Research Article |
Corresponding author: Ge-Xia Qiao ( qiaogx@ioz.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Mariusz Kanturski
© 2023 Ying Xu, Jing Chen, Li-Yun Jiang, Ge-Xia Qiao.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Xu Y, Chen J, Jiang L-Y, Qiao G-X (2023) Cavariella Del Guercio (Hemiptera, Aphidinae, Macrosiphini) in China, with a new species, new synonymies, and first country records. ZooKeys 1169: 235-292. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1169.98552
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The genus Cavariella is distinguished from other Macrosiphini genera (Aphididae, Aphidinae) because it has a supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII which possesses two setae distally. It is Holarctic in distribution, and half of its species are Asian. The Chinese fauna of this genus, 17 species, have been restudied, morphologically and through DNA barcodes. As a result: Cavariella hidaensis Takahashi is transferred to Elatobium; Cavariella sculptura Qiao & Xu, sp. nov. is described from specimens collected on Torilis and Cryptotaenia (Apiaceae); Cavariella cessana Zhang, Chen, Zhong & Li, syn. nov. and Cavariella largispiracula Zhang, Chen, Zhong & Li, syn. nov. are respectively junior synonyms of Cavariella aquatica (Gillette & Bragg) and Cavariella sapporoensis Takahashi; Cavariella gilgiana Zhang, Chen, Zhong & Li and Cavariella lhasana Zhang are confirmed as valid species and complete descriptions are provided; Cavariella bhutanensis Chakrabarti & Das, Cavariella nigra Basu, Cavariella pastinacae (Linnaeus), and Cavariella pustula Essig are recorded for the first time from China. Additionally, keys for species of Cavariella known in China are provided and modifications to the key by Blackman and Eastop of aphid species on Angelica (Aphids on World’s Plants) are presented.
Apiaceae, DNA barcode, key, morphology, new record, new synonym, Salix
Cavariella is a genus of Macrosiphini (Hemiptera, Aphidinae) with three subgenera, Cavaraiellia Heinze, 1960, Cavariella Del Guercio, 1911, and Cavariellinepicauda Ivanovskaja, 1980. The genus is characterized by the presence of a supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII which possesses two setae distally (
The diversity of the genus seems to be very high in China, but still lacks taxonomic research. Based on examination of specimens of Cavariella in China, the genus is systematically revised in this work; the genus includes 42 species in the world, of which 17 species can be found in China.
Aphid terminology in this paper generally follows
In this paper, the following abbreviations are used:
Ant. I, II, III, IV, V, VI antennal segments I, II, III, IV, V, VI;
Ant. Vb or VIb base of antennal segment V or VI, respectively;
PT processus terminalis ×;
Ant. IIIBD basal diameter of antennal segment III;
URS ultimate rostral segment;
BW URS basal width of ultimate rostral segment;
MW hind tibia: mid-width of hind tibia;
HT II second hind tarsal segment;
SIPH siphunculus;
BW SIPH basal width of siphunculus;
DW SIPH distal width of siphunculus;
MW SIPH mid-width of siphunculus;
BW Cauda basal width of cauda;
ABD TERG VIII abdominal tergite VIII;
ap. viv. fem. apterous viviparous female;
ala. viv. fem. alate viviparous female.
DNA barcodes of COI were obtained from the Chinese species. COI DNA barcodes were obtained from specimens belonging to samples listed in Table
Voucher and GenBank accession numbers for aphid samples used in the molecular analyses.
Species | Voucher number | Collection locality | Host plant | COI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cavariella aegopodii | BIOUG27096-B11 | Canada | / | MF835290.1* |
BIOUG10644-D06 | Canada | / | KR344313.1* | |
CNC#HEM068401 | Canada | / | HQ971309.1* | |
CNC#HEM063948 | Canada | / | GU668356.1* | |
CNC#HEM063245 | Canada | / | GU667510.1* | |
BIOUG20138-H04 | Canada | / | MF838462.1* | |
CNC#HEM063243 | Canada | / | GU667509.1* | |
40940 | CHINA: Tibet | Salix | OP956128 | |
50266 | CHINA: Yunnan | Salix | OP956143 | |
51884 | CHINA: Tibet | Salix | OP956151 | |
Cavariella angelicae | 50575 | CHINA: Sichuan | Salix | OP956145 |
50588 | CHINA: Sichuan | Salix | OP956146 | |
51435 | CHINA: Sichuan | Salix | OP956148 | |
Cavariella aquatica | 32742 | CHINA: Tibet | Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste | OP956121 |
32744 | CHINA: Tibet | Salix | OP956122 | |
Cavariella araliae | HL81 | CHINA | Aralia | MH821599.1* |
HLshujia451 | CHINA | Aralia | MH821600.1* | |
HLshujia452 | CHINA | Aralia | MH821601.1* | |
HLshujia93 | CHINA | Aralia | MH821602.1* | |
45335 | CHINA: Hubei | Aralia | OP956137 | |
Cavariella bhutanensis | 32711 | CHINA: Tibet | Salix | OP956120 |
51895 | CHINA: Tibet | Salix | OP956152 | |
Cavariella cicutisucta | 33648 | CHINA: Guizhou | Apiaceae | OP956123 |
Cavariella digitata | BIOUG07811-D11 | Canada | / | KR563910.1* |
CNC#HEM070376 | Canada | / | JF883634.1* | |
Cavariella hidaensis | 22552 | CHINA: Sichuan | unknown | OP956114 |
