to T. cincta and T. picturata in the sculpture of the medial mesoscutum, which is transversely rugulose anteriorly and longitudinally rugulose posteriorly. It is readily separated from these three species by the presence of a basiconic sensillum on A7 (Fig. 1) and rugulose sculpture in the marginal depression of S3 (Fig. 17).
Etymology. Th is aesthetically pleasing species is named for the Delilah of the Old Testament. Th e species epithet is a noun placed in apposition.
Link to Distribution Map. Wings: brachypterous, apex of forewing ending before midpoint of T3. Color of forewing in female: infuscate throughout. Color of hind wing: infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r.
Diagnosis. Trichoteleia echinata is most easily separated from the other brachypterous species, T. parvipennis and T. halterata, by the apically pointed horn on T1.
Etymology. Trichoteleia echinata is named for the large metascutellar spines and pointed apex of the horn on T1. Th e epithet is used as an adjective.
Link to Distribution Map. at apex. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally strigose medially, reticulate rugose laterally. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: rugulose. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of medial T4 in female: obliquely strigose. Macrosculpture of lateral T4 in female: obliquely strigose. Punctation of T4 in female: sparse in medial third, moderately dense laterally. Macrosculpture of T5 in female: absent along midline, otherwise obliquely strigose throughout. Punctation of T5 in female: moderately dense throughout. Shape of T5 in female: width of posterior margin greater than or equal to length. Microscupture on T6 in female: absent. Sculpture of T6 in female: smooth with fi ne setigerous punctures along lateral margin. Sculpture of S2: longitudinally striate throughout. Prominent longitudinal median carina on S2: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: slightly infuscate throughout. Color of hind wing: slightly infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: less than 1.5 times as long as rs. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.
Diagnosis. Th e female of this species bears a posteriorly curving horn on T1, forming a stout hook in lateral view ( Fig. 108-109). Th is character is shared only with T. echinata among known species of Trichoteleia.
Etymology. Th is species is named in honor of Brian Fisher of the California Academy of Sciences for organizing and conducting extensive insect collection in Madagascar. Most of the species treated in this revision would not be available for study without the eff orts of Dr. Fisher and his colleagues.
Link Wings: brachypterous, apex of forewing ending before midpoint of T3. Color of forewing in female: slightly infuscate throughout. Color of hind wing: slightly infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r.
Diagnosis. Among the species of Trichoteleia only T. halterata, T. echinata and T. parvipennis are known to be brachypterous. Trichoteleia halterata lacks a basiconic sensillum on A7 and has a simple horn on T1. A basiconic sensillum is present on A7 in T. parvipennis, and T. echinata has a posterodorsally pointing spine on the horn of T1.
Etymology. Th e adjectival epithet refers to the vaguely dumbbell shaped forewings.
Link to Distribution Map. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: absent; longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of medial T4 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T4 in female: absent. Punctation of T4 in female: sparse in medial third, moderately dense laterally; absent in medial third, sparse laterally; sparse throughout. Macrosculpture of T5 in female: absent. Punctation of T5 in female: moderately dense throughout; sparse along midline, otherwise dense. Shape of T5 in female: width of posterior margin less than length. Microscupture on T6 in female: absent. Sculpture of T6 in female: smooth along midline, densely and fi nely punctate laterally. Macrosculpture of T2 in male: striate anteriorly, with few striae reaching T3; weakly longitudinally striate throughout. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in male: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in male: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 in male: absent. Punctation of T4 in male: sparse throughout; absent in medial third, sparse laterally. Macrosculpture of T5 in male: absent. Punctation of T5 in male: sparse along midline, otherwise dense throughout; sparse in medial third, moderately dense laterally. Sculpture of S2: longitudinally striate medially, punctate interstitially. Prominent longitudinal median carina on S2: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: slightly infuscate with longitudinal dark streak. Color of forewing in male: slightly infuscate throughout; slightly infuscate with longitudinal dark streak. Color of hind wing: slightly infuscate throughout; hyaline with faint infuscate patches posterior to R and along anterior margin apical to R. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.

Diagnosis.
Trichoteleia hemlyae is most similar to T. pauliani and T. ravaka. Th e central keel on the frons and coarsely sculptured metapleural triangle will serve to separate this species from T. pauliani. Th e primary diff erence between T. hemlyae and T. ravaka is the color pattern in the forewing. Trichoteleia hemlyae has forewings that are faintly infuscate throughout with a nebulous darker streak along the longitudinal midline (Figs 31, 126, 128, 131). Th e forewings of T. ravaka have infuscation in patch near the apex of the wing and in a transverse band intersecting R (marginal vein) (Fig. 231).
Etymology. Th is species is named to honor the work and pleasant demeanor of Sara Hemly (OSU, Columbus), whose meticulous processing of specimens greatly contributed to this revision.

Trichoteleia irwini
Color of metasoma in female: dark brown to black throughout. Color of metasoma in male: dark brown to black throughout. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: strongly convex. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: present. Microsculpture on T3: present. Microsculpture on T4: present. Horn on T1 in female: present as a large, apically rounded protuberance. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: striate anteriorly, with few striae reaching T3. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: present as 1 or 2 strigae along junction of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Macrosculpture of medial T4 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T4 in female: present as 1 or 2 strigae along junction of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Punctation of T4 in female: absent along midline, otherwise sparse. Macrosculpture of T5 in female: weakly rugulose laterally. Punctation of T5 in female: sparse throughout. Shape of T5 in female: width of posterior margin less than length. Microscupture on T6 in female: present throughout. Sculpture of T6 in female: fi nely punctate throughout. Macrosculpture of T2 in male: striate anteriorly, with few striae reaching T3. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in male: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in male: present as 1 or 2 strigae along junction of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Macrosculpture of T4 in male: absent. Punctation of T4 in male: sparse throughout; absent in medial third, sparse laterally. Macrosculpture of T5 in male: absent. Punctation of T5 in male: sparsely present throughout. Sculpture of S2: longitudinally striate anteriorly, smooth posteriorly. Prominent longitudinal median carina on S2: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: slightly infuscate throughout. Color of forewing in male: slightly infuscate throughout. Color of hind wing: hyaline, slightly infuscate at tip. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.
Diagnosis. Trichoteleia irwini shares with T. albidipes and T. ketrona the presence of large concentric rugae on the posterior vertex that are not interrupted by coarse punctures (Figs 64, 135, 153). Trichoteleia albidipes has striae that reach from the posterior margin of the lateral pronotum anteriorly to the mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus (Fig. 62), while the striae of the pronotum in T. irwini are clearly separated from the mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus by a smooth area (Fig. 133). Trichoteleia irwini is separated from T. ketrona by the presence of dense microsculpture through the metasoma and the weakly striate T2 (Fig. 136). Additionally, females of T. irwini have a basiconic sensillum on A7 which is not found in the other two species.
Etymology Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: infuscate throughout; slightly infuscate throughout. Color of forewing in male: slightly infuscate throughout. Color of hind wing: infuscate throughout; slightly infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: reduced posterior to Sc+R. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.
Diagnosis. Th is species shares its characters with many others in Trichoteleia and is identifi ed more by its unique combination of states than by a single distinct character. Th e abrupt transition from punctate rugose to smooth sculpture along the anterior mesepisternum, a smooth T6, the mostly smooth sculpture of T4-T5, and mandibular node help to identify this species.
Etymology. Th e epithet janus, referring to the Roman god of gates and doors, is an allusion to the juxtaposition of sculptural types on the anterior mesepisternum. Th is is a noun in apposition.
Link to Distribution Map. Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: hyaline throughout. Color of forewing in male: hyaline throughout. Color of hind wing: hyaline throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: reduced posterior to Sc+R in basal half. Density of setation in hind wing: reduced posterior to Sc+R. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: spectral.
Diagnosis. Trichoteleia jiro is similar in habitus to a number of species that have a subspherical head, coarse punctation on the gena and vertex, and spectral veins in the forewing: T. afo, T. bicolor, T. sphaerica and T. minima. It may be may separated from them by the combination of a hyaline forewing, absence of horn on T1 in females, and dorsal metapleural area that is entirely to nearly entirely punctate rugose. Females of T. jiro may also be recognized by the color pattern of bright orange head and mesosoma and black metasoma. However, females of T. afo usually have a similar pattern but with a red head and mesosoma and black metasoma. Th us color should be used only as a supporting character for identifi cation. Males of T. jiro have a brown head and mesosoma and dark brown to black metasoma (Fig. 306), serving to distinguish it from the similarly shaped T. afo.
Etymology. Th e species name jiro, to be treated as a noun in apposition, means "torch" in Malagasy. Th is epithet refers to the color pattern of females in this species. of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.
Diagnosis. Th is species has large concentric rugae along the posterior vertex similar to T. irwini and T. albidipes. It diff ers from them in that the rugae are less uniform and the head is transverse in dorsal view. Trichoteleia ketrona also does not have microsculpture on the metasoma (Fig. 155), and the anterior mesoscutum is strongly arched in lateral view (Fig. 151).
Etymology. Th e word ketrona, meaning "wrinkled" in Malagasy, refers to the rugae on the posterior vertex in this species. Th e epithet is to be treated as a noun in apposition.
Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: slightly infuscate throughout; slightly infuscate with longitudinal dark streak. Color of forewing in male: slightly infuscate throughout. Color of hind wing: slightly infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.
Diagnosis. Trichoteleia levii belongs to the cluster of species, including T. prima, and T. tonsa, in which the short striae along the pronotal shoulder and those of the lateral pronotum form a continuous band. Trichoteleia levii can be separated from T. tonsa and T. prima by the antero-posteriorly compressed axillular carina (Fig. 12)  Comments: Two color patterns, corresponding with diff erent collecting locations, exist in this species. Th e specimens found near the northern tip of Antsiranana were collected in dwarf forest along Kakalava beach and have a red head and mesosoma and a black metasoma (161,305). Specimens collected farther south in rainforest habitat are slightly smaller and almost entirely yellow with fi ner punctation on the head and mesosoma (Figs 156-160). Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: slightly infuscate throughout with metallic purple sheen. Color of hind wing: slightly infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous. Diagnosis. Trichoteleia longiventris, T. quazii and T. carinata are elongate species that have dark to moderate infuscation throughout the forewing and darkly pigmented Rs+M and M+Cu veins. T. quazii and T. carinata diff er from T. longiventris by having a longitudinal median carina on S2 (Fig. 45).

Trichoteleia longiventris
Etymology. Trichoteleia longiventris is named for its extremely long metasoma. Th e epithet is a noun in apposition.
Link  'E, 1960m, 24.XI-29.XI.1994. Talamas Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: hyaline with transverse infuscate bands medially and apically. Color of hind wing: hyaline throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: reduced posterior to Sc+R in basal half. Density of setation in hind wing: reduced posterior to Sc+R. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: spectral.

Trichoteleia minima
Diagnosis. Trichoteleia minima is similar to T. afo and T. jiro with which it shares the absence of a prominent orbital carina and the lack of a horn on T1 in females. It is easily separated from them by the very small metascutellar points, darkly banded forewing, and longitudinally strigose sculpture on T3.
Etymology. Th e adjectival epithet minima, meaning "smallest", refers to the size of the metascutellar points in this species.
Link to Distribution Map. Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: slightly infuscate throughout. Color of forewing in male: slightly infuscate throughout. Color of hind wing: slightly infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: reduced posterior to Sc+R. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.
Diagnosis. Trichoteleia nify may be identifi ed by the presence of a spine along the posterior margin of the metapleuron near the intersection of the margin with the metapleural sulcus (Fig. 29) and the presence of a fl ange dorsal to the lateral setal patch on T1 (Fig. 29).
Etymology. Th is species is given the name nify, a noun in apposition, meaning "tooth" in Malagasy, in reference to its metapleural spine.
Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: infuscate throughout. Color of hind wing: infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: less than 1.5 times as long as rs. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.
Diagnosis. Trichoteleia oculea is most similar to T. tahotra with which it shares an apical projection on the lateral propodeal area and R1 (postmarginal vein) approximately equal in length to r (stigmal vein) in the forewing. Th ese species are easily separated by the prominent striation of the lateral pronotum (Fig. 15) and lack of a basiconic sensillum on A7 in T. oculea (as in Fig. 2).
Etymology. Th e adjectival epithet oculea, meaning "having many eyes," refers to the large size of the eyes in this species.
Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: infuscate throughout. Color of forewing in male: infuscate throughout. Color of hind wing: infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.
Diagnosis. Trichoteleia orona is a large and distinctive species. Th e females can be identifi ed by the transverse striation of medial T3 alone (Fig. 191). Males are very similar to T. takariva and can be reliably separated by the presence of a dorsal fl ange on the interantennal process (Fig. 187) and a densely punctate T5 (Fig. 40).
Etymology. Th e name orona, meaning "nose" in Malagasy, is given to this species, as a noun in apposition, for the dorsal fl ange on the interantennal process.
Color of metasoma in female: variably patterned in alternating orange and brown. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: strongly convex. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Microsculpture on T4: absent. Horn on T1 in female: present as a large protuberance, curved posteriorly at apex. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: striate anteriorly, with few striae reaching T3. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of medial T4 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T4 in female: absent; weakly obliquely rugulose along anterior margin. Punctation of T4 in female: absent along midline, otherwise sparse. Macrosculpture of T5 in female: absent. Punctation of T5 in female: moderately dense throughout. Shape of T5 in female: width of posterior margin greater than or equal to length. Microscupture on T6 in female: absent. Sculpture of T6 in female: smooth with fi ne setigerous punctures along lateral margin. Sculpture of S2: crenulate along anterior margin, otherwise smooth with small punctures throughout. Prominent longitudinal median carina on S2: absent.
Wings: brachypterous, apex of forewing ending before midpoint of T3. Color of forewing in female: slightly infuscate throughout. Color of hind wing: slightly infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r.
Diagnosis. Trichoteleia parvipennis, T. echinata and T. halterata are the only known brachypterous species of Trichoteleia. Trichoteleia parvipennis has a basiconic sensillum on A7 that separates it from these species in the female sex.
Etymology. Th e Latin name parvipennis, a noun in apposition, refers to the reduced size of the wings.
Color of mesosoma in female: dark brown to black; yellow throughout. Color of mesosoma in male: dark brown to black; variably yellow to brown. Sculpture along posterior pronotal sulcus: striate, striae well defi ned. Notaulus: smooth furrow incomplete, reaching suprahumeral sulcus as row of punctures. Sculpture of medial mesoscutum: moderately punctate in posterior half, becoming denser anteriorly. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: smooth with sparse fi ne punctures throughout; smooth medially, sparsely punctate laterally. Postacetabular sulcus: comprised of small cells. Mesopleural carina: absent; present. Sculpture along ventral half of prespecular sulcus: punctate. Sculpture of posterolateral mesepisternum: smooth; smooth except for 1 or 2 rows of fi ne punctures parallel to mesopleural carina. Sculpture of ventral surface of mesepisternum: smooth. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent. Setation of metapleural triangle: absent; sparse. Sculpture of metapleural triangle: smooth; fi nely punctate. Posterior margin of metapleuron below propodeal spiracle: straight to moderately convex; with blunt kink near intersection with metapleural sulcus. Color of legs: yellow throughout; pale brown throughout.
Color of metasoma in female: dark brown to black throughout; T1, medial T4 brown, otherwise yellow. Color of metasoma in male: pale to dark brown throughout; dark brown to black throughout. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: strongly convex. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: present. Microsculpture on T3: present. Microsculpture on T4: present. Horn on T1 in female: present as a large, apically rounded protuberance. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: weakly longitudinally striate throughout. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of medial T4 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T4 in female: absent. Punctation of T4 in female: sparse in medial third, moderately dense laterally; absent in medial third, sparse laterally. Macrosculpture of T5 in female: absent. Punctation of T5 in female: mod- erately dense throughout. Shape of T5 in female: width of posterior margin greater than or equal to length. Microscupture on T6 in female: absent. Sculpture of T6 in female: densely and fi nely punctate. Macrosculpture of T2 in male: longitudinally striate throughout; weakly longitudinally striate throughout. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in male: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in male: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 in male: absent. Punctation of T4 in male: sparse in medial third, moderately dense laterally; sparse throughout. Macrosculpture of T5 in male: absent. Punctation of T5 in male: sparse in medial third, dense laterally; sparse in medial third, moderately dense laterally. Sculpture of S2: crenulate along anterior margin, otherwise smooth with small punctures throughout. Prominent longitudinal median carina on S2: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: slightly infuscate with longitudinal dark streak. Color of forewing in male: slightly infuscate throughout; slightly infuscate with longitudinal dark streak. Color of hind wing: hyaline throughout; hyaline with faint infuscate patches posterior to R and along anterior margin apical to R. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.
Diagnosis. Th is species is similar to T. hemlyae and T. ravaka. It can be separated by its lack of a well-developed central keel on the frons (Figs 4, 202) and the smooth to sparsely and fi nely punctate metapleural triangle (Fig. 199).

Trichoteleia picturata
Color of metasoma in female: yellow, posterior corners of T2-T4 dark brown. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: strongly convex. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Microsculpture on T4: absent. Horn on T1 in female: present as a large, apically rounded protuberance. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally striate throughout. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: weakly longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of medial T4 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T4 in female: obliquely strigose. Punctation of T4 in female: sparse in medial third, moderately dense laterally. Macrosculpture of T5 in female: absent. Punctation of T5 in female: sparse in medial third, moderately dense laterally. Shape of T5 in female: width of posterior margin greater than or equal to length. Microscupture on T6 in female: absent. Sculpture of T6 in female: smooth with fi ne setigerous punctures along lateral margin. Sculpture of S2: longitudinally striate anteriorly, smooth posteriorly. Prominent longitudinal median carina on S2: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: infuscate in apical two-thirds, white spot near apex, two white patches medially at anterior and posterior margins. Color of hind wing: hyaline throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.
Diagnosis. Trichoteleia picturata is similar to T. cincta, T. delilah, and T. zuparkoi and shares with them the pattern of coloration on the forewings. It can be separated from T. cincta by the punctate rugulose sculpture below the median ocellus (Fig. 208), from T. delilah by the absence of a basiconic sensillum on A7, and from T. zuparkoi by longitudinally rugulose sculpture in the posterior half of the medial mesoscutum (Fig. 207).
Etymology. Th e adjectival epithet picturata, meaning "painted", refers to the color pattern of the forewing in this species.
Link to Distribution Map. Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: slightly infuscate throughout. Color of hind wing: slightly infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.
Diagnosis. Trichoteleia prima is most similar to T. levii and T. tonsa. In these three species the short striae along the pronotal shoulder and those of the lateral pronotum form a continuous band. Trichoteleia prima is separated from the others in this cluster by the combination of a coarsely sculptured metapleural triangle and an absence of microsculpture in the posterior half of T6.
Etymology. Th is species was the fi rst that the fi rst author examined during this revision. Th e adjectival epithet prima, meaning "fi rst," refl ects this.
Color of metasoma in female: dark brown to black throughout. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: weakly convex. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: present. Microsculpture on T3: present. Microsculpture on T4: present. Horn on T1 in female: present as a large, apically rounded protuberance. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally strigose throughout. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: rugulose. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of medial T4 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T4 in female: longitudinally strigose. Punctation of T4 in female: sparse in medial third, moderately dense laterally. Macrosculpture of T5 in female: absent. Punctation of T5 in female: moderately dense throughout. Shape of T5 in female: width of posterior margin less than length. Microscupture on T6 in female: absent. Sculpture of T6 in female: smooth with fi ne setigerous punctures laterally. Sculpture of S2: coarsely punctate throughout. Prominent longitudinal median carina on S2: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: hyaline with infuscate patch anad of R. Color of hind wing: hyaline throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.
Diagnosis. Th e combination of a conspicuously elongate metasoma and bidentate mandibles renders this species rather straightforward to identify.
Etymology. Th e adjectival epithet prolixa, meaning "stretched out" or "long" in Latin, refers to the length of the metasoma in this species.
Link to Distribution Map. Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: infuscate throughout with metallic purple sheen along veins. Color of forewing in male: infuscate throughout with metallic purple sheen along veins. Color of hind wing: slightly infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.
Diagnosis. Trichoteleia quazii is similar to T. longiventris and T. carinata in the elongate shape and dark color of the body. T. quazii shares metallic purple sheen along the forewing veins with T. longiventris; the presence of a longitudinal medial carina on S2 in T. quazii (as in Fig. 45)separates it. Trichoteleia carinata bears a prominent longitudinal carina on lateral T2 (Fig. 84) protuberance. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally striate throughout. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of medial T4 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T4 in female: weakly longitudinally strigose. Punctation of T4 in female: sparse throughout. Macrosculpture of T5 in female: absent. Punctation of T5 in female: sparse throughout. Shape of T5 in female: width of posterior margin greater than or equal to length. Microscupture on T6 in female: absent. Sculpture of T6 in female: fi nely punctate throughout. Sculpture of S2: longitudinally striate anteriorly, smooth posteriorly. Prominent longitudinal median carina on S2: absent.
Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: infuscate in apical two-thirds, with white patches along anterior and posterior margins. Color of hind wing: slightly infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.
Diagnosis. Th is species is similar to T. hemlyae and T. pauliani. It diff ers from T. pauliani by having a central keel (as in Figs 3, 130) and a punctate to rugulose metapleural triangle (Fig. 228), and from T. hemlyae by the presence of banding in the forewing (Fig. 231). Color patterns of the body in this species group are particularly plastic and should be avoided during identifi cation.
Etymology. Th e word ravaka means "jewel" in Malagasy and is used as a noun in apposition in reference to the beauty and rarity of this species.
Link to Distribution Map. Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: infuscate throughout; slightly infuscate throughout. Color of forewing in male: slightly infuscate throughout. Color of hind wing: slightly infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: nebulous.
Etymology. Th e adjectival epithet solocis, meaning "coarse" or "rough" in Latin, refers to the sculpture of T6 in females of this species.
Link to Distribution Map. Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: hyaline throughout. Color of hind wing: hyaline throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density of setation in hind wing: uniform throughout. Length of R1: more than 1.5 times as long as r. M+Cu and RS+M in forewing: spectral.
Diagnosis. Trichoteleia sphaerica resembles T. bicolor in shape of the body but can be distinguished easily by its entirely hyaline forewings.
Etymology. Th is species is named for the roughly spherical shape of its head. Th e epithet is considered an adjective.

Comments.
Th is species varies in the defi nition of the striae on the vertex and below the median ocellus. Some specimens have well-defi ned striae, and others have primarily punctate sculpture with only a trace of striation.
Color of metasoma in female: dark brown to black throughout. Color of metasoma in male: pale to dark brown throughout; dark brown to black throughout. Posterior margin of transverse sulcus on T2: strongly convex. Sublateral tergal carina on T2: absent. Microsculpture on T2: absent; present. Microsculpture on T3: absent; present. Microsculpture on T4: absent; present. Horn on T1 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of T2 in female: longitudinally striate throughout. Macrosculpture of medial T3 in female: weak-ly longitudinally striate; longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of lateral T3 in female: longitudinally striate. Macrosculpture of medial T4 in female: absent. Macrosculpture of lateral T4 in female: longitudinally strigose; longitudinally striate. Punctation of T4 in female: sparse laterally and along posterior margin, otherwise absent. Macrosculpture of T5 in female: absent; weakly rugulose laterally. Punctation of T5 in female: sparse throughout. Shape of T5 in female: width of posterior margin greater than or equal to dial frons in male: smooth. Number of mandibular teeth: three. Basal node on mandible: present. Sculpture of frons below median ocellus: punctate rugulose throughout. Sculpture of posterior vertex: moderately punctate, rugose posterior to eyes and posterior ocellus. Occipital rim: comprised of medium to large sized cells. Sculpture of gena: dorsoventrally strigose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.
Color of mesosoma in male: dark brown to black. Sculpture along posterior pronotal sulcus: striate, striae well defi ned. Notaulus: percurrent, reaching suprahumeral sulcus as a smooth furrow. Sculpture of medial mesoscutum: moderately punctate in posterior  Trichoteleia tezitra shares with T. bidentata spectral Rs+M and M+Cu veins, and diff ers in having three, versus two, mandibular teeth.
Etymology. Th is species is given the name tezitra, meaning "angry" in Malagasy, for the appearance of its head. Th e epithet is to be considered as a noun in apposition.
Wings: macropterous, apex or forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Color of forewing in female: slightly infuscate throughout. Color of hind wing: slightly infuscate throughout. Density of setation in fore wing: uniform throughout. Density