Maximum likelihood tree for Scolopendra in mainland Southeast Asia: colours for clades correspond to species and outgroups; black and white circles indicate statistical support values in both ML and BI analyses or only ML or BI analysis, respectively. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap support and posterior probability. Specimen codes in parentheses following localities correspond to Siriwut et al. (2015a, b: table 2) and Vahtera et al. (2013: table 1).

Colouration pattern during developmental stages of most S. morsitans populations in mainland Southeast Asia: A Juvenile stage B Adult stage (Colour morph 1).

Scolopendra morsitans (CUMZ 00344): A–C Spiracles 3, 5 and 8, respectively D Tooth-plates E Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1–2 F Forcipular segment G Tergites 9–11.

Scolopendra morsitans (CUMZ 00344, NHMUK 1889.7.15.14): A Sternites 9–11 B Coxopleura and ventral view of ultimate leg prefemora C Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment D Dorsal view of ultimate legs E Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and coxopleura.

Scolopendra morsitans (CUMZ 00300, 00344): A Cephalic plate and basal antennal articles B Tergites 9–11 C Teeth on tooth-plates and trochanteroprefemoral process D Forcipular segment E Sternites 9–11.

Scolopendra morsitans (CUMZ 00300, 00344): A Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment B Lateral view of coxopleuron C Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment, coxopleura and ultimate legs D Spines on prefemoral process of ultimate leg E–F Spines on ultimate leg prefemora and margination on prefemora and femora (dorsal view).

Genital segments in some live Scolopendra specimens: A Scolopendra dehaani (male) B Scolopendra dawydoffi (male) C Scolopendra morsitans (male) D Scolopendra japonica (female) E Scolopendra pinguis (male) F Scolopendra pinguis (female).

Distribution map of Scolopendra morsitans in Southeast Asia: Filled triangles indicate data from material examined herein; blank triangles indicate localities in the literature (Shelley et al. 2005, Schileyko 2007).

Habitus photographs of Scolopendra species: A Scolopendra subspinipes (Singapore, CUMZ 00315) B Scolopendra calcarata (Thailand, CUMZ 00418) C Scolopendra japonica (Colour morph 2: Laos, CUMZ 00298).

Scolopendra subspinipes (NHMUK): A Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1–2 B Tergites 9–12 C Forcipular segment D Tooth-plates E–G Spiracles 3, 5 and 8, respectively.

Scolopendra subspinipes (NHMUK): A Sternites 8–11 B Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and coxopleura C Lateral view of coxopleuron D Ventral view of ultimate leg-bearing segment and ultimate leg prefemora E Dorsal view of ultimate leg-bearing segment and prefemora.

Scolopendra subspinipes (Syntype NHMW 751 of S. mutilans Koch, 1878): A Tooth-plates B Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1–2 C Forcipular segment D Tergites 9–11 E–G Spiracles 3, 5 and 8, respectively.

Scolopendra subspinipes (Syntype NHMW 751 of S. mutilans Koch, 1878): A Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and coxopleura B Sternites 10–12 C Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment, coxopleura and ventral view of ultimate leg prefemur D Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment E Ventral view of ultimate leg prefemur F Dorsal view of ultimate leg prefemur G Ventro-lateral view of ultimate leg.

Scolopendra subspinipes (Syntypes NMB 391Va of “piceoflava Attems, 1934”): A Tooth-plates B Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1–3 C Forcipular segment D Tergites 9–12 E Sternites 8–10.

Scolopendra subspinipes (Syntypes NMB 391Va of “piceoflava Attems, 1934”): A Lateral view of coxopleuron B Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and dorsal view of legs 20 and ultimate leg C Ventral view of Leg 20, coxopleura and ultimate leg D Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment, coxopleura and ultimate leg E–F Ventro-lateral view of ultimate legs.

Scolopendra subspinipes (CUMZ 00315): A Cephalic plate and basal antennal articles B Tooth-plates and trochanteroprefemoral process C Tergites 9–11 D Forcipular segment.

Scolopendra subspinipes (CUMZ 00315): A Sternites 9–11 B Lateral view of coxopleuron C Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment D Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment, coxopleura, female genital segment and ultimate leg prefemora E Dorsal view of ultimate leg prefemora.

Distribution map of Scolopendra dehaani and Scolopendra subspinipes in Southeast Asia and China-Japan Sea (small map): Filled and blank colours refer to localities from the present study and in the literature, respectively.

Colouration changes and patterns during developmental stages of Scolopendra dehaani: A Juvenile stage B Sub-adult stage C Adult stage (specimen from northern Thailand).

Brooding and feeding behaviours: A Scolopendra dehaani exhibiting simple coiling with cluster of embryonic stadia (photograph by Natdanai Likhitrakarn) B Scolopendra morsitans exhibiting double coiling with post-embryonic stadia C–D Scolopendra dehaani preying on snail-eating snake Pareas carinatus D Flexibility of trunk segments during predation.

Scolopendra dehaani (CUMZ 00282): A Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1–2 B Tooth-plates C Forcipular segment D–E Spiracles 3, 5 and 8, respectively.

Scolopendra dehaani (CUMZ 00268 and 00282): A Tergites 10–11 B Sternites 10–11 C Lateral view of coxopleuron D Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and coxopleura E Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment F–G ventral and dorsal view of ultimate leg prefemora.

Scolopendra dehaani (CUMZ 00365): A Forcipular segment B Tergites 9 and 10 C–D Variation in teeth on tooth-plates E Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment F Sternites 9 and 10.

Scolopendra dehaani (CUMZ 00365): A Sternites 9–11 B–C Spines on ultimate leg prefemora (dorsal and ventral views, respectively) D Tergite 9–11 E Lateral view of coxopleuron.

Genital segment(s) in some preserved Scolopendra specimens: A Scolopendra dehaani (male) B Scolopendra calcarata (female) C Scolopendra pinguis (male) D Scolopendra morsitans (male).

Scolopendra multidens (Holotype NHMUK): A Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1–3 B Sternites 9–11 C Forcipular segment D–E Spiracles 3 and 5, respectively.

Scolopendra multidens (Holotype NHMUK): A Tergites 9–10 B Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment, coxopleura, legs 20 and ventral view of ultimate legs C Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and dorsal view of leg 20 and ultimate legs D Lateral view of ultimate leg and legs 20.

Genital segment(s) of A–B Scolopendra multidens (male; lateral and ventral views, respectively) C–D Scolopendra cataracta (female; lateral and ventral views, respectively).

Distribution map of six Scolopendra species in Southeast Asia and China-Japan Sea (small map): Filled and blank colours refer to localities from the present study and in the literature, respectively.

Scolopendra calcarata (CUMZ 00418): A Tooth-plates B Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1–3 C Forcipular segment D–F Spiracles 3, 5 and 8, respectively.

Scolopendra calcarata (CUMZ 00418): A Tergites 8–12 B Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and coxopleura C Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment D Sternites 10–12 E–F Dorsal and ventral views of ultimate leg prefemora.

Scolopendra calcarata (Holotype NHRS–KASI 000000042): A Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1–5 B Tergites 8–11 C Tooth-plates D Forcipular segment E–F Spiracles 3 and 5, respectively.

Scolopendra calcarata (Holotype NHRS–KASI 000000042): A Sternites 10–12 B Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment, coxopleura and ventral view of ultimate legs C Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and dorsal view of legs 20 and ultimate legs.

Scolopendra calcarata (CUMZ 00418): A–B Variation of teeth on tooth-plates C Cephalic plate and basal antennal articles D Tergites 9–11 E Forcipular segment.

Scolopendra calcarata (CUMZ 00418): A Sternites 9–11 B–C Dorsal and ventral views, respectively, of ultimate leg prefemora D Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and coxopleura E Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment.

Scolopendra japonica (CUMZ 00297, 00298): A Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1–3 B Tooth-plates C Forcipular segment D–F Spiracles 3, 5 and 8, respectively.

Scolopendra japonica (CUMZ 00297, 00298): A Tergites 9–11 B Sternites 9–11 C Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing-segment and coxopleura D Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment E and F Variation in ventral spines on ultimate leg prefemora G Dorsal view of ultimate legs.

Scolopendra japonica (Syntype NHMW 5368): A Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1–3 B Tooth-plates C Forcipular segment D–F Spiracles 3, 5 and 8, respectively G Sternites 9–11H Tergites 8–11.

Scolopendra japonica (Syntype NHMW 5368): A Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and coxopleura B Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment C–D Ventral and dorsal views of ultimate leg prefemora E–F Variation in ventral spines of ultimate leg prefemora.

Scolopendra japonica (CUMZ 00297): A Cephalic plate and basal antennal articles B Tergites 9–11 C Forcipular segment D–E Variation in teeth on tooth-plates and trochanteroprefemural process.

Scolopendra japonica (CUMZ 00297, 00298): A Sternites 9–11 B Dorsal view of ultimate leg prefemora C Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment D Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment, coxopleura and ultimate legs.

Habitus photographs of Scolopendra species: A Scolopendra pinguis (Colour morph 1A: CUMZ 00309) B Scolopendra pinguis (Colour morph 2B) C Scolopendra dawydoffi (CUMZ 00272).

Scolopendra pinguis (CUMZ 00306, 00314): A Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1–3 (Colour morph 2) B Tergites 9–11 C Tooth-plates D–F Spiracles 3, 5 and 8, respectively.

Scolopendra pinguis (CUMZ 00306, 00314): A Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1–3 (Colour morph 1) B Forcipular coxosternite (Colour morph 1A and 1B) C Sternites 9–12 D Forcipular coxosternite (Colour morph 2).

Scolopendra pinguis (CUMZ 00306, 00314): A Sternites 9–11 (Colour morph 2) B Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment C Lateral view of coxopleuron D–E Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and coxopleura in male and female, respectively F–G Dorsal and ventral views, respectively, of ultimate leg prefemora.

Scolopendra pinguis (CUMZ 00306, 00314): A Cephalic plate and basal antennal articles B Forcipular segment C Tergites 9–11 D Teeth on tooth-plates and trochanteroprefemoral process E Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment.

Scolopendra pinguis (CUMZ 00306, 00314): A Sternites 9–11 B Dorsal view of ultimate leg prefemora C Lateral view of coxopleuron D Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment, coxopleura and ultimate legs.

Scolopendra dawydoffi (CUMZ 00290, 00291): A Tooth-plates B Forcipular segment C Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1–3 D Sternites 9–11 E–G Spiracles 3, 5 and 8, respectively.

Scolopendra dawydoffi (CUMZ 00290, 00291, 00272): A Tergites 9–11 B Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment C Lateral view of coxopleuron, leg 20 and ultimate leg D Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and coxopleura E and F Variation in ventral spines on ultimate leg prefemora G Dorsal view of ultimate leg prefemora.

Scolopendra dawydoffi (Syntypes NHMW 8234): A Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1–3 B Tergites 9–11 C Tooth-plates D Forcipular segment E–G Spiracles 3, 5 and 8, respectively.

Scolopendra dawydoffi (Syntypes NHMW 8234): A Sternites 9–11 B Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and coxopleura C Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment D Lateral view of coxopleuron E–F Dorsal and ventral view of ultimate leg prefemora.

Scolopendra dawydoffi (CUMZ 00272): A Cephalic plate and basal antennal articles B Forcipular segment C Tergites 9–11 D–F Variation in teeth on tooth-plates and trochanteroprefemoral process.

Scolopendra dawydoffi (CUMZ 00272): A Sternites 9–11 B–C Variation in numbers of spines on prefemural process of ultimate leg D Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment, coxopleura and ultimate legs, showing lack of ventral and median spines on prefemora E Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment F Lateral view of coxopleuron.

Scolopendra cataracta sp. n.: A Habitus photograph of holotype CUMZ 00316 B Habitat at type locality C Genital region; GS – Genital segment.

Scolopendra cataracta sp. n.: A–B Tooth-plates C Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1–3 D Forcipular segment E Sternites 9–11 and F–H Spiracles 3, 5 and 8, respectively. Holotype CUMZ 00316 (A,C–H) and paratype CUMZ 00317 (B).

Scolopendra cataracta sp. n.: A Tergites 9–11 B Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment C–D Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and coxopleura E–H Variation in ventral spines on ultimate leg prefemora F Lateral view of coxopleuron G Dorsal view of ultimate legs. Holotype CUMZ 00316 (A, B, D, G and H) and paratype CUMZ 00317 (C, E and F).

Scolopendra cataracta sp. n. (Holotype: CUMZ 00316): A Cephalic plate and basal antennal articles B Tergites 9–11 C Tooth-plates and trochanteroprefemoral process D Forcipular segment E Sternites 9–11.

Scolopendra cataracta sp. n.: A Lateral view of coxopleuron B Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment C Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment, coxopleura and ultimate leg prefemora. D Asymmetry of spines on coxopleural process E Dorsal view of ultimate leg prefemora. Holotype CUMZ 00316 (B–C, E) and paratype CUMZ 00317 (A, D).