50569 | CHINA: Sichuan | Salix | OP956144 | |
51438 | CHINA: Sichuan | Salix | OP956149 | |
Cavariella gilgiana | 51429 | CHINA: Sichuan | Salix | OP956147 |
Cavariella japonica | 31362 | CHINA: Sichuan | Apiaceae | OP956119 |
36809 | CHINA: Hubei | Apiaceae | OP956124 | |
43839 | CHINA: Sichuan | Apiaceae | OP956135 | |
44015 | CHINA: Sichuan | Apiaceae | OP956136 | |
Cavariella konoi | CNC#HEM064274 | Canada | / | HM416733.1* |
CNC#HEM064234 | Canada | / | HM416692.1* | |
CNC#HEM007238 | Canada | / | HQ970747.1* | |
CNC#HEM070643 | Canada | / | JF883690.1* | |
CNC#HEM070349 | Canada | / | JF883617.1* | |
CNC#HEM070380 | Canada | / | JF883638.1* | |
CNC#HEM070364 | Canada | / | JF883626.1* | |
CNC#HEM070249 | Canada | / | JF883546.1* | |
41101 | CHINA: Jilin | Salix | OP956129 | |
41195 | CHINA: Jilin | Salix | OP956132 | |
Cavariella nigra | 36849 | CHINA: Hubei | Apiaceae | OP956126 |
41140 | CHINA: Jilin | Apiaceae | OP956130 | |
43081 | CHINA: Shaanxi | Apiaceae | OP956134 | |
Cavariella nipponica | 30077 | CHINA: Sichuan | unknown | OP956116 |
31000 | CHINA: Beijing | Salix | OP956118 | |
51630 | CHINA: Sichuan | Salix | OP956150 | |
Cavariella pastinacae | CNC#HEM007501 | Canada | / | HQ970726.1* |
CNC#HEM063678 | Canada | / | GU668687.1* | |
CNC#HEM064086 | Canada | / | GU668257.1* | |
CNC#HEM063641 | Canada | / | GU668529.1* | |
55639 | CHINA: Xinjiang | Apiaceae | OP956153 | |
Cavariella pustula | 50011 | CHINA: Beijing | Salix | OP956142 |
Cavariella salicicola | HLshujia506 | CHINA | Salix | MH821603.1* |
HLshujia607 | CHINA | Salix | MH821604.1* | |
30855 | CHINA: Beijing | Salix | OP956117 | |
Cavariella sapporoensis | / | Korea | / | GU978782.1* |
/ | Korea | / | KX631497.1* | |
41184 | CHINA: Jilin | Apiaceae | OP956131 | |
42064 | CHINA: Beijing | Apiaceae | OP956133 | |
45505 | CHINA: Beijing | Apiaceae | OP956139 | |
45517 | CHINA: Beijing | Apiaceae | OP956140 | |
45522 | CHINA: Beijing | Apiaceae | OP956141 | |
Cavariella sculptura sp. nov. | 36840 | CHINA: Hubei | Apiaceae | OP956125 |
36853 | CHINA: Hubei | Apiaceae | OP956127 | |
45394 | CHINA: Hubei | Apiaceae | OP956138 | |
Cavariella theobaldi | CNC#HEM003818 | Canada | / | KR032549.1* |
/ | / | / | KF639272.1* | |
CNC#HEM063229 | Canada | / | GU667508.1* | |
CNC#HEM007231 | Canada | / | EU701562.1* | |
CNC#HEM010567 | Canada | / | EU701563.1* | |
Elatobium abietinum | / | / | / | MW441485.1* |
CNC#HEM063197 | Canada | / | GU667432.1* | |
BIOUG09976-G02 | Canada | / | KR343676.1* | |
Elatobium salicifoliae | 25750 | CHINA | Salix | KC286721.1* |
The holotype and some paratypes of the new species and other specimens examined are deposited in the National Animal Collection Resource Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. The other paratypes of the new species are deposited in the Natural History Museum, London, UK (
Cavariella Del Guercio, 1911: 323. Type species: Aphis pastinacae Linnaeus, 1758.
Body dorsum with various ornaments: wrinkles, irregularly circular or semicircular sculptures, small papillate tubercles. Frons convex. Antennae shorter than body length, without secondary rhinaria in apterae; in alatae, Ant. III with circular secondary rhinaria distributed over the whole segment, sometimes the secondary rhinaria protruded, Ant. IV and V usually with circular secondary rhinaria. ABD TERG VIII with a spinal supra-caudal process varying from a very long conical process to an indistinct swelling and possessing two setae distally; in alatae, the supra-caudal process is reduced and wart-like. Siphunculus clavate, swollen distally, sometimes elongated cylinder and not swollen, with imbrications. Cauda elongate conical, conical, or tongue-shaped.
The genus Cavariella has been divided into three subgenera, Cavaraiellia Heinze, Cavariellinepicauda Ivanovskaja, and the nominate subgenus Cavariella Del Guercio.
Most species of the genus characteristically alternate hosts, Salix species being the primary host, and plant species of diverse families, frequently Apiaceae the secondary host. Aphids colonize the aerial parts of plants, mainly tender ones.
1 | Siphunculus clavate, obliquely truncated at tip, without flange; cauda long conical, with 7 or 8 setae | Cavaraiellia |
– | Siphunculus clavate or cylindrical, with distinct flange; cauda conical or tongue-shaped, with 4–6 or > 8 setae | 2 |
2 | ABD TERG VIII with distinct supra-caudal process, as long as or longer than Ant. II; cauda conical with 4–6 setae | Cavariella |
– | ABD TERG VIII with indistinct supra-caudal process, shorter than Ant. II; cauda tongue-shaped with > 8 setae | Cavariellinepicauda |
Cavaraiellia
Frons convex. ABD TERG VIII with short conical supra-caudal process; siphunculus clavate, obliquely truncated at tip, without flange, the pore short than the distal width; cauda long conical, with seven or eight setae.
The subgenus only contains one species. Cavariella cessana Zhang, Chen, Zhong & Li, 1999 is considered as a junior synonym of Cavariella aquatica (Gillette & Bragg, 1916).
Siphocoryne aquatica Gillette & Bragg, 1916: 447.
