[Anonymous]

Abeille de Perrin, Elzéar Emmanuel Arène (Marseille, Bouches-du-Rhône, France: 3 January 1843 – 9 October 1910: Marseille, France). French entomologist; studied law but soon after turned to his real passion, entomology; collected mostly in Europe, particularly in caves, but also in Syria (1874, 1879), Algeria (1893), and Tunisia (1894); described about a thousand species, mostly Coleoptera but also Hymenoptera; his collection was donated to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris by his widow. References. ; : 50–51); : 103, P)

Acerbi, Joseph [Giuseppe] (Mantua, Lombardy, Italy: 3 May 1773 – 25 August 1846: Mantua, Italy). Italian naturalist, explorer and composer; Austrian consul in Egypt (1825–1834). References. : 3); , P); , P); : vii–xiii)

Ackermann, Carl [Karl] Christian (Fulda, Hesse, Germany: 2 March 1841 – 23 April 1903: Cassel, Hesse, Germany). German educator and botanist; professor in secondary schools in Hersfeld (1865–1875) and later in Cassel (1875–1895) where he acceded to the post of director in 1888. Reference. , P)

Acloque, Alexandre Noël Charles (Auxi-le-Château, Pas-de-Calais, France: 12 January 1871 – 1908/19419). French adman and naturalist, expert on lichens; popularizer of natural history

Adams, Arthur (Gosport, Hampshire, United Kingdom: 1820 – 16 October 1878: London, United Kingdom). British navy physician and naturalist particularly interested in molluscs. Reference. : 91–93)

Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe (Môtier [currently part of Haut-Vully], Switzerland: 28 May 1807 – 14 December 1873: Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA). Swiss biologist, geologist, paleontologist, and nomenclatorist; received his medical degree from the University of Erlangen in 1830 and the following year moved to Paris to study under Cuvier; returning to Switzerland, he taught for 13 years at the Lyceum of Neuchatel where he worked on many projects, including glaciology, and developed his theory of a great ice age that once gripped the earth; in 1846, travelled to the United States and settled there; soon after was appointed professor of zoology and geology at Harvard University; was instrumental in the establishment of the Museum of Comparative Zoology and served as the museum’s first director until his death. References. : 1–4); , P); : 94–117); : 302–346, P); , P); ; : 39–40, P)

Ahrens, Johann Friedrich August (Ballenstedt, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany: 18 August 1780 – 28 November 1841: Hettstedt, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany). German stage-actor (of the national theater of Magdeburg), private scholar and entomologist. References. ; : 283);

Allard, Ernest (1820 – 1900). French coleopterist; head clerk at Bordeaux railway; part of his collection was bought by René Oberthür [q.v.]. Reference. : 104)

Alluaud, Charles (Limoges, Haute-Vienne, France: 4 May 1861 – 12 December 1949: Crozant, Creuse, France). French explorer and coleopterist of independent means until WWII left him penniless; made 24 expeditions to Africa and several islands in the Atlantic and Indian oceans, including the Canaries, Seychelles, Mascareignes, and Madagascar; one of the first to collect on Kilimanjaro; founded the journal Afra devoted to the study of Afrotropical Geadephaga and authored most of the papers that would be published in the 11 fascicles of the journal, 1930–1936; married, he had one son, who accidentally killed himself at the age of 14 while playing with a gun; published about 165 papers, most of them short notes of a few pages on the family Carabidae; most of his material is now in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. , P); ; : 99–100); : 104–106)

Altmann, L

Altum, Johann Bernard Theodor (Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany: 31 January/December 182410 – 1 February 1900: Eberswalde, Brandenburg, Germany). German catholic priest and zoologist; lecturer at the University of Münster; later, professor of zoology at the Royal Academy of Forestry in Eberswalde. References. : 45–46); : 555–569, P);

Ambrosi, Francesco (Borgo Valsugana, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy: 17 November 1821 – 9 April 1897: Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy). Italian librarian and naturalist; appointed director of the library and of the adjoining municipal museum of Trento in 1864. References. ; , P)

Amor y Mayor, Fernando (Madrid, Spain: ca 1823 – 21 October 1863: San Francisco, California, USA). Spanish biologist; professor of natural history at the Institute of Córdoba as well as director and professor at the Elementary School of Agriculture; collected in Morocco in 1859; participated to the Scientific Commission to the Pacific (1862–1866), headed by naturalist Patricio M. Paz y Membiela, where he became sick and was admitted in a San Francisco hospital where he died. References. Olmedilla y Puig (1872); , P); , P)

Andersch, Johann David (Königsberg [currently Kaliningrad], Russia: 7 September 1768 – 17 October 1847: Tilsit [currently Sovetsk], Russia]). Prussian physician and entomologist

Angas, George French (Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom: 25 April 1822 – 4 October 1886: London, United Kingdom). British explorer, naturalist and painter; sailed to Australia in 1843; visited New Zealand in 1844; after his return to England in 1846, visited South Africa and then went back to Australia; appointed secretary to the Australian Museum in Sydney (1853–1860); returned to London with his family in February 1863. References. : 14–15);

Apetz, Johann Heinrich Gottfried (Altenburg, Thuringia, Germany: 24 February 1794 – 8 November 1857: Altenburg, Germany). German orientalist and entomologist; deacon in Lurka and from 1830, professor at the Friedrich-Gymnasium in Altenburg. References. ;

Aragona, Luigi [Aloysius] [d’] Italian physician in Pavia. Reference. : 73–74)

Ashmead, William Harris (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: 19 September 1855 – 17 October 1908: Washington DC, USA). American entomologist who published on many groups of insects but particularly Hymenoptera; formed his own publishing house devoted to agriculture in Florida and launched the Florida Dispatch, an agricultural weekly magazine; from 1895 on, worked as assistant curator in the Department of Entomology of the U.S. National Museum. References. ; , P); : 539–542, P); : 355–357, P)

Asso y del Río, Ignacio Jordán Claudio de (Saragossa, Aragon, Spain: 4 June 1742 – 21 May 1814: Saragossa, Spain). Spanish jurist, diplomat and naturalist, which sometimes used the pseudonym of “Melchor de Azagra”; practicing lawyer (1765–1776); consul in Dunkirk (1776), Amsterdam (1776–1787) and Bordeaux (1787–1791); later, director of the departments of Chemistry and Botany at the Royal Economic Society of Aragon (1797–1802). References. Latassa y Ortin (1802: 94–109); ; : 142–144);

Aubé, Charles Nicolas (Paris, France: 6 May 1802 – 15 October 1869: Crépy-en-Laonnois, Aisne, France). French pharmacist, physician, and entomologist; after working a few years as a pharmacist, studied medicine and defended his thesis on scabies and the mite which causes it; published mainly on families of small and neglected beetles; founding member of the Société Entomologique de France; his collection, who included almost all his types, was left to August Grenier after his death, then passed into the hands of Albert Léveillé in 1890, to the Société Entomologique de France in 1901, and finally to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, in 1930. References. , P); : 39–40); : 108)

Aubert, Louis Jules Antoine (Saint-Nazaire [today Sanary-sur-Mer], Var, France: 25 August 1854 – ?). French naval physician

Aucher-Éloy, Pierre Martin Remi (Blois, Loir-et-Cher, France: 2 October 1792 – 6 October 1838: near Ispahan, Iran). French printer, pharmacist and botanist; operated a bookstore and print shop in Blois; lived in Istanbul from 1830 and collected plants through Asia Minor. References. ; : 25)

Audinet-Serville, Jean-Guillaume (Paris, France: 11 November 1775 – 27 March 1858: La Ferté-sous-Jouarre, Seine-et-Marne, France). French entomologist known mostly for his work on Orthoptera although he published important works on beetles, including the first classification of the family Cerambycidae; founding member of the Société Entomologique de France and its first president in 1832; his beetle collection was purchased by Léon Dufour [q.v.]. References. ; : 20–21); : 108–109); Aguilar (2004, P); , P)

Audouin, Jean-Victor (Paris, France: 27 April 1797 – 9 November 1841: Paris, France). French educator and invertebrate zoologist; assistant librarian at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, in 1823; obtained his doctorate in 1826; succeeded Latreille as assistant naturalist of the Crustaceans and Insects chair at the Muséum in 1830 and three year later as professor of the same chair; died of apoplexy; co-founder of the Annales des Sciences Naturelles and a founding member of the Société Entomologique de France; had no insect collection. References. ; ; ; : 31–33, P); : 48–49, P); : 84–85, P)

Austin, Edward Payson. American engineer, botanist and coleopterist; worked as an assistant engineer for the United States Lake Survey (1859–1863); employed by the PageBreakOffice of the Nautical Almanac in Washington DC and by the US War Department of Engineers; later, worked as assistant at the astronomical observatory connected with Harward University. Reference. : 15–16)

Bach, Michael (Boppard, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany: 19 March 1808 – 17 April 1878: Boppard, Germany). German educator, botanist, and entomologist in Boppard; received a doctorate honoris causa from the University of Bonn; his interest in natural history was directed first to botany and later to entomology, particularly beetles; his collection is at the Philipps-Universität Marburg. References. : 10); ; : 23)

Baczko, Ludwig Franz Josef Adolf von (Lyck [currently Ełk], Poland: 8 June 1756 – 27 March 1823: Königsberg [currently Kaliningrad], Russia). Prussian educator and writer; became completely blind at 21 years of age following an attack of smallpox; professor at the Königsberg Artillery Academy; in 1816 appointed head of the Königsberg Institute for the blind. References. : 33–36); ; : 30–31)

Baldassini, Francesco (Marquis) (Pesaro, Marche, Italy: 15 November 1785 – 13 January 1857: Pesaro, Italy). Italian naturalist and translator. Reference. : 171)

Baly, Joseph Sugar (Warwick, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: 1816 – 25 March 1890: Warwick, United Kingdom). British physician and entomologist, specialist on phytophagous Coleoptera; surgeon at Kentish Town and Camden Town dispensaries in London, later (1868–90) at Warwick; most of his beetle specimens, including his types, are at the Natural History Museum in London. References. ;

Barbut, James [Jaques] (ca 1711 – 31 May 1791: London, United Kingdom). British painter, naturalist, and bank officer. References. : 68); : 96–98)

Barthélemy Lapommeraye, Christophe-Jérôme (Marseille, Bouches-du-Rhönes, France: 13 April 1796 – 4 October 1869: Marseille, France). French naturalist; director of the museum of natural history and of the zoological garden in Marseille; Knight of the Legion of Honor. Reference. : 107)

Bates, Frederick (Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom: 18 November 1829 – 6 October 1903: London, United Kingdom). British naturalist and director of a brewery in Leicester; worked mainly on beetles, particularly Heteromera, but also interested in fresh-water algae and orchids; younger brother of Henry Walter Bates [q.v.]; his collection of British beetles passed on to Horace Donisthorpe, while his collection of Heteromera of the world, comprising 22400 specimens representing 7200 species, was purchased by the British Museum (Natural History), now the Natural History Museum, in 1881 and 1897. References. ; : 14)

Bates, Henry Walter (Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom: 8 February 1825 – 16 February 1892: London, United Kingdom). British naturalist with a passion for Lepidoptera and Coleoptera (particularly Carabidae and Cerambycidae); at the age of 23, embarked on a collecting expedition to the Amazon Valley with his friend Alfred Russel Wallace; returned to London 11 years later and spent the next few years writing taxonomic works on butterflies and beetles of the Amazon and his book, The Naturalist on the River Amazons; developed his theory of mimicry; from 1864 until his death, assistant secretary at the Royal Geographical Society of London; his personal collections of Endomychidae and Elateridae are now in the Natural History Museum in London while the remaining groups were acquired by René Oberthür and are now in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. , P); : 256–261); ; ; , P); : 118–119)

Batsch, August Johann Georg Karl (Jena, Thuringia, Germany: 28 October 1761 – 29 September 1802: Jena, Germany). German naturalist, known for his contribution on mushrooms; professor at the University of Jena. References. ;

Bau, Alexander (Berlin, Germany: 31 January 1853 – 2 July 1926: Lochau, Vorarlberg, Austria). German pyrotechnician, entertainment club manager in Berlin, entomologist and ornithologist. References. : 28); : 589–594, P)

Baudet-Lafarge, Mathieu Jean (Maringues, Puy-de-Dôme, France: 8 November 1765 – 2 May 1837: Maringues, France). French administrator, general councilor, magistrate, deputy of Puy-de-Dôme at the Conseil des Cinq-Cents, and coleopterist; founding member of the Société Entomologique de France; built a relatively large collection of beetles which he bequeathed to the Faculté des Sciences de Clermont13. References. ; : 200–201)

Baudi di Selve, Flaminio (Savigliano, Piedmont, Italy: 7 July 1821 – 26 June 1901: Genoa, Piedmont, Italy). Italian entomologist who specialised on Coleoptera and Heteroptera; cavalier; municipal councillor of the city of Genoa; his Coleoptera collection is at the Museo di Zoologia dell’Università di Torino. Reference.

Beauregard, Henri Emmanuel (Le Havre, Seine-Maritime, France: 6 December 1851 – 25 March 1900: Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes, France). French pharmacist and physician; lecturer at École de pharmacie of Paris early in his adulthood and later in his life; assistant of comparative anatomy at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris in 1883 and received his tenure two years later; worked mainly on sperm whales and vesicant beetles. References. ; ; : 60–61)

Bechstein, Johann Matthäus (Waltershausen, Thuringia, Germany: 11 July 1757 – 23 February 1822: Dreissigacker, Thuringia, Germany). German naturalist, forester and wildlife conservationist, well-known ornithologist; studied theology at the University of Jena; taught science and mathematics at a school for boys in Schnepfenthal (1784–1794); opened a training school of forestry at Waltershausen in 1795; named director of the forestry school in Dreissigacker in 1801. References. , P); : 30–35); ; , P); : 72, P); ; : 33–34, P)

Beck [Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau], Günther (Pressburg [currently Bratislava], Slovakia: 25 August 1856 – 23 June 1931: Prague, Czech Republic). Austrian botanist; professor at the University of Vienna (1894–1899); later, professor of systematic botany at the German Charles University in Prague (1899–1921). Reference. : 32)

Beck, Joseph Maximilian (Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany: 11 February 1775 – 22 July 1826: Zusmarshausen, Bavaria, Germany). State judge (“Landrichter”) in Zusmarshausen. Reference. : 131–136)

Beckmann, Johann (Hoya, Lower Saxony, Germany: 4 June 1739 – 3 February 1811: Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany). German scientist; professor of physics and natural history at a Lutheran Gymnasium in St. Petersburg (1763–1764); later, professor of philosophy and economics at the University of Göttingen. References. ; ; , P)

Bedel, Louis Ernest Marie (Nantes, Loire-Atlantique, France: 16 May 1849 – 26 January 1922: Paris, France). French coleopterist of independent means; made several collecting expeditions in France and northern Africa; his large collection was bequeathed to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris except for some specimens (doubles) which were broken up by drawing lots among members of the Entomological Society of France. References. , P); : 94–95, P); : 121); Aguilar (2012, P)

Belon, Paul Marie Joseph (Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France: 30 January 1839 – 27 December 1912: Rijckholt [currently Eijsden-Margraten], Limburg, Netherlands). French Dominican monk, professor at the Institut catholique de Lyon for 28 years and coleopterist in his spare time with a special interest for small groups, like the latridiids; expelled from France in 1902 following the law on religious congregations, he left his cerambycid collection to Albert Argod-Vallon and his latridiid collection to Maurice Pic [q.v.]. References. , P); : 50); : 123)

Bennet, Jan [Jean] Arnold [Aarnoud] (Breda, North Brabant, Netherlands: 20 December 1758 – 3 September 1828: Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands). Dutch physician in Amsterdam and later in Leiden; appointed professor of rural economy at the University of Leiden in 1815. Reference. : 317–318)

Berg, Friedrich Wilhelm Karl [Carlos] (Tukums, Latvia: 21 March 1843 – 19 January 1902: Buenos Aires, Argentina). Argentine naturalist of Baltic origin; curator of the entomology department at the Museum of Natural History in Riga and then at the Riga Technical University; moved to Argentina in 1873 at the invitation of Karl Hermann Burmeister; professor of natural history at the National College of Buenos Aires; director of the Natural History Museum in Montevideo (1890–1892); later, director of the National Museum in Buenos Aires. References. , P); : 64)

Berge, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm (Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany: 11 December 1811 – 19 September 1883: Stuttgart, Germany). German naturalist who worked mainly on birds and insects; involved in construction as an assistant. References. ; : 61)

Bergsträsser, Johann Andreas Benignus (Idstein, Hesse, Germany: 21 December 1732 – 24 December 1812: Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany). German scholar and writer; professor and rector of the Evangelical Lutheran Lyceum in Hannover. References. : 361–370); : 122); : 586)

Berkenhout, John (Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom: 8 July 1726 – 3 April 1791: Besselsleigh, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom). British physician and naturalist; studied in Germany; joined the Prussian army and rose to the grade of captain; later, studied medicine in Edinburgh and Leiden and practiced in Isleworth. References. : 70–73); : 132–133); : 184–185); : 192–196, P)

Bernard, Pons-Joseph (Trans-en-Provence, Var, France: 14 July 1748 – 29 July 1816: Trans-en-Provence, France). French mathematician, naturalist and geologist; professor PageBreakof mathematics and philosophy at the Oratoriens; later, assistant director of the Marseille Observatory. References. ; : 431)

Bernhardt, Gustav

Berthold, Arnold Adolph (Soest, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany: 26 February 1803 – 3 February 1861: Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany). German naturalist and physician, mostly known for his work on endocrinology; studied medicine at the University of Göttingen and obtained his degree at the age of 20; in the following months, visited many hospitals in Berlin and Paris; in 1825 returned to Göttingen where he practiced medicine for many years and gave courses in physiology, comparative anatomy, and zoology at the Faculty of Sciences of the University before becoming associate professor at the age of 32; obtained his tenure the following year. RefePageBreakrences. : 185–186); : 616–617); : 69, P); : 40–41)

Bertolini, Stefano (Civezzana, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy: 30 June 1832 – 16 April 1905: Madrano near Pergine Valsugana, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy). Italian court employee, who retired with the rank of Commissioner, and amateur entomologist; his collection is at the Museo delle Scienze in Trento. References. ; : 848); : 186, P); , P)

Betta, Virginio. Italian physician born in Cles, in the province of Trento

Bielz, Eduard [Ede] Albert (Sibiu, Romania: 4 February 1827 – 26 May 1898: Sibiu, Romania). Transylvanian public servant, statistician and naturalist; moved in 1869 to Budapest to work for the Ministry of Commerce in the State Statistical Bureau; sent to Sibiu in 1873 as school inspector; retired in 1878 after an eye injury which left him gradually blind; his collection of beetles is at the Museum of Natural History in Sibiu. References. , P); , ); , P)

Billberg, Gustaf Johan (Karlskrona, Blekinge, Sweden: 14 June 1772 – 26 November 1844: Stockholm, Sweden). Swedish lawyer, zoologist and botanist; councilor to the Swedish royal court (1812–1836); his collection burned in 1822 and he subsequently bought the collection of Forsstroem (particularly strong with insects from the PageBreakWest Indies) and built a second collection which was deposited at the Natural History Museum in London via John George Children. References. ; : 92–93)

Blackburn, Thomas (Islington near London, United Kingdom: 16 March 1844 – 28 May 1912: Woodville near Adelaide, South Australia, Australia). British priest and entomologist; ordained deacon in 1869; at the age of 32, sent to Honolulu and for the next six years collected insects on the Hawaiian islands during his spare time; transferred in 1882 to Port Lincoln in South Australia and four years later to Adelaide where he remained for the rest of his life; despite his heavy load of clerical work, collected and published extensively during his 30 years in Australia; sold a “first selection” of his collection to the British Museum (Natural History) in London in 1888 including 334 types; most of the remainder of his collection was given to the British Museum in 1910 but some of his types are located in the South Australian Museum. References. , P); : 471, P); : 45–46, P)

Blake, John Frederick (Stoke near Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom: 3 April 1839 – 7 July 1906: London, United Kingdom). British priest and geologist; professor of mathematics and assistant chaplain at St. Peter’s School in York (1865–1873); lecturer of comparative anatomy at Charing Cross Hospital in London (1876–1880); later, professor of natural sciences at University College in Nottingham (1881–1888). References. ; : 288); : 185)

Blanchard, Charles Émile (Paris, France: 6 March 1819 – 11 February 1900: Paris, France). French naturalist and educator; spent almost all his adulthood associated with the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris, first as a temporary assistant at the age of 14 under the direction of Jean-Victor Audouin [q.v.] and Henri Milne-Edwards [q.v.], then as adjunct assistant naturalist (1838), assistant naturalist (1841), and finally as professor of the entomology chair (1862) the year after being elected to the Académie des Sciences; his reluctance to new ideas brought him to take position against Darwin; progressively lost his sight from the age of 40 and became completely blind by 1890. References. ; : 81–82); : 124–126); : 114–115, P)

Blandford, Walter Fielding Holloway (London, United Kingdom: 28 December 186418 – 23 January 1952: London, United Kingdom). British entomologist, solicitor, musicologist, and horn player; lecturer in entomology at the Royal Indian Engineering College at Coopers Hill; switched to law and became a solicitor in 1901; manager at Wyke House, Isleworth, a mental institution (1923–1932). Reference.

Block, Peter Ludwig Heinrich von (Baron) (Dresden, Saxony, Germany: 25 February 1764 – 1818: Dresden, Germany). German councilor and natural history and art collector; travelled with Prince Bariatinsky through Germany, northern Italy and Switzerland in 1790; inspector at the historic museum “Grünen Gewölbes” in Dresden (1802–1817); dismissed from his museum job and jailed for embezzlement in 1817. References. : 3); : 349); : 66–67)

Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich (Gotha, Thuringia, Germany: 11 May 1752 – 22 January 1840: Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany). German physician, naturalist, physiologist and anthropologist; appointed professor of medicine at the University of Göttingen in 1776. References. ; ; : 329–330)

Bodemeyer, August Rudolf Eduard von (Reindörfel [currently Nieszków], Poland: 2 April 1854 – 21 November 1918: Berlin, Germany). German captain and entomologist; served in the army for 24 years; most specimens of his collection are at the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut in Müncheberg and at the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin. Reference. , P)

Boheman, Carl Heinrich (Jönköping, Sweden: 10 July 1796 – 2 November 1868: Stockholm, Sweden). Swedish soldier and coleopterist; entered the army at the age of 17 and retired, with the rank of captain, at 48; in the 1840s, accepted the position of curator of the entomological section at the Museum of Natural History in Stockholm where he deposited his collection; elected honorary member of the Entomological Societies of London, France, Stettin, and Netherlands. References. , )

Boisduval, Jean Baptiste Alphonse Déchauffour de (Ticheville, Normandy, France: 17 June 1799 – 30 December 1879: Ticheville, France). French physician, horticulturist and entomologist, primarily known for his work on Lepidoptera; first worked in drug stores in various cities of France and received his medical degree in 1828; founding member of the Société Entomologique de France in 1832; the same year, received the Honor Cross from the French government for his devotion to the sick during the cholera epidemic of 1830 in Paris; worked for the General Dejean [q.v.] in Paris for some years as curator of his collection. References. ; ; : 250–255); : 58–59); , P)

Boitard, Pierre (Mâcon, Saône-et-Loire, France: 27 April 1789 – 25 August 1859: Montrouge, Hauts-de-Seine, France). French naturalist, agronomist, technologist and popularizer of natural history; field officer in the irregular force during the last period of Napoleon’s reign (les Cent-Jours); founded the Journal des Jardins and the Journal de Flore; mostly known for the numerous manuals on botany, natural history, and rural economy he published, often under pseudonyms such as Vérardi, A. Poiteau, and Ragonnot-Godefroy. References. : 225);

Bonelli, François André (Cuneo, Piedmont, Italy: 10 November 1784 – 18 November 1830: Turin, Piedmont, Italy). Italian zoologist; made a one-year stay in Paris in 1810–1811 and upon his return was appointed professor of zoology and director of the zoological museum at the University of Turin; gave his collection to the University of Turin. References. ; Passerin d’Entreves and Sella Gentile (1985); : 83–85, P); , P)

Bonsdorff, Gabriel von (Porvoo, Uusimaa, Finland: 6 November 1762 – 22 November 1831: Turku, Turku ja Pori, Finland). Finnish physician and naturalist; proPageBreakfessor of natural history and later of surgery and anatomy at the University of Åbo (Turku) (1786–1823); president of the Medical College in 1815 and 1819. References. ; : 49–50);

Bonvouloir, Henry [Henri] Achard de (Viscount) (Paris, France: 25 May 1839 – 13 July 1914: Paris, France). French entomologist, specialist of Coleoptera and particularly the families Throscidae and Eucnemidae; for many years took care of the archives and library of the Société Entomologique de France; his collection, rich in exotic and cave-dwelling species, was purchased by René Oberthür [q.v.] who kept a first choice and dispersed the other specimens. References. ; : 128–129, P)

Borkhausen [Borckhausen], Moritz Balthasar (Giessen, Hesse, Germany: 3 December 1760 – 30 November 1806: Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany). German naturalist and forester; assessor for the water and forest management in Darmstadt. References. ; ; : 111–112)

Börner, Immanuel [Emanuel] Karl [Carl] Heinrich (Klobikau [currently part of Bad Lauchstädt], Saxony-Anhalt, Germany: 10 June 1745 – 13 April 1807: Breslau [currently Wrocław], Poland). German landscape counsel; court tutor for Count of Manteuffel in Livland; from 1775, landscape legal adviser in Wrocław and secretary of the Silesian Patriotic Society. Reference. : 101)

Bouché, Peter Friedrich (Berlin, Germany: 15 February 1785 – 3 April 1856: Berlin, Germany). German horticulturist and entomologist; along with his brother Peter Carl carried on their father’s horticulture business; part of his insect collection is at the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut in Müncheberg. References. : 117–122); : 70–72); : 113–114)

Bourgeois, Jules (Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, Haut-Rhin, France: 31 May 1847 – 18 July 1911: Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, France). French fabric merchant and coleopterist, specialist of the families Lycidae and Cantharidae; his collection was bequeathed to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. : 17–18); : 131)

Bracciforti, Alberto. Professor of mathematics and natural sciences at the technical school of Viadana in northern Italy. Reference. : 860)

Brahm, Nikolaus Joseph (Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany: 18 May 1754 – 29 June 1821: Mainz, Germany). German lawyer and naturalist in Mainz. Reference.

Brancsik, Károly [Karl, Carl, Karel] (O-Besztercze [currently Stará Bystrica], Slovakia: 13 March 1842 – 18 November 1915: Trenčín, Slovakia). Hungarian physician and zoologist; a large part of his beetle collection was acquired in 1955 with the collection of Eduard Knirsch by the Field Museum in Chicago while the Chrysomelidae, the exotic Cerambycidae, and Curculionidae are in Museum Georg Frey in Tutzing, Germany. References. , P); , P);

Brandt, Johann Friedrich von (Jüterbog, Brandenburg, Germany: 25 May 1802 – 15 July 1879: Meriküla, Estonia). German physician and naturalist; associate professor at the University of Berlin; later, professor in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and director of the zoological department at the Academy of Sciences; made several collecting trips in the Russian empire. References. : 72–76); : 5–28); ; : 105–106, P)

Brême [Breme], François de [Ferdinando Arborio Gattinara di] (Marquis) (Milan, Lombardy, Italy: 30 April 1807 – 23 January 1869: Florence, Tuscany, Italy). Italian senator of independent means, naturalist and etcher; director of the Albertina Academy; his collection is at the Zoology Museum of the University of Turin. References. ; : 833); : 147–163); : 198)

Bremi-Wolf, Johann Jacob (Dübendorf, Switzerland: 25 May 1791 – 27 February 1857: Zürich, Switzerland). Swiss entomologist and turner in Zürich; lost his hearing due to illness at the age of 11. References. , P); , P)

Brodie, Peter Bellinger (London, United Kingdom: 1815 – 1 November 1897: Rowington, Warwickshire, United Kingdom). British geologist and clergyman; rector of Down Hatherley in Gloucestershire; later, vicar of Rowington in Warwickshire. References. , P);

Broun, Thomas (Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom: 15 July 1838 – 24 August 1919: Auckland, New Zealand). British military, educator and entomologist; entered the army at the age of 16 and participated to the Crimean War (1853–1856); afterward stationed in Burma and later in India; retired from the army in 1862 at the age of 24 and the next year moved to New Zealand; appointed Captain and served during the Maori War and eventually raised to the rank of Major; from 1876 to 1888, worked as a teacher in several places in New Zealand; in 1894, appointed government entomologist in Auckland; his collection of New Zealand beetles is at the Natural History Museum in London. References. : 486, P); : 49, P); : 135–136)

Brown, Edwin (ca 1819 – 1 September 1876: Tenby, Wales, United Kingdom). British banker and naturalist; manager of the Burton, Uttoxeter and Ashbourne Union Bank in Burton-on-Trent; his collection was sold at auction in March 1877. Reference.

Brown, Peter (? – 1799: London, United Kingdom). English (Danish-born) naturalist and natural history illustrator in London. References. : 188); : 550–551)

Browne, Patrick (Claremorris, County Mayo, Ireland: ca 1720 – 29 August 1790: Claremorris, Ireland). Irish physician and naturalist; spent a year in the Caribbean PageBreakbefore studying botany and medicine in Paris (1738–1742) and Leiden; practiced medicine in London for two years; travelled several times to the West Indies where he practiced medicine, mostly in Antigua and Jamaica, and collected natural history specimens; retired to Ireland after 1781. References. ; : 132–135); , )

Brullé, Gaspard Auguste (Paris, France: 7 April 1809 – 21 January 1873: Dijon, Côte-d’Or, France). French naturalist, best known in his early years for his participation in the scientific expedition of Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent to Morea in Greece; founding member of the Société Entomologique de France; assistant to Jean-Victor Audouin [q.v.] at the Museum of Paris by 1833 where he worked mainly on Coleoptera; at the age of 30 defended his doctoral dissertation of 28 pages about the genus and species limits in zoology; eventually accepted a position of professor at the Faculty of Dijon where he was named dean of the science department in 1861; not known to own a personal collection of beetles. References. ; : 111–112); : 136)

Brünnich, Morten Thrane (Copenhagen, Denmark: 30 September 1737 – 19 September 1827: Copenhagen, Denmark). Danish zoologist and mineralogist; lecturer in natural history and economy at the University of Copenhagen (1765–1772); later, superintendent of silver mines in Norway. References. : 241–243); : 93–96, P); : 137, P)

Buchoz [Buc’hoz], Pierre Joseph (Metz, Moselle, France: 27 January 1731 – 30 January 1807: Paris, France). French lawyer, physician, botanist and compiler. References. : 120–121); ; : 551–553)

Buckland, William (Axminster, Devon, United Kingdom: 12 March 1784 – 14 August 1856: Islip, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom). British geologist, palaeontologist and priest; lecturer in mineralogy at Corpus Christi College in Oxford; appointed dean of Westminster in 1845; first professor of geology and mineralogy at the University of OxPageBreakford; wrote the first full account of a fossil dinosaur, which he named Megalosaurus. References. ; , P); ; , P)

Burchell, William John (London, United Kingdom: 23 July 1781 – 23 March 1863: London, United Kingdom). British explorer, naturalist, artist, and author; appointed schoolmaster and superintendent of the botanical garden at the British island of Saint Helena (1805–1810); travelled to South Africa between 1810 and 1815 and to Brazil between 1825 and 1830 where he collected intensively; spent the last three decades of his life in England cataloguing his enormous collections; after his death by suicide, his insect collection went to Oxford University Museum. References. ; , P); : 221–229); , P)

Burmeister, Hermann Carl Conrad (Stralsund, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Germany: 15 January 1807 – 2 May 1892: Buenos Aires, Argentina). German entomologist; professor at the University of Berlin (1834–1837) and later at the University of Halle; travelled to South America (1850–1852; 1856–1860); emigrated in 1862 to Argentina to become the founding director of the Museo Público de Buenos Aires, currently the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; most specimens of his collection prior to 1861 are in the Zoologisches Museum, Martin-Luther-Universität, in Halle, those after 1861 are in Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales in Buenos Aires. References. : 101–104); , P); , P); , P); , P)

Buysson, Henri Julien Charles du (Vernet, Allier, France: 4 June 1856 – 28 July 1927: Pergola, Vichy, France). French naturalist, specialist on the taxonomy of click beetles (Elateridae); studied law in Paris; his collection of Elateridae was bequeathed to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris while the remaining of his collection was dispersed; his father was the botanist François du Buysson. References. , P); : 160–161)

Cadolini, Luigi [Aloysius]. Italian physician; his collection, including the types, were in the hands of [Jos. de] Brambilla in Milan. Reference. : 110)

Calwer, Carl Gustav (Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany: 11 November 1821 – 19 August 1874: Stuttgart, Germany). German forester, ornithologist and entomologist, with a special interest in beetles. Reference. : 26–27)

Candèze, Ernest Charles Auguste (Liège, Belgium: 27 February 1827 – 2 July 1898: Liège, Belgium). Belgian physician, entomologist, and photographer; physician and director of a hospital for the mentally ill; best known for his work on the family Elateridae; a first collection of Elateridae (up to 1869) went to the Natural History Museum in London via F.D. Godman and O. Salvin, while a second collection of Elateridae and other families went to the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique in Brussels. References. : 104–105); , P); , P); , P); : 563–564, P)

Cardona y Orfila, Francisco (Mahón, Minorca Island, Spain: November 1833 – 17 January 1892: Mahón, Spain). Spanish clergyman and naturalist; professor of natural history and director of the Institute of Mahón; later director of the civic hospital. References. , P); , P)

Carpenter, William Benjamin (Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom: 29 October 1813 – 19 November 1885: London, United Kingdom). British physician, university administrator, invertebrate zoologist and physiologist; practiced medicine for a few years in Bristol before being appointed Fullerian professor of physiology at the Royal Institution in London in 1844; later, registrar of the University of London (1856–1879). References. , P); , P); : 32–33); , P); : 161, P)

Casey, Thomas Lincoln (West Point, New York, USA: 19 February 1857 – 3 February 1925: Washington DC, USA). American military officer, engineer, entomologist, conchologist, and astronomer, well known for his controversial concept of species where little room was left for variation; graduated in 1879 from West Point Military Academy and until his retirement in 1912, at the age of 55 with the grade of Colonel, served in the Engineer Corps of the Army, working largely on river and harbor PageBreakimprovements; participated in 1882 to the astronomical expedition to Cape of Good Hope in South Africa; travelled to California and Texas in 1885–86, to Rhode Island in 1888, to New York in 1889–1893, to Virginia in 1895–1899, and to Missouri in 1902–1906; spent the last 18 years of his life in Washington DC; over 40 years published more than 8000 pages of beetle descriptions, without or with very few drawings; built an impressive collection of more than 19200 “species” and 117,000 specimens through collecting and purchases which was deposited at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington DC. References. ; , P); ; : 565–567, P); : 260–264); : 53–54, P)

Cederhjelm [Cederhielm], Johann [Johannes]. Russian naturalist

Champion, George Charles (London, United Kingdom: 29 April 1851 – 8 August 1927: Horsell, Surrey, United Kingdom). British entomologist; hired by Frederick Du Cane Godman and Osbert Salvin as collector and left England in 1879 for Guatemala, Panama, and Colombia; returned to his native country four years later where he served as secretary and chief assistant to Godman and Salvin, the editors of the Biologia Centrali-Americana; most of the specimens he collected are in the Natural History Museum in London. References. ; , P); : 498, P); : 54–55, P);

Chapuis, Félicien (Verviers, Belgium: 29 April 1824 – 30 September 1879: Heusy near Verviers, Belgium). Belgian physician and entomologist, particularly interested in PageBreakColeoptera; practiced medicine in his native town; part of his collection (Chrysomelidae, Ipidae and Platypodidae) was acquired by the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique in Brussels while the rest went to the Natural History Museum in London. References. : 111); , );

Charpentier, Toussaint von [de] (Freiberg, Saxony, Germany: 22 November 1779 – 4 March 1847: Brieg [currently Brzeg], Poland). German geologist and entomologist; worked as mine inspector in Breslau and Dortmund; his main collection went to the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin. References. ; : 119);

Chaudoir, Maximilien de (Baron) (Ivnitza, Ukraine: 12 September 1816 – 6 May 1881: Amélie-les-Bains-Palalda, Pyrénées-Orientales, France). Russian entomologist of independent means, who specialized early in life in the study of Carabidae; at 15, left for Dorpat (Tartu) to study law but never obtained his degree; made the sole extensive collecting trip of his life, a 40 day-journey to the Caucasus in company of M.H. Hochhuth in 1845; settled in his native town, Ivnitza, in Ukraine but moved in 1864 to Paris and then to Amélie-les-Bains-Palalda, France; made several trips to various cities in Europe to study type specimens in museums and private collections; his collection, certainly one of the best of his time (if not the best) on the family Carabidae, passed in the hands of René Oberthür after Chaudoir’s death and eventually ended up at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. ; ; , P); ; : 142–143)

Chevrolat, Louis Alexandre August (Paris, France: 29 March 1799 – 16 December 1884: Paris, France). French public servant in the Ministry of Finance and coleopterist; founding member of the Société Entomologique de France; his collection, one of the richest of his time, was scattered during his lifetime and by his heirs. References. ; : 500); : 39, P); : 143–145, P)

Cirillo [Cyrillo, Cyrillus], Dominicus Maria Leone (Grumo Nevano, Campania, Italy: 10 April 1739 – 29 October 1799: Naples, Campania, Italy). Italian naturalist and court physician; professor of botany and medicine at the University of Naples; publicly executed by Napoleon’s troops in Naples. References. ; ; : 879); : 184–185, P); , P)

Clairville, Joseph Philippe de (southern France: 1742 – 31 July 1830: Winterthur near Zürich, Switzerland). Swiss entomologist and botanist of French origin; studied medicine and natural history at Montpellier; moved to Winterthur in 1782 but during the French occupation was forced to leave Switzerland and fled to Erlangen, Germany; co-founder of the Schweizer naturforschenden Gesellschaft; mainly interested in Odonata, Diptera, and Coleoptera; his collection of beetles is located at the Natural History Museum in Basel. References. ; , P);

Clark, Hamlet (Navenby, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom: 30 March 1823 – 10 June 1867: Rhyl, Wales, United Kingdom). British cleric and entomologist with an interest in Coleoptera; made collecting trips to Cape Verde Islands and Brazil among others; his collections of Hydradephaga, Phytophaga and Elateridae were purchased by the British Museum (Natural History) in London but his collections of British Coleoptera and Lepidoptera were sold at auction in 1865. References. ;

Comolli, Antonio

Companyo, Baudile-Jean-Louis (Céret, Pyrénées Orientales, France: 16 December 1781 – 10 September 1871: Perpignan, Pyrénées Orientales, France). French physician and naturalist; director of the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle of Perpignan from 1840 to 1871; wrote his major work, Histoire naturelle du Département des Pyrénées-Orientales, being over eighty years old. References. ; : 135–136); : 20–22)

Comte, Achille Joseph (Grenoble, Isère, France: 29 September 1802 – 17 January 1866: Nantes, Loire-Atlantique, France). French physician and naturalist; professor of natural history at the Lycée Charlemagne in Paris; head clerk at the state education ministry; later, director of school in Nantes. References. : 479–480); : 821); : 401)

Contarini, Nicolò Bertucci (Count) (Venice, Veneto, Italy: 26 September 1780 – 16 April 1849: Venice, Italy). Italian naturalist of independent means; had special interest in botany, ornithology and entomology; his collections, including the insects, and library were bequeathed to the Museo Corner of Venice. References. : 92–99); : 883)

Coquebert [de Montbret], Antoine Jean (Paris, France: 6 March 1753 – 6 April 1825: Paris, France). French statesman and naturalist; knight, lord of Montbret; junior official at the Court of Accounts; adviser to the Royal Court of Amiens and of Marie-Henriette Coquebert de Romain in Rheims. References. : 81); : 42–43)

Coquerel, Jean Charles (Amsterdam, Netherlands: 2 December 1822 – 12 April 1867: Salasie, island of Réunion). French (Dutch-born) surgeon in the navy and entomologist; made several maritime campaigns in the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean; collected in many places including Madagascar, the island of Réunion and Martinique; his collection of African insects went to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris via Léon Fairmaire [q.v.]. References. ; : 194–195); : 42)

Costa, Achille (Alessano, Puglia, Italy: 10 August 1823 – 17 November 1898: Rome, Italy). Italian entomologist and explorer; son of Oronzio Gabriele Costa [q.v.]; professor of zoology at the University of Naples and director of the Zoological Museum of the city; made collecting expeditions to southern Italy and Sardinia; his collection is at the Zoological Museum of the University of Naples Federico II. References. ; : 218, P); , P)

Costa, Giuseppe. Italian naturalist and professor; son of Oronzio Gabriele Costa [q.v.]

Costa, Oronzio Gabriele (Alessano, Puglia, Italy: 26 August 1787 – 7 November 1867: Naples, Campania, Italy). Italian physician, naturalist and paleontologist; professor of natural history at the University of Naples (1836–1849) and director of the Zoological Museum of the city (1839–1849); founded in 1841 the Accademia degli Aspiranti Naturalisti, a school educating young volunteers to become naturalists. References. : 93–95); : 887–888); : 218)

Cox, Herbert Edward (London, United Kingdom: early 1838? – 10 December 1914: Jamaica). British entomologist; lived for many years in London but moved to Jamaica where he held a position in the local government; a large part of his collection was presented to the Hope Museum of the University of Oxford by his widow. Reference. : 96–97)

Creutzer, Christian. Secretary of Field Marshal Franz Moritz Grafen von Lacy in Vienna; his collection was sold, after his death, to Franz Gerl in 1827. Reference. : 1089)

Cristofori, Giuseppe de (Milan, Lombardy, Italy: 11 October 1803 – 27 December 1837: Milan, Italy). Italian naturalist of independent means; his collections, merged with those of Giorgio Jan in 1832, formed the basis of the Museo Civico di Storia Naturali of Milan; visited Russia, Finland, Norway, and Sweden in 1836 where he collected for the museum. References. ; ; : 894–895)

Crotch, George Robert (Somerset, United Kingdom: 1842 – 16 June 1874: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA). British entomologist; studied at Cambridge University; collected in various places in Europe; came to America in 1872 and collected in British Columbia, Oregon and California in 1873; worked as assistant to Hermann August Hagen at the Museum of Comparative Zoology; his collections of Erotylidae, Coccinellidae and European Coleoptera were bequeathed to the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. References. ; ; ; : 598–600, P);

Cuní y Martorell, Miguel (Calella, Catalonia, Spain: 1827 – 14 May 1902: Barcelona, Spain). Spanish merchant and entomologist. References. ; : 53–54)

Curtis, John (Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom: 3 September 1791 – 6 October 1862: London, United Kingdom). British naturalist and illustrator who made his living mostly from his paintings and publications; from 1840 took an active interest in economic entomology and published many articles in the Gardener’s Chronicle, under the pseudonym Ruricola, and in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England; his British Coleoptera were purchased from his widow by the Museum of Victoria in Abbotsford, Australia, while his collections of Cerambycidae, Elateridae and Melasidae are at the Natural History Museum in London. References. : 122–125); ; : 56–58, P); ; : 37, P)

Curtis, Thomas. British educator; principal of Grove House school, Islington in London

Curtis, William (Alton, Hampshire, United Kingdom: 11 January 1746 – 7 July 1799: London, United Kingdom). British botanist, entomologist and publisher; apothecary and demonstrator of practical botany at medical schools in London; established botanic gardens in England; his insect collection apparently passed to Adrian Hardy Haworth whose collection was auctioned in 1834. References. : 125); ; : 204–206, P); ;

Cuvier, Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert (Baron) (Montbéliard, Doubs, France: 23 August 1769 – 13 May 1832: Paris, France). French naturalist, anatomist and paleontologist; tutor to the son of the Comte d’Héricy in Normandy (1788–1794); professor of natural history at the Collège de France in Paris in 1799; professor of comparative anatomy at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris from 1802 on; Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour and pair de France. References. ; ; : 65–80, P); : 17–19); : 9–12, P); : 157–160); , P)

Czenpiński [Czempiński], Paweł [Paul] (1755 – 8 August 1793). Polish physician, educator and naturalist; employee of the Society for Elementary Books in Warsaw; made a scientific expedition to the Carpathian Mountains in 1782; co-founded the Warsaw School of Anatomy and Surgery. Reference.

Dahl, Georg (Mosbach, Baden-Württemburg, Germany: 24 December 1769 – 1 January 1831: Währing near Vienna, Austria). German naturalist; insect dealer in Währing; travelled to several countries in Europe to collect; his personal collection of Coleoptera is at the Hungarian Natural History Museum in Budapest. References. : 413–414); : 129–130)

Dahlbom, Anders Gustav (Herrberga parish, Östergötland, Sweden: 3 March 1806 – 3 May 1859: Lund, Sweden). Swedish entomologist, specialist of Hymenoptera; professor of natural history and director of the entomological museum at the University of Lund. Reference.

Dale, Charles William (London, United Kingdom: 15 May 1851 – 20 February 1906: Sherborne, Dorset, United Kingdom). British naturalist of independent means who spent his life studying natural history, and particularly the insect fauna, of Glanvilles Wootton in southern England; his collection, which included that of his father James Charles Dale, was bequeathed to the Hope Museum at Oxford University. References. ; : 139–141, P)

Dallinger, Franz Xaver Prosper (Eggenfelden, Bavaria, Germany: 3 July 1763 – 6 October 1826: Wasserburg, Bavaria, Germany). German preacher and entomologist. References. : 209); : 292–293)

Dalman, Johan [Johann] Wilhelm (Hinseberg, Västmanland, Sweden: 4 November 1787 – 11 July 1828: Stockholm, Sweden). Swedish physician and naturalist; librarian and later professor at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm; also professor of botany at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm. References. ; : 57–70); : 189, P)

Daniel, Karl (Munich, Bavaria, Germany: 1862 – 31 March 1930: Munich, Germany). German chemist and coleopterist; his collection of Palaearctic Coleoptera is at the Zoologische Staatssammlung München. Reference. : 67)

Dawson, John Frederic (1802 – 16 October 1870: Clapham, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom). British priest and coleopterist; curate of St. Pauls Church in Bedford, then rector of Toynton St Peter and vicar of Toynton All Saints in the district of Lincolnshire, England

DeGeer, Carl (Finspång, Östergötland, Sweden: 10 February 1720 – 8 March 1778: Stockholm, Sweden). Swedish naturalist of independent means; Baron of Leutsta, PageBreakMarshal of the Court of Sweden, Knight of the Polar Star, and Commander of the Order of Vasa; pupil of Linnaeus in Uppsala; inspired by the work of the celebrated French scientist and naturalist René Antoine Ferschault de Réaumur [1683–1757], thence his nickname of the Swedish Réaumur; burned most of the stock of the first volume of his Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire des insectes out of pique of the poor interest it raised; his collection is at the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet in Stockholm. References. : 145–147); : 59–66); : 143–144);

Dei, Giovanni Angelo Apelle Crespino (Siena, Tuscany, Italy: 17 December 1819 – 2 January 1903: Siena, Italy). Italian ornithologist and entomologist; curator at the “Gabinetto di Anatomia Comparata” of the University of Siena and at the “Museo dell’Accademia dei Fisiocritici” of the same city where his collection is deposited. References. : 896); ; : 226)

Dejean, Pierre François Marie Auguste (Count) (Amiens, Somme, France: 10 August 1780 – 17 March 1845: Paris, France). French military officer and entomologist, specialized on Coleoptera; joined the army at the age of 15 and moved on to become general of division and aide-de-camp to Napoleon Bonaparte; collected insects in several countries, including Spain, Portugal, Germany, and Russia, where his military activity took him; went in exile in June 1815 and for the next three years collected in the eastern parts of the Austrian empire; returned in Paris at the end of 1818 and devoted the rest of his life mostly to entomology and politics, as he became a member of the Chambre des Pairs in 1824; his collection, the largest private beetle collection of his time, was sold in lots during 1840. References. , P); ; : 92); : 34–36, P); : 36–37); : 152–154)

Delegorgue, Louis Adulphe Joseph (Courcelles-les-Lens, Pas-de Calais, France: 13 November 1814 – 30 May 1850: at sea, off the West African coast). French traveler, collector and sportsman, nicknamed the “elephant killer;” joined the merchant navy at the age of sixteen; travelled to the West Indies and Africa; Knight of the Legion of Honour. References. ; : 207); ; , P)

Denny, Henry (Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom: 1803 – 7 March 1871: Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom). British botanist and entomologist, especially interested in Anoplura; curator of the museum and assistant secretary of the Leeds Literary and Philosophical Society for 45 years. References. ;

Dent, Hasting Charles (London, United Kingdom: 23 June 1855 – 6 March 1909: Godstone, Surrey, United Kingdom). British civil engineer and collector of entomological (particularly Coleoptera and Lepidoptera) and botanical specimens; the whereabouts of his collections are unknown. Reference.

Desberger [Dessberger], Anton Friedrich A. (Munich, Bavaria, Germany: 8 December 1789 – ?). German military physician. Reference.

Desbrochers des Loges, Jules (Béthune, Pas-de-Calais, France: 1836 – 10 August 1913: Tours, Indre-et-Loire, France). French coleopterist; civil servant at the Ministry of Finance; natural history dealer at Tours; founded the entomological journal Le Frelon; his collection was sold in part during his lifetime and the remaining (mainly Curculionidae and Chrysomelidae) by his daughter after his death and are now at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. ; : 156)

Deshayes, Gérard Paul (Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France: 15 May 1795 – 9 June 1875: Boran-sur-Oise, Oise, France). French geologist and malacologist; participated to the Algeria mission under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent; at 70 years old, obtained the post of professor of natural history at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. ; : 80–82); : 184–185)

Desmarest, Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon (Paris, France: 31 March 1816 – 25 December 1889: Paris, France). French naturalist; preparator for the chair of comparative anatomy and, 37 years later, keeper of the comparative anatomy and anthropology galleries at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris; secretary of the Société Entomologique de France for more than 30 years. Reference. : 185)

Detharding, Georg Christoph (Güstrow, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Germany: 10 April 1699 – 9 October 1784: Bützow, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Germany). German physician; professor of medicine and mathematics at the University of Rostock (1733–1760); later, professor of medicine at the University of Bützow (1760–1784). References. : 340–342); ;

Deyrolle, Achille (Lille, Nord, France: 2 October 1813 – 31 December 1865: Paris, France). French entomologist, publisher, and dealer of natural history specimens in Paris; as a young man went to Brussels to help his father at the natural history museum of the city; participated in a scientific mission to Brazil for five months; afterwards moved to Paris; his collection was scattered by his son Émile. References. ; : 157)

Diaz y Lizana, Rafael (1820 – 1873). Pharmaceutical subdelegate of the city of Talavera de la Reine, Toledo province, Spain

Dieck, Georg (Zöschen, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany: 28 April 1847 – 21 October 1925: Zöschen, Germany). German botanist, entomologist, and explorer; studied natural hisPageBreaktory at the University of Jena where he was a pupil and assistant to Ernst Haeckel; open a nursery in 1874 at Zöschen; made expeditions to the Rocky Mountains (1888), Caucasus (1891) and Spain (1892) where he collected mostly beetles, plants and mosses; travelled also to France, Italy, Sicily, Morocco, the Balkans and Turkey; his collection is at the Zoologisches Museum, Martin-Luther-Universität in Halle. References. : 76–77, P); ; , P)

Dillwyn, Lewis Weston (London, United Kingdom: 21 August 1778 – 31 August 1855: Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom). British naturalist, porcelain manufacturer, and member of parliament for the county of Glamorgan; the whereabouts of his beetle collection are unknown. References. : 287–304); : xxxvi–xxxix); , P)

Dimmock, George (Springfield, Massachusetts, USA: 17 May 1852 – 17 May 1930: Springfield, Massachusetts, USA). American zoologist, particularly interested in entomology and genealogy; studied at Harward, Leipzig and Paris; secretary and librarian of the Cambridge Entomological Club; edited the entomological journal Psyche from 1877 to 1890; his collection of Coleoptera is at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington DC. Reference. , P)

Disconzi, Francesco (Vicenza, Veneto, Italy: 8 September 1811 – 29 November 1875: Vicenza, Italy). Italian priest and naturalist; professor at the Seminario Vescovile di Vicenza; founding member of the Società Entomologica Italiana; his collection was originally deposited in the Seminario in Vicenza where it was destroyed during WWII. Reference. : 524)

Distant, William Lucas (London, United Kingdom: 12 November 1845 – 4 February 1922: Wanstead [now part of Greater London], United Kingdom). British entomologist; worked early in his life in a London tannery; made two lengthy visits to the Transvaal; employed by the Trustees of the Natural History Museum at South Kensington, 1899–1920, to curate their collection of Hemiptera; his collection, mainly Hemiptera including over 2500 types, was acquired by the Natural History Museum of London. References. ;

Döbner, Eduard Philipp (Meiningen, Thuringia, Germany: 16 November 1810 – 29 December 1890: Aschaffenburg, Bavaria, Germany). German naturalist; professor of zoology and botany in Aschaffenburg (1844–1876). References. ; : 87);

Dohrn, Carl August (Stettin [currently Szczecin], Poland: 27 June 1806 – 4 May 1892: Stettin, Poland). Prussian entomologist of independent means, particularly interested in Coleoptera; travelled through Europe, North Africa and South America (1831–1837); served as president of the Entomologischen Vereins in Stettin (1843–1887); his specimens were placed in the collection of the Museum für Naturkunde in Stettin which was transferred after WWII to the Zoological Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw. References. , P); ; : 6–7)

Dokhtouroff, Vladimir Serghyeevich (1859 – 1890). Russian officer in the Imperial Guard; secretary of the Entomological Society of Russia; his collection of tiger beetles of the world was eventually scattered although a first selection was acquired by Walther Horn [q.v.]. Reference. : 70)

Donndorff [Donndorf], Johann August (Quedlinburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany: 23 March 1754 – 22 November 1837: Quedlinburg, Germany). German naturalist, historian and polymath; government advocate; later, mayor of Quedlinburg and inspector of schools. References. ; : 52, P)

Donovan, Edward (Cork, Ireland: 1768 – 1 February 1837: London, United Kingdom). Anglo-Irish artist and naturalist; wrote several popular books on natural history and botany for which he drew and colored the illustrations himself; apparently ruined by his publishers and died penniless; founded the London Museum and Institute of Natural History in 1807 where he displayed his collections and paintings; his collections were sold at auction in 1818. References. ; : 257–277); : 181–189); : 552)

Drury, Dru (London, United Kingdom: 4 February 1725 – 15 January 1804: London, United Kingdom). British silversmith by profession and entomologist; spent a lot of energy and money on his collection of insects which included the specimens he described and named (in the index) in his Illustrations of natural history and also the type material of a number of species described by Fabricius; after his death, his collection was sold at auction by King and Lochee on 23–25 May 1805 and the whereabouts of most of his syntypes are unknown. References. : 17–71, P); ; ; , ); : 64–65)

Dufour, Léon Jean Marie (Saint-Sever, Landes, France: 11 April 1780 – 18 April 1865: Saint-Sever, France). French physician and naturalist; studied medicine in Paris PageBreak(1799–1806); participated in the Peninsular War (1807–1814) as army doctor; after, returned to Saint-Sever to practice medicine; his collection was bequeathed to his friend Alexandre Laboulbène and is now at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. ; ; , P); ; : 26–28, P); Aguilar (2012, P)

Duftschmid, Caspar Erasmus (Gmunden, Upper Austria, Austria: 19 November 1767 – 17 December 1821: Linz, Upper Austria, Austria). Austrian physician and naturalist; his collection of beetles passed to his son, Johann Baptist Duftschmid, and eventually ended up at the Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum in Linz. References. ;

Duméril, André-Marie-Constant (Amiens, Somme, France: 1 January 1774 – 14 August 1860: Paris, France). French physician and zoologist; professor of anatomy and physiology at the Faculty of medicine in Paris; later, professor of herpetology and PageBreakichthyology at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris; his collection was deposited at the Muséum where it was used for various exhibits in the galleries and has now disappeared. References. ; ; : 31–32, P); : 140–141, P); : 198–200, P); : 165)

Duncan, James (1804 – 30 November 1861). Scottish clergyman and naturalist; preached in the parish of Teviothead in Scotland. References. Elliot (1868: 322–324); : 147–148)

Dunker [Duncker], Johann Heinrich August (Rathenow, Brandenburg, Germany: 14 January 1763 – 14 June 1843: Rathenow, Germany). German pastor and industrialist; in 1801, co-founded the Royal Privileged Optical Industrial Institute in Rathenow and was the first to produce eye-glasses industrially. Reference.

Eberhard, Johann Peter (Altona [now part of Hamburg], Hamburg, Germany: 2 December 1727 – 17 December 1779: Halle an der Saale, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany). German physician and naturalist; professor of medicine, mathematics and physics at the University of Halle. References. Rochus von Liliencron (1877); : 50)

Eichhoff, Wilhelm Joseph (Prüm, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany: 21 November 1823 – 5 December 1893: Strasbourg, Bas-Rhin, France). German forester and entomologist; his collection of scolytines and platypodines is at the Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg while the other Coleoptera are at the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin and the Musée Zoologique, Université de Strasburg in France. Reference.

Eichwald, Karl Eduard Ivanovich von (Jelgava, Latvia: 4 July 1795 – 22 November 1876: Saint Petersburg, Russia). Russian physician, botanist and geologist; professor of zoology and midwifery in Kazan; professor of zoology and comparative anatomy in Vilnius; later, professor of zoology, mineralogy and medicine in Saint Petersburg (1838–1851). References. ; : 632); : 59–60, P)

Elera, Casto de (Mayorga de Campos, Castilla y León, Spain: 1 July 1852 – 29 August 1903: Manila, Philippines). Spanish clergyman, teacher and naturalist; professor of natural history and director of the museum at the University of Santo Tomás in Manila. References. : 20–21); : 43)

Emmons, Ebenezer (Middlefield, Massachusetts, USA: 16 May 1799 – 1 October 1863: Brunswick, North Carolina, USA). American geologist, naturalist and physician; practiced medicine and surgery in Berkshire County, Massachusetts early in his career; professor of mineralogy and geology at Rensselaer School in Troy, New York (1830–1839); worked for the New York State Geological Survey (1836–1850); state geologist for North Carolina (1851–1863); named the Adirondack Mountains (1838) and Taconic Mountains (1844). References. , P); ;

Endrulat, Bernhard Ferdinand Julius (Berlin, Germany: 24 August 1828 – 17 February 1886: Poznań, Poland). German professor, editor, archivist, and naturalist. References. ;

Erichson, Wilhelm Ferdinand (Stralsund, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Germany: 26 November 1809 – 18 November 1849: Berlin, Germany). German physician and entomologist; lecturer and later professor at Humboldt University (then known as the Friedrich-Wilhelm University) in Berlin; his collection is at the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität. References. ; : 165–167); : 525, P); : 60–61, P)

Escherich, Karl Leopold (Schwandorf, Bavaria, Germany: 28 September 1871 – 22 November 1951: Kreuth, Bavaria, Germany). German entomologist; professor of applied zoology at the University of Munich. References. , P); , P);

Eschscholtz, Johann Friedrich Gustav von (Tartu, Estonia: 1 November 1793 – 19 May 1831: Tartu, Estonia). Russian physician and naturalist; one of the 37 men on board of the Russian circumnavigational expeditionary ship Rurik during 1815–1818 under the command of Otto von Kotzebue; upon his return, appointed professor of anatomy and a few years later, director of the zoological museum of the University of Tartu; in 1823–1826, participated in another expedition under the command of Kotzebue on the ship Predpriyatie; Kotzebue named one island in the Marshall Islands “Eschscholtz Atoll” which was renamed “Bikini Atoll” in 1946; his collection and types are at the Zoologisches Museum, Moscow State University. References. : 617–622, P); ; ; : 58–59, P)

Esmarch, Heinrich Peter Christian (Ulsnis, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany: 21 February 1745 – 8 May 1830: Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany). Rector of the Royal Cathedral School of Schleswig. Reference. : 16)

Esper, Eugen Johann Christoph (Wunsiedel, Bavaria, Germany: 2 June 1742 – 27 July 1810: Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany). German zoologist with special interest in Lepidoptera; professor of zoology at the University of Erlangen; the journal Esperiana, Buchreihe zur Entomologie, created in 1990, commemorates his name and work; his collection is at the Zoologische Staatssammlung des Bayerischen Staates in Munich. References. ; ; : 154–155)

Étienne, Jean Auguste Célestin [Frère Ogérien] (Gresse-en-Vercors, Isère, France: 9 December 1825 – 15 December 1869: New York City, New York, USA). French brother, naturalist and geologist; director of the Christian School of Lons-le-Saunier in the Jura department; made a tour of inspection to the United States where he died. Reference.

Everts, Edouard Jacques Guillaume (The Hague, Netherlands: 12 May 1849 – 9 June 1932: The Hague, Netherlands). Dutch educator and coleopterist; secondary school teacher in The Hague (1874–1909); his collection of European Coleoptera is at the Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, Universiteit van Amsterdam, while his collection of Dutch Coleoptera is at the National Natuurhistorisch Museum in Leiden. Reference. , P)

Fabre, Jean-Henri Casimir (Saint-Léons, Aveyron, France: 22 December 1823 – 11 October 1915: Sérignan-du-Comtat, Vaucluse, France). Celebrated autodidact French entomologist, poet and educator; taught at primary school of Carpentras (Vaucluse) (1842–1848); professor of physics at the Imperial College d’Ajaccio in Corsica (1849–1852); professor of physics and chemistry at the Imperial Lyceum d’Avignon (1853–1871); retired at Orange (1871–1879) and Sérignan-du-Comtat (1879–1915) where he wrote textbooks and popular scientific works and studied insect behavior. References. ; , P); , P); , P)

Fabricius, Johann Christian (Tønder, Sønderjylland, Denmark: 7 January 1745 – 3 March 1808: Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany). Danish entomologist and economist; at the age of 17, sent by his father to Uppsala and for the next two years studied under Linnaeus which profoundly influenced him; travelled across Europe for the next few years, attending lectures, studying collections, and collecting insects; returned to Copenhagen in 1769 and was appointed professor of economics at the University; accepted the professorship of natural history, economy and finance at Kiel in 1775; most specimens of Fabricius’ collection are now at the Zoologisk Museum, University of Copenhagen. References. ; ; : 173–175); : 25–31); : 530, P); : 61–62, P)

Fabricius, Otto (Rudkøbing, Fyn, Denmark: 6 March 1744 – 20 May 1822: Copenhagen, Denmark). Danish clergyman, ethnographer and naturalist; at the age of 24 went to the west coast of Greenland to evangelize the Inuits and stayed for five and PageBreaka half years, making observations on the habits of the Eskimos and the fauna; upon his return in 1773, appointed bishop in various places in Norway and Denmark, including Copenhagen from 1789 to the time of his death. References. ; ; ); , P)

Fairmaire, Léon (Paris, France: 20 June 1820 – 1 April 1906: Paris, France). French public servant and entomologist with a special interest in Coleoptera; most of his specimens are in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. , P); : 63–64, P); : 49–50, P); : 168–169, P); : 1406–1407)

Fallén, Carl Fredrik (Kristinehamn, Värmland, Sweden: 22 September 1764 – 26 August 1830: Esperöd, Kristianstad, Sweden). Swedish botanist and entomologist mostly interested in Diptera; professor of botany and natural history at the University of Lund and eventually curator of the natural history collections. References. : 310–311); : 290);

Fauconnet, Louis (Pontarlier, Doubs, France: 25 June 1837 – 15 August 1921: Autun, Saône-et-Loire, France). French pharmacist in Autun interested in Coleoptera; his collection was given in his lifetime to Maurice Pic [q.v.]. References. : 35); : 170)

Fauvel, Charles Adolphe Albert (Caen, Calvados, France: 27 October 1840 – 4 January 1921: Caen, France). French lawyer and entomologist mainly interested in the family Staphylinidae; founded the journal Revue d’Entomologie; his collection was neglected but eventually went to the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique in Brussels. References. : 65–66, P); : 170)

Fée, Antoine Laurent Apollinaire (Ardentes, Indre, France: 7 November 1789 – 21 May 1874: Paris, France). French botanist and pharmacist; posted at the military hospital in Lille in 1825, then in Strasbourg in 1832 where he became pharmacist and was appointed director of the botanical gardens as well as professor of natural history at the Faculty of Medicine; stayed in Strasbourg until the Prussians took the city in 1871 and then moved to Paris. References. : 522–523); ; ; : 148)

Felsche, Carl (9 October 1839 – 11 April 1914: Leipzig, Saxony, Germany). German rentier and beetle collector; a large part of his collection went to the Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden. Reference.

Ferrari, Johann [Giovanni] Angelo (Count) (1806 – 18 May 1876: Vienna, Austria). Austrian (Italian-born) entomologist who specialized on the study of Coleoptera, particularly Scolytinae; curator of the Coleoptera section at the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna; his scolytine types are in that museum but his personal collection went to the Staatsgymnasium in Nikolsburg (= Mikulov in Czech Republic). Reference.

Ferrer, Léon (ca 1834 – December 1903: Perpignan, Pyrénées-Orientales, France). Pharmacist at Perpignan; president of the Société Agricole, Scientifique et Littéraire des Pyrénées-Orientales for many years. Reference. , P)

Fiedler, Karl [Carl] Wilhelm (Malchin, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany: 4 December 1758 – ca 1831). German apothecary; professor at the Institut of Forestry in Waldau near Cassel; later, professor at the “Anstalt für Bergwerksalumnen” in Cassel. References. : 148–153); : 745)

Fischer, Jakob [Jacob] Benjamin (Riga, Latvia: 13 October 1731 – 25 July 1793: Riga, Latvia). Russian apothecary and naturalist in Riga; student of Linnaeus in Uppsala; later, worked as an accountant at an orphanage. References. : 568–569); : 217–218)

Fischer, Joannes Baptista [Johann Baptist] (Munich, Germany: 1803 – 29 May 1832: Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands). German physician and naturalist; assistant to the botanist Carl Ludwig Blume (1796–1862) in Brussels. Reference. : 30)

Fischer, Leopold Heinrich (Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany: 19 December 1817 – 2 February 1886: Freiburg, Germany). German mineralogist and zoologist; studied medicine in Freiburg and Vienna; practiced medicine in Freiburg; later, professor of mineralogy and geology at the University of Freiburg. References. : 129–133); : 187–188)

Fischer, Sigmund Caspar (Gondo [currently part of Zwischenbergen], Valais, Switzerland: 27 October 1793 – 16 February 1860: Hirtenberg, Lower Austria, Austria). Austrian (Swiss-born) physician and naturalist; professor of mineralogy, zoology and theoretical medicine at the Imperial medico-chirurgical Joseph Academy in Vienna. Reference. : 56)

Fischer von Waldheim, Johann Gotthelf (Waldheim, Saxony, Germany: 13 October 1771 – 18 October 1853: Moscow, Russia). German naturalist and paleontologist; studied comparative anatomy under Baron Cuvier in Paris; professor of natural history in Mainz, Germany; later, professor of natural history and director of the natural history museum at the Moscow Academy; founder of the Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. References. ; : 127–129, P); : 151–153, P); : 59–60, P)

Flach, Karl (Aschassenburg, Bavaria, Germany: 13 September 1856 – 18 July 1920: Aschassenburg, Germany). German physician in Aschassenburg and coleopterist; his collection was scattered. Reference. , P)

Fleischer, Anton [Antonín] (Rovečné, Czech Republic: 17 February 1850 – 22 October 1934: Brno, Czech Republic). Czech physician in Brno interested in Coleoptera; his collection of Palaearctic Coleoptera is at the Natural History Museum in Prague. Reference. , P)

Fleischer, Heinrich

Fleming, John (1747 – 17 May 1829: London, United Kingdom). British surgeon of the Indian Medical Service, naturalist and politician; head of the Calcutta Botanic Garden. References. ;

Fleming, John (near Bathgate, Scotland, United Kingdom: 10 January 1785 – 18 November 1857: Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom). Scottish Presbyterian clergyman, zoologist and geologist; minister in various parishes in Scotland (1808–1834); awarded the chair of natural philosophy at the University and King’s College of Aberdeen in 1834; later, professor of natural history at Free Church College in Edinburgh. References. ; ; : 73–74, P)

Fleutiaux, Edmond Jean-Baptiste (Argenteuil, Val-d’Oise, France: 22 October 1858 – 25 November 1951: Nogent-sur-Marne, Val-de-Marne, France). French coleopterist PageBreakwith a particular interest in click beetles; owned a wine and alcohol business; his collection is at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. Reference. : 172)

Formey, Johann Ludwig (Berlin, Germany: 7 February 1766 – 23 June 1823: Berlin, Germany). German physician; professor of therapy at the Collegium Medico-chirurgicum in Berlin; later, professor at the newly formed medico-surgical Academy in Berlin. References. ;

Forsskål, Pehr (Helsinki, Finland: 11 January 1732 – 11 July 1763: Jerim, Yemen). Swedish (Finnish-born) naturalist and explorer; student of Linnaeus in Uppsala; studied languages and oriental philosophy at the University of Göttingen (1753–1756) before returning to Uppsala to study economics; died of the plague while on the Danish expedition to Egypt and Arabia (1761–1763); his manuscripts were published by Niebuhr, the sole survivor of the expedition; the insects from the expedition are in the Zoologisk Museum at the University of Copenhagen. References. , P); : 28–29, P); : 35–36, P);

Forster, Johann Reinhold (Tczew, Poland: 1729 – 9 December 1798: Halle an der Saale, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany). German (Prussian-born) naturalist and traveler; minister in a parish in Prussia for 12 years; moved to Saint Petersburg and travelled over Russia with his son Georg collecting natural history objects; moved to London and became lecturer at the Dissenter’s Academy in Warrington, Lancashire; naturalist on the second voyage of James Cook with his son Georg (1772–1775); later, professor of natural history at Halle; most of his specimens are lost although some, including Coleoptera, have been discovered at the Linnaean Society in London. References. , P); ; : 155–159, P); : 35–37, P)

Foudras, Antoine Casimir Marguerite Eugène (Lyon, Rhône, France: 19 November 1783 – 13 April 1859: Lyon, France). French lawyer in Lyon and naturalist; his collection was bequeathed to the Lycée Ampère in Lyon and later transferred to the Museum in Lyon. Reference. , P)

Fourcroy, Antoine[-]François de (Paris, France: 13 June 1755 – 16 December 1809: Paris, France). French chemist, physician, naturalist and counselor of state; professor of chemistry at the Ecole polytechnique and the Jardin du Roi (which became the Jardin des Plantes and later the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle) in Paris; supporter of the French revolution; director-general of public education in 1801; commander of the Legion of Honour. References. Palisot de Beauvois (1810); : 426–427); , P); : 227–228); : 1524–1525)

Fournel, Dominique Henri Louis (Génicourt, Meuse, France: 23 March 1813 – 25 August 1846: Metz, Moselle, France). French naturalist; professor of natural history at the Collège Royal in Metz. References. ; Tribout de Morembert (1979)

Fowler, William Weekes (Tavistock, Devon, United Kingdom: 10 January 1849 – 3 June 1923: Earley, Berkshire, United Kingdom). British clergyman and entomologist interested mainly in Coleoptera; headmaster of Lincoln Grammar School (1880–1900); rector of Rotherfield Peppard, near Henley, Oxfordshire (1901–1904); vicar of St. Peters, Earley; his collection is at the Nottingham Natural History Museum. Reference.

Francillon, John30 (1743/44 – 23 June 1816). British jeweller in London and collector of natural history objects; acted as John Abbot [1751–ca 1840] agent, distributing his specimens and paintings to naturalists in England and Europe; his collections of insects were sold at auction in May and July 1817 (Bristish insects) and June 1818 (exotic insects). References. ;

Fricken, Heinrich Wilhelm Maria von (Ahaus, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany: 27 November 1833 – 29 December 1890: Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany). German educator; professor of natural history at the Städtische Gymnasium Laurentianum in Arnsberg, Germany. Reference. : 67)

Fritzen, Rudolf

Frivaldszky, Janos [Ján, johann, joanne] (Rajec near Trenčín, Slovakia: 17 June 1822 – 29 March 1895: Budapest, Hungary). Hungarian entomologist particularly interested in cave dwelling arthropods, and later ornithologist; graduated in engineering but choose to become zoologist; curator at the Hungarian Natural History Museum in Budapest (1852–1895); his collection is at that museum. References. , P); , P);

Fröhlich, Carl August Anton Tobias (Aschaffenburg, Bavaria, Germany: 31 July 1850 – 28 October 1928: Aschaffenburg, Germany). German practicing physician in Aschaffenburg. Reference. : 246)

Froriep, Ludwig Friedrich von (Erfurt, Thuringia, Germany: 15 June 1779 – 28 July 1847: Weimar, Thuringia, Germany). German obstetrician, surgeon and entrepreneur; professor of obstetrics in Halle; professor of anatomy and surgery at the University of Tübingen; later, moved to Weimar and took over the Landes-Industrie-Comptoir owned by his father-in-law. References. ; ; , P)

Fuessly [Füssli, Füssly, Fuesslin], Johann [Hans] Kaspar [Caspar] (Zürich, Switzerland: 9 March 1743 – 4 May 1786: Winterthur, Switzerland). Swiss entomologist, artist and publisher in Zürich. References. : 458); : 280, P)

Fuss, Karl [Carl] Adolf (Sibiu, Romania: 29 October 1817 – 1 July 1874: Neudorf, Romania). Transylvanian pastor, educator and entomologist in Sibiu; his Coleoptera collection is at the Hungarian Natural History Museum in Budapest. References. : 390); ; ; , P)

Gahan, Charles Joseph (Roscrea, Ireland: 20 January 1862 – 21 January 1939: Aylsham, Norfolk, United Kingdom). British entomologist; worked at the British Museum (Natural History) from 1886 to 1926 first as an assistant in the Department of Zoology and later as curator in the Department of Entomology; did not seem to have a personal collection but the types of the species he described are at the Natural History Museum in London. Reference. , P)

Galdo López de Neira, Manuel María José de (Madrid, Spain: 16 January 1825 – 19 July 1895: Madrid, Spain). Spanish politician and professor of natural history in Madrid. References. : 368–374, P); , P); , P)

Galeazzi, Giacomo (? – 1869)

Ganglbauer, Ludwig (Vienna, Austria: 1 October 1856 – 5 June 1912: Rekawinkel near Vienna, Austria). Austrian naturalist; worked at the Wiener Hofmuseum (which became later the Naturhistorisches Museum) and graduated to become director of the zoology department; the specimens he collected and his types are at the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna. References. , P; 1913b, P); ; : 68–69, P); : 96–99, P)

Gaubil, Jean. French officer in the 17th Light Infantry and coleopterist; Knight of the Legion of Honour; collected extensively in Algeria and Alsace. Reference. : 39)

Gebauer, Christian August (Knobelsdorf [currently in Waldheim], Saxony, Germany: 28 August 1792 – 15 November 1852: Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany). German poet and naturalist; professor of philosophy at the University of Bonn (1818–1823); afterwards, lived in Mannheim, thence Stuttgart, Karlsruhe and finally Tübingen; often wrote under the pseudonym of Heinrich Rebau. References. : 225–226);

Gebler, Friedrich [Fedor] August von (Zeulenroda, Thuringia, Germany: 15 December 1782 – 21 March 1850: Barnaul, Siberia, Russia). German physician and naturalist; medical inspector of the Altai mining district; his collection was acquired by Georges Mniszech and subsequently by René Oberthür [q.v.]. Reference.

Géhin, Joseph Jean Baptiste (Remiremont, Vosges, France: 1 September 1816 – 2 December 1889: Remiremont, France). French pharmacist in Metz (Moselle) and amateur entomologist with a particular interest in the family Carabidae; his collection of Carabus and nearby groups was sold just before his death to René Oberthür [q.v.] and is now at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. : 182); : 39); ; : 176)

Gemminger, Max (Munich, Bavaria, Germany: 22 January 1820 – 18 April 1887: Munich, Germany). German coleopterist; curator at the Zoological Museum [currently the Zoologische Staatssammlung München] in Munich (1849–1887); his collection is at the same museum. References. ; : 62, P)

Gené, Carlo Giuseppe (Turbigo, Lombardy, Italy: 9 December 1800 – 13 July 1847: Turin, Piedmont, Italy). Italian naturalist; assistant lecturer in natural history at the University of Pavia; later, professor of zoology and director of the zoological museum at the University of Turin; made four collecting trips to Sardinia between 1833 and 1838; his insect collection went to the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milan via Carlo Agostino Bassi while his Sardinian Coleoptera are at the zoological museum of the University in Turin. References. ; ; ; : 39–56)

Geoffroy, Étienne Louis (Paris, France: 2 October 1725 – 12 April 1810: Chartreuse near Soissons, Aisne, France). French physician in Paris, chemist and entomologist; retired in Chartreuse where he became mayor of the village; his collection is at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. : 182); ; : 54–55, P); : 177)

Georgi, Johann Gottlieb (Wachholzhagen near Treptow [currently Trzebiatów], Poland: 31 December 1729 – 8 November 1802: Saint Petersburg, Russia). German chemist, naturalist and geographer; moved to Saint Petersburg in 1769 and took part in the expeditions of Johann Peter Falck (1770) and of Peter Simon Pallas (1772) through Siberia; later, professor of chemistry in Saint Petersburg. References. : 10–12);

Gerbi, Ranieri (Chiesina Uzzanese near Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy: 16 July 1763 – 20 December 1839: Pisa, Tuscany, Italy). Italian scientist; professor of mathematics and physics at the University of Pisa. References. ; ; : 235–236); : 133–134)

Germar, Ernst Friedrich (Glauchau, Saxony, Germany: 3 November 1786 – 8 July 1853: Halle an der Saale, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany). German mineralogist and enPageBreaktomologist (mainly Coleoptera and Hemiptera); professor of mineralogy, geography and paleontology at the University of Halle for about forty years and director of the mineralogy museum of the university; founded the journal Magazin der Entomologie; his collection was dispersed but most of his beetle specimens are at the Zoologisches Museum, Martin-Luther-Universität, in Halle (Curculionidae), the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin and the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut in Müncheberg. References. ; ); : 184–185); : 281–282); : 1611–1612)

Gerstaecker, Carl Eduard Adolph (Berlin, Germany: 30 August 1828 – 20 June 1895: Greifswald, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Germany). German professor and entomologist; curator at the entomological department of the Museum für Naturkunde (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität) and professor of zoology at the University in Berlin; later, professor of zoology at the University of Greifswald; parts of his collection are at the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität in Greifswald and the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin. References. : lxxi–lxxii); : 322–323);

Geyer, Karl [Carl] (Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany: 4 March 1802 – 1 June 1889: Augsburg, Germany). German artist (illustrater and engraver) and entomologist; assistant to lepidopterist Jacob Hübner; published posthumously supplements to some of Hübner’s works. Reference.

Giebel, Christoph Gottfried Andreas (Quedlinburg, Saxony, Germany: 13 September 1820 – 14 November 1881: Halle an der Saale, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany). German naturalist and paleontologist; professor of zoology and director of the museum at the University of Halle; part of his collection is in that museum. References. , P); ; : 115–116, P)

Gillmeister, C.J.F. (Ludwigslust, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Germany: 1810 – December 1846). German veterinarian; his ptiliid collection is at the Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg. Reference. : 157–158)

Giorna, Giuseppe (? – 1799). Italian naturalist and politician; joined the “Legione Lombarda” of the Cisalpine Republic, a sister republic of France in northern Italy from 1797–1802. Reference. : cxxxv)

Girard, Maurice Jean Auguste (Givet, Ardennes, France: 13 September 1822 – 8 September 1886: Lion-sur-Mer, Calvados, France). French educator and entomologist; professor of physics, chemistry and natural history in Dijon and Paris. References. ;

Girod-Chantrans [Girod de Chantrans], Justin (Besançon, Doubs, France: 26 September 1750 – 1 April 1841: Besançon, France). French serviceman, politician and naturalist, best known for his work on algae. References. : 130);

Gistel [Gistl], Johannes von Nepomuk Franz Xavier (Munich, Bavaria, Germany: 11 August 1809 – 1873: Munich, Germany). German naturalist; professor of natural history and geography; librarian secretary and curator at the Museum of Natural History in Regensburg; well known for the countless emendations and new replacement names he proposed; wrote some of his papers under the name “G. Tilesius;” his collection was acquired by the Zoologische Staatssammlung München in 1877 but most of his specimens were lost through neglect or mislaid for lack of labelling and fire during WWII. References. : 65–66); : 145); : 92–93, P)

Glaser, Ludwig (Grünberg, Hesse, Germany: 9 February 1818 – 20 January 1898: Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany). German educator and naturalist; taught at secondary schools in Biedenkopf, Friedberg, Worms and Bingen until he retired in 1879. Reference.

Gleditsch, Johann Gottlieb (Leipzig, Saxony, Germany: 5 February 1714 – 5 October 1786: Berlin, Germany). German botanist; professor of botany and silviculture at the Collegium Medico-Chirurgicum in Berlin and director of the local botanical garden. References. ; : 187–190); : 106–108)

Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany: 8 August 1748 – 1 November 1804: Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany). German chemist, naturalist and physician; made a three-year journey through Holland, England and Austria; professor of medicine at the University of Tübingen; later, professor of chemistry and medical sciences at the University of Göttingen (1773–1804). References. ; : 190–191); : 65); : 32–33, P)

Göbel, Ferdinand (Großenehrich, Thuringia, Germany: 8 April 1805 – 21 January 1876: Arnstadt, Thuringia, Germany). German high school teacher in Sondershausen; later, director of a secondary school in Arnstadt. References. : 557);

Goeze, Johann August Ephraim (Aschersleben, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany: 28 May 1731 – 27 June 1793: Quedlinburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany). German zoologist, priest and deacon of Quedlinburg; studied theology at the University of Halle; worked mainly on aquatic invertebrates, particularly insects and worms. References. : 182–226); ; ; : 99–100)

Goldfuss, Georg August (Thurnau, Bavaria, Germany: 18 April 1782 – 2 October 1848: Bonn, North Rine-Westphalia, Germany). German zoologist and paleontologist; professor of zoology and mineralogy at the University of Bonn. References. ; ; : 200–201); : 69–70, P)

Gorham, Henry Stephen (Cookham, Berkshire, United Kingdom: 1839 – 22 March 1920: Great Malvern, Hereford and Worcester, United Kingdom). British clergyman and coleopterist; curate in several places in England; later, vicar of Shipley (West Sussex); his collection was dispersed but the Endomychidae and the types of Erotylidae and Languriidae are at the Natural History Museum in London while specimens of several other families ended up at the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris via Maurice Pic [q.v.], Ernest Olivier and others. References. ; : 88); : 179)

Górriz y Muñoz, Ricardo José (Cariñena, Aragon, Spain: 1850 – 1916: Saragossa, Aragon, Spain). Spanish pharmacist and naturalist; practiced in Paniza, Cariñena and Milagro, places where he collected plants and insects. References. Dusmet y Alonso (1919: 162); : 38–39)

Gory, Hippolyte Louis (Paris, France: 27/28 September 1800 – 26 April 1852: Paris, France). French captain of cavalry and coleopterist; founding member of the Société Entomologique de France; his collection was scattered after his death. Reference. : 179)

Gozis, Maurice Gilbert Perrot des (Montluçon, Allier, France: 12 November 1851 – 11 April 1909: Montluçon, France). French lawyer at Montluçon interested in entomology (Coleoptera and Orthoptera), history, genealogy and music; his collection was sold at auction. References. ; : 156–157)

Graells y de la Agüera, Mariano de la Paz (Tricio, La Rioja, Spain: 24 January 1809 – 14 February 1898: Madrid, Spain). Spanish naturalist; professor of zoology and comparative anatomy in Madrid; part of his collections were destroyed and the remaining is at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales in Madrid. References. Dusmet y Alonso (1919: 83–84); , P); ; , P);

Gräfe, Heinrich Gotthilf Adam (Buttstädt, Thuringia, Germany: 3 March 1802 – 21 July 1868: Bremen, Bremen, Germany). German educator; rector of public schools in Jena and later in Cassel where he became a member of the school commission and the Kurhessian parliament; jailed in 1852 for his implication in the previous year riots and in the movement against the unpopular minister Hassenpglug who had dissolved the school commission; after his release moved to Geneva and eventually to Bremen where he was appointed director of the Realschule in der Altstadt. References. ; : 349–350)

Gravenhorst, Johann Ludwig Christian (Brunswick, Lower Saxony, Germany: 14 November 1777 – 17 January 1857: Breslau [currently Wróclaw], Poland). German zoologist; professor at the University of Göttingen and later at the University of Breslau; director of the Breslau Zoologisches Museum; worked primarily on Ichneumonidae and Staphylinidae; his Coleoptera collection is at the Museum of Natural History, University of Wróclaw (formerly PageBreakBreslau Zoologisches Museum). References. ; : 28, P); : 70–71, P); : 1716);

Gredler, Vincenz Maria (Telfs, Tirol, Austria: 30 September 1823 – 4 May 1912: Bolzano, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy). Italian (Austrian-born) Franciscan, entomologist and malacologist; worked primarily on the entomological fauna of Tirol; professor and director of the Franciscan Gymnasium in Bolzano; his collection of Coleoptera is located in that institution; the journal Gredleriana, published by the Museo di Scienze Naturali dell’Alto Adige, honors his memory. References. ; ; : 325, P); , P)

Grenier, Auguste Jean François (Les Andelys, Eure, France: 22 September 1814 – 13 July 1890: Bagnères, France). French physician and entomologist (1857–1869) mainly interested in Coleoptera of France; his collection, which included that of Charles Nicholas Aubé [q.v.] and in part that of Jules Linder, was bequeathed to Albert Léveillé and subsequently scattered. References. , P); : 73); : 45–46); : 182)

Griffini, Achille (Milan, Lombardy, Italy: 10 August 1870 – 24 June 1932: Brescia, Lombardy, Italy). Italian zoologist; assistant at the Museo di Zoologia of the University of Turin; later, professor in high school in several Italian cities; his collection was sold by lots. Reference. : 929–930)

Griffith, Edward (Stanwell, Surrey, United Kingdom: December 1790 – 8 January 1858: London, United Kingdom). British naturalist by avocation and a solicitor and functionary of the court of common pleas by profession; interested in the history of PageBreakLondon’s parliamentary divisions; initiated an updated translation of the four-volume first edition of Cuvier’s classic work; corresponding member of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences. References. ;

Grill, Claes Erik (Sala, Västmanland, Sweden: 18 February 1851 – 5 March 1919: Stockholm, Sweden). Swedish army colonel and entomologist, particularly interested in beetles; his collection was donated in 1918 to the College of Forestry in Stockholm. Reference. , P)

Grimmer, Karl Heinrich Benjamin. Coat of arms archivist in Graz (Austria) and coleopterist; his collection is at the Universalmuseum Joanneum (formely Landesmuseum Joanneum) in Graz. References. : 190); : 60)

Gronov [Gronovius], Lorenz [Laurens, Laurentius] Theodor [Theodorus] (Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands: 1 June 1730 – 8 August 1777: Leiden, Netherlands). Dutch naturalist and municipal officer in Leiden; son of the botanist Jan Frederik Gronovius [1686–1762]. References. : 1088); , P)

Guérin-Méneville [Guérin]35, Felix Édouard (Toulon, Var, France: 12 October 1799 – 26 January 1874: Paris, France). French entomologist interested first in systematics and later in economic entomology, particularly sericulture; founding member of the Société Entomologique de France; founded the journal Magasin de Zoologie which became later the Revue et Magasin de Zoologie; lecturer for some times at the Collège de France in Paris; his collection was scattered. References. ; : 558); : 72–73, P); : 183–185); : 86–87, P)

Gundlach, Johannes [Juan] Christopher [Cristóbal] (Marburg, Hesse, Germany: 17 July 1810 – 17 March 1896: Havanna, Cuba). Cuban (German-born) zoologist; moved to Cuba in 1839 where he spent almost all his time collecting; established in 1846 a museum for his collections at a farm called “El Refugio”; made three visits to Puerto Rico between 1873 and 1881; sold his collections in 1892 to the Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza de la Habana and was allowed a small salary as curator; never married and lived frugally. References. ; ; , P); : 181–183); : 53, P); : 1754–1755)

Gutfleisch, Valentin (Fürth, Hesse, Germany: 27 February 1809 – 24 December 1855: Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany). German forester

Gyllenhal, Leonhard (Algustorp, Westgothland, Sweden: 3 December 1752 – 13 May 1840: Hoberg, Jämtland, Sweden). Swedish military officer and entomologist; retired from military service in 1799 after 27 years with the rank of major; built a private entomological museum in Hoberg which he called the “Fly house;” at the time of his death, had a collection of 400 boxes of prepared and identified insects, which he left to the Royal Swedish Society of Sciences in Uppsala (later deposited at the Uppsala UniPageBreakversity Zoological Museum); his main publication, Insecta Suecica, was awarded the gold medal of the Academy of Sciences. References. ; : 216–217); : 642–643, P); : 73–74, P)

Hagenbach, Johann Jacob (Basel, Switzerland: 1801 – 1 September 1825: Basel, Switzerland). Swiss entomologist; curator at the Rijksmuseum in Leiden; died two days after his return to Basel from an expedition to Java. Reference. : 1511)

Hahn, Carl Wilhelm (Weingartsgreuth, Bavaria, Germany: 16 December 1786 – 7 October 1835: Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany). German illustrator and zoologist known mostly for his work on spiders and Heteroptera; served in the army as quarter master (1813–1816). Reference. : 146)

Halbherr, Bernardino (Rovereto, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy: 21 July 1844 – 31 March 1934: Rovereto, Italy). Italian entomologist; conservator at the Museo Civico di Rovereto; left his collection to the museum. References. , P);

Haldeman, Samuel Steman (Locust Grove, Pennsylvania, USA: 12 August 1812 – 20 November 1880: near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA). American scientist, naturalist, teacher, and linguist; professor of zoology at Franklin Institute in Philadelphia (1842–1843), of natural history at the University of Pennsylvania (1851–1855), of chemistry and geology at the University of Delaware (1855–1869), and of philology at the University of Pennsylvania (1869–1880); founding member of the Entomological Society of Pennsylvania; his types of Coleoptera were given to John L. LeConte and are now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology mixed with LeConte own specimens PageBreakwhile his general collection was bought by Simon Snyder Rathvon and is now at the Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. References. ; ; : 33–36, P);

Hamann, Otto (Leipzig, Saxony, Germany: 28 November 1857 – 3 May 1925: Berlin, Germany). German zoologist; professor of zoology and comparative anatomy in Göttingen; later, librarian in Berlin. References. : 72);

Hampe, Clemens (Luschwitz, Czech Republic: 1802 – 20 July 1884: Vienna, Austria). Austrian orthodox physician in Vienna and entomologist; practiced homeopathy; personal physician to the Prince of Liechtenstein; his collection of Coleoptera is at the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna. References. , P); : 51)

Harrer, Georg Albrecht (Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany: 12 February 1753 – 4 November 1822: Regensburg, Germany). Alderman in Regensburg. References. : 51); : 53)

Harris, Thaddeus William (Dorchester, Massachusetts, USA: 12 November 1795 – 16 January 1856: Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA). American physician, librarian, botanist and entomologist, mostly known for his work on economic entomology; graduated from Harvard University with a medical degree at the age of 25 but his physician practice lasted for only about a decade; accepted the position of librarian at Harvard University where he also taught natural science courses; his collection was bought by friends and presented to the Boston Society of Natural History in 1858 and was subsequently transferred to the Museum of Comparative Zoology in 1941. References. ; : 25–33, P); ; , P)

Hart, Henry Chichester (Clontarf, Ireland: 29 July 1847 – 7 August 1908: Portsalon, Ireland). Irish explorer, ornithologist, botanist, etymologist, and Shakespearean scholar; naturalist to the HMS Discovery on the Polar Expedition under the command of Sir George Strong Nares (1875–1876); naturalist on the scientific expedition to Arabia and western Palestine sponsored by the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund (1883–1884). References. ;

Hartig, Georg Ludwig (Gladenbach, Hesse, Germany: 2 September 1764 – 2 February 1837: Berlin, Germany). German forester; manager of forests at Hungen and afterwards at Dillenburg; chief inspector of forests in Stuttgart and later in Berlin; founded a school of forestry. References. : 761–762); , P)

Hasselquist, Frederik (Tornevalla, Östergötland, Sweden: 14 January 1722 – 9 February 1752: Smyrna, Turkey). Swedish naturalist; pupil of Linnaeus; explored Egypt, Arabia and Palestine; his valuable journal, observations, and descriptions were published by Linnaeus. References. ; ; : 211–213); : 31–33)

Hausmann, Johann Friedrich Ludwig (Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany: 22 February 1782 – 26 December 1859: Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany). German mineralogist; professor of technology, mineralogy and geology at the University of Göttingen; secretary of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Göttingen for many years. References. : 363–370); : 463–464); ; : 102–103)

Heer, Oswald (Niederuzwil, Switzerland: 31 August 1809 – 27 September 1883: Lausanne, Switzerland). Swiss theologian, paleontologist and entomologist; private docent of botany and entomology and later professor of botany at the University of Zürich; founded the Botanical Garden in Zürich; his collection is at the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule-Zentrum in Zürich. References. ; ; ; ; , P); : 76–77, P)

Hellwig, Johann Christian Ludwig (Garz on the island of Rügen, Germany: 8 November 1743 – 10 September 1831: Brunswick, Lower Saxony, Germany). German mathPageBreakematician and entomologist; professor of philosophy at the University of Helmstadt; professor of mathematics and natural history at the Collegium Carolinum in Brunswick; his collection is at the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin. References. : 1058); ; ; : 75–78, P)

Henschel, Gustav (Zellhof, Upper Austria, Austria: 25 July 1835 – 17 March 1895: Gußwerk, Styria, Austria). Austrian forester; professor at the College of Agricultural Sciences in Vienna. References. , P); , P);

Henshaw, Samuel (Boston, Massachusetts, USA: 29 January 1852 – 5 February 1941: Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA). American entomologist; technician (1876–1891) and then secretary and librarian (1892–1901) at Lowell Technological Institute; assistant to Hermann August Hagen at the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and eventually director of the Museum (1911); editor of the journal Psyche for many years. References. ;

Hentsch, Gustav Friedrich (? – 13 October 1813: Grimma, Saxony, Germany). German professor at the agricultural school in Meissen, Saxony. Reference. : 124)

Herbst, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm (Minden, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany: 1 November 1743 – 5 November 1807: Berlin, Germany). German clergyman and naturalist; teacher in Berlin, then chaplain for the Prussian army, church preacher and finally member of the archdiocese in Berlin; his collection is at the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin. References. ; : 291); : 357, P); : 90–91)

Herrich-Schäffer [Schaeffer], Gottlieb August Wilhelm (Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany: 17 December 1799 – 14 April 1874: Regensburg, Germany). Bavarian physician, botanist and entomologist; practiced medicine in Regensburg from 1824 to 1856; chairman of the Regensburg Botanical Society (1861–1871); most of his original collection went to Otto Staudinger in Blasewitz and was scattered later. References. ; ; : 683–684); : 1793–1794)

Heyden, Lucas Friedrich Julius Dominicus von (Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany: 22 May 1838 – 13 September 1915: Frankfurt am Main, Germany). German military officer, entomologist, with a specialty on Coleoptera, and paleontologist; his collection of Palaearctic Coleoptera is at the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut in Müncheberg. References. , P); , P); , P);

Heyne, Alexander (Leipzig, Saxony, Germany: 1 July 1869 – 23 December 1927: Berlin, Germany). German bookseller, natural history dealer and entomologist; had no personal collections. Reference.

Hill, John (Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom: 1714 – 21 November 1775: London, United Kingdom). British naturalist, physician and apothecary. References. Rose (1848: 321–322); , P)

Hoeven, Jan van der (Rotterdam, South Holland, Netherlands: 9 February 1801 – 10 March 1868: Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands). Dutch zoologist; professor of zoology and mineralogy at the University of Leiden (1826–1860). References. ; ;

Hoffmann, Johann Jacob Julius (Meissenheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany: 27 December 1767 – 12 February 1814: Meissenheim, Germany). German physician in Meissenheim

Hoffmeister, Philipp (Eiterhagen, Hesse, Germany: 17 April 1804 – 5 March 1874: Marburg, Hessen, Germany). German preacher, artist and naturalist. References. : 51–65); , P)

Hofmann, Craft Ernst. In an undated announcement of books47 this author is described as a practical entomologist who has travelled for 25 years, with short breaks, to almost all countries of Europe

Hofmann, Ernst (Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany: 5 May 1837 – 29 January 1892: Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany). German zoologist; curator at the state museum of natural history in Stuttgart. References. ;

Hope, Frederic William (London, United Kingdom: 3 January 1797 – 15 April 1862: London, United Kingdom). British naturalist; travelled in France, Germany, Netherlands and Switzerland in the 1830s; later, professor of zoology at Oxford; founding member of the Entomological Society of London in 1833; his collections and library were donated to Oxford University with the stipulation that a curator was appointed and so the position of Hope Professor of zoology was created. References. ; : 157–162); : 574–576, P); ; : 1846–1847)

Hoppe, David Heinrich (Bruchhausen-Vilsen, Lower Saxony, Germany: 15 December 1760 – 1 August 1846: Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany). German apothecary, physician, botanist and entomologist; professor of natural history at the Lyceum in Regensburg; founded in 1790 the Regensburgische Botanische Gesellschaft, the first botanical organization in Bavaria, and presently the world’s oldest existing botanical society. References. : 120–121); , P); , P); : 208)

Horn, George Henry (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: 7 April 1840 – 24 November 1897: Beesley’s Point, New Jersey, USA). American physician by vocation and coleopterist by devotion, longtime close friend of John Lawrence LeConte [q.v.]; served as surgeon in the infantry with the California Volunteers (1862–1866) which allowed him to collect over a large part of California as well as in Arizona and Nevada; visited Europe in 1874, 1882, and 1888; never married; his collection was bequeathed to the American Entomological Society and placed at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia before being transferred to the Museum of Comparative Zoology in 1974. References. ; : 654–658, P); : 248–252, P); : 578–580, P); : 80–81, P)

Horn, Hermann Wilhelm Walther (Berlin, Germany: 19 October 1871 – 10 July 1939: Berlin, Germany). German physician, bibliographer and coleopterist, specialist of tiger beetles (Cicindelinae); travelled to several countries in southern Europe and northern Africa in 1896, to Ceylan and India in 1899 and to the Western Hemisphere in 1902; appointed in 1904 director of Kraatz’s entomological museum which became later the Deutsche Entomologische Institut; his cicindelid collection is at that museum in Müncheberg. References. ; ; : 1855–1856)

Host, Nicolaus Thomas (Fiume [currently Rijeka], Croatia: 6 December 1761 – 13 January 1834: Schönbrunn [now part of Vienna], Austria). Austrian physician, botanist and entomologist; personal physician of the Austrian Emperor Francis I; director of the botanical garden at the Belvedere palaces in Vienna. References. : 35–36); ; : 461–491, P)

Hotz [Hotze], Johannes (Richterswil, Switzerland: 27 June 1734 – 4 July 1801: Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany). Swiss physician; studied in Leipzig and Tübingen; practiced in his native town; moved to Frankfurt a.M. in 1796; personal friend to PageBreakJohann Kaspar Lavater, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. References. ;

Houlbert, Constant Vincent (Voutré, Mayenne, France: 18 July 1857 – 22 December 1947: Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine, France). French naturalist; professor at the School of Medicine and Pharmacy in Rennes; later, conservator at the Museum of Natural History in Rennes. References. ; , P)

Houttuyn, Martin [Maarten, Martinus] (Hoorn, North Holland, Netherlands: 26 March 1720 – 27 April 1798: Amsterdam, Netherlands). Dutch physician and naturalist; practiced first in Hoorn and from 1753 in Amsterdam; his collection of zoological specimens was sold at auction in 1787. References. : 372); : 60–61); ; : 30–31)

Hummel, Arvid-David (Gothenburg, Göteborg and Bohus, Sweden: 30 April 1778 – 20 October 1836: Ekenäs, Uusimaa, Finland). Russian (Swedish-born) government official for the censorship in Saint Petersburg and entomologist; started his career as notary in Gothenburg (1796–1801); moved to Stockholm and in 1807 to Saint Petersburg; spent his last years in Tammisaari (= Ekenäs), Finland. References. : 501–503); , P)

Illiger, Johann Carl Wilhelm (Brunswick, Lower Saxony, Germany: 19 November 1775 – 10 May 1813: Berlin, Germany). German naturalist; professor of zoology and director of the Zoological Museum in Berlin; founded the journal Magazin für Insektenkunde which was published from 1802 to 1807. References. ; ; : 88)

Imhoff, Ludwig (Basel, Switzerland: 22 October 1801 – 13 September 1868: Basel, Switzerland). Swiss physician and zoologist; his first (and most complete) collection, including types, was bought by Louis Agassiz for the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Massachusett, while two subsequent collections including among others exotic beetles and the majority of the Curculionidae described by him went to the Naturhistorisches Museum in Basel. References. ; ;

Jablonsky [Jablonski], Carl [Karl] Gustav (1756 – 25 May 1787: Berlin, Germany). German naturalist and illustrator; private secretary to the Queen of Prussia. References. : 508);

Jacoby, Martin (Altona [currently part of Hamburg], Hamburg, Germany: 12 April 1842 – 24 December 1907: London, United Kingdom). German musician who played PageBreakin the orchestra of the Royal Italian Opera in London and later became a violin tutor; his interests turned to entomology and he developed a particular interest in Coleoptera and especially phytophagous beetles; his first chrysomelid collection is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Massachusetts, while his second is at the Natural History Museum in London (first selection) and at the Museum of Comparative Zoology. References. , P); : xcvii–xcviii)

Jacquelin du Val [Jacquelin-Duval], Pierre Nicolas Camille (Prades, Pyrénées-Orientales, France: 28 July 1828 – 5 July 1862: Paris, France). French coleopterist; went to Paris in 1849 to study medicine but soon turned to entomology; his collection was given to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. ; : 46); : 193–195, P); : 2049)

Janson, Edward Wesley (London, United Kingdom: 12 March 1822 – 14 September 1891: London, United Kingdom). British natural history agent, publisher, bookseller and entomologist (particularly interested in Elateridae) in London; curator of the collections of the Entomological Society of London (1850–1863) and then librarian until 1874; founded two journals, Journal of Entomology (1862–1866) and Cistula Entomologica (1869–1885); his collection was sold by his firm and the Elateridae, which contained the collections of several authors including Candèze, were acquired by F.D. Godman who presented them to the British Museum (Natural History) in 1903. References. : 270); ; : 43, P); : 196)

Janson, Oliver Erichson (London, United Kingdom: 1850 – 25 November 1926: Highgate, Middlesex, United Kingdom). British natural history dealer, publisher, and entomologist who specialized in Coleoptera (particularly Cetoniinae); collected in Iceland in 1906 and in Ireland during World War I; son of Edward Wesley Janson [q.v.]; his cetoniid collection of the world was acquired by Frans Titus Valck Lucassen and is now at the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum in Leiden; his collection of British beetles was acquired by the Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge. References. , P); : 196)

Jekel, Henri (Paris, France: 21 September 1816 – 4 August 1891: Paris, France). French natural history dealer and coleopterist (mainly interested in Scarabaeidae and Curculionidae); sold the remaining of his holdings to Achille Deyrolle [q.v.] and Henri Donckier de Donceel in 1879 who scattered them. References. : 46); : 203)

Joly, Nicolas (Toul, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France: 11 July 1812 – 17 October 1885: Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, France). French naturalist and anthropologist; professor of zoology, anatomy and comparative physiology at the Faculty of Sciences and the Medical School in Toulouse. References. ;

Jordan, Heinrich-Ernst Karl (Almstedt, Lower Saxony, Germany: 7 December 1861 – 12 January 1959: Tring, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom). British (German-born) entomologist who wrote mainly on beetles, Lepidoptera, and fleas; curator and later director of the Walter Rothschild’s private museum in Tring; president of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for 19 years; editor of the journal Novitates Zoologicae from 1894 to 1939; the Karl Jordan medal is awarded by the Lepidopterist Society at irregular intervals since 1973. References. ; : 589, P); : 197–199, P);

Jordana y Morera, Ramón (Cervera, Catalonia, Spain: 18 February 1839 – 1900: Madrid, Spain). Spanish forest engineer and naturalist; worked in the Philippines from 1873 to 1885. References. : 382); : 429)

Judeich, Johann Friedrich (Dresden, Saxony, Germany: 27 January 1828 – 28 March 1894: Tharandt, Saxony, Germany). German forester; director of the Academy of Forestry in Tharandt (1866–1894). References. , P);

Jung, Hugo Moritz Christian (Arnstadt, Thuringia, Germany: 29 January 1844 – 3 February 1919: Arnstadt, Germany). German businessman, educator and coleopterist; professor at the Fürstlichen Realschule of Arnstadt; his collections of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera are at the Arnstädter Schlossmuseum in Arnstadt. Reference.

Jurine, Louis (Geneva, Switzerland: 6 February 1751 – 17 September 1819: Geneva, Switzerland). Swiss physician and naturalist; practiced medicine in Geneva and taught courses in anatomy and surgery at the Académie Nationale de Médecine; his collections are at the Natural History Museum of Geneva. References. ; ; ; , P); : 175–186)

Kaeseberg, Karl. Professor at Wuppertal in Germany

Karsch, Anton (Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany: 19 June 1822 – 15 March 1892: Münster, Germany). German physician and naturalist; practicing physician in Münster; professor of natural history at the Royal Academy in Münster. References. ; , P);

Karsch [Karsch-Haack], Ferdinand Anton Franz (Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany: 2 September 1853 – 20 December 1936: Berlin, Germany). German entomologist and anthropologist; curator at the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin (1878–1921) and lecturer in agricultural entomology at the Landwirtschaftlichen Hochschulke in Berlin; openly gay, he published numerous works on sexuality and particularly homosexuality. References. ;

Katter, Friedrich Carl Albert (Gross-Bünzow, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Germany: 11 December 1842 – 22 April 1913: Lugano, Switzerland). German educator and entomologist; high school teacher at the Pädagogium in Putbus, on the island of Rügen, Germany (1873–1907); his collection was scattered. Reference.

Kaup, Johann Jakob (Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany: 20 April 1803 – 4 July 1873: Darmstadt, Germany). German zoologist and paleontologist; assistant and later director of the natural history museum located in the palace of Grand Duke Ludewig I in Darmstadt. References. ; ; : 54, P)

Kelch, Johann August (Dąbie, Poland: 16 March 1797 – 26 August 1859: Racibórz, Poland). Prussian educator and naturalist; high school teacher in Racibórz for 40 years; part of his Coleoptera collection is at the Gymnasium in Racibórz while another part went to the Deutches Entomologisches Institut in Müncheberg via Karl Letzner. References. ; : 571)

Kerremans, Charles (Brussels, Belgium: 18 December 1847 – 10 October 1915: Brussels, Belgium). Belgian military officer and coleopterist interested in the family Buprestidae; captain of infantry; assigned to the Belgian military department of cartography; his first collection of Buprestidae was purchased by the British Museum (Natural History), London, in 1903 while his second collection (including Madagascar but excluding the remaining African material) went to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, in 1923; the African material is at the Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale in Tervuren, Belgium. Reference.

Kiesenwetter, Ernst August Hellmuth von (Dresden, Saxony, Germany: 5 November 1820 – 18 March 1880: Dresden, Germany). German lawyer and entomologist; private councilor to the King of Saxony; his collection of Coleoptera was bought by Clément Müller of Dresden and is now at the Zoologische Staatssammlung des Bayerischen Staates in Munich. References. ; , P); : 85–86, P); : 104, P)

Kirby, William (Witnesham, Suffolk, United Kingdom: 19 September 1759 – 4 July 1850: Barham near Ipswich, Suffolk, United Kingdom). British clergyman and naturalist; rector of Barham for 68 years; founding member of the Entomological Society of London; his collection was given to the Entomological Society of London in 1835 and subsequently transferred to the Natural History Museum. References. , P); : 599, P); : 86, P);

Kirby, William Forsell (Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom: 14 January 1844 – 20 November 1912: London, United Kingdom). British entomologist, mostly interested in Lepidoptera; assistant naturalist at the Museum of the Royal Dublin Society (1867–1879); curator at the British Museum (Natural History) in London (1879–1909). References. , P); : clxvi–clxviii); : 120–121); , P)

Kliemstein, Josef (Linz, Upper Austria, Austria: 1791 – 1861: Attersee, Upper Austria, Austria). Austrian physician in Gmunden. Reference. : 21)

Klika, Josef (Nesvačily [currently part of Rožmitál pod Třemšínem], Czech RepubPageBreaklic: 23 December 1833 – 9 October 1873: Kutná Hora, Czech Republic). Bohemian educator and naturalist; taught in the cities of Loket (1856–1857), Pardubice (1858–1872) and Kutná Hora (1872–1873), all currently in Czech Republic. Reference.

Kliment, Josef (Chlumec nad Cidlinou, Czech Republic: 6 April 1859 – 11 March 1927: Nĕmecký Brod [currently Havlíčkův Brod], Czech Republic). Bohemian school teacher and coleopterist in Havlíčkův Brod. References. : 179–180);

Klug, Johann Christoph Friedrich (Berlin, Germany: 5 May 1775 – 3 February 1856: Berlin, Germany). German physician and entomologist; professor of medicine and entomology at the University in Berlin and curator of the insect collections at the Zoological Museum of the University; his collection is at the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin. References. ; : liv); ; : 419, P)

Kneifl [Kneifel], Reginald (Nieder-Lindewiese [currently Lipová-lázně], Czech Republic: 11 January 1761 – 7 December 1826: Vienna, Austria). Austrian naturalist; professor of zoology and mineralogy and librarian at the private boarding school Theresianum in Vienna (1805–1824). Reference. : 143)

Knoch, August Wilhelm (Brunswick, Lower Saxony, Germany: 8 June 1742 – 2 June 1818: Brunswick, Germany). German naturalist; professor of physics and mineralogy PageBreakat the Collegium Carolinum in Brunswick; his Coleoptera collection is at the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin. References. ; : 1281);

Kolbe, Hermann Julius (Halle, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany: 2 June 1855 – 26 November 1939: Berlin, Germany). German entomologist; curator at the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin (1890–1921); his personal collection was scattered but his Coleoptera types are in the Zoologisches Museum in Berlin. Reference.

Kolenati, Friedrich Anton (Prague, Czech Republic: 12 April 1812 – 17 July 1864: Ovčárna pod Pradědem, Czech Republic). Bohemian naturalist; assistant professor of botany at the University of Prague; assistant in zoology at the Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg (1842–1846); professor of zoology, botany, mineralogy, and paleontology at the Polytechnic Institute in Brno; the bulk of his collection is at the Polytechnic Institute in Brno but some of his Coleoptera (including types) are at the Natural PageBreakHistory Museum in Prague. References. : 1301–1302); : 316–319); ; : 89–90, P)

Kollar, Vincenz (Krzanowice, Poland: 15 January 1797 – 30 May 1860: Vienna, Austria). Austrian entomologist; curator at the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna. References. ; : 290–291); ; : 424, P)

Kotschy, Karl Georg Theodor (Ustroń, Poland: 15 April 1813 – 11 June 1866: Vienna, Austria). Austrian explorer and botanist; collected extensively in the Middle East and northern Africa; director of the Imperial Cabinet of Curiosities in Vienna (now the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien). References. ; ; ;

Kraatz, Gustav (Berlin, Germany: 13 March 1831 – 2 November 1911: Berlin, Germany). German entomologist interested mainly in Coleoptera; professor at the University of Berlin; founding member of the Berliner Entomologische Gesellschaft; long-time editor of the Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift; his collection is at the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut in Müncheberg. References. ; ; : 90–92, P); , P)

Krackowizer [Krakowizer], Josef Christian Serafin (Spital am Pyhrn, Upper Austria, Austria: 14 December 1814 – 23 February 1900: Steyr, Upper Austria, Austria). Austrian physician and botanist; practiced first in Stierning, later in Steyr. References. ; , P)

Krassow, Carl Reinhold Adolf von (Stralsund, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Germany: 15 April 1812 – 13 February 1892: Pansevitz on the island Rügen, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Germany). Prussian civil servant and politician. Reference.

Kriechbaumer, Josef [Joseph] (Tegermsee, Bavaria, Germany: 21 March 1819 – 2 May 1902: Munich, Bavaria, Germany). German entomologist specialist of Hymenoptera and particularly Ichneumonidae; cantonal school teacher at Chur, Switzerland, for nine years; later, curator at the Zoological State Museum in Munich. References. ; ;

Kuhn, Kaspar [Caspar] (Rohrbach, Bavaria, Germany: 8 November 1819 – 10 February 1906: Ottobeuren, Bavaria, Germany). German theologian; joined the Benedictine Monastery St. Stephan in Augsburg in 1848 and after ordination in 1853 taught at a Latin school; moved to Ottobeuren in 1873 where he founded a theater club and in 1880 a museum of antiquities and natural history where he remained curator until his death. Reference. : 814)

Künckel d’Herculais, Jules Philippe Alexandre (Paris, France: 10 February 1843 – 19 December 1918: Conflans-sur-l’Oise, Yvelines, France). French entomologist; assistant in entomology at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris for nearly half a century; professor at the Institut national d’Agronomie in Paris; sent to Algeria and Argentina to study grasshopper invasions. References. ; : 312–313); : 205)

Küster, Heinrich Carl (Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany: 14 February 1807 – 17 April 1876: Bamberg, Bavaria, Germany). German entomologist and malacologist; professor of natural history and technology at the gymnasium in Erlangen; later, administrator of the telegraph station in Bamberg; his collections, which were in poor condition, were scattered. References. ;

Kuthy, Dezsö [Desiderius] (Szarvas, Békés, Hungary: 7 June 1844 – 10 September 1917: Budapest, Hungary). Hungarian entomologist; educated as a lawyer but because PageBreakof serious lung problem turn to natural science; curator of the Coleoptera and later Orthoptera collections at the Hungarian Natural History Museum (1895–1914). Reference. , P)

Kuwert, August Ferdinand (Nida, Lithuania: 15 October 1828 – 14 August 1894: Wernsdorf near Königsberg [currently Kaliningrad], Russia). German entomologist of independent means; his main collection of Coleoptera was acquired by René Oberthür [q.v.] and is now at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. , P); : 108–109)

Labram, Jonas David (Basel, Switzerland: 3 February 1785 – 3 April 1852: Basel, Switzerland). Swiss naturalist illustrator in Basel. Reference.

Lacordaire, Jean Théodore (Recey-sur-Ource, Côte-d’Or, France: 1 February 1801 – 18 July 1870: Liège, Belgium). Belgian (French-born) entomologist; made four collecting expeditions to South America (1824–1832); professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at the University of Liège (1835–1870); his collection was sold successively by families as soon as they were treated in his Genera des Coléoptères. References. , P); , P); : 615–617, P); : 93, P); : 210–211, P)

LaFerté-Sénectère, François [Faustin] Thibault de la Carte (Marquis de) (Paris, France: 18 June 1807 – 18 April 1886: Tours, Indre-et-Loire, France). French coleopterist; built one of the largest private beetle collection of his time which was put on sale in 1859. Reference. : 211–212)

Laicharting [Laicharding], Johann Nepomuk von (Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria: 4 February 1754 – 7 May 1797: Innsbruck, Austria). Austrian botanist and entomologist; professor of natural history at the University of Innsbruck; his collection is at the Tiroler Landesmuseum, also known as the Ferdinandeum, in Innsbruck. References. ; : 1–5);

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de (Bazantin-le-Petit, Somme, France: 1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829: Paris, France). French naturalist; soldier (1761–1768); botanist to the King, in charge of the herbarium at the Jardin du roi; later, took the chair of insects, worms and microscopic animals at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. ; , P); ; : 323–326)

Lameere, Auguste Alfred Lucien (Ixelles, Belgium: 12 June 1864 – 6 May 1942: Brussels, Belgium). Belgian naturalist mainly interested in Coleoptera and particularly the Cerambycidae; professor at the Université libre de Bruxelles; his collection of cerambycides, which included almost all the types of the species he had described then, was given in 1901 to the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique in Brussels. References. , P); : 53–54, P)

Laporte, François Louis Nompar de Caumont (Comte de Castelnau) (London, United Kingdom: 24 December 1802 – 4 February 1880: Melbourne, Australia). French naturalist; led scientific expeditions to North America (1837–1841) and South America (1843–1847); served as French consul in several cities in the world including Bahia, Cape Town, and Melbourne (1863–1877); his first collection was given to the National Institution of the Promotion of Science in Washington DC (precursor to the Smithsonian) in 1842 but was probably destroyed by fire in January 1865, while part of his later collection was left to the Melbourne Museum in Australia. References. , P); : 149–159); : 34); : 140); , P)

Latreille, Pierre André (Brives-la-Gaillarde, Corrèze, France: 29 November 1762 – 6 February 1833: Paris, France). French naturalist; illegitimate son of general Jean Baptiste Joseph Sahuguet d’Amarzit, baron of Espagnac; moved to Paris at the age of 16 to pursue his studies and eventually obtained his master from the University of Paris; turned to priesthood and was ordained in 1786; jailed in 1793 first at Brives and later at Bordeaux as a non-juror priest and sentenced to be deported to Guyana but released at the last minute when the prisoners boarded the ship; later, professor at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris; his first collection was sold to Pierre François Marie Dejean [q.v.] in 1826 while his second collection was acquired by Thomas Norris of Manchester and sold at auction in London in 1873. References. : 6–7, 66–68); ; : 19, P); : 94–96, P); : 333–334); : 213–215);

Leach, William Elford (Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom: 2 February 1791 – 25 August 1836: Palazzo San Sebastiano near Tortona, Piedmont, Italy). British physician and naturalist; assistant librarian and later curator at the British Museum (Natural History) from 1813 to 1822; afterwards moved with his elder sister to the continent where they stayed at various villas in southern France and northern Italy; his collection was acquired in 1826 by the British Museum (Natural History). References. : 824–825); : 223–226); : 147–155);

LeConte, John Eatton (near Shrewsbury, New Jersey, USA: 22 February 1784 – 21 November 1860: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA). American naturalist and army officer; served in the United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers (1818–1831), first as captain and later as major; father of John Lawrence LeConte [q.v.]; his Coleoptera collection was likely given to his son. References. ; ; : 52, P)

LeConte, John Lawrence (New York, New York, USA: 13 May 1825 – 15 November 1883: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA). American entomologist of independent means who became the most outstanding North American coleopterist of the 19th Century; received a medical degree in 1846 but never owned a private practice; visited the south shore of Lake Superior in 1844 with his cousin Joseph LeConte; travelled to the Rocky Mountains the next year; explored the north shore of Lake Superior in 1848 in company of several scientists including Louis Agassiz; went to California via Panama in 1849; volunteered as a surgeon to the Army Medical Corps during the Civil War and soon raised to the rank of lieutenant colonel; served as geologist on a railroad survey through Kansas and New Mexico during the summer of 1867; PageBreakappointed assistant director of the US Mint in Philadelphia in 1878, a position held until his death; his collection was deposited at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. References. ; ; ; : 242–248); : 642–643, P); ; : 97–98, P)

Leder, Hans (Javornik, Czech Republic: 4 February 1843 – 19 May 1921: Katharein near Opava, Czech Republic). Austrian (Silesian-born) explorer, naturalist and ethnologist; explored Algeria (1867–1872), Caucasus several times (1875–1877, 1882–1888) and Mongolia (1891); his Coleoptera collection was scattered. References. ;

Lefèvre, Édouard (Chartres, Eure-et-Loir, France: 1839 – 17 June 1894: Paris, France). French civil servant and entomologist who specialized in Coleoptera; worked at the minister of civil engineering. References. , P); : 78–79); : 49)

Lehmann, Johann Christian (Schöningen, Lower Saxony, Germany: 3 January 1768 – ?). German apothecary; owned a pharmacy in Bad Lauterberg im Harz. References. : 108); : 381–382)

Leimbach, Anton Ludwig Gotthelf (Treysa [currently part of Schwalmstadt], Hesse, Germany: 4 January 1848 – 11 June 1902: Arnstadt, Thuringia, Germany). German educator and botanist; professor at secondary schools in Elberfeld, Krefeld, Wattenscheid, Sondershausen and Arnstadt; his insect collection is at the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut in Müncheberg. References. ;

Lentz, Friedrich Leonhard (Königsberg [currently Kaliningrad], Russia]: 23 January 1813 – 10 September 1887: Königsberg, Russia). Prussian naturalist, classical scholar and high school teacher in Königsberg; his collection of Prussian Coleoptera is at the Zoologisches Museum in Königsberg. References. : 56);

Lenz, Harald Othmar (Schnepfenthal near Waltershausen, Thuringia, Germany: 27 February 1799 – 13 January 1870: Schnepfenthal, Germany). German naturalist and PageBreakclassical philologist; from 1824, professor at a reformatory in Schnepfenthal. References. : 305–307);

Lenz, Johann Georg (Schleusingen, Thuringia, Germany: 2 April 1748 – 28 February 1832: Jena, Thuringia, Germany). German mineralogist; professor of mineralogy at the University of Jena. References. ; : 217–218);

Lepekhin [Lepechin, Lepyokhin, Lepjochin], Ivan [Johann] Ivanovich (Saint Petersburg, Russia: 21 September 1740 – 18 April 1802: Saint Petersburg, Russia). Russian naturalist and explorer; led an expedition organized by the Academy of Saint Petersburg to investigate the Volga region, the Urals and northern European Russia (1768–1772); in 1773 led an nine-month expedition to Byelorussia; director of the botanical garden in Saint Petersburg (1773–1802); permanent secretary of the Russian Academy (1783–1802). References. : 8–10); ; , P)

Leske, Nathanael Gotfried (Bad Muskau, Saxony, Germany: 22 October 1757 – 25 November 1786: Marburg, Hesse, Germany). German naturalist and geologist; professor of natural history at the University of Leipzig; later, professor of natural history at the University of Marburg; his collection is at the Natural History Museum in Dublin. References. ; ; : 249); ;

Lesson, René Primevère (Rochefort, Charente-Maritime, France: 20 March 1794 – 28 April 1849: Rochefort, France). French surgeon and naturalist; served in the French Navy during the Napoleonic wars; pharmacist and botanist on Duperrey’s round-the-word voyage on La Coquille (1826–1829); chief pharmacist of the Navy at Rochefort. References. : 53–66); ; : 199–207); : 57, P)

Leunis, Johannes (Mahlerten, Lower Saxony, Germany: 2 June 1802 – 30 April 1873: Hildesheim, Lower Saxony, Germany). German clergyman and naturalist; professor of PageBreaknatural history at the Collegium Josephinum in Hildesheim (1824–1873) and from 1844 also vicar of the city. References. ; ;

Levrat, Jean Nicolas Berthélemy Gustave (Lyon, Rhône, France: 16 January 1823 – 28 August 1859: Lyon, France). French businessman (velvet factory) and amateur coleopterist; the whereabouts of his collection are unknown except for the cerambycids which went to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris via Maurice Pic. References. , P); : 76–77)

Lewis, George (London, United Kingdom: 5 August 1839 – 5 September 1926: Folkestone, Kent, United Kingdom). British entomologist; worked for a firm engaged in the tea trade; made prolonged stays in China and Japan; his collection is at the Natural History Museum in London. Reference.

Lichtenstein, Anton August Heinrich (Helmstedt, Lower Saxony, Germany: 25 August 1753 – 17 February 1816: Helmstedt, Germany). German clergyman and naturalist; assistant director and later director of the Academic school of the Johanneum in Hamburg (1777–1799); general superintendent and professor of theology at the University of Helmstedt (1799–1810). References. : 471–476); : 668);

Linck, Johann Wilhelm (Leipzig, Saxony, Germany: 25 December 1760 – 25 December 1805: Leipzig, Germany). German practicing physician in Leipzig. References. : 1848); : 1464)

Linell, Martin Larsson (Grönby, Kristianstad, Sweden: 24 June 1849 – 3 May 1897: Washington DC, USA). American (Swedish-born) entomologist; moved to America in 1879 and first found work in a chemical laboratory in Brooklyn, New York; later, curator in entomology at the U.S. National Museum (1888–1897). References. ;

Linnaeus, Carl [Carl von Linné]72 (Raashult, Smaaland, Sweden: 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778: Hammarby near Uppsala, Sweden). Swedish physician and naturalist; professor of medicine and botany at the University of Uppsala; established the binomial system of nomenclature. References. , P); ; : 1–33, P); : 49–64, P); : 310–319); : 11–12, P)

Łomnicki, Aloys [Alojzy] Maryan [Marjan, Maryjan] (Baworowie near Ternopil, Ukraine: 1 September 1845 – 25 September 1915: Lviv, Ukraine). Galician naturalist, paleontologist and geologist; professor at gymnasiums in Lviv and Ternopil (1869–1904); curator at the Dzieduszycki Museum in Lviv (1905–1915). References. : 73–79, P); : 62)

López Seoane, Víctor (El Ferrol, Galicia, Spain: 28 September 1832 – 11 June 1900: La Coruña, Galicia, Spain). Spanish physician, lawyer and naturalist; following his marriage in 1870 became manager of the numerous lands in Galicia owned by his wife. Reference. : 35–48, P)

Løvendal, Emil Adolf (Randers, Århus, Denmark: 14 July 1839 – 6 July 1901: CoPageBreakpenhagen, Denmark). Danish engraver and coleopterist; curator of the Westermann’s collection at the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen. References. , P); : 20–21, P)

Lucas, Pierre Hippolyte (Paris, France: 18 January 1814 – 5 July 1899: Chêne-Bougeries, Swizerland). French invertebrate zoologist; entered the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris at the age of 13 as preparator and retired from the Muséum in 1892 as assistant naturalist; took part to a scientific mission in Algeria (1839–1842) and visited the country again in 1850 and 1872. References. , P); : 63–64, P); : 360–362); : 222–223)

Ludwig, Christian Friedrich (Leipzig, Saxony, Germany: 19 May 1757 – 8 July 1823: Leipzig, Germany). German physician and naturalist; professor at the University of Leipzig (1782–1823). References. ;

Macleay, William Sharp (London, United Kingdom: 21 July 1792 – 26 January 1865: Sydney, Australia). British civil servant and zoologist; attaché to the British embassy in Paris for about ten years; appointed British commissioner of arbitration in Havana, Cuba in 1825 where he eventually became commissary judge and judge; retired in 1836 at the age of 44, he moved to Australia three years later; his collection of insects was bequeathed to his cousin William John Macleay who transferred it to the Macleay Museum, University of Sydney. References. : xliii–xlvi); ; ; : 663, P);

Maehler, Franz Joseph. Physician in Heidelberg, Germany

Maillard, J. French abbot, canon and director of the seminary in Séez

Mäklin, Friedrich [Fredrik] Wilhelm (Joutseno parish, southeastern Finland: 26 May 1821 – 8 January 1883: Helsinki, Finland). Finnish naturalist; professor of zoology at the University of Helsinki; his collection is at the Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki. References. ; ; : 105–106, P)

Malinowsky, von. Army Captain and Major de Place in Magdeburg where he died; his collection of insects was purchased by the University of Berlin, currently the Humboldt University

Mannerheim, Carl Gustav von (near Lemo, Turku ja Pori, Finland: 10 August 1797 – 9 October 1854: Stockholm, Sweden). Swedish (Finnish-born) public servant and entomologist; governor of Viipuri province and chief judge of the Court of Appeals in Viborg [currently Vyborg in Russia] (1839–1854); received the Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stanislaus and became a Knight of the Order of Saint Vladimir; his collection is at the Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki. References. : 698–700, P); , P); : 107–108, P)

Marschall, August Friedrich (Count) (Vienna, Austria: 10 December 1804 – 11 PageBreakOctober 1887: Obermeidling [now part of Vienna], Austria). Austrian geologist and zoologist; court chamberlain and archivist of the Geological Survey of Austria in Vienna. References. ; , P)

Marseul, Sylvain Augustin de (Fougerolles-du-Plessis, Mayenne, France: 21 January 1812 – 16 April 1890: Paris, France). French priest and coleopterist; after teaching in Paris and Mans, founded an institution of secondary education in Laval (Mayenne) in 1842 where he remained director until 1848; about a year later, became study director at the Institution Sainte-Marie in Paris for three years; in 1854, made an eight-month stay in North America during which he met John L. LeConte in Philadelphia; upon his return to Paris, devoted all his time to the study of Coleoptera and particularly the family Histeridae; founded in 1864 the journal L’Abeille, devoted principally to the study of European beetles; his collection and library was bequeathed to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris and his journal L’Abeille to the Société Entomologique de France which maintained its publication after Marseul’s death. References. ; : 45, P); : 230–232, P)

Marsham, Thomas (London, United Kingdom: ca 1748 – 26 November 1819: London, United Kingdom). British entomologist, with a particular interest in Coleoptera; employed in the Exchequer Loan Office and later as secretary to the West India Dock Company; co-founded the Linnean Society of London for which he was secretary and treasurer for many years; his collection was sold at auction in September 1819 and a first selection was acquired by James Francis Stephens and is now at the Natural History Museum in London. References. ; : 108, P);

Martin, Matthew (County of Somerset, United Kingdom: 1748 – 20 November 1838: London, United Kingdom). British merchant, naturalist and philanthropist; tradesman in Exeter; investigated and wrote report on London mendicity. References. ; : 222–223, P)

Martorell y Peña, Manuel (1828 – 23 March 1890: Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain). Spanish naturalist, nephew of Miguel Cuní y Martorell [q.v.]; first director of the Museum Martorell (currently Museu de Ciències Naturals) in Barcelona (1880–1890). Reference. : 12)

Martyn, Thomas (Coventry, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: 1760 – 1816). British naturalist illustrator, entomologist, conchologist and pamphleteer; founded the Academy for Illustrating and Painting Natural History; the splendor of his plates for his Universal Conchologist (1784–1787) brought him rewards in the form of gold medals from Pope Pius VI, the German Emperor Ferdinand, and the king of Naples; not to be confused with the botanist Thomas Martyn [1735–1825]. References. ; ;

Masters, George (Maidstone, Kent, United Kingdom: July 1837 – 23 June 1912: Sydney, Australia). Australian (British-born) gardener, entomologist and energetic collector of natural history specimens; emigrated from England to Australia in 1856; assistant curator at the Australian Museum in Sydney (1864–1874); curator of the Macleay Museum (1874–1912), a position he held after the Museum was moved to the University of Sydney; his private collection of Coleoptera is at the Macleay Museum in Sydney. References. , P); , P); : 684, P)

Matthews, Andrew (London, United Kingdom: 18 June 1815 – 14 September 1897: Gumley, Leicestershire, United Kingdom). British clergyman and naturalist with special interest in ornithology and Coleoptera; rector of Gumley for 44 years; his trichopterygids, amphizoids, scaphidiids, silphids and corylophids of the world are at the Natural History Museum in London. Reference.

Megerle von Mühlfeld, Johann Karl [Carl] (Vienna, Austria: 1765 – 12 September 1842: Vienna, Austria). Austrian naturalist particularly interested in conchology and entomology; first custodian of the natural history and mineral collections at the Imperial Court Museum of Natural History in Vienna; established an auction hall in the Civic Hospital in Vienna; his first collection, donated in 1808 to the Imperial Court Museum, was destroyed by fire in 1848; a second collection ended up at the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna after his death. References. : 58–59); ; : 525–526)

Melliss, John Charles (Saint Helena: 23 January 1835 – 23 August 1910: London, United Kingdom). British engineer and naturalist; served as an officer in the Royal Engineers of the British Army; appointed government surveyor in St. Helena (1860–1871); afterwards returned to London and eventually formed the engineering firm J.C. PageBreakMelliss and Co. Reference.

Melsheimer, Frederick Ernst (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA: 28 April 1784 – 10 March 1873: Davidsburg, York County, Pennsylvania, USA). American country physician in Davidsburg, Pennsylvania, interested in astronomy and Coleoptera; son of Frederick Valentine Melsheimer [q.v.]; first and only president of the first entomological society in America, the Entomological Society of Pennsylvania, formed in 1842; his collection was sold to Louis Agassiz in 1864 and his now at the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where it has been incorporated into the general collection; however, the type specimens of Coleoptera were transferred by J.L. LeConte [q.v.] into his collection. References. ; : 13–24); : 9–13)

Melsheimer, Frederick Valentine (Negenborn, Lower Saxony, Germany: 25 September 1749 – 30 June 1814: Hanover, Pennsylvania, USA). German clergyman and naturalist; at the age of 26 appointed chaplain to the Brunswick Dragoons, an auxiliary regiment, and sailed to Quebec; taken prisoner at the battle of Bennington by the American troops in August 1777; paroled after an imprisonment of 14 months in Massachusetts and sent to New York and later to Pennsylvania where he soon resigned as chaplain and became a pastor of Lutheran churches; married with 11 children of which two, Frederick Ernst [q.v.] and Johann Friedrich, became interested in entomology; his collection was given to his son, Frederick Ernst and eventually purchased by Harvard University. References. ; : 13–24); : 9–13, P); : 145–147)

Ménétriés, Édouard (Paris, France: 2 October 1802 – 10 April 1861: Saint Petersburg, Russia). French naturalist; worked at the Jardins des Plantes under Cuvier and Latreille; made an expedition to Brazil (1821–1825); moved to Saint Petersburg in 1826; visited Caucasus (1829–1830) and continued to the Caspian coast up to the Persian boundary; curator of the entomological collections of the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences (1832–1861); to meet ends, taught at a college of girls; most specimens from his collections are in the Zoological Institute in Saint Petersburg and the Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, but some types may have ended up in other collections mainly because Motschulsky used the collections as his own, taking a lot of material to his home, retained the most interesting specimens, used duplicates for exchange, and returned to the museum only the remaining. References. , P); : 255–259, P); : 60–61, P)

Meuschen, Friedrich Christian (Hanau, Hesse, Germany: 15 September 1719 – 20 February 1811: Berlin, Germany). German diplomat, naturalist interested mainly in conchology, and natural history dealer; secretary to the German legation in Copenhagen; later, liaison secretary in The Hague. References. : 540–541);

Meyer, Ernst Julius Jacob (13 March 1810 – ?). Practicing physician in Berlin and later in Dresden, Germany

Meyer, Friedrich Albrecht Anton (Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany: 29 June 1768 – 29 November 1795: Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany). German physician and naturalist; lecturer and curator of the museum at the University of Göttingen. References. a); : 223); : 49)

Meyer, Paul (Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany: 15 May 1876 – 5 April 1951: Vienna, Austria). German businessman and coleopterist; worked in several cities in southern Europe before settling in Vienna. Reference.

Michow, Heinrich Paul Gotthilf (Stargard [currently Stargard Szczeciński], Poland: 8 December 1839 – 30 May 1916: Hamburg, Germany). German professor and school director in Hamburg; later, assistant at the Institute of Geography at the University of Hamburg. Reference. , P)

Millet de la Turtaudière, Pierre-Aimé (Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France: 30 April 1783 – 18 June 1873: Angers, France). French naturalist of independent means. References. ;

Milne-Edwards, Henri (Bruges, Belgium: 23 October 1800 – 29 July 1885: Paris, France). French zoologist; professor of hygiene and natural history at École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures near Paris; later, held the chair of entomology and eventually the chair of zoology at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris; also professor of zoology, anatomy and physiology at the Université de Paris; founding member of the Société Entomologique de France. References. ; ; ; ; ; : 382–384)

Mingazzini, Pio (Rome, Italy: 4 May 1864 – 25 May 1905: Florence, Tuscany, Italy). Italian zoologist; professor of zoology at the University of Catania (1897–1901) and after at the University of Messina; accepted in 1903 the chair of invertebrate zoology at the University of Florence. References. ; : 290)

Molina, Juan Ignazio (near Villa Alegre, Maule, Chile: 24 June 1740 – 12 September 1829: Imola, Bologna, Italia). Chilean Jesuit, historian and naturalist; moved to Italy in 1768 when the Jesuits were expelled from Chile; professor of natural history at the University of Bologna. References. , P); , P); , P)

Morley, Claude (Blackheath [currently in Greater London], United Kingdom: 22 June 1874 – 13 November 1951: Woodbridge, Suffolk, United Kingdom). British antiquary and entomologist who specialised in Hymenoptera and Diptera; his collection of beetles was presented to the Bury St. Edmunds Museum about 1905. Reference.

Morris, Francis Orpen (Cove near Cork, Ireland: 25 March 1810 – 10 February 1893: Newburnholme, East Yorkshire, United Kingdom). Irish clergyman, ornithologist and entomologist; served as curate at various parishes in England; later, rector at Newburnholme. References. ; , P);

Motschulsky, Victor de (Saint Petersburg, Russia: 11 April 1810 – 5 June 1871: Simferopol, Crimea). Russian military officer and entomologist; made several collecting trips in Europe and Asia as well as a 10-month trip to the United States and Panama in 1853–1854; his collection was bequeathed to the Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou where it was stored in poor condition before being acquired in 1911 by the Zoological Museum, Moscow State University. References. ; ); : 712–715, P); : 698, P); : 110–112, P)

Müller, Otto Friedrich [Frederik] (Copenhagen, Denmark: 2 March 1730 – 26 December 1784: Copenhagen, Denmark). Danish naturalist; tutor of a young son of a noble family (1753–1771) with whom he travelled through Germany, Switzerland, Italy, France, and Holland between 1765 and 1767; married a wealthy Norwegian widow in 1773 which enable him to devote himself to science; his insect collection was destroyed in 1801 when the English bombarded Copenhagen. References. ; : 135–149, P); ; : 8–14, P); : 113, P); : 73–87)

Müller, Philipp Ludwig Statius (Esens, Lower Saxony, Germany: 25 April 1725 – 5 January 1776: Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany). German pastor and zoologist; Lutheran clergyman at Amersfoort and Leeuwarden (Netherlands); later, professor of philosophy and librarian at the University of Erlangen. References. ; ; b); : 39–40)

Mulsant, Martial Étienne (Mornand near Villefranche, Rhône, France: 2 March 1797 – 4 November 1880: Lyon, Rhône, France). French ornithologist and entomologist (Coleoptera and Hemiptera); professor of natural history at the Lyceum and librarian in Lyon; chevalier of the Legion of Honour; his impressive Histoire naturelle des coléoptères de France brought him to became a corresponding member of the Académie des Sciences; Mulsant was probably more popular in Germany, where he was known as PageBreakPater entomologicus, than in France; his collection passed on to his son, abbot Victor Mulsant, who left it in his monastery of Saint-Chamond where it was neglected before being eventually transferred to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. ; ; : 114, P); : 38–39); : 238–239)

Munck af Rosenschöld, Eberhard (Lund, Sweden: 11 July 1811 – 1869: Paraguay). Swedish physician and naturalist; participated to the expedition of Göran Adolph Oxehufvud to South America in 1840; later, settled in Paraguay where he practiced medicine and studied natural history; executed in 1869 on order of president Francisco Solano López. References. : 34); ;

Murray, Andrew Dickson (Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom: 19 February 1812 – 10 January 1878: London, United Kingdom). British judicial officer and naturalist; writer to the signet in Edinburgh; later, assistant secretary to the Royal Horticultural Society in London; travelled to Utah and California in 1873; the whereabouts of his collection are unknown. References. ;

Nicolai, Ernst August (Arnstadt, Thuringia, Germany: 2 December 1800 – 2 October 1874: Arnstadt, Germany). German physician and naturalist in Arnstadt; his collection of insects is lost. Reference. : 72)

Nodier, Charles (Besançon, Doubs, France: 29 April 1780 – 29 January 1844: Paris, France). French bibliophile, bibliographer, librarian, well-known storyteller and entomologist up to his 40s; member of the Académie Française; honorary member of the Société Entomologique de France; his beetle collection was dispersed. References. ; ; , P); : 243)

Nördlinger, Hermann von (Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany: 13 August 1818 – 19 January 1897: Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany). German forester, botanist and entomologist; professor at the Grand-Jouan agricultural school at Nozay (France); later, professor of silviculture in Hohenheim and Tübingen (Germany). References. : 379–380); ;

Nordmann, Alexander von (Ruotensalmi [currently Kotka], Kymi, Finland: 24 May 1803 – 25 June 1866: Helsinki, Finland). Finnish naturalist and artist; professor of zoology and botany at the Richelieu Lyceum in Odessa; later, professor of natural history at the University of Helsinki. References. ; : 284–287, P); : 253–271, P); : 109–110, P)

Nowicki, Maksymilian Siła (Jablunkov, Czech Republic: 9 October 1826 – 30 October 1890: Kraków, Poland). Polish zoologist and pioneer conservationist; professor of zoology at the University of Kraków (1863–1890); his collection of Polish insects is at the Museum Dzieduszycki in Lviv, Ukraine. References. : 191–195); , P); , P)

Oberthür, René (Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine, France: 14 April 1852 – 27 April 1944: Rennes, France). French coleopterist of independent means; involved in the very sucPageBreakcessful printing business founded by his father; built one of the largest privately owned collection of beetles ever assembled which was sold to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in 1952 for the sum of 32 million francs. References. : P); : 244–250)

Oechsner, Georg (Ibind, Bavaria, Germany: 15 October 1797 – 29 March 1863: Aschaffenburg, Bavaria, Germany). German educator and naturalist; professor of natural history in Aschaffenburg. References. ; : 74–75)

Oken, Lorenz (Bohlsbach near Offenburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany: 1 August 1779 – 11 August 1851: Zürich, Switzerland). German naturalist and philosopher; professor of medicine at the University of Jena (1807–1819); professor at the University of Munich (1827–1832); appointed professor of natural history at the University of Zürich in 1833; established the journal Isis which lasted for 30 years (1817–1847); the whereabouts of his collection of beetles are unknown. References. ; , P); ; ; : 159–163, P); : 40–41, P)

Oliveira, Manoel [Manuel] Paulino d’ [de] (14 November 1837 – 25 August 1899). Portuguese naturalist; professor of zoology and director of the zoological museum at the University of Coimbra; his collection was acquired by the University of Coimbra. References. : 283);

Olivier, Guillaume-Antoine (Arcs near Toulon, Var, France: 19 January 1756 – 1 October 1814: Lyon, Rhône, France). French physician and naturalist; practiced medicine in Montpellier until 1792; participated in a scientific and diplomatic mission to the Ottoman Empire (1793–1798) in company of Jean Guillaume Bruguière; later, professor of zoology at the veterinary school of Alfort, near Paris; his collection was sold a few years after his death but a substantial part was subsequently acquired by his grand-son Ernest Olivier; ultimately the collection was deposited in 1995 at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. ; : 389–390); : 187–188); : 118–119, P); : 104–109, P); : 250–251); : 55–56, P)

Olliff, Arthur Sidney (Millbrook, Hampshire, United Kingdom: 21 October 1865 – 29 December 1895: Sidney, Australia). Australian (British-born) entomologist; curator and private secretary to Lord Walsingham (1883–1885); moved to Australia and became assistant entomologist at the Australian Museum in Sydney (1885–1890); later, appointed government entomologist at the Agricultural Department of New South Wales (1890–1895); part of his collection is at the Australian Museum in Sydney and at the British Museum (private collection of non-Australian Coleoptera) in London. References. ; : 713); : 119–120, P);

Ormay, Sándor (Dolný Kubin, Slovakia: 2 April 1855 – 27 March 1938: Budapest, Hungary). Hungarian educator and coleopterist; professor at a gymnasium in Sibiu, currently in Romania. Reference.

Ormerod, Eleanor Anne (Sedbury Park, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom: 11 May 1828 – 19 July 1901: St. Albans, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom). British economic entomologist of independent means. References. , P); ; , P)

Osculati, Gaetano (San Giorgio al Lambro near Biassono, Lombardy, Italy: 25 October 1808 – 14 March 1894: Milan, Lombardy, Italy). Italian naturalist and explorer of independent means; travelled to Middle East (1830–31, 1841–42) and to America (1834–36, 1846–48). References. , P); : 343–347); : 298, P)

Oudemans, Johannes Theodorus (Amsterdam, Netherlands: 22 November 1862 – 20 February 1934: Amsterdam, Netherlands). Dutch entomologist and dendrologist; lecturer in zoology at the University of Amsterdam; later, estate manager. References. , P); , P)

Paget, Charles John (Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, United Kingdom: 24 January 1811 – 12 April 1844: Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom). British naturalist; brother of Sir James Paget [1814–1899], surgeon and pathologist, best known for his studies of the progressive bone disorder known as Paget’s Disease. Reference. : 74–76)

Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise-Marie-François-Joseph (Arras, Pas-de-Calais, France: 27 July 1752 – 21 January 1820: Paris, France). French naturalist and traveler; studied law and worked as lawyer at the parliament in Paris for some times; explored the kingdoms of Oware and Benin in western Africa, Haiti and United States of America (1786–1798); Knight of the Legion of Honour; a large part of his collections were lost but some specimens were bought by Pierre August Dejean [q.v.]. References. ; , P); ; , P); : 37, P)

Pallas, Peter Simon (Berlin, Germany: 22 September 1741 – 8 September 1811: Berlin, Germany). German naturalist and explorer; after studying medicine, settled in The Hague; joined the Academy of sciences in Saint Petersburg in 1767; made a six-year expedition across Russia to beyond Lake Baikal (1768–1774) and an expedition to the Crimea (1793–1794); later, moved to Crimea (1795–1810) and finally back to Berlin (1810–1811); part of his Coleoptera collection is at the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin. References. : 197–156); : 17–76, P); : 288–297, P); ; : 26–28, P); , P)

Palliardi, Anton Alois (Prague, Czech Republic: 19 November 1799 – 23 November 1873: Františkovy Lázně, Czech Republic). Bohemian physician and naturalist in Františkovy Lázně. Reference.

Panzer, Georg Wolfgang Franz (Etzelwang, Bavaria, Germany: 31 May 1755 – 28 June 1829: Hersbruck, Bavaria, Germany). German physician, botanist, and entomologist; practiced medicine at Hersbruck, near Nuremberg. References. ; : 196–199); , P); : 308–309, P)

Parry, Frederick John Sidney (London, United Kingdom: 28 October 1810 – 1 February 1885: Bushey Heath, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom). British coleopterist with a special interest in Lucanidae; served in the army 1831–1835 and retired with PageBreakthe grade of Major; his collection and library were auctioned on 16 May 1885 in London but a large part is at the Natural History Museum in London. Reference.

Pascoe, Francis Polkinghorne (Penzance, Cornwall, United Kingdom: 1 September 1813 – 20 June 1893: Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom). British physician and entomologist; surgeon in the Navy, serving on the Australian, West Indian and Mediterranean stations; his collection of over 42000 specimens, including many types, was sold to the British Museum (Natural History) in 1893. References. ; : 715–718, P); ; : 48)

Paykull, Gustaf [Gustavo de] (Stockholm, Sweden: 23 July 1757 – 28 January 1826: Stockholm, Sweden). Swedish court officer, poet, ornithologist and entomologist; his collection of insects is at the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet in Stockholm. References. ; : 257, P); : 122–123, P)

Pensa, Antonio. Italian physician in Milan

Peragallo, Alexandre Barthélémy Hyppolite (Montmorillon, Vienne, France: 3 April 1822 – 30 July 1904: Plougasnou, Finistère, France). Director of indirect taxation in Nice

Percheron, Achille Rémy (Paris, France: 25 January 1797 – 3 June 1869: Paris, France). French naturalist and bibliographer, member of a wealthy Norman family; studied law but soon turned to natural history; gave his collection to the Lycée Turgot in Paris. References. : 1420); : 776)

Pérez Arcas, Laureano (Requena, Valencia, Spain: 4 July 1824 – 24 September 1894: Requena, Spain). Spanish zoologist; professor of zoology at the University of Madrid; founder of the Sociedad Española de Historia Natural; his collection is at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales in Madrid. References. Martínez y Sáez (1895, P); , P); : 52–53)

Perkins, Robert Cyril Layton (Badminton, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom: 15 November 1866 – 29 September 1955: Bovey Tracy, Devon, United Kingdom). British naturalist; selected by a joint committee of the Royal Society and the British Association for the Advancement of Science to investigate the land-fauna of the Hawaiian Islands (1892–1902); later, worked for the Division of Entomology of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association. References. , P); ; ; : 159); : 27–48, P)

Perroud, Benoît-Philibert (Lyon, Rhône, France: 12 February 1796 – 10 February 1878: Lyon, France). French solicitor in Lyon (up to his 50s) and entomologist; maintained relations with captains and clergymen, including Father Xavier Montrouzier, missionary in New Caledonia; travelled to England and Germany, with Étienne Mulsant [q.v.], and to Algeria; built a large beetle collection through purchases, gifts, and his own collecting particularly in Provence and Languedoc; his collection passed to his son who sold it to Maurice Pic [q.v.] in 1932. References. , P); : 260, P)

Perty, Joseph Anton Maximilian (Ornbau, Bavaria, Germany: 17 September 1804 PageBreak– 8 August 1884: Bern, Switzerland). German naturalist; private docent in Munich (1831–1833); professor of zoology and later dean at the University of Bern (1833–1876); the Brazilian specimens collected from the Spix and Martius expedition are in the Zoologische Staatssammlung des Bayerischen Staates in Munich. References. ; ; : 110–111);

Petagna, Vincenz (Naples, Campania, Italy: 17 January 1734 – 6 October 1810: Naples, Italy). Italian physician, botanist and entomologist; professor of botany at the University of Naples; director of the Monte Oliveto Botanical Garden in Naples; not known to have owned a personal collection of insects. References. : 43–44); ; : 267); : 529–530)

Petiver, James (Hillmorton near Rugby, Warwickshire, England: ca 1663 – April 1718: London, United Kingdom). British apothecary, collector, and promoter of natural history; his collections, books and manuscripts were purchased by Sir Hans Sloane for £4000 and subsequently passed to the British Museum (Natural History) in London. References. ; : 42–64); : 103–105);

Petri, Karl (Sibiu, Romania: 17 December 1852 – 22 November 1932: Sibiu, Romania). Romanian educator and entomologist; teacher and later director of the Bürgerschule in Sighișoara, central Romania (1877–1916); his Coleoptera collection was donated to the Natural History Museum of Sibiu in 1930. Reference.

Pfaff, Christoph Heinrich (Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany: 2 March 1773 – 23 April 1852: Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany). German physician, chemist and physicist; professor of medicine and chemistry at the University of Kiel; member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. References. ;

Philippi, Rudolph Amandus [Rodolfo Amando] (Berlin, Germany: 14 September 1808 – 23 July 1904: Santiago, Chile). German zoologist and botanist; high school teacher in Cassel, Germany (1835–1850); moved to Santiago in 1851; professor of botany and zoology at the University of Santiago and director of the Natural History Museum; his collection is at that museum. References. ; ; ; : 275–281); ; , P)

Phillips, John (Marden, Wiltshire, United Kingdom: 25 December 1800 – 24 April 1874: Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom). British geologist; professor of geology at the University of Dublin and later at the University of Oxford. References. ; ; , P)

Pic, Maurice (Marcigny near Digoin, Saône-et-Loire, France: 23 March 1866 – 29 December 1957: Les Guerreaux, Saône-et-Loire, France). Fanatic French entomologist of independent means who, in the course of his life, described more than 18,500 new species and almost 6,000 new varieties and aberrations; assembled one of the largest beetle collection of his time, mainly through purchases, which unfortunately was left in discord for some time and is now at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. , P); : 263–269, P)

Pictet [de la Rive], François Jules (Geneva, Switzerland: 27 September 1809 – 15 March 1872: Geneva, Switzerland). Swiss zoologist and palaeontologist; professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at the Academy of Geneva. References. , P); ; : 48); , P)

Piller, Mathias (Gratz, Styria, Austria: 25 April 1733 – 10 November 1788: Buda [currently part of Budapest], Hungary). Austrian Jesuit and naturalist; professor of zoology, botany and mineralogy at the University of Tyrnau (= Trnava); later, professor of natural history at the Royal University of Buda, Hungary. References. : 445); : 293);

Pini, Ermenegildo [Carlo] (Milan, Lombardy, Italy: 17 June 1739 – 3 January 1825: Milan, Italy). Italian priest; professor of mathematics and natural history at the San Alessandro College in Milan as well as curator of the natural history museum. References. ;

Pirazzoli, Odoardo (Imola, Emilia-Romagna, Italy: 6 April 1815 – 30 March 1884: Imola, Italy). Italian engineer, army officer and coleopterist; captain of the National Guard of Imola; his beetle collection is at the Museo Civico “Giuseppe Scarabelli” in Imola. Reference. : 988)

Pittier, Henri François (Bex, Switzerland: 13 August 1857 – 27 January 1950: Caracas, Venezuela). Swiss geographer, botanist and ethnologist; moved to Costa Rica in 1887 where he studied the fauna and flora of the country and founded the Physical Geographic Institute; relocated to the United States in 1901 to work at the Department of Agriculture, section botany; stayed in Venezuela in 1913 and returned for good in 1917; the Henri Pittier National Park in Venezuela is named after him. References. ;

Poda von Neuhaus, Nicolaus (Vienna, Austria: 3 October 1723 – 29 April 1798: Vienna, Austria). Austrian Jesuit and naturalist; professor of physics at the University of Graz (1758–1766); professor of mathematics and mechanics in Schemnitz [= Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia] (1766–1771); the whereabouts of his collection of insects are unknown. References. : 109–110); : 989);

Poey [Poey y Aloy], Felipe (Havana, Cuba: 26 May 1799 – 28 January 1891: Havana, Cuba). Cuban entomologist and ichthyologist; studied law in Madrid; left for Cuba in 1823; travelled to France (1825–1833); founding member of the Société Entomologique de France; director of the Museum of Natural History in Havana; professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at the University of Havana; his collection of beetles went to the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia via T.B. Wilson. References. , P); Quiroga y Rodriguez (1891, P); , P)

Poiret, Jean Louis Marie (Saint-Quentin, Aisne, France: 11 June 1755 – 7 April 1834: Paris, France). French clergyman, botanist and explorer; sent by Louis XVI to La Calle [El Kala] in Algeria in 1785–86 to study the flora; defrocked during the French Revolution and became professor of natural history in Soissons (Aisne); the electronic journal Poiretia, created in 2009 to survey, describe and map animals and plants living in North Africa, honors his memory. Reference.

Pontoppidan, Erik Ludvigsen (Aarhuus, Denmark: 24 August 1698 – 20 December 1764: Copenhagen, Denmark). Danish prelate, historian, and topologist; professor of theology at the University of Copenhagen; bishop of Bergen (1748–1764); vice chancellor at the University of Copenhagen (1755–1764); published mainly translations and material supplied by other authors. References. ; : 622, P); : 37–38, P); : 333)

Pouchet, Félix-Archimède (Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France: 26 August 1800 – 6 December 1872: Rouen, France). French naturalist and leading proponent of spontaneous generation; professor at the Rouen Museum of natural history and the Rouen Jardin des Plantes; later, professor at the School of Medicine at Rouen. References. : 660–661); : 1005);

Prada, Teodoro (Rosate, Lombardy, Italy: 29 June 1815 – 4 June 1892: Pavia, Lombardy, Italy). Italian zoologist; professor of mineralogy and zoology at the University of Pavia; his collections are at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale of Pavia which was merged recently to the museum of the University of Pavia. References. : 318, P); , P)

Precht, Karl Heinrich (Riga, Latvia: 1 April 1777 – 30 June 1819: Riga, Latvia). Baltic pastor and naturalist; deacon in Riga. References. ; : 443–444)

Preller, Carl Heinrich (Lübeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany: 20 February 1830 – 2 July 1890: Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany). German teacher and entomologist; director of an institute for boys near Eutin (1854–1856), then at Preetz (1856–1860) in northern Germany; private teacher in Hamburg; his collection of Coleoptera was deposited at the Zoologische Museum der Universität Hamburg where it was destroyed during WWII. Reference. : 120–121)

Preudhomme de Borre, Charles François Paul Alfred (Jemeppe sur Meuse [currently part of Seraing], Belgium: 14 April 1833 – 27 February 1905: Grand-Saconnex near Geneva, Switzerland). Belgian entomologist; alderman of the commune of Jemeppe (1861–1866); curator at the Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle in Brussels (1869–1889); later, moved to Switzerland; bequeathed his large collection to the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève. References. , P); , P); , P)

Preyssler [Preysler], Johann [Jan] Daniel Eduard (Prague, Czech Republic: 1768 – 23 April 1839: Prague, Czech Republic). Bohemian naturalist; inspector and surveyor of mines in Prague; his Coleoptera collection is at the Natural History Museum in Prague. References. : 64–65); : 626)

Procházka, Johann. Headmaster of a public school in Mistek, Moravia; later, headmaster of a school for girls in Witkowitz (currently Ostrava), Moravia

Provancher, Léon (Courtnoyer [currently in Bécancour], Quebec, Canada: 10 March 1820 – 23 March 1892: Cap-Rouge [currently part of Quebec City], Quebec, Canada). French Canadian priest, editor, horticulturist, botanist, mycologist, entomologist, conchologist, and writer, best known for his work on Hymenoptera; ordained at the age of 24 and for the next 25 years worked in various parishes in Quebec; retired PageBreakfrom his sacerdotal duties in 1869, the year he founded The Naturaliste Canadien, the first French scientific journal in North America, and devoted the remaining of his life mostly to his entomological activities; travelled to Europe, Egypt and the Middle East in 1882 and again in 1884 where he had the opportunity to meet a number of entomologists; nicknamed by some the “Canadian Buffon” or the “Canadian Linné;” his collection was deposited at the Université Laval, Quebec. References. ; : 734–735, P); , P)

Putzeys, Jules Antoine Adolphe Henri (Liège, Belgium: 1 May 1809 – 2 January 1882: Brussels, Belgium). Belgian civil servant, horticulturist and entomologist mainly interested in carabids (Coleoptera); head clerck, director and finally secretary-general at the Ministry of Justice (1840–1880); after his death, his European and exotic carabids were given by his sons to the Société Entomologique de Belgique who deposited them at the Musée Royal de Bruxelles. References. Preudhomme de Borre (1882);

Quensel, Conrad (Leyda, Skåne, Sweden: 10 December 1767 – 22 August 1806: Stockholm, Sweden). Swedish naturalist; worked at the Botanical garden of the University of Uppsala; intendant of the cabinet of natural history of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm; later, professor of chemistry and natural sciences at the military school in Stockholm. References. ;

Quoy, Jean René Constantin (Maillé near Maillezais, Vendée, France: 10 November 1790 – 4 July 1869: Rochefort, Charente-Maritime, France). French naturalist and physician; zoologist on the ship L’Uranie for the round-the-world trip under the command of Louis de Freycinet (1817–1820); naturalist on the ship L’Astrolabe under the command of Dumont-d’Urville (1826–1829); professor of anatomy and medicine at the Rochefort Naval School (1824–1835); posted at naval hospitals in Toulon (1835–1837) and Brest (1838–1848); inspector general of the navy health service (1848–1858); commander of the Legion of Honour. References. ; ;

Rafinesque [Rafinesque-Schmaltz], Constantine Samuel (Constantinople [now Istanbul], Turkey: 22 October 1783 – 18 September 1840: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA). Eccentric and controversial naturalist who published on almost every conceivable subjects although his main contributions were to botany; spent his youth chiefly in France and Italy and at the age of 18 sailed to Philadelphia where he lived for three years; moved to Sicily where he stayed for 14 years; in July 1815 sailed again for the United States where he landed nearly four months later without property, books, or collections as the vessel he boarded wrecked off at Long Island Sound; professor of botany at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky (1819–1826); eventually drifted to Philadelphia where he died in great poverty. References. ; , P); : 37); : 25–26, P); : 157–159, P); , P)

Rambur, Pierre-Jules (Ingrandes-de-Touraine, Indre-et-Loire, France: 21 July 1801 – 10 August 1870: Geneva, Switzerland). French physician and entomologist interested mainly in Lepidoptera and Neuroptera but also in Coleoptera; investigated Corsica and Andalusia; founding member of the Société Entomologique de France; his collection passed to Paul Mabille, his nephew, and eventually was acquired by René Oberthür [q.v.]. References. ; : 120–121); : 276)

Ratzeburg, Julius Theodor Christian (Berlin, Germany: 16 February 1801 – 24 October 1871: Berlin, Germany). German forester and naturalist; private lecturer at the University of Berlin; professor of natural history at the Forestry School in Eberswalde; founded the botanic garden of forestry at Eberswalde where he worked until his retirement in 1869; his collection was donated to the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, now in Müncheberg, but most specimens were destroyed during World War II. References. , P); : 421–429); : 1–6, P);

Raulin, Victor (Paris, France: 8 August 1819 – 10 February 1905: Montfaucon-d’Argonne, Meuse, France). French paleobotanist and geologist; professor of geology, mineralogy and botany at the Faculty of Science of Bordeaux. References. Micé PageBreak(1905); : 178–179);

Razumovsky [Razoumowsky, Razumovskij], Grigory [Gregor] Kirillovich von (Count) (Saint Petersburg, Russia: 10 November 1759 – 3 June 1837: Český Rudolec, Czech Republic). Russian political philosopher, naturalist, mineralogist, and geologist; studied in Leiden; lived in Switzerland from 1782 to 1793. References. ; , P)

Redtenbacher, Ludwig (Kirchdorf an der Krems, Upper Austria, Austria: 10 July 1814 – 8 February 1876: Vienna, Austria). Austrian coleopterist; studied medicine at PageBreakthe University of Vienna; professor of zoology at the University of Prague; worked at the insect collection of the Imperial Natural History Collection (the future Natural History Museum) in Vienna as research assistant, adjunct curator, curator, chairman, and director; his collection of Austrian Coleoptera is at the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna. References. : 121); : xliii–xliv); : 92–96, P)

Redtenbacher, Wilhelm (Kirchdorf an der Krems, Upper Austria, Austria: 29 May 1817 – 8 October 1870: Vienna, Austria). Austrian physician in Vienna; brother of Ludwig Redtenbacher [q.v.]. Reference.

Reich, Gottfried Christian (Wunsiedel, Bavaria, Germany: 19 July 1769 – 5 January 1848: Berlin, Germany). German physician and naturalist; professor of medicine at the University of Erlangen; later, professor at the University of Berlin. Reference.

Reiche, Louis Jérome (Gerinchem, South Holland, Netherlands: 20 December 1799 – 16 May 1890: Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine, France). French (Dutch-born) merchant and manufacturer in Paris and entomologist; founding member of the Société Entomologique de France; sold his collection by lots and his large library after the War of 1870 because of financial difficulties. References. Brisout de Barneville (1891, P); : 44, P)

Reichenbach, Anton Benedict (Leipzig, Saxony, Germany: 7 July 1807 – 11 November 1880: Leipzig, Germany). German educator and naturalist in Leipzig; brother of Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach [q.v.]. Reference. : 69)

Reichenbach, Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig (Leipzig, Saxony, Germany: 8 January 1793 – 17 March 1879: Dresden, Saxony, Germany). German botanist and ornithologist; director of the Dresden natural history museum and professor at the Surgical-Medical Academy in Dresden (1820–1862); director of the Dresden botanical gardens. References. ;

Reitter, Edmund (Müglitz [currently Mohelnice], Czech Republic: 22 October 1845 – 15 March 1920: Paskov, Czech Republic). Austrian coleopterist and insect dealer; moved to Vienna in 1879, to Mödling (near Vienna) in 1881 and to Paskov in 1891; published extensively and described over 1000 genera and 6400 species-group taxa; a large part of his collection, consisting of 250000 specimens including 4500 types, is at the Hungarian Natural History Museum in Budapest. References. , P); : 126–128, P); : 99–105, P); : 279–280)

Rendu, Louis-Victor (Maisons-Alfort, Val-de-Marne, France: 3 May 1809 – 11 June 1877: Paris, France). French lawyer and agronomist; chief inspector of agriculture. References. ; );

Retzius, Anders Jahan [Johann] (Kristianstad, Sweden: 3 October 1742 – 6 October 1821: Stockholm, Sweden). Swedish chemist, botanist and entomologist; professor of natural history, economics and chemistry at the University of Lund. References. ; : 50)

Rey, Claudius (Lyon, Rhône, France: 8 September 1817 – 31 January 1895: Lyon, France). French entomologist mainly interested in Coleoptera and Hemiptera; financially independent until 1847; subsequently worked in a vineyard in southern France before returning to Lyon; his collection was bequeathed to the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle in Lyon. References. , P); , P); : 129, P); : 48–49)

Richter, C.F.W. (? – 1849: Breslau [currently Wrocław], Poland). Teacher and later court district secretary in Brzeg, Poland

Risso, Joseph Antoine (Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, France: 8 March 1777 – 25 August 1845: Nice, France). French apothecary and naturalist; professor of physical and natural sciences at the Lyceum of Nice; professor of medical chemistry at the Nice Medical and Pharmacy Preparatory School. References. , P); ; : 163–167); , P)

Ritsema, Coenraad [Conrad] (Haarlem, North Holland, Netherlands: 13 April 1846 – 9 January 1929: Wageningen, Gelderland, Netherlands). Dutch entomologist; curator at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlike in Leiden (1873–1916). References. , P); : 60–61, P)

Römer [Roemer], Johann Jacob (Zürich, Switzerland: 8 January 1763 – 15 January 1819: Zürich, Switzerland). Swiss physician, botanist and entomologist; practiced in Zürich and taught at the Institute of Medical Surgery; later, director of the botanical PageBreakgarden at the University of Zürich. References. ; ;

Rosenhauer, Wilhelm Gottlob (Wunsiedel, Bavaria, Germany: 11 September 1813 – 13 June 1881: Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany). German physician and zoologist; conservator of the zoology and mineralogy collections at the University of Erlangen; later, professor at the same university; his Andalusian Coleoptera went to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris via René Oberthür [q.v.]. References. ; : 282)

Rossi, Pietro [Peter] (Florence, Tuscany, Italy: 23 January 1738 – 21 December 1804: Pisa, Tuscany, Italy). Italian physician and entomologist; professor of logic at the University of Pisa (1763–1801), afterward professor of entomology (1801–1804); first university professor of entomology in the world; the whereabouts of his collections are unknown. References. ; : 1005–1006)

Rossmässler, Emil Adolf (Leipzig, Saxony, Germany: 3 March 1806 – 8 April 1867: Leipzig, Germany). German naturalist, politician and science popularizer; professor of zoology and botany at the forestry college in Tharandt (1830–1849); deputy of Pirna in the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848–1849); dismissed on assumption of high treason, he was acquitted and then moved to Leipzig. References. ; : 441–446);

Roth von Schreckenstein, Friedrich Josef Anton (Eichstätt, Bavaria, Germany: 12 October 1753 – 1808: Donaueschingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany). German noble (baron), historian and naturalist in Immendingen, Germany; his ambition was to improve agriculture for the benefit of the common good. References. : 523–525); ;

Rothschild, Jules (Hofgeismar, Hesse, Germany: 3 June 1838 – 8 August 1900: Paris, France). French (German-born) publisher and naturalist in Paris; became French citizen in 1867; Knight of the Legion of Honor. References. ;

Runde, Wilhelm Hermann (Halle an der Saale, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany: 28 November 1810 – 4 December 1867: Dölau [currently part of Halle an der Saale], Germany). German practicing physician first in Altlandsberg near Berlin, later in Klepzig and Dölau near Merseburg and finally in Brachwitz near Halle. Reference. : 238)

Rye, Edward Caldwell (London, United Kingdom: 10 April 1832 – 7 February 1885: Stockwell [currently in Greater London], United Kingdom). British legal clerk, librarian and coleopterist; solicitor’s clerk and later barristers’ clerk; librarian at the Royal Geographical Society (1875–1885); editor for the Zoological Record for several years; his collection was acquired by Philip Brookes Mason and is now housed at the Bolton Museum. References. ;

Sahlberg, Carl Reinhold (Eura, Turku ja Pori, Finland: 22 January 1779 – 18 October 1860: Uusikartano near Pöytyä, Turku ja Pori, Finland). Finnish naturalist; professor of natural history and economy at the University of Turku; later, professor of zoology and botany at the University of Helsinki; founded the Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica; his collection is at the Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki. References. ; ; : 174–175); : 132–133, P)

Sahlberg, Johan [John] Reinhold (Helsinki, Finland: 6 June 1845 – 8 May 1920: Helsinki, Finland). Finnish entomologist, specialist of Coleoptera and Homoptera; son of Reinhold Ferdinand Sahlberg [q.v.]; professor of entomology at the University of Helsinki; made expeditions to Finland, Karelia, Siberia, the Mediterranean region, and Central Asia; his types and one specimen of each species of his collection are at the Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki. References. , P; 1960, P); : 133–134, P)

Sahlberg, Reinhold Ferdinand (Turku, Turku ja Pori, Finland: 23 December 1811 PageBreak– 18 March 1874: Yläne [currently part of Pöytyä], Turku ja Pori, Finland). Finnish physician and naturalist; son of Carl Reinhold Sahlberg [q.v.] and father of Johan Reinhold Sahlberg [q.v.]; participated to a round-the-world expedition (1839–1843); adjunct professor of zoology and botany at the University of Helsinki (1845–1852); travelled to Brazil (1849–1851); his Coleoptera collection is at the Zoological Museum, University of Turku and (particularly specimens from South America and Sitka) at the Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki. References. : 175–176); : 134–135, P)

Saint-Amans, Jean Florimond Boudon de (Agen, Lot-et-Garonne, France: 24 June 1748 – 28 October 1831: Agen, France). French naturalist and antiquarian; served in the French expeditionary force in the French Antilles (1768–1773); later, professor of natural history at the college of Lot-et-Garonne department in Agen. References. ; : 317–320, P); ; : 1022–1023); : 388)

Salis-Marschlins, Carl Ulysses von (Marschlins Castle [currently in Igis, Canton of Graubünden], Switzerland: 28 September 1760 – 16 January 1818: Marschlins Castle, Switzerland). Swiss naturalist interested in botany, entomology, and conchology. Reference.

Salvañá y Comas, Joaquín [Joaquim] Marià [Mariano] (Mataró, Catalonia, Spain: 21 January 1828 – 26 February 1902: Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain). Spanish naturalist particularly interested in molluscs; professor of applied chemistry at the Ateneu Mataroní in Mataró

Samouelle, George (ca 1790 – 13 February 1846: London, United Kingdom). British entomologist interested mainly in Lepidoptera; clerk in the book business establishment of Longman & Co. before assuming the position of curator of insects at the British Museum from 1821 to 1841; dismissed for excessive drinking, addressing his superiors with foul language, and removing registration numbers from labeled insects in the collection; established in 1826 with Edward Newman and two others a small, cozy and exclusive dining club (the Entomological Club) which survives to this day; had no personal collection. References. : 180); : 679); : 137–138); : 167–168)

Saunders, Edward (Wandsworth [currently part of Greater London], United Kingdom: 22 March 1848 – 6 February 1910: Bognor Regis, West Sussex, United Kingdom). British entomologist, interested first in Coleoptera, then in Hemiptera and finally in aculeate Hymenoptera; worked at Lloyd’s, a London based insurance and reinsurance market; his British Coleoptera went to the Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow, via Thomas George Bishop and his Buprestidae are at the Natural PageBreakHistory Museum in London. References. , P); , P);

Say, Thomas (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: 27 June 1787 – 10 October 1834: New Harmony, Indiana, USA). American naturalist; founding member of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia; explored coastal Georgia and eastern Florida (1817–1818); appointed as zoologist on Major Long’s expeditions to the Rocky Mountains (1819–1820) and to St. Peters River, Lake Winnipeg, and Lake of the Woods (1823); curator at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (1812–1826); later, settled in New Harmony, Indiana (1826–1834); most of his collection has been destroyed but 770 of his specimens are conserved in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. References. , P); : 16–25, P); : 26–27, P); , P); ; , P)

Schäffer [Schaeffer], Jacob Christian Gottlieb von (Querfurt, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany: 30 May 1718 – 5 January 1790: Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany). German clergyman, naturalist, private teacher, and paper maker in Regensburg. References. : 71–79); ; : 28–54); ; , P)

Schaufuss, Ludwig Wilhelm (Greiz, Thuringia, Germany: 24 August 1833 – 16 July 1890: Meissen, Saxony, Germany). German zoologist and natural history dealer in Dresden; provided material to private collectors and institutions from around the world; built at his expenses a museum in Dresden which he named “Museum Ludwig PageBreakSalvator;” editor of the journal “Numquam Otiosus” [1870–1890] for which he wrote most articles; his personal collection and those of the museum were passed on to his son, Camillo Schaufuss, who eventually scattered them; nevertheless, many of Schaufuss specimens are at the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut in Müncheberg and the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin. References. : 547–548); , P); , P)

Schaum, Hermann Rudolph (Glauchau, Saxony, Germany: 29 April 1819 – 15 September 1865: Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany). German physician and entomologist interested particularly in Coleoptera; practiced medicine in Stettin; later, professor of medicine at the University of Berlin; travelled to North America (1847–1849); his collection, which included part of his uncle Ernst Friedrich Germar’s collection [q.v.], was sold to different parties. References. ; : 456–461)

Schellenberg, Johann Rudolf [Rudolph] (Basel, Switzerland: 4 January 1740 – 6 August 1806: Winterthur, Switzerland). Swiss natural history illustrator, engraver and poet. References. ; : 310–311); , P); : 114–118)

Schenkling, Carl [Karl] Gotthilf (Döblitz [currently part of Löbejün-Wettin], Saxony-Anhalt, Germany: 18 February 1835 – 20 September 1911: Laucha an der Unstrut, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany). German coleopterist and professor in Laucha. Reference. , P)

Scheuereck [Scheureck], Friedrich [Fridrich] August. Artist and engraver in Leipzig

Schilling, Peter Samuel (Juliusburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany: 10 April 1773 – 15 December 1852: Breslau [currently Wrocław], Poland). German educator and naturalist; professor of natural history at the Maria Magdalenen Gymnasium in Breslau from 1798 to 1843. References. : 23–24); : 60–61); : 45)

Schilsky, Friedrich Julius (Groß-Neuendorf, Branderburg, Germany: 9 February 1848 – 17 August 1912: Berlin, Germany). German entomologist, specialist on Coleoptera; public school teacher in Berlin; his collection is at the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin. References. , P);

Schinz, Heinrich Rudolf (Zürich, Switzerland: 30 March 1777 – 8 March 1861: PageBreakZürich, Switzerland). Swiss physician and naturalist; professor of natural history at the University of Zürich. References. ; : 464); : 140)

Schiødte, Jörgen Matthias Christian (Copenhagen, Denmark: 20 April 1815 – 22 April 1884: Copenhagen, Denmark). Danish entomologist; professor at the National Agricultural school in Copenhagen (1840–1883); director of the entomology section at the Natural History Museum of Copenhagen from 1842; also professor at the University of Copenhagen. References. ; ; : 226–240, P); : 140, P)

Schlechtendal, Dietrich Herrman Reinhard von (Halle an der Saale, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany: 28 October 1834 – 5 July 1916: Halle an der Saale, Germany). German entomologist who worked mainly on Cynipidae; assistant at the Geologisch-Mineralogischen Institut of the University of Halle for many years. References. , P); , P)

Schlosser [Schlosser-Klekovski], Joseph Calasanz [Josip Krasoslav] (Heinrichswald [currently Jindřichov], Czech Republic: 25 January 1808 – 27 April 1882: Zagreb, Croatia). Moravian physician and naturalist; practiced medicine in Križevci, Croatia. References. : 129–130); : 142–143);

Schluga, Joannes Baptista. Slovenian naturalist and physician in Vienna

Schmidt, Robert Carl Ernst (Sorau [currently Żary], Poland]: 9 May 1813 – ?)

Schmidt, Wilhelm Ludwig Ewald (Nattwerder near Postdam, Brandenburg, Germany: 4 May 1805 – 5 June 1843: Stettin [currently Szczecin], Poland). Prussian physician and naturalist, interested as an entomologist mainly in Coleoptera; practicing physician and teacher at the Royal Gymnasium in Stettin. Reference.

Schmidt-Göbel, Hermann Maximilian (Prague, Czech Republic: 1809 – 17 August 1882: Klosterneuburg near Vienna, Austria). Bohemian physician and naturalist; professor in Prague and later professor of zoology at the University of Lemberg in Ukraine; his Burmese Coleoptera are at the Natural History Museum in Prague. References. ;

Schmiedlein, Gottfried Benedikt (Leipzig, Saxony, Germany: 1739 – 21 February 1808: Leipzig, Germany). German physician, naturalist and meteorologist in Leipzig. References. : 426); : 94)

Schneider, David Heinrich [Hinrich] (Stralsund, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Germany: 13 October 1755 – 26 November 1826: Stralsund, Germany). German lawyer and entomologist; member of the city council of Stralsund (1795–1808); founded the journal Neuestes Magazin für Liebhaber der Entomologie, published 1791–1794; what remained of his collection was sold at auction in 1828. Reference. : 389)

Schneider, Oscar (Löbau, Saxony, Germany: 18 April 1841 – 8 September 1903: Dresden, Saxony, Germany). German naturalist; professor at the Freimaurer-Institut and later at Anne’s secondary school in Dresden; travelled to Egypt, Palestine, Austria, Tyrol, northern Italy and Corsica; part of his European Coleoptera are in the Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden and the Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz, the remaining was scattered. References. , P); , P)

Schoch, Gustav (Zürich, Switzerland: 11 September 1833 – 27 February 1899: Zürich, Switzerland). Swiss physician and entomologist; practiced medicine in Fehraltorf, Meilen and Zürich (1861–1879); natural history teacher at a gymnasium in Zürich from 1879 to shortly before his death; part of his cetonid collection is at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule in Zürich. Reference.

Schönherr, Carl Johann (Stockholm, Sweden: 10 June 1772 – 28 March 1848: Sparresäter near Skara, Sweden). Swedish entomologist; sole manager of the silk manufactory established by his father (1791–1811); then, retired to his estate in Sparresäter; his collection was bequeathed to the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet in Stockholm. References. ; : 193–199); ; : 743–753, P);

Schrank, Franz von Paula (Varnbach near Scharding, Austria: 21 August 1747 – 23 December 1835: Munich, Bavaria, Germany). German naturalist, ex Jesuit, and priest; professor of mathematics and physics at the lyceum in Amberg (Bavaria) before teaching botany and rural economy at the University of Ingolstadt in Bavaria and later at Landshut; director of the botanical garden in Munich. References. ; ; ; ; : 98–99); : 45–46, P)

Schreber, Johann Christian Daniel von (Weissensee, Thuringia, Germany: 17 January 1739 – 10 December 1810: Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany). German physician and naturalist; studied medicine, natural sciences, and theology in Halle and Uppsala under Carl von Linné; practicing physician in Bützow (Mecklenburg); later, appointed professor of medicine and botany at Erlangen; eventually also hold the position of director of the botanical garden in Erlangen. References. : 85–96), ; : 708, P); : 44–45, P); Stubbe PageBreakand Stubbe (2014, P)

Schröter, Johann Samuel (Rastenberg, Thuringia, Germany: 25 February 1735 – 24 March 1808: Buttstädt, Thuringia, Germany). German theologian and naturalist particularly interested in conchology, mineralogy and paleontology; rector of the Stadtschule in Dornburg (1758–1763); pastor in Thangelstedt and Kettewitz, then deacon in Weimar, and finally (1775–1808) superintendent and head minister in Buttstädt. References. ; , P); , P)

Schubert, Gotthilf Heinrich von (Hohenstein-Ernstthal, Saxony, Germany: 26 April 1780 – 30 June 1860: Oberhaching, Bavaria, Germany). German physician, naturalist and philosopher; professor at the University of Erlangen and later at Munich. References. ; ; ; , P)

Schulz, Johann Heinrich (Słupsk, Poland: 24 October 1799 – 29 September 1869: Berlin, Germany). German educator and naturalist; schoolmaster in Berlin. References. : 325); : 525–531)

Schwaab, Wilhelm (Homberg, Hesse, Germany: 4 July 1810 – 15 September 1879: Cassel, Hesse, Germany). German educator; professor of natural sciences in Cassel. References. : 431–432); : 8)

Schwägrichen, Christian Friedrich (Leipzig, Saxony, Germany: 16 September 1775 – 2 May 1853: Leipzig, Germany). German botanist; professor of botany and natural history (1801–1852) at the University of Leipzig. References. ; : 481–482)

Schwarz, Christian (Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany: 2 January 1760 – 6 July 1835: Nuremberg, Germany). German executive public servant and entomologist. References. : 483); ; : 1407)

Scopoli, Johann [Giovanni] Anton [Antonio] (Cavalese, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy: 13 June 1723 – 8 May 1788: Pavia, Lombardy, Italy). Italian physician, botanist and entomologist; practiced medicine in Vienna and Carniola; professor of mineralogy and metallurgy in Schemnitz, Hungary (1767–1776); professor of chemistry and botany at the University of Pavia (1776–1788); the whereabouts of his insect collection are unknown. References. : 505–508); ; : 55–58, P); , P)

Scriba, Ludwig Gottlieb (Nieder-Beerbach [currently Mühltal], Hesse, Germany: 3 June 1736 – 31 May 1804: Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany). German clergyman, theologian, and entomologist; pastor in Hessen-Darmstadt. References. : 52–53); ; : 312–314)

Scudder, Samuel Hubbard (Boston, Massachusetts, USA: 13 April 1837 – 17 May 1911: Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA). American paleontologist and entomologist; secretary, librarian, curator, vice president and president of the Boston Society of NatuPageBreakral History (1862–1887); assistant librarian at Harvard University (1879–1882); paleontologist for the U.S. Geological Survey (1886–1892); described over 2000 fossil insects which are at the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. References. , P); , P); : 758–762, P); : 185–191, P)

Seidlitz, Georg Carl Maria von (Tschornaja Rjetschka near Saint Petersburg, Russia: 19 June 1840 – 15 July 1917: Irschenhausen near Ebenhausen, Bavaria, Germany). German entomologist interested particularly in Coleoptera; associate professor of zoology at the University of Tartu; later, assistant prosector at the University of Königsberg; his personal collection of Coleoptera is at the Zoologische Staatssammlung München. References. , P);

Sénac, Hippolyte (Paris, France: 12 March 1830 – 23 October 1892: Ussel, Allier, France). French physician and entomologist, particularly interested in Coleoptera; practiced medicine in Vichy; his collection was dispersed after his death but his tenebrionids, which included those of Reiche, were given to the Société Entomologique de France who deposited them at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. , P); : 291–292)

Sériziat, Charles Victor Émile (Saint-Omer, Pas de Calais, France: 29 November 1835 – 12 January 1910: Mirecourt, Vosges, France). French army medical officer and amateur entomologist. References. : xcviii–xcix); : 83)

Serres, Pierre Toussaint Marcel de (Montpellier, Hérault, France: 3 November 1780 – 22 July 1862: Montpellier, France). French geologist and naturalist; professor of mineralogy and geology at Montpellier University from 1809. References. : 128–131);

Sharp, David (Towcester, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom: 15 October 1840 – 27 August 1922: Brockenhurst, Hampshire, United Kingdom). British physician and entomologist particularly interested in Coleoptera; practicing physician in Dumfriesshire (1867–1883); curator at the University Museum in Cambridge (1890–1909); editor of the entomology section of the Zoological Record for several years; his collections are in the Natural History Museum in London. References. ; , P); : 763–766, P); : 142–143, P); ; : 292–293)

Shaw, George (Bierton, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom: 10 December 1751 – 22 July 1813: London, United Kingdom). British physician, deacon and naturalist; co-founder of the Linnaean Society in 1788; assistant lecturer in botany at Oxford University; later, librarian and curator at the British Museum (Natural History). References. ; : 416–423); : 19–20); : 17, P);

Shipp, John William (ca 1872 – 15 February 1898: Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom). British entomologist; worked at the Zoological Department of the Oxford University Museum and later at Walter Rotschchild’s Museum in Tring. Reference.

Shuckard, William Edward (Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom: 1802 – 10 November 1868: Kennington [currently in Greater London], United Kingdom). British bookseller and entomologist, mostly interested in Hymenoptera; librarian of the Royal Society of London (1835–1843); editor of the journal Lloyd’s List (1844–1861); his collection was sold at auction in London. References. ; : 166);

Siebke, Johan Heinrich Spalckhawer (Tøyen near Christiania, Norway: 23 February 1816 – 10 May 1875: Christiana [currently Oslo], Norway). Norwegian entomologist; curator of entomology at the Zoological Museum of the University of Christiana (1849–1875); also taught natural history in various schools in Christiania for 27 years; his collection of Norwegian insects is at the Zoological Museum, University of Oslo. PageBreakReferences. ; : 22–25, P); : 735, P)

Siegel, Moritz. Civil servant for the department of buildings (Baudepartement) in Laibacher, Carniola (currently Ljubljana in Slovenia)

Simonkai [Simkovics], Lajos [Ludwig Philipp] (Nyíregyháza, Hungary: 9 January 1851 – 2 January 1910: Budapest, Hungary). Hungarian high school teacher and botanist, born Ludwig Philipp Simkovics; taught in today Oradea, Pancevo (1880–1881), Arad (1881–1891), and Budapest (1891–1908). References. , P); , P)

Sloane, Thomas Gibson (Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: 20 April 1858 – 20 October 1932: Young, New South Wales, Australia). Australian entomologist, specialist on the family Carabidae; make his living as a merino sheep breeder and manager of a family company property known as Moorilla Station at Young; his collection, which included part of the van der Poll’s collection, was mostly destroyed by museum pests after his death but the remnants were subsequently deposited at the Australian National Insect Collection in Canberra. References. , P); : 775, P)

Smith, Frederick (London, United Kingdom: 30 December 1805 – 16 February 1879: London, United Kingdom). British engraver and entomologist, particularly interested in Hymenoptera; curator of the collections and library of the Entomological Society of London (1841–1850); subsequently, curator at the British Museum (Natural History) in London; not known to own a collection of Coleoptera. References. ; , P); : 53–54, P)

Snellen van Vollenhoven, Samuel Constant (Rotterdam, Netherlands: 18 October 1816 – 22 March 1880: The Hague, Netherlands). Dutch illustrator and entomologist, financially more or less independent; curator at the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum in Leiden (1854–1873); his collection was purchased by the Museum. References. ; , P); , P)

Solier, Antoine Joseph Jean (Marseille, Bouches-du-Rhône, France: 8 February 1792 – 27 November 1851: Marseille, France). French military and entomologist; captain of engineers in the French army (1813–1838); collected in France, Algeria and the Mediterranean region; his collection was scattered after his death by Achille Deyrolle. References. , P); : 145, P); : 294)

Sowerby, James (London, United Kingdom: 21 March 1757 – 25 October 1822: London, United Kingdom). British naturalist and illustrator; primarily noted for his botanical and mineralogical illustrations. References. ; : 141–143, P); , P)

Speiser, Ferenc [Ferencz, Franz] (Apatin, Serbia: 17 November 1854 – 7 January 1933: Kalocsa, Bács-Kiskun, Hungary). Hungarian Jesuit and coleopterist; teacher and later director at the gymnasium in Kalocsa where his collection was deposited. References. ; : 17–18)

Spinola, Maximilien [Massimiliano] (marquis) (Pézenas, Hérault, France: 10 July 1780 – 12 November 1857: Tassarolo, Piedmont, Italy). Italian entomologist of independent means; his contributions were mainly in the orders Hymenoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera; his collections are in the Museo Regionale di Science Naturali in Turin. References. , P); : 231–232, P); , P)

Stark, John (Blythsmuir, Peeblesshire, Scotland, United Kingdom: 14 October 1779 – 24 December 1849: Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom). Scottish naturalist and printer in Edinburgh. Reference.

Steffahny, Gustav Emil. Polish physician in Puck

Stein, Christian Gottfried Daniel (Leipzig, Saxony, Germany: 14 October 1771 – 14 June 1830: Berlin, Germany). German geographer; professor at a gymnasium in a Berlin monastery. References. ; ;

Stein, Johann Philip Emil Friedrich (Berlin, Germany: 16 May 1814 – 2 April 1882: Berlin, Germany). German entomologist; curator at the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin from 1852 to 1882; his collection is deposited in that museum. References. ; , P)

Steiner, Johann Friedrich Rudolph [Rudolf] (Brunswick, Lower Saxony, Germany: 1 June 1742 – 1 March 1804: Weimar, Thuringia, Germany). German court and chief architect in Weimar. References. : 225);

Stephens, James Francis (London, United Kingdom: 16 September 1792 – 22 December 1852: London, United Kingdom). British entomologist; clerk in the Admiralty at Somerset House in London; retired in 1845 to work unpaid at the British Museum (Natural History); his collection was purchased by the British Museum. References. ; : 129–130); : 148, P); ; : 55–56, P)

Stewart, Charles

Stierlin, Wilhelm Gustav (Schaffhausen, Switzerland: 2 November 1821 – 28 March 1907: Schaffhausen, Switzerland). Swiss physician and entomologist particularly interested in Coleoptera; practiced medicine in the Canton of Schaffhausen; his collection was purchased by Otto Leonhard of Dresden. References. : 394–397, P); , P)

Sturm, Jacob (Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany: 21 March 1771 – 28 November 1848: Nuremberg, Germany). German naturalist, particularly interested in botany and beetles, insect dealer, illustrator and engraver in Nuremberg; received in 1846 a Ph.D. honoris causa from the University of Breslau; co-founded the Naturhistorische Gesellschaft Nürnberg. References. , P); : 475–476); ; , P); : 326–328, P); : 53–54, P)

Sturm, Johann Heinrich Christian Friedrich (Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany: 6 PageBreakFebruary 1805 – 24 January 1862: Nuremberg, Germany). German engraver and naturalist in Nuremberg; son of Jacob Sturm [q.v.]. References. ; : 356–358, P)

Suckow [Succow], Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany: 1770 – 21 June 1838: Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany). GerPageBreakman physician and naturalist; professor of natural history and curator of the natural history museum in Mannheim. Reference.

Sulzer, Johann Heinrich (Winterthur, Switzerland: 18 September 1735 – 14 August 1814: Winterthur, Switzerland). Swiss physician and entomologist in Winterthur. Reference.

Swainson, William (London, United Kingdom: 8 October 1789 – 6 December 1855: Lower Hutt, New Zealand). British naturalist, traveler and illustrator; worked for the Army Commissariat in Sicily (1807–1815); explored Brazil where he collected extensively (1816–1818); upon his return, lived in England, earning a living as an artist and author, before moving with his family to New Zealand in 1841; his collections were sold at auction in London in 1823 and 1840. References. : xlix–liii); ; ; : 359–364, P); , P); : 107–108, P)

Tarnier, Frédéric (? – 1890). French naturalist interested mainly in Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and shells; built up a collection of Curculionidae, rich in species from Morocco, which was acquired by Jules Desbrochers des Loges [q.v.]. Reference. : 85)

Taschenberg, Ernst Ludwig (Naumburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany: 10 January 1818 – 19 January 1898: Halle an der Saale, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany). German entomologist; professor of entomology at the University of Halle (Saale). Reference.

Thienemann, Friedrich August Ludwig (Gleina, Thuringia, Germany: 22/25 December 1793 – 24 June 1858: Trachenberge [currently part of Dresden], Saxony, Germany). German physician and zoologist, best known for his work in ornithology; professor of zoology at the University of Leipzig; later, curator of the natural history collections in Dresden (currently the Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde) and from 1839 librarian at the Royal Public Library. References. ;

Thiersch, Ernst Ludwig (Kirchscheidungen [currently part of Laucha an der Unstrut], Saxony-Anhalt, Germany: 9 July 1786 – 10 August 1869: Dresden, Saxony, Germany). German forester; from 1818, chief forester in Eibenstock, Saxony. References. : 483–484); : 369–371)

Thomson, Carl Gustaf (Mellan-Grefvie, Sweden: 13 October 1824 – 20 September 1899: Lund, Sweden). Swedish entomologist; adjunct professor and curator of the entomological collections at the Zoological Museum, University of Lund; his collection of Coleoptera is at that museum. References. , P); : 150–151, P)

Thomson, James Livingston (New York, New York, USA: 15 March 1828 – December 1897). Eccentric French-American entomologist of independent means; educated PageBreakin France where he spent a large part of his life; his primary activity consisted in the development of his beetle collection, particularly the showy groups such as Cerambycidae, Buprestidae, and cetoniids, and his entomological publications; married to Delia Stewart Parnell in 1859, sister of the influent Irish politician Charles Stewart Parnell, for whom he manifested an extreme jealousy in a way that made him publicly ridiculous; after the death of his wife, married a second time in 1885; his collection was scattered but a large part was sold to René Oberthür and is now in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. References. ; : 299–301, P)

Thon, Theodor C. G. (Eisenach, Thuringia, Germany: 14 May 1792 – 17 November 1838: Jena, Thuringia, Germany). German naturalist, mineralogist and stenographer; lecturer and later professor at the University of Jena; established the journal Entomologisches Archiv of which two volumes were issued, 1827–1830. Reference.

Thunberg, Carl Peter (Jönköping, Sweden: 11 November 1743 – 8 August 1828: Uppsala, Sweden). Swedish naturalist and explorer, sometimes called “the father of South African botany” or the “Japanese Linnaeus;” pupil of Linnaeus in Uppsala; left Sweden for Paris in 1770 to continue his studies in medicine and natural history; visited the Dutch colonies and Japan to collect specimens for Dutch botanical gardens (1771–1778); professor of medicine and botany at the University of Uppsala; his collections are at the Universitets Zoologiska Institut in Uppsala. References. ; : 1–56); : 315–317); ; : 30–31, P); : 47–49, P)

Tigny, F. Martin Grostête T. de (Orléans, Loiret, France: 3 September 1736 – 1 May 1799). French naturalist; served for many years in one of the companies of the “maison du roi;” later, “trésorier de France.” Reference. : 157–158)

Tournier, Henri (26 September 1834 – 27 August 1904). Wealthy Swiss entomologist interested in Palaearctic Coleoptera and Hymenoptera; merchant in Peney-le-Jorat (now Jorat-Menthue) in Switzerland; his rich collection of Coleoptera was sold to Maurice Pic [q.v.]. Reference. : 302)

Townson, Robert (Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom: 4 April 1762 – 27 June 1827: Varroville, New South Wales, Australia). British scholar, scientist, and settler; travelled extensively in Europe, collaborating with professors at the Universities he visited; landed in Sydney, Australia, in 1807 with the approval of the British government but soon got confronted with the hot-tempered governor William Bligh, former commander of H.M.S. Bounty, over his grant of land. References. ; , P; 2004)

Tristán, José Fidel (San José, Costa Rica: 6 September 1874 – 23 January 1932: San José, Costa Rica). Costa Rican educator, entomologist and archaeologist; professor and director at the Colegio Superior de Señoritas (1908–1921) and at the Liceo de Costa Rica (1921–1930); director of the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica (1930–1932). References. , P); , P)

Trost, Patriz (Berching, Bavaria, Germany: 27 October 1763 – ?). Canon in Eichstätt, Bavaria

Truqui, Eugen [Eugene, Eugenio] (? – April 1860: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Sardinian vice-consul at Cyprus and consul-general in Rio de Janeiro; his insect collections from Brazil, Syria and Cyprus are at the Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali in Turin

Turra, Antonio (Vicenza, Veneto, Italy: 25 March 1730 – 6 September 1796: Vicenza, Italy). Italian botanist and practicing physician in Vicenza. References. ; : 551)

Turton, William (Olveston, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom: 21 May 1762 – 28 December 1835: Bideford, Devon, United Kingdom). British physician and naturalist, particularly interested in conchology; practiced medicine in Swansea, Dublin, Torquay and Bideford. References. : 553); : 143–144);

Ulke, Henry (Ząbkowice Sląskie, Poland: 25 January 1821 – 18 February 1910: Washington DC, USA). American (Prussian-born) portrait painter by profession, musician, and naturalist; immigrated to the United States and settled first in New York, where he hold a number of jobs, and then in Washington DC, in 1857, where he opened a photographic studio; commissioned to paint cabinet officers, including presidents, and got the surname of “painter of presidents;” collected extensively for nearly 30 years, mainly in eastern United State and eastern Canada; sold his collection to the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh. References. : 258–260); : 4–6, P)

Van den Branden, Constant

Van der Stegen de Putte, Joseph François Philippe (Baron) (Brussels, Belgium: 17 September 1754 – 6 May 1799: Brussels, Belgium). Naturalist and deputy burgomaster in Brussels; professor of natural sciences at the École centrale du département de la Dyle in Brussels; founded the first botanical garden in Brussels. Reference. : 162)

Vilanova y Piera, Juan (Valencia, Valencia, Spain: 5 May 1821 – 7 June 1893: Madrid, Spain). Spanish geologist, paleontologist and prehistorian; professor of natural history at the University of Oviedo; later, professor at the University of Madrid, teaching first natural history and later geology and paleontology. References. ; , P)

Villa, Antonio (Milan, Lombardy, Italy: 24 August 1806 – 26 June 1885: Milan, Italy). Italian government employee and naturalist; formed with his brother Giovanni Battista a small museum, particularly strong in shells, insects, minerals and fossils, which was destroyed. References. : 164–165); ; : 1043–1044)

Villers, Charles Joseph de (Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine, France: 24 July 1724 – 3 January 1810: Lyon, Rhône, France). French naturalist; professor of physics in Lyon; his collections were sold to a Mr. Tissier in Lyon and their whereabouts are unknown. Reference.

Voet, Johann Eusebius (Dordrecht, South Holland, Netherlands: 24 January 1706 – 28 September 1788: The Hague, Netherlands). Dutch civil servant educated as a physician, illustrator and entomologist. Reference. : 434)

Vogt, Carl Christoph (Giessen, Hesse, Germany: 5 July 1817 – 5 May 1895: Geneva, Switzerland). German zoologist, geologist and physiologist; professor of zoology at the University of Giessen; elected to the Frankfurt Parliament (1848–1849); later, moved to Switzerland and became professor of geology and zoology at the University of Geneva; proponent of polygenist evolution. References. ; ; , P)

Voigt [Voight], Friedrich Siegmund [Sigismund] (Gotha, Thuringia, Germany: 1 October 1781 – 10 December 1850: Jena, Thuringia, Germany). German physician and naturalist; professor of medicine and botany and director of the botanical garden in Jena (1807–1850). References. ;

Wahnschaffe, Carl Wilhelm Maximilian [Max] (Elbingerode, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany: 10 May 1823 – 6 October 1884: Weferlingen [now part of Oebisfelde-Weferlingen], Saxony-Anhalt, Germany). German forester and entomologist; his collection of Coleoptera is at the Kulturhistorisches Museum Magdeburg. References. ;

Walckenaer, Charles Athanase (Paris, France: 25 December 1771 – 27 April 1852: Paris, France). French civil servant, biographer, geographer and naturalist; prefect of Niève and later of Aisne; conservator for the Department of Maps at the National Library of France; permanent secretary of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in Paris (1840–1852); made baron in 1823; founding member of the PageBreakSociété Entomologique de France. References. : 495–499); : 13); : 61)

Walker, Francis (Arno’s Grove, Southgate, United Kingdom: 31 July 1809 – 5 October 1874: Wanstead, Essex, United Kingdom). British entomologist; worked on contract for the British Museum (1835–1873); well known for describing more than 23,000 new taxa in several orders in the series of British Museum Catalogues. References. ; : 268–271); , P); : 209); , P)

Waltl, Joseph (Wasserburg, Bavaria, Germany: 28 July 1805 – 4 March 1888: Passau, Bavaria, Germany). German physician, naturalist and insect dealer; professor of natural history, chemistry and technology in Passau; his collection of Coleoptera is at the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna. References. : 802); : 228)

Walton, John (Knaresborough, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom: 23 July 1784 – 3 January 1862: Knaresborough, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom). British sugar refiner and entomologist particularly interested in Curculionidae; his collection was sold at auction in 1863 and several lots were bought by the British Museum (Natural History) and the Oxford University Museum. References. : 125–127); : 59)

Wasmann, Erich (Meran [currently Merano], Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy: 29 May 1859 – 27 February 1931: Valkenburg, Limburg, Netherlands). Austrian Jesuit and naturalist, mainly interested in myrmecophiles and termitophiles; the journal The Wasmann Journal of Biology was established by the Jesuits in his honor; his myrmecophilous and termitophilous Coleoptera are at the Natuurhistorich Museum in Maastricht, Netherlands. References. , P); : 154–155, P);

Waterhouse, Charles Owen (London, United Kingdom: 19 June 1843 – 4 February 1917: London, United Kingdom). British entomologist, interested mainly in Coleoptera; curator in entomology at the British Museum (1866–1910); son of George Robert Waterhouse [q.v.]; his collections of British Coleoptera are at the National Museums of Scotland in Edinburgh while his collections of exotic Coleoptera are at the Natural History Museum in London. References. , P); ; : 807, P)

Waterhouse, George Robert (London, United Kingdom: 6 March 1810 – 21 January 1888: London, United Kingdom). British naturalist; curator at the museum of the Zoological Society of London; later, assistant curator of mineralogy and geology at the British Museum and eventually curator upon the death of Charles Konig; invited to join Charles Darwin on the voyage of the Beagle but declined; his types are in the Natural History Museum and his British beetle collection was passed on to his sons. References. ; ; ; : 59)

Weber, Friedrich (Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany: 3 August 1781104 – 21 March 1823: Kiel, Germany). German physician, botanist and entomologist; pupil of Johann Christian Fabricius [q.v.]; professor of medicine and botany and supervisor of the hospital at the University of Kiel; his types are apparently in the Zoologisk Museum at the University of Copenhagen via Fabricius collection. References. ; : 807, P)

Weigel, Johann Adam Valentin (Sommerhausen near Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany: 29 September 1740 – 24 June 1806: Ober-Haselbach near Landeshut [currently Kamienna Góra], Poland). Lutheran preacher and naturalist; pastor in Haselbach, Dittersbach and Bolkenhain (= Bolków, Poland). References. : 265); : 13–15)

Weise, Julius (Sommerfeld [currently Lubsko], Poland: 6 June 1844 – 25 February 1925: Herichsdorf [currently Malinnik], Poland). Prussian coleopterist, specialist of the beetle families Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae; worked as a teacher in various schools in Postdam and Berlin until 1912 when he retired; his collection of Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae is at the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin while the rest of his collection was scattered. Reference. , P)

Well, Johann Jacob [Jakob] von (Prague, Czech Republic: 1 March 1725 – 4 April 1787: Vienna, Austria). Austrian apothecary, physician and naturalist; professor of natural history at the University of Vienna. References. : 580); : 225)

Wencker, Joseph Antoine (Haguenau, Bas-Rhin, France: 29 March 1824 – 20 February 1873: Viterne, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France). French draftsman at the Chemins de fer de l’Est and amateur coleopterist; his collection was sold at auction by Émile Deyrolle in Paris. References. : 90); : 312)

Wessel, August Wilhelm (Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, Germany: 14 June 1817 – ?). German naturalist and high school teacher at Aurich in Lower Saxony. Reference. : 200)

Westhoff, Friedrich (Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany: 8 September 1857 – 12 November 1896: Münster, Germany). German entomologist, local historian and writer; assistant at the Museum of the Academy of Münster and lecturer of zoology. References. , P);

Westwood, John Obadiah (Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom: 22 December 1805 – 2 January 1893: Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom). British entomologist and paleontologist; professor of entomology at the University of Oxford; founding member of the Entomological Society of London; his collections were purchased by the Reverend Hope who gave them to the University of Oxford. References. , P); , P); : 810, P); : 148–150, P);

White, Adam (Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom: 29 April 1817 – 4 January 1879: Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom). British entomologist; curator of the entomological collections at the British Museum (1835–1863); forced to retire after a nervous breakdown; his collection is at the Natural History Museum in London. References. ; ; : 817, P); ;

Wiedemann, Christian Rudolph Wilhelm (Brunswick, Lower Saxony, Germany: 7 December 1770 – 31 December 1840: Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany). German physician, historian and naturalist; professor of anatomy at Brunswick’s Collegium Carolinum; later, professor of medicine at the University of Kiel; his Coleoptera are at the Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg in Germany. References. ; ;

Wiegmann, Arend Friedrich August (Brunswick, Lower Saxony, Germany: 2 June 1802 – 15 January 1841: Berlin, Germany). German zoologist; professor at Humboldt University in Berlin; founded and edited the journal Archiv für Naturgeschichte. References. ; : 28–29, P); : 823, P)

Wilbrand, Johann Bernhard (Clarholz, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany: 8 March 1779 – 6 May 1846: Giessen, Hesse, Germany). German physician and naturalist; professor of comparative anatomy, physiology and natural history at the University of Giessen and director of the botanical garden in the same city. References. ; ; , P); , P)

Wilhelm, Gottlieb Tobias (Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany: 16 October 1758 – 12 December 1811: Augsburg, Germany). German protestant pastor and naturalist in Augsburg. References. ; : 106–113, P); , P)

Wilken, Carl (Bolzum, Lower Saxony, Germany: 22 October 1825 – 1 June 1882). German professor at the Gymnasium Andreanum in Hildesheim

Wilmsen, Friedrich Philipp (Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany: 23 February 1770 – 4 May 1831: Berlin, Germany). German protestant pastor in Berlin. References. ; : 960–962); : 309–311)

Wilson, James (Paisley, Scotland, United Kingdom: November 1795 – 18 May 1856: Woodville near Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom). Scottish zoologist of independent means; his collection of insects was purchased by the British Museum (Natural History) in 1868. References. ; , P); ;

Wolf, Johann (Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany: 26 May 1765 – 12 February 1824: Nuremberg, Germany). German educator and ornithologist in Nuremberg. References. ; ; : 571); : 54–55, P)

Wollaston, Thomas Vernon (Scotter, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom: 9 March 1822 – 4 January 1878: Teignmouth, Devon, United Kingdom). British entomologist; his fragile health forced him to spent winters in milder climate and so investigated several North Atlantic islands such as Madeira, Canaries, and Cape Verde; the vast majority of his beetles are deposited at the Natural History Museum in London and the Oxford University Museum. References. ; : 161–162, P); : 156–157, P); ; Machado Carillo (2006, P)

Wood, John George (London, United Kingdom: 21 July 1827 – 3 March 1889: Coventry, West Midlands, United Kingdom). British naturalist, lecturer and writer; chaplain at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital in London (1856–1862); precentor to the Canterbury Diocesan Choral Union (1868–1876). References. , P); ; , P)

Wood, William (Kendal, Cumbria, United Kingdom: 22 February 1774 – 26 May 1857: Ruislip, Greater London, United Kingdom). British surgeon, malacologist and entomologist; practiced first in Wingham, near Canterbury, and later in London up to 1814; after, entered into business as a bookseller and publisher, dealing chiefly with natural history works. References. Woodward (1900); : 1–5)

Wulfen, Franz Xaver Freiherr von (Belgrade, Serbia: 5 November 1728 – 16 March 1805: Klagenfurt, Carinthia, Austria). Austrian Jesuit priest, botanist, mineralogist and alpinist; school teacher (chiefly of mathematics and physics) in several cities in Europe; discovered the lead molybdate mineral wulfenite. References. : 265–269); ; , P)

Wünsche, Otto (Bautzen, Saxony, Germany: 19 March 1839 – 6 January 1905: Zwickau, Saxony, Germany). German botanist; professor at a public school in Zittau; later, professor at the gymnasium in Zwickau. References. ; : 572)

Wüstnei, Wilhelm Heinrich Carl [Karl] Franz (Schwerin, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Germany: 9 May 1839 – 27 April 1907: Sønderborg, Denmark). German educator; professor in Sønderborg (1874–1904). Reference.

Yeats, Thomas Pattinson (? – 17 August 1782: Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom). British naturalist; felt into the sea from a wharf and drowned; his collections were sold at auction in May 1783. References. Mendes de Costa (1812: 515);

Zenker, Jonathan Carl [Karl] (Sundremda, Thuringia, Germany: 1 March 1799 – 6 November 1837: Jena, Thuringia, Germany). German physician and naturalist; professor of botany and natural history at the University of Jena. References. ; ; : 576)

Zetterstedt, Johann Wilhelm (Mjölby, Östergötland, Sweden: 20 May 1785 – 23 PageBreakDecember 1874: Lund, Sweden). Swedish naturalist; explorer of northern Sweden; professor of botany and economy at the University of Lund; the whereabouts of his Coleoptera are unknown. References. : 77–81); ; : 836, P); : 157–158, P)

Zimmermann, Karl Christoph [Christian] Andreas (Quedlinburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany: 6 September 1800 – December 1867). German musician (composer), naturalist, and teacher; left Hamburg in August 1832 for Philadelphia and soon moved to South Carolina (on foot) where he taught music and drawings; his collection was bought by Dr. Lewis (Philadelphia) and thence by R. Crotch who sold it to the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. References. ; : 282)

Zinke, Georg Gottfried (1771 – 1813/1849109). German physician and naturalist in Kahla, near Jena; proved the infectious nature of rabies

Zschach, Johann Jacob [Jakob] (Leipzig, Saxony, Germany: 1737 – 8 June 1809: Leipzig, Germany). Curator of the Museum Leskeanum