Breadth of diversity of Aphonopelma species habitat types across the United States. A grassland prairie, Otero Co., Colorado B high-elevation pine/conifer in Coconino Co., Arizona C mid-elevation oak woodland throughout the “sky islands” of southeastern Arizona (e.g. Madera Canyon in the Santa Rita Mountains) D grass/oak foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, Mariposa Co., California EZion National Park, Utah F Chihuahuan Desert below the Chiricahua Mountains in Cochise Co., Arizona G Sonoran Desert in Pinal Co., Arizona H Mojave Desert in San Bernardino Co., California I Tamaulipan thornscrub in Starr Co., Texas.

Representation of Aphonopelma burrows in different habitats across the United States. A–C a typical “scrape” (burrow under rock) of A. hentzi in rocky habitat across their distribution D–E a turreted mound around the burrow of A. icenoglei (also A. atomicum, A. mojave, and A. prenticei) F the distinct crescent mound burrow of A. paloma G–I typical free-standing burrows of A. chalcodes, A. eutylenum, A. iodius, or A. johnnycashi in desert, grassland, or rocky habitats.

Diagrammatic representation of informative quantitative measurements. A–B carapace, labium length and width C retrolateral palpal tibia length and width D retrolateral lengths of leg 1 femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, and width of femur E prolateral lengths of leg 3 femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, and width of femur F prolateral lengths of leg 4 femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, and width of femur G ventral length of scopulation (line), ventral length of metatarsus III (dashed line) H ventral length of scopulation (line), ventral length of metatarsus IV (dashed line).

Examples of boxplots from male quantitative measurements used in species diagnosis (x-axis represents species). A, B, D are ratios: A carapace length/metatarsus III length B palpal tibia length/metatarsus III length D extent of scopulation on metatarsus IV C is carapace length (a proxy for body size), clearly showing the size differences between the miniature species and all other species (y-axis in mm). Additional boxplots can be viewed in Suppl. material 2.

Examples of PCA morphospace plotted from quantitative measurements of males, used in species diagnosis. A a plot of males from all species in the United States B a plot of males in the Marxi species group.

A generalized distribution map of all unique collecting localities from across the United States.

Maximum Likelihood inferred CO1 gene tree phylogeny for the 1,032 Aphonopelma specimen dataset. Species delimitations followed the integrative methodological approach outlined in Hamilton et al. (2014). Black circles denote bootstrap support ≥ 80%; white squares denote bootstrap support ≤ 80%. White triangles indicate species clades supported with ≥ 80% bootstrap support; grey triangles indicate lineages with putative mitochondrial introgression events. Asterisks at the tips of branches indicate undescribed diversity.

Species tree of all United States Aphonopelma, inferred from the 455 loci Anchored Enrichment dataset. Species delimitations correspond to our final integrative approach outlined herein. Black circles denote 100% bootstrap support; black squares denote bootstrap support between 99–80%; white squares denote bootstrap support less than 80%. Node support values = based on the RAxML bootstrap support from all trees and all loci. All genealogically exclusive species are identified with a grey bar; A. iodius, a paraphyletic species as presently defined, is identified by the black boxes. All major species groups are identified by colored boxes.

Aphonopelma anax (Chamberlin, 1940) specimens, live photographs. Female (L) - APH_0524; Male (R) - APH_3122.

Aphonopelma anax (Chamberlin, 1940). A–I male specimen, APH_0924 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 3mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 6mm.

Aphonopelma anax (Chamberlin, 1940). A–E female specimen, APH_0857 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 8mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 5.5mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma anax (Chamberlin, 1940). A–H cleared spermathecae A anax allotype B breenei holotype C harlingenum paratype D APH_0056 E APH_0529 F APH_0857 G APH_0858 H APH_0859.

Aphonopelma anax (Chamberlin, 1940). A–E cleared spermathecae A APH_0871 B APH_0899 C APH_0902 D APH_1278 E APH_1280.

Aphonopelma anax (Chamberlin, 1940). A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma armada (Chamberlin, 1940) specimens, live photographs. Male (L) - APH_1064; Female (R) - APH_3214.

