Holotype (QCAZ 12791, adult male, SVL = 367 mm) of Synophis bogerti sp. n. in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. Photographs by Omar Torres-Carvajal.

Head of holotype of Synophis bogerti sp. n. (QCAZ 12791) in dorsal (top), lateral (middle) and ventral (bottom) views. Photographs by Omar Torres-Carvajal.

Right hemipenis of Synophis bogerti sp. n. (QCAZ 12791, holotype). Distal end in sulcal (upper left) and asulcal (upper right) views; body in sulcal (lower left) and asulcal (lower right) views. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by Denisse Galarza.

Head of specimen of Synophis bogerti (UMMZ 91550) illustrated by Bogert (1964) as S. bicolor showing incomplete suture on frontal scale. Illustration taken from Bogert (1964).

Four species of Synophis from Ecuador and Peru: S. calamitus (QCAZ 11931, upper left); S. bogerti sp. n. (QCAZ 13586, upper right); S. zamora sp. n. (QCAZ 13854, lower left); S. insulomontanus sp. n. (CORBIDI 13940, lower right). Photographs by Diego Quirola, Omar Torres-Carvajal and Germán Chávez.

Distribution of seven species of Synophis in South America. S. bicolor (pentagons), S. bogerti sp. n. (green triangles), S. calamitus (circles), S. insulomontanus sp. n. (red triangles), S. lasallei (squares), S. plectovertebralis (diamond), S. zamora sp. n. (blue triangles). Grey circle corresponds to specimen QCAZ 5847 from Carchi, Ecuador (see Discussion).

Holotype (QCAZ 9174, adult male, SVL = 349 mm) of Synophis zamora sp. n. in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. Photographs by Omar Torres-Carvajal.

Head of holotype of Synophis zamora sp. n. (QCAZ 9174) in dorsal (top), lateral (middle) and ventral (bottom) views. Photographs by Omar Torres-Carvajal.

Right hemipenis of Synophis zamora sp. n. (QCAZ 9174, holotype). Distal end in sulcal (upper left) and asulcal (upper right) views; body in sulcal (lower left) and asulcal (lower right) views. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by Denisse Galarza.

Holotype (CORBIDI 13940, adult male, SVL = 335.3 mm) of Synophis insulomontanus sp. n. in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. Photographs by Juan C. Chávez-Arribasplata.

Head of holotype of Synophis insulomontanus sp. n. (CORBIDI 13940) in dorsal (top), lateral (middle) and ventral (bottom) views. Photographs by Germán Chávez.

Left hemipenis of Synophis insulomontanus sp. n. (CORBIDI 13940, holotype) in sulcal (left), asulcal (center), and lateral (right) views. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by Germán Chávez.

50% Majority rule consensus tree of Synophis snakes based on a Bayesian analysis of mtDNA sequences. Posterior probabilities are equal to 1, unless otherwise noted by numbers next to branches. Outgroup taxa are not shown.