Holotype
and paratypes of Cavariella cessana Zhang, Chen, Zhong & Li, 1999: one ap. viv. fem. and one ala. viv. fem., China: Xinjiang (Korla City), 19.VI.1989, No. 9391, on Salix, coll. G.X. Zhang and T.S. Zhong (
One ap. viv. fem., Tibet (Xigaze City), 17.VII.2022, No. 51892-1-1, on Salix, coll. Y. Xu; one ap. viv. fem.; Tibet (Xigaze City), 26.VII.2014, No. 32740-1-1, on Salix, coll. J. Chen and X.C. Zhu; one ap. viv. fem., Tibet, 23.VI.2016, No. 37396-1-1, on Salix, coll. F.F. Niu; one ap. viv. fem. and one ala. viv. fem., Tibet (Linzhi City), 23.VI.2014, No. 37394-1-1, on Salix, coll. F.F. Niu; one ap. viv. fem. and one ala. viv. fem. (slides), one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956122), Tibet (Xigaze City), 26.VII.2014, No. 32744-1-1, on Salix, coll. J. Chen and X.C. Zhu; one ap. viv. fem., Tibet (Xigaze City), 16.VII.2014, No. 32664-1-1, on Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste, coll. J. Chen, X.C. Zhu, X.H. Lou; two ap. viv. fems. (slides) and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956121), Tibet (Xigaze City), 26.VII.2014, No. 32742-1-1, on Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste, coll. J. Chen, X.C. Zhu, X.H. Lou; one ap. viv. fem. and one ala. viv. fem., Tibet (Linzhi City), 23.VI.2016, No. 37393-1-1, on Poaceae, coll. F.F. Niu; nine ap. viv. fems., Xinjiang, 11.VII.1977, No. 6892, on Salix, coll. Y.H. Han (
Body dorsum is covered with wavy or irregular circular wrinkles; ABD TERG VIII with short conical supra-caudal process, blunt at apex (Fig.
Cavariella (Cavaraiellia) aquatica (Gillette & Bragg). Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of body B dorsal view of head C antenna D ultimate rostral segment E mesosternal furca F sculptures of abdominal tergites G abdominal tergites VI–VII H siphunculus I supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII J cauda K anal plate. Alate viviparous female: L dorsal view of body M antenna. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.
The species migrates between Salix and Poaceae, Cyperaceae, or Juncaceae, and the supra-caudal process has some variations between the host plants. The population feeding on Salix has a broad, short, conical supra-caudal process (Fig.
Cavariella (Cavaraiellia) aquatica (Gillette & Bragg) feeding on Poaceae: A dorsal view of body B abdominal tergites VI–VIII C supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII. Cavariella cessana Zhang, Chen, Zhong & Li, 1999, syn. nov. D dorsal view of body E abdominal tergites VI–VIII F siphunculus. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.
Primary host plant: Salix; secondary host plant: Poaceae, Cyperaceae, or Juncaceae. The species feeds on upper sides of leaves and tender tips of the primary host plant (Fig.
China (Qinghai, Tibet, Xinjiang), Afghanistan, Canada, Europe, India, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, USA.
Cavariella Del Guercio, 1911: 323. Type species: Aphis pastinacae Linnaeus.
ABD TERG VIII with distinct supra-caudal process, elongate conical, conical, or triangular, as long as or longer than Ant. II. Siphunculus mostly clavate, swollen distally, sometimes long cylindrical not swollen, with distinct flange and imbrications. Cauda conical mostly with 4–6 setae, sometimes with 5–9 setae.
The nominate subgenus contains thirty-six species, including one new species. There are fourteen species in China, and Cavariella bhutanensis Chakrabarti & Das, 2009, C. nigra Basu, 1964, C. pastinacae (Linnaeus, 1758), and C. pustula Essig, 1937 are recorded in China for the first time. Two endemic species in China, Cavariella gilgiana Zhang, Chen, Zhong & Li, 1999 and Cavariella lhasana Zhang, 1981, are re-described in this work.
Aphis aegopodii Scopoli, 1763: 137.
Six ap. viv. fems. and four ala. viv. fems., China: Yunnan, 25.V.1980, No. 7157, on Foeniculum vulgare, coll. T.S. Zhong and L.Y. Wang (
URS shorter than HT II and without accessory setae (Fig.
Cavariella aegopodii (Scopoli). Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of body B dorsal view of head C antenna D mesosternal furca E ultimate rostral segment F second hind tarsal segment G sculptures of abdominal tergites H siphunculus I supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII J cauda K anal plate L genital plate. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.
Primary host plant: Salix; secondary host plant: Apiaceae. The species feeds on leaves and tender tips of Salix (Fig.
China (Heilongjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Taiwan, Tibet, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang) (
Metaphis angelicae Matsumura, 1918: 1.
Two ap. viv. fems. (slides) and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956148), China: Sichuan (Ganzi City), 15.VI.2021, No. 51435-1-1, on Salix, coll. T.Y. Liu and S. Xu; one ap. viv. fem. and one ala. viv. fem. (slides), one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956145), Sichuan (Ganzi City), 12.VI.2021, No. 50575-1-1, on Salix, coll. T.Y. Liu and S. Xu; two ap. viv. fems. and two ala. viv. fems. (slides), one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956146), Sichuan (Ganzi City), 12.VI.2021, No. 50588-1-1, on Salix, coll. T.Y. Liu and S. Xu; one ap. viv. fem., Hebei, 6.V.2021, No. 49999-2-1, on Salix, coll. G.X. Qiao.
Antennae 5-segmented (Fig.
Cavariella angelicae (Matsumura). Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of body B dorsal view of head C antenna D ultimate rostral segment E mesosternal furca F sculptures of abdominal tergites G supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII H siphunculus I cauda. Alate viviparous female: J dorsal view of body K antennal segments I–IV L supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII M cauda N anal plate O genital plate. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.
The species resembles Cavariella digitata and Cavariella theobaldi in SIPH being long and cylindrical, and not swollen, supra-caudal process short. But the species differs from C. digitata as follows: URS long and wedge-shaped, distinctly longer than HT II, 1.15–1.36× HT II (C. digitata: URS wedge-shaped, 1.00–1.10× HT II); supra-caudal process rectangular, blunt with two setae distally (C. digitata: supra-caudal process triangular, with two setae distally and 1–3 short setae basally); PT 3.00× Ant. Vb (C. digitata: PT 1.25–1.45× Ant. Vb). The species differs from C. theobaldi as follows: antennae 5-segmented (C. theobaldi: antennae 6-segmented); URS long wedge-shaped, longer than cauda (C. theobaldi: URS wedge-shaped, shorter than cauda) (
The species feeds on tender tips of Apiaceae (Angelica, Heracleum, Pastinaca, Sium) (
China (Hebei, Sichuan), Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Russia.
Cavariella araliae Takahashi, 1921: 37.
Two ap. viv. fems., China: Guizhou (Xishui County), 30.V.2000, No. 12518-1-1, on Aralia, coll. G.X. Qiao; two ap. viv. fems., Sichuan (Chengdu City), 21.VIII.2018, No. 43979-1-1, on Aralia, coll. Y. Xu and J.F. Ji; one ap. viv. fem., Guizhou (Fanjing Mountain), 1.VIII.2014, No. 33707-1-1, on Aralia, coll. Y.Q. Li and F.F. Niu; five ap. viv. fems. and three ala. viv. fems., Hainan (Linshui County), 7.IV.2015, No. 32504-1-1, No. 32505-1-1, No. 32507-1-1, No. 32503-1-1, on Aralia, coll. R. Chen; two ap. viv. fems., Yunnan (Jinping County), 17.IV.2018, No. 42356-1-1, on Aralia, coll. Y. Xu; three ap. viv. fems., Hunan (Ningyuan County), 27.V.2017, No. 39559-1-1, No. 39557-1-1, on Aralia, coll. C.C. Du and K. Hao; one ap. viv. fem., Guangdong (Shaoguan City), 7. VI.2017, No. 39667-1-1, on Aralia, coll. C.C. Du and K. Hao; two ap. viv. fems. (slides) and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956137), Hubei (Yien County), 30.IV.2019, No. 45335-1-1, on Aralia, coll. X. L. Zhang; one ap. viv. fems., Sichuan (Leshan City), 7.VI.2014, No. 31318-1-1, on Salix, coll. Y. Wang and X. J Tang.
Supra-caudal long conical, pointed apex, much longer than cauda (Fig.
Cavariella araliae Takahashi. Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of body B dorsal view of head C antenna D ultimate rostral segment E mesosternal furca F sculptures of abdominal tergites G abdominal tergites VI–VIII H siphunculus I supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII J cauda. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.
The species mostly feeds on stems and shoots of Araliaceae (Fig.
China (Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang) (
Cavariella bhutanensis Chakrabarti & Das, 2009: 39.
One ala. viv. fem., China: Tibet (Nyalam County), 9.VIII.2010, No. 25818-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. Y. Wang; one ala. viv. fem. and two ap. viv. fems., Tibet (Nyingchi City), 3.VIII.2010, No. 25756-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. G.X. Qiao; one ap. viv. fem. (slide) and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956120), Tibet (Nyalam County), 22.VII.2014, No. 32711-1-1, on Salix, coll. J. Chen and X.C. Zhu; one ap. viv. fem., Tibet (Shannan City), 9.VI.2016, No. 37289-1-1, on Salix, coll. F.F. Niu; one ap. viv. fem., Tibet (Jilong County), 24.VII.2014, No. 32732-1-1, on Salix, coll. J. Chen and X.C. Zhu; two ap. viv. fems. (slides) and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956152), Tibet (Bailang County), 17.VII.2021, No. 51895-1-1, on Salix, coll. Y. Xu; two ap. viv. fems., Tibet (Pulan County), 31.VII.2021, No. 52077-1-1, on Salix, coll. Y. Xu; two ap. viv. fems., Tibet (Jilong County), 31.VII.2021, No. 52011-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. Y. Xu.
PT 1.31–1.72× Ant. VIb; URS 0.11–0.15 mm, long wedge-shaped (Fig.
Cavariella bhutanensis Chakrabarti & Das. Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of body B dorsal view of head C antenna D ultimate rostral segment E mesosternal furca F sculptures of abdominal tergites G siphunculus H supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII I cauda J genital plate. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.
The species is recorded in China for the first time, and with some variations from the original description as follows: PT 1.27–1.40× Ant. VIb; URS 1.15–1.28× HT II; supra-caudal process 1.05–1.14× cauda in Bhutan.
The species resembles Cavariella aegopodii but differs as follows: PT 1.31–1.72× Ant. VIb (C. aegopodii: PT 1.12× Ant. VIb); URS elongate wedge-shaped, 0.91–1.17× HT II (C. aegopodii: URS wedge-shaped, shorter than HT II).
The species was found feeding on Salix (Fig.
China (Tibet), Bhutan.
Cavariella gilgiana Zhang, Chen, Zhong & Li, 1999: 370.
Holotype
: one ap. viv. fem., China: Ningxia (Yinchuan City), 10.VI.1976, No. Y1156-1-1-2, on Salix, coll. Unknown. Paratypes: four ap. viv. fems., with the same collection data as holotype (
Five ap. viv. fems. (slides) and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956147), Sichuan (Ganzi City), 15.VI.2021, No. 51429, on Salix, coll. T.Y. Liu and S. Xu; six ap. viv. fems., Qinghai (Huangyuan County), 9.VI.1997, No. 11400, on Salix, coll. X.L. Chen.
Body dorsum covered with densely papillate tubercles (Figs
Cavariella gilgiana Zhang, Chen, Zhong & Li. Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of head B antenna C ultimate rostral segment D mesosternal furca E marginal seta of abdominal tergite I F sculptures of abdominal tergites G siphunculus H supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII I cauda. Scale bar: 0.10 mm.
Cavariella gilgiana Zhang, Chen, Zhong & Li. Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of body B antenna C dorsal view of head D mesosternal furca E ultimate rostral segment F spino-pleural sculptures of abdominal tergites G marginal seta of abdominal tergite I H abdominal tergites IV–VIII I siphunculus J supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII K cauda. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.
Apterous viviparous females: body oval, pale yellowish in life (Fig.
Mounted specimens. Body pale, unsclerotized; Ant. V, distal part of rostrum, HT II brown, other parts pale in color. Body dorsum covered with densely papillate tubercles (Fig.
Parts | C. gilgiana | C. lhasana | C. sculptura sp. nov. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apterous viviparous females (n = 5) | Apterous viviparous females (n = 3) | Alate viviparous females (n = 2) | Apterous viviparous females (n = 11) | Alate viviparous female (n = 1) | ||
Length (mm) | Body length | 1.248–1.466 | 1.748–2.001 | 1.702–1.968 | 1.941–2.333 | 2.185 |
Body width | 0.671–0.809 | 0.883–1.100 | 0.713–0.786 | 0.990–1.265 | 1.012 | |
Antennae | 0.418–0.530 | 0.701–0.744 | 1.110–1.177 | 0.700–0.888 | / | |
Ant. I | 0.054–0.074 | 0.064–0.071 | 0.074–0.086 | 0.076–0.095 | 0.088 | |
Ant. II | 0.046–0.061 | 0.054–0.060 | 0.060–0.063 | 0.052–0.064 | 0.068 | |
Ant. III | 0.142–0.205 | 0.184–0.207 | 0.384–0.418 | 0.229–0.310 | / | |
Ant. IV | 0.053–0.074 | 0.086–0.092 | 0.152–0.162 | 0.080–0.128 | / | |
Ant. V | / | 0.089–0.104 | 0.125–0.149 | 0.093–0.107 | / | |
Ant. Vb / Ant. VIb | 0.083–0.098 | 0.083–0.105 | 0.119–0.130 | 0.087–0.111 | / | |
PT | 0.032–0.037 | 0.113–0.135 | 0.186–0.179 | 0.103–0.127 | / | |
URS | 0.079–0.092 | 0.116–0.139 | 0.111–0.119 | 0.141–0.151 | 0.139 | |
Single arm of mesosternal furca | 0.084–0.099 | 0.161 | / | 0.147–0.200 | / | |
Hind femur | 0.247–0.291 | 0.375–0.413 | 0.453–0.524 | 0.467–0.536 | 0.604 | |
Hind tibia | 0.376–0.473 | 0.651–0.747 | 0.894–0.970 | 0.738–0.908 | 1.118 | |
HT II | 0.086–0.099 | 0.119–0.130 | 0.125–0.127 | 0.115–0.131 | 0.122 | |
SIPH | 0.227–0.247 | 0.319–0.366 | 0.297–0.324 | 0.354–0.418 | 0.278 | |
BW SIPH | 0.028–0.033 | 0.074–0.091 | 0.055–0.065 | 0.057–0.093 | 0.069 | |
MW SIPH | 0.023–0.036 | 0.049–0.056 | 0.026–0.043 | 0.052–0.074 | 0.047 | |
SW SIPH | 0.039–0.048 | 0.071–0.084 | 0.066–0.080 | / | / | |
DW SIPH | 0.027–0.030 | 0.039–0.044 | 0.041–0.044 | 0.041–0.046 | 0.036 | |
Cauda | 0.103–0.128 | 0.130–0.182 | 0.140–0.143 | 0.125–0.158 | 0.135 | |
BW Cauda | 0.075–0.099 | 0.094–0.135 | 0.088–0.121 | 0.107–0.146 | 0.069 | |
MW Cauda | 0.056–0.069 | 0.078–0.088 | 0.046–0.047 | 0.072–0.085 | 0.047 | |
Ant. III BD | 0.016–0.023 | 0.027–0.029 | 0.019–0.023 | 0.030–0.037 | 0.02 | |
Hind tibia MW | 0.030–0.036 | 0.039–0.056 | 0.033–0.043 | 0.038–0.048 | 0.037 | |
Cephalic setae | 0.035–0.043 | 0.011–0.017 | / | 0.020–0.024 | / | |
Setae on Tergite I | 0.032–0.038 | / | / | 0.013–0.026 | 0.016 | |
Setae on Tergite VIII | 0.033–0.037 | 0.019–0.023 | 0.016 | 0.032–0.045 | 0.046 | |
Setae on Ant. I–II | 0.016–0.026 | / | / | / | / | |
Setae on Ant. III | 0.006–0.008 | 0.006–0.008 | 0.010–0.012 | 0.009–0.012 | / | |
Setae on Hind tibia | 0.022–0.029 | 0.022–0.027 | 0.023–0.028 | 0.022–0.035 | 0.031 | |
supra-caudal process on Tergite VIII | 0.090–0.103 | 0.075–0.136 | 0.026–0.031 | 0.063–0.073 | / | |
BW of supra-caudal process on Tergite VIII | 0.103–0.130 | 0.094–0.120 | 0.05 | 0.051–0.083 | / | |
Ratio (times) | Body length / Body width | 1.76–1.86 | 1.82–1.98 | 2.39–2.50 | 1.81–2.01 | 2.16 |
Whole antennae / Body | 0.33–0.38 | 0.37–0.42 | 0.60–0.65 | 0.33–0.41 | / | |
Hind femur / Ant. III | 1.36–1.74 | 1.81–2.17 | 1.18–1.25 | 1.58–2.10 | / | |
Hind tibia / Body | 0.28–0.34 | 0.36–0.37 | 0.49–0.53 | 0.35–0.43 | 0.51 | |
Ant. I / Ant. III | 0.34–0.43 | 0.32–0.35 | 0.19–0.21 | 0.28–0.39 | / | |
Ant. II / Ant. III | 0.28–0.33 | 0.26–0.31 | 0.15–0.16 | 0.18–0.27 | / | |
Ant. IV / Ant. III | 0.35–0.44 | 0.42–0.50 | 0.36–0.42 | 0.28–0.49 | / | |
Ant. V / Ant. III | / | 0.46–0.51 | 0.33–0.36 | 0.36–0.47 | / | |
Ant. Vb or Ant. VIb / Ant. III | 0.41–0.59 | 0.45–0.51 | 0.31 | 0.28–0.47 | / | |
PT / Ant. III | 0.16–0.23 | 0.55–0.72 | 0.43–0.48 | 0.33–0.55 | / | |
PT / Ant. Vb or Ant. VIb | 0.36–0.40 | 1.08–1.59 | 1.38–1.56 | 1.02–1.25 | / | |
URS / BW URS | 1.46–1.98 | 1.63–1.87 | 2.09 | 2.39–3.33 | 2.24 | |
URS / HT II | 0.86–0.96 | 0.94–1.07 | 0.89–0.94 | 1.08–1.25 | 1.14 | |
Cauda / BW Cauda | 1.13–1.42 | 1.24–1.38 | 1.16–1.63 | 0.94–1.45 | 1.06 | |
Cauda / MW Cauda | 1.70–2.04 | 1.60–2.07 | 3.04 | 1.74–2.08 | 2.5 | |
Cephalic setae / Ant. III BD | 1.74–2.38 | 0.41–0.63 | / | 0.65–0.77 | / | |
Setae on Tergite I / Ant. III BD | 1.39–2.00 | / | / | 0.55–0.84 | / | |
Ratio (times) | Setae on Tergite VIII / Ant. III BD | 1.57–2.31 | 0.69–0.85 | 0.84 | 1.00–1.45 | 2.3 |
Setae on ANT. III / ANT. III BD | 0.26–0.42 | 0.22–0.28 | 0.52–0.53 | 0.28–0.38 | / | |
Setae on hind tibia / Hind tibia MW | 0.61–0.83 | 0.48–0.56 | 0.65–0.70 | 0.46–0.78 | 0.84 | |
SIPH / Body | 0.17–0.19 | 0.18–0.19 | 0.17–0.18 | 0.16–0.20 | 0.13 | |
SIPH / Cauda | 1.93–2.36 | 2.01–2.45 | 2.08–2.31 | 2.41–2.98 | 2.06 | |
SIPH / Ant. III | 1.20–1.71 | 1.54–1.93 | 0.77–078 | 1.17–1.78 | / | |
SIPH / BW SIPH | 7.36–8.57 | 4.02–4.81 | 4.99–5.40 | 4.01–7.16 | 4.03 | |
SIPH / MW SIPH | 6.69–10.43 | 5.70–7.47 | 7.54–11.42 | 5.04–7.59 | 5.92 | |
SIPH / SW SIPH | 5.04–6.33 | 3.80–5.15 | 4.05–4.50 | / | / | |
SIPH / DW SIPH | 7.57–8.93 | 7.25–9.38 | 6.75–7.90 | 7.87–9.95 | 7.72 | |
Single arm of Mesosternal furca / Ant. III | 0.43–0.63 | 0.88 | / | 0.76 | / | |
supra-caudal process on Tergite VIII / Cauda | 0.70–1.00 | 0.78–0.90 | 0.19–0.22 | 0.47 | / |
Head. Ocular tubercles indistinct. Dorsum of head covered with semicircular and wavy sculptures on median area, marginal area with papillate tubercles (Figs
Thorax. Thoracic nota with circular and semicircular sculptures on spino-pleural areas, marginal areas with papillate tubercles. Mesosternal furca separated (Figs
Abdomen. Abdominal tergites with circular and semicircular sculptures on spino-pleural areas, marginal areas with papillate tubercles (Figs
The species was first described by
The species feeds on young leaves of Salix (Fig.
China (Ningxia, Sichuan, Qinghai).
Siphocoryne japonica Essig & Kuwana, 1918: 66.
One ap. viv. fem. and one ala. viv. fem. (slides), one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956124), China: Hubei (Yien County), 30.IV.2016, No. 36809-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. X.C. Zhu; one ap. viv. fem. and one ala. viv. fem., Hubei (Xingdou Mountain), 4.V.2019, No. 45380-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. X.L. Zhang; three ap. viv. fems., Hubei (Xingdou Mountain), 3.V.2019, No. 45369-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. X.L. Zhang; one ap. viv. fem. and one ala. viv. fem. (slides), one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956119), Sichuan (Dujiangyan), 11.IV.2014, No. 31362-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. Y. Wang and X.J. Tang; two ap. viv. fems., Hubei (Xingdou Mountain), 3.V.2019, No. 45370-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. X. L. Zhang; two ap. viv. fems. (slides) and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956136), Sichuan (Chengdu City), 24.VIII.2018, No. 44015-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. Y. Xu and J.F. Ji; two ap. viv. fems. (slides) and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956135), Sichuan (Chengdu City), 11.VIII.2018, No. 43839-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. Y. Xu and J.F. Ji.
In life, body white, distal part of tibiae and tarsi black, other parts pale, body dorsum sometimes slightly sclerotized (Fig.
Cavariella japonica (Essig & Kuwana). Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of body B dorsal view of head C antenna D ultimate rostral segment E marginal tubercle of prothorax notum F mesosternal furca G second hind tarsal segment H marginal tubercles of abdominal tergite I–II I sculptures of abdominal tergites I–VI J muskelplatten K siphunculus L sculptures of abdominal tergites VII M supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII N cauda. Alata viviparous female: O dorsal view of body P antenna Q siphunculus R supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII S cauda. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.
The species resembles Cavariella nigra, but differs as follows: body white, dorsum sometimes slightly sclerotized, distal part of tibiae and tarsi black, other parts pale in life; nymphs white, unsclerotized in life (C. nigra: body dorsum sclerotized and black, and appendages black in life; nymphs pale yellow, thoracic nota and abdominal tergites each with one pair of spinal and marginal patches); PT 1.41–1.64× Ant. VIb (C. nigra: PT 1.17–1.49× Ant. VIb); Ant. III–V each with 31–38, 4 or 5, 0 or 1 circular secondary rhinaria in alatae (C. nigra: Ant. III–V each with 51–64, 11 or 12, 1–3 circular secondary rhinaria in alatae).
Primary host plant: Salix, and the aphids feed on young stems (Fig.
China (Hubei, Sichuan, Taiwan (
Cavariella konoi Takahashi, 1939: 117.
One ap. viv. fem. and one ala. viv. fem. (slides), one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956129), China: Jilin, 4.VIII.2017, No. 41101-1-1, on Salix, coll. H. Long and T.Y. Liu; one ap. viv. fem. and one ala. viv. fem. (slides), one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956132), Jilin, 8.VIII.2017, No. 41195-1-1, on Salix, coll. H. Long and T.Y. Liu.
PT 1.67–1.80× Ant. VIb; URS 1.02–1.08× HT II; SIPH long clavate (Fig.
Cavariella konoi Takahashi. Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of body B dorsal view of head C antenna D ultimate rostral segment E mesosternal furca F sculptures of abdominal tergites I–VI G abdominal tergites VI–VII H siphunculus I sculptures of abdominal tergite VII J supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII K cauda L anal plate. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.
Cavariella konoi was first described in China by
The species was found feeding on the undersides of leaves of Salix (Fig.
China (Jilin), Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Japan, Mongolia, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, UK, USA.
Cavariella lhasana Zhang, 1981: 262.
Syntypes. Three ap. viv. fems. and three ala. viv. fems., China: Tibet, 3.IX.1975, No. 6162-1-2, on Medicago, coll. Z.Q. Wang (
PT 1.08–1.59× Ant. VIb; URS wedge-shaped (Figs
Cavariella lhasana Zhang. Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of head B antenna C ultimate rostral segment D mesosternal furca E sculptures of abdominal tergites F siphunculus G supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII H cauda I anal plate. Alate viviparous female: J antenna K supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII. Scale bar: 0.10 mm.
Apterous viviparous females: body oval, green in life.
Mounted specimens. Body pale, unsclerotized; Ant. V and VI, distal part of rostrum, HT II, SIPH, cauda and anal plate pale brown, other parts pale in color (Fig.
Head. Dorsum of head covered with wrinkles, distinctly at marginal areas. Frons convex with undeveloped antennal tubercles, slightly lower than median frontal tubercles (Figs
Thorax. Thoracic nota with oval and semicircular sculptures, distinctly at marginal areas. Dorsal setae of thorax short and blunt; pronotum with two pairs of spinal setae, arranged anteriorly and posteriorly, one pair of pleural and one pair of marginal setae. Legs short. Distal part of femora and tibiae slightly imbricated. Setae on legs short and blunt. First tarsal chaetotaxy: 3, 3, 3. Second tarsal segments with imbrications.
Abdomen. Abdominal tergites with oval and semicircular sculptures, distinctly at marginal areas. ABD TERG VIII produced caudad into conical spinal supra-caudal process, at least longer than 1/2 of cauda, covered with wavy wrinkles and with two blunt setae at apex (Figs
Alate viviparous females: mounted specimens. Body long oval; head and thorax black-brown, antennae, legs, distal part of rostrum, SIPH, supra-caudal process, cauda and anal plate brown, other parts pale in color (Fig.
Head. As in apterous viviparous females except as follows: dorsum of head smooth. Frons convex, antennal tubercles slightly prominent, lower than median frontal tubercle (Fig.
Thorax. As in apterous viviparous females except as follows: dorsum of thorax smooth. Legs normal. Setae on legs long and pointed. Fore wing radius bent, media twice-branched, two cubitus; hind wings with one long longitudinal vein and two obliques.
Abdomen. Abdominal tergites I–VII each with one pair of brown marginal sclerites; tergite I with a band at spino-pleural areas, tergites II–V with a brown quadrate sclerite at spino-pleural areas, tergites VI–VIII each with a brown band. Dorsum of abdominal tergites with spinulose imbrications at sclerites, others smooth. Abdominal tergites I–IV each with one pair of small marginal tubercles; ABD TERG VIII with a short warty supra-caudal process (Figs
The species was described by
The species feeds on leaves of Medicago.
China (Tibet).
Cavariella nigra Basu, 1964: 240.
One ap. viv. fem. and one ala. viv. fem., China: Sichuan (Ganzi City), 18.VII.2017, No. 45858-1-1, on Salix, coll. J.F. Ji; one ap. viv. fem. and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956126), Hubei (Yien County), 3.V.2016, No. 36849-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. X.C. Zhu; one ap. viv. fem. (slide) and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956134), Shaanxi (Ningshan County), 4.VI.2018, No. 43081-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. H. Long; one ap. viv. fem. and one ala. viv. fem. (slides), one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956130), Jilin, 5.VIII.2017, No. 41140-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. T.Y. Liu and H. Long; two ap. viv. fems., Yunnan, 25.IX.2020, No. 49354-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. Y. Xu; two ap. viv. fems., Tibet (Nyingchi City), 30.VI.2021, No. 51743-1-1, on Salix, coll. Y. Xu; two ap. viv. fems., Tibet (Nyingchi City), 26.VI.2021, No. 51699-1-1, on Salix, coll. Y. Xu; three ap. viv. fems. and five ala. viv. fems., Beijing, 4.VIII.2000, No. 12561, on Apiaceae, coll. G.X. Qiao.
In life, body dorsum black, venter of abdomen pale yellow, sometimes pink, and appendages black (Fig.
Cavariella nigra Basu. Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of body B dorsal view of head C antenna D ultimate rostral segment E second hind tarsal segment F spino-pleural sculptures of abdominal tergites I–VI G marginal papillate tubercles of abdominal tergite II H abdominal tergites V–VIII I siphunculus J sculptures and papillate tubercles of abdominal tergites VII–VIII K supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII L cauda M anal plate. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.
The species is recorded in China for the first time. The species resembles Cavariella japonica, but differs as follows: body dorsum sclerotized and black, and appendages uniformly black in life; nymphs pale yellow, thoracic nota and abdominal tergites each with one pair of spinal and marginal patches in life (C. japonica: body white, dorsum sometimes slightly sclerotized, distal part of tibiae and tarsi black, other parts pale in life; nymphs white, unsclerotized in life); PT 1.17–1.49× Ant. VIb (C. japonica: PT 1.41–1.64× Ant. VIb); Ant. III–V each with 51–64, 11 or 12, 1–3 circular and produced secondary rhinaria in alatae (C. japonica: Ant. III–V each with 31–38, 4 or 5, 0 or 1 circular secondary rhinaria in alatae).
Primary host plants: Salix, and the aphids feed on tender tips and with ant attendance (Fig.
China (Beijing, Gansu, Hubei, Jilin, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan), India (West Bengal) (
Cavariella nipponica Takahashi, 1961: 8.
One ap. viv. fem., China: Liaoning, 29.VI.1984, No. Y4977-1-2, on Salix, coll. G.X. Zhang and L.J. Liu (
ABD TERG VIII with long conical supra-caudal (Fig.
Cavariella nipponica Takahashi. Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of body B dorsal view of head C antenna D ultimate rostral segment E mesosternal furca F sculptures of abdomen G siphunculus H supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII I cauda. Alate viviparous female: J dorsal view of body K antenna L siphunculus M supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII N cauda O genital plate. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.
The species has some variations in China, as follows: PT 0.83–1.26× Ant. VIb, in most specimens PT shorter than Ant. VIb, but sometimes PT slightly longer than Ant. VIb (original description: PT 0.70–0.75× Ant. VIb); URS 1.01–1.07× HT II (original description: URS 1.40× HT II) (
Primary host plant: Salix; secondary host plant: Apiaceae including Anthriscus, Angelica, Heracleum (
China (Beijing, Hebei, Liaoning, Sichuan), Bhutan, Japan, Russia.
Aphis pastinacae Linnaeus, 1758: 451.
One ap. viv. fem. and one ala. viv. fem., Mongolia, 11.VII.2010, No. 24728, on Apiaceae, coll. L.Y. Jiang; two ap. viv. fems., Mongolia, 15.VII.2010, No. 24756, on Apiaceae, coll. L.Y. Jiang; one ap. viv. fem. (slide) and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956153), China: Xinjiang, 2.VII.2022, No. 55639, on Apiaceae, coll. Y. Xu.
Antennae 6-segmented (Fig.
Cavariella pastinacae (Linnaeus). Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of body B dorsal view of head C antenna D ultimate rostral segment E mesosternal furca F second hind tarsal segment G sculptures of abdomen H siphunculus I supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII J cauda. Alate viviparous female: K dorsal view of body L antenna M siphunculus N supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII O cauda. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.
The species is first recorded in China. The species resembles Cavariella angelicae, but differs as follows: antennae 6-segmented, PT 3.46× Ant. VIb (C. angelicae: antennae 5-segmented, PT 1.95–2.39× Ant. Vb); SIPH clavate, swollen at middle and constricted distally, with a subapical annular incision (C. angelicae: SIPH cylindrical, no swollen, without annular incision); Ant. III–IV with 46, two circular secondary rhinaria in alatae (C. angelicae: only Ant. III with 43 circular secondary rhinaria in alatae).
Primary host plant Salix; secondary host plant Apiaceae including Heracleum, Pastinaca, Angelica, Carum, Chaerophyllum, Cicuta, Foeniculum and Torilis (
China (Xinjiang), Argentina, Australia, Europe, Mongolia, North America (
Cavariella pustula Essig, 1937: 46.
Two ap. viv. fems. and two ala. viv. fems. (slides), one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956142), China: Beijing, 17.V.2021, No. 50011, on Salix, coll. G.X. Qiao and Y. Xu.
ABD TERG VIII with hooded supra-caudal completely hiding the cauda from above (Fig.
Cavariella pustula Essig. Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of body B dorsal view of head C antenna D ultimate rostral segment E sculptures of abdomen F abdominal tergites V–VIII G siphunculus H supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII I cauda. Alate viviparous female: J dorsal view of body K antenna L siphunculus M supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII N cauda O genital plate. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.
The species is first recorded in China and with some variations in China as follows: Ant. III and IV each with 22, 5 circular secondary rhinaria in alatae, but in USA, Ant. III each with 5–9 circular secondary rhinaria arranged in a row in alatae, and Ant IV without secondary rhinaria (
The species resembles Cavariella aspidaphoides in ABD TERG VIII hooded supra-caudal process; dorsum of body with circular sculptures; but differs from C. aspidaphoides as follows: supra-caudal process only with two setae distally (C. aspidaphoides: supra-caudal process with two setae distally and 3–5 short setae marginally); URS with one pair of accessory setae (C. aspidaphoides: URS without accessory setae); PT shorter than Ant. VIb (C. aspidaphoides: PT longer than Ant. VIb).
The species feeds on tender tips of Salix (Fig.
China (Beijing), Canada, USA.
Nipposiphum salicicola
One ap. viv. fem. (slide) and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956117), China: Beijing, 6.V.2014, No. 30855-1-1, on Salix, coll. X.J. Tang and T.T. Xu; one ap. viv. fem. and one ala. viv. fem., Beijing, 6.V.2014, No. 30836-1-1, on Salix, coll. Y. Wang, X.J Tang and F.F. Niu; two ala. viv. fems., Hebei, 12.V.2002, No. 13268-1-1, on Salix, coll. G.X. Qiao and H. Liu; one ap. viv. fem., Beijing, 26.V.2015, No. 34341-1-1, on Salix, coll. X.C. Zhu and Y. Li; two ala. viv. fems., Qinghai, 9.VI.1997, No. 11401-1-1, on Salix, coll. X.L. Chen (
ABD TERG VIII with conical supra-caudal process (Fig.
Cavariella salicicola (Matsumura). Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of body B dorsal view of head C antenna D ultimate rostral segment E second hind tarsal segment F sculptures of abdomen G siphunculus H supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII I cauda. Alate viviparous female: J dorsal view of body K antenna L marginal tubercles of abdominal tergites II–IV M siphunculus N supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII O cauda P anal plate Q genital plate. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.
Primary host plant: Salix (Fig.
China (Beijing, Gansu, Guangdong, Hebei, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Taiwan, Tianjin, Yunnan, Zhejiang) (
Holotype
: one ap. viv. fem., China: Hubei (Xingdou Mountain), 4.V.2019, No. 45394-1-1-2, on Torilis scabra (Thunb.) DC., coll. X.L. Zhang. Paratypes: one ap. viv. fem. (slide) and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956138), with the same collection data as holotype; two ap. viv. fems., Hubei (Yien County), 30.IV.2019, No. 45340-1-1, on Torilis scabra (Thunb.) DC., coll. X.L. Zhang; one ala. viv. fem. and one ap. viv. fem., Hubei (Yien County), 3.V.2016, No. 36855-1-1, on Torilis scabra (Thunb.) DC., coll. X.C. Zhu; two ap. viv. fems., Hubei (Xingdou Mountain), 3.V.2019, No. 45372-1-1, on Torilis scabra (Thunb.) DC., coll. X.L. Zhang; one ap. viv. fem. (slide) and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956127), Hubei (Yien County), 3.V.2016, No. 36853-1-1, on Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk., coll. X.C. Zhu