Aphonopelma armada (Chamberlin, 1940). A–I male specimen, APH_0950 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 6.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 3mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 2mm.

Aphonopelma armada (Chamberlin, 1940). A–E female specimen, APH_0848 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 6mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 3mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma armada (Chamberlin, 1940). A–G cleared spermathecae A armada holotype B APH_0547 C APH_0548 D APH_0807 E APH_0848 F APH_1049 G APH_1068.

Aphonopelma armada (Chamberlin, 1940). A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma atomicum sp. n. live photograph. Female - APH_1478. Do not have a photograph of a live male specimen.

Aphonopelma atomicum sp. n. A–I male holotype, APH_2727-2 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 2mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 3mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 3mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 0.5mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 2.5mm.

Aphonopelma atomicum sp. n. A–E female paratype, APH_3267-2 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 2mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 1.5mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 1.5mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma atomicum sp. n. A–C cleared spermathecae A APH_2727 B APH_3267 C APH_3267-2.

Aphonopelma atomicum sp. n. distribution of known specimens. There is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses.

Aphonopelma catalina sp. n. specimens, live photographs. Female paratype (L) - APH_1602; Male (R) - APH_1438.

Aphonopelma catalina sp. n. A–I male holotype, APH_1440 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 4mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 3mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 4mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 4.5mm.

Aphonopelma catalina sp. n. A–E female paratype, APH_1602 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 6mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 3mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma catalina sp. n. cleared spermathecae. A APH_1602 B AUMS_2615.

Aphonopelma catalina sp. n. distribution of known specimens. There is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses.

Aphonopelma chalcodes Chamberlin, 1940 specimens, live photographs. Female (L) - APH_0697; Male (R) - APH_0600.

Aphonopelma chalcodes Chamberlin, 1940. A–I male specimen, APH_0954 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3.5mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 3mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1.5mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 4.5mm.

Aphonopelma chalcodes Chamberlin, 1940. A–E female specimen, APH_0887 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 8mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4.5mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 5mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma chalcodes Chamberlin, 1940. A–F cleared spermathecae. A chalcodes allotype B APH_0608 C APH_0887 D APH_1485 E AUMS_2605 F AUMS_3282.

Aphonopelma chalcodes Chamberlin, 1940. A–D cleared spermathecae A APH_0168 B APH_0500 C AUMS_2339 D AUMS_2692.

Aphonopelma chalcodes Chamberlin, 1940. A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma chiricahua sp. n. live photograph. Male holotype - APH_3191. Do not have a photograph of a live female specimen.

Aphonopelma chiricahua sp. n. A–I male holotype, APH_3191 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 3mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 3.5mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 5mm.

Aphonopelma chiricahua sp. n. A–F female paratype, APH_2097 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 3.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia F cleared spermathecae.

Aphonopelma chiricahua sp. n. distribution of known specimens. There is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses.

Aphonopelma eutylenum Chamberlin, 1940 specimens, live photographs. Male (L) - APH_3207; Female (R) - APH_3108.

Aphonopelma eutylenum Chamberlin, 1940. A–I male specimen, APH_1088 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 6mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 5mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4.5mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 3mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 6mm.

Aphonopelma eutylenum Chamberlin, 1940. A–E female specimen, APH_1031. A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 8mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4.5mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 5mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma eutylenum Chamberlin, 1940. A–H cleared spermathecae. A eutylenum allotype B eutylenum paratype C APH_1018 D APH_1031 E APH_1045 F APH_2035 G AUMS_3303 H cryptethum allotype.

Aphonopelma eutylenum Chamberlin, 1940. A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma gabeli Smith, 1995 specimens, live photographs. Female (L) - APH_1481; Male (R) - APH_0628.

Aphonopelma gabeli Smith, 1995. A–I male specimen, APH_1054 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4.5mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 5mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 5mm.

Aphonopelma gabeli Smith, 1995. A–E female specimen, APH_0680 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 7mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma gabeli Smith, 1995. A–F cleared spermathecae A APH_0044 B APH_0642 C APH_0680 D APH_0946 E APH_1338 F Jung’s “portal” paratype.

Aphonopelma gabeli Smith, 1995. A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1854) specimens, live photographs. Female (L) - APH_0576; Male (R) - APH_3216.

Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1854). A–I male specimen, APH_0921 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 6mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 5mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 4.5mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 5mm.

Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1854). A–E female specimen, APH_0812 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 6mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4.5mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4.5mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1854). A–I cleared spermathecae A APH_0052 B APH_0571 C APH_0743 D APH_0812 E APH_0813 F APH_0833 G APH_0838 H APH_0862 I APH_0867.

Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1854). A–F cleared spermathecae A APH_0868 B APH_0927 C APH_0934 D APH_1063 E APH_1353 F harlingenum holotype.

Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard, 1854). A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence. Of note, the lone south Texas outlier specimen in A is the harlingenum holotype.

Aphonopelma icenoglei sp. n. live photograph. Female - APH_3146. Do not have a photograph of a live male specimen.

Aphonopelma icenoglei sp. n. A–I male holotype, APH_2396 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 2.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2.5mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2.5mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 3mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 0.5mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 2.5mm.

Aphonopelma icenoglei sp. n. A–E female paratype, APH_1562 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 3mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2.5mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma icenoglei sp. n. A–E cleared spermathecae A APH_0761 B APH_0885 C APH_1562 D APH_2393 E APH_3118.

Aphonopelma icenoglei sp. n. A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma iodius (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939) specimens, live photographs. Female (L) - APH_3201; Male (R) - APH_3202.

Aphonopelma iodius (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939). A–I male specimen, APH_2015 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 7mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 5mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4.5mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 4.5mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 4.5mm.

Aphonopelma iodius (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939). A–E female specimen, APH_2016 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 5.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 5mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma iodius (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939). A–H cleared spermathecae A APH_0313 B APH_0985 C APH_0996 D APH_0997 E APH_1004 F APH_1006 G APH_1082 H APH_1083.

Aphonopelma iodius (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939). A–H cleared spermathecae A APH_1091 B APH_1094 C APH_1220 D APH_2010 E APH_2016 F APH_2018 G APH_2030 H APH_3201.

Aphonopelma iodius (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939). A–C cleared spermathecae A AUMS_2386 B AUMS_3310 C angusi allotype.

Aphonopelma iodius (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939). A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma johnnycashi sp. n. live photographs. Female (L) - APH_3073; Male (R) - APH_3063.

Aphonopelma johnnycashi sp. n. A–I male holotype, APH_2007 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 4mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3.5mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 4.5mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 5.5mm.

Aphonopelma johnnycashi sp. n. A–E female paratype, APH_3080 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 7mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 3.5mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma johnnycashi sp. n. A–F cleared spermathecae A APH_2006 B APH_3064 C APH_3073 D APH_3080 E APH_3090 F APH_3094.

Aphonopelma johnnycashi sp. n. A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma joshua Prentice, 1997 specimens, live photographs. Female (L) - APH_1475; Male (R) - APH_1476.

Aphonopelma joshua Prentice, 1997. A–I male specimen, APH_1476 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 3mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 3mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 3mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 0.5mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 2.5mm.

Aphonopelma joshua Prentice, 1997. A–E female specimen, APH_2306 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 3mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma joshua Prentice, 1997. A–F cleared spermathecae A joshua allotype B APH_2307 C APH_1007 D APH_2306 E APH_2285 F APH_2289.

Aphonopelma joshua Prentice, 1997. A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma madera sp. n. live photographs. Female paratype (L) - APH_1393; Male (R) - APH_1434.

Aphonopelma madera sp. n. A–I male holotype, APH_3177 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 2.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2.5mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 2mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 0.5mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 3mm.

Aphonopelma madera sp. n. A–E female paratype, APH_1393 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 5.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2.5mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma madera sp. n. A–E cleared spermathecae A APH_1393 B APH_0136 C APH_0881 D APH_1571 E APH_1624.

Aphonopelma madera sp. n. distribution of known specimens. There is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses.

Aphonopelma mareki sp. n. live photographs. Female (L) - APH_1617; Male holotype (R) - APH_1615.

Aphonopelma mareki sp. n. A–I male holotype, APH_1615 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 2.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 3mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 0.5mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 2.5mm.

Aphonopelma mareki sp. n. A–E female paratype, APH_1590 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 3mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 1.5mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma mareki sp. n. A–E cleared spermathecae A APH_1590 B APH_0297 C APH_0941 D APH_1589 E APH_1617.

Aphonopelma mareki sp. n. A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma marxi (Simon, 1891) specimens, live photographs. Male (L) - APH_0769; Female (R) - APH_1418.

Aphonopelma marxi (Simon, 1891). A–I male specimen, APH_1396 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 3.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 3.5mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 3mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 3.5mm.

Aphonopelma marxi (Simon, 1891). A–E female specimen, APH_0452 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 7mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 3mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma marxi (Simon, 1891). A–E cleared spermathecae A APH_0452 B APH_1540 C APH_1541 D APH_2249 E APH_2266.

Aphonopelma marxi (Simon, 1891). A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma moderatum (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939) specimens, live photographs. Female (L) - APH_0532; Male (R) - APH_0890.

Aphonopelma moderatum (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939). A–I male specimen, APH_0890 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4.5mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 5.5mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 3mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 3.5mm.

Aphonopelma moderatum (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939). A–E female specimen, APH_0532 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 6.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 3.5mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3.5mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma moderatum (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939). A–I cleared spermathecae A APH_0057 B APH_0532 C APH_0877 D APH_0891 E APH_0892 F APH_0894 G APH_1123 H APH_1136 I APH_1283.

Aphonopelma moderatum (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939). A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma moellendorfi sp. n. A–I male holotype, APH_0925 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 6mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4.5mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 4mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 5.5mm.

Aphonopelma moellendorfi sp. n. distribution of known specimens. There is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses.

Aphonopelma mojave Prentice, 1997 specimens, live photographs. Female (L) - APH_3101; Male (R) - APH_3102.

Aphonopelma mojave Prentice, 1997. A–I male specimen, APH_1561 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 2.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 2.5mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 0.5mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 3mm.

Aphonopelma mojave Prentice, 1997. A–E female specimen, APH_1558 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 3mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2.5mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2.5mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma mojave Prentice, 1997. A–F cleared spermathecae A mojave allotype B APH_1355 C APH_1558 D APH_3101 E AUMS_2364 F AUMS_2512.

Aphonopelma mojave Prentice, 1997. A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma paloma Prentice, 1993 specimens, live photographs. Male (L) - APH_1254; Female (R) - APH_3166.

A generalized comparison of the largest species in the United States, an adult female Aphonopelma anax, and the smallest species in the United States, an adult female A. paloma.

Aphonopelma paloma Prentice, 1993. A–I male specimen, APH_1603 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 2mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 1.5mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 2mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 0.5mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 1.5mm.

Aphonopelma paloma Prentice, 1993. A–E female specimen, APH_1255 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 2mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 1mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 1mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma paloma Prentice, 1993. A–I cleared spermathecae A paloma allotype B APH_0422 C APH_1102 D APH_1114 E APH_1115 F APH_1255 G APH_3170 H APH_3171 I APH_3172.

Aphonopelma paloma Prentice, 1993, cleared spermathecae. A APH_3189 B APH_3190 C APH_3194.

Aphonopelma paloma Prentice, 1993. A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma parvum sp. n. live photographs. Male (L) - APH_3181; Female (R) - APH_3185.

Aphonopelma parvum sp. n. A–I male holotype, APH_1264 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 3mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2.5mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 2mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 0.5mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 3mm.

Aphonopelma parvum sp. n. A–E female paratype, APH_1622 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 2.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 1.5mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma parvum sp. n. A–E cleared spermathecae A APH_1104 B APH_1109 C APH_1599 D APH_1600 E APH_1622.

Aphonopelma parvum sp. n. A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma peloncillo sp. n. live photographs. Male (L) - APH_1300; Female (R) - APH_1296.

Aphonopelma peloncillo sp. n. A–I male holotype, APH_0672 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 4mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 3.5mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 5mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 4mm.

Aphonopelma peloncillo sp. n. A–E female paratype, APH_1296 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 5.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 3.5mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma peloncillo sp. n. A–E cleared spermathecae A APH_1296 B APH_0681 C APH_0683 D APH_1181 E APH_1297.

Aphonopelma peloncillo sp. n. A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma phasmus Chamberlin, 1940. A–I male holotype A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 1mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2.5mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 3.5mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb (damaged) H retrolateral view of palpal bulb (damaged) I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 2mm.

Aphonopelma phasmus Chamberlin, 1940 distribution of known specimens. There is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses.

Aphonopelma prenticei sp. n. live photographs. Female (L) - APH_3202; Male (R) - APH_1569.

Aphonopelma prenticei sp. n. A–I male holotype, AUMS_2557 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 3mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 2.5mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 0.5mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 2.5mm.

Aphonopelma prenticei sp. n. A–E female paratype, APH_0319 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 2mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma prenticei sp. n. A–E cleared spermathecae A APH_0319 B APH_0786 B AUMS_2554 D AUMS_3270 E AUMS_3279.

Aphonopelma prenticei sp. n. A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma saguaro sp. n. live photographs. Female paratype (L) - APH_3176; Male holotype (R) - APH_3220.

Aphonopelma saguaro sp. n. A–I male holotype, APH_3220 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 2.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 2.5mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 0.5mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 2mm.

Aphonopelma saguaro sp. n. A–F female paratype, APH_3176 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 3mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 1.5mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 1.5mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia F cleared spermathecae.

Aphonopelma saguaro sp. n. distribution of known specimens. There is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses.

Aphonopelma steindachneri (Ausserer, 1875), live photographs. Female (L) - APH_3105; Male neotype (R) - APH_1023.

Aphonopelma steindachneri (Ausserer, 1875). A–I male neotype, APH_1023 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 7mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 5mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3.5mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 5mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 5.5mm.

Aphonopelma steindachneri (Ausserer, 1875). A–E female specimen, APH_1022 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 7.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 3mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4.5mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia. Notice the eye deformity, a feature seen in the original species description.

Aphonopelma steindachneri (Ausserer, 1875). A–G cleared spermathecae A reversum allotype B APH_1022 C APH_1030 D APH_1034 E APH_3104 F APH_3105 G APH_3098.

Aphonopelma steindachneri (Ausserer, 1875). A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma superstitionense sp. n. live photographs. Female paratype (L) - APH_0504; Male (R) - APH_1607.

Aphonopelma superstitionense sp. n. A–I male holotype, APH_1443 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 2.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 2mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 0.5mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 2.5mm.

Aphonopelma superstitionense sp. n. A–F female paratype, APH_0504 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 3mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 1.5mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 1.5mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia F cleared spermathecae.

Aphonopelma superstitionense sp. n. distribution of known specimens. There is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses.

Aphonopelma vorhiesi (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939), live photographs. Female (L) - APH_3188; Male (R) - APH_1520.

Aphonopelma vorhiesi (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939). A–I male specimen, APH_0177 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 3.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 4mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 4mm.

Aphonopelma vorhiesi (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939). A–E female specimen, APH_1488 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3.5mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.

Aphonopelma vorhiesi (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939). A–H cleared spermathecae A APH_0639 B APH_0640 C APH_0674 D APH_0886 E APH_1488 F APH_1506 G Jung’s “cochise” female paratype H APH_2137, a Jung “cochise” specimen.

Aphonopelma vorhiesi (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939). A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.

Aphonopelma xwalxwal sp. n. live photograph. Male paratype - APH_3133.

Aphonopelma xwalxwal sp. n. A–I male holotype, APH_3134 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 3.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4.5mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 2.5mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 4mm.

Aphonopelma xwalxwal sp. n. distribution of known specimens. There is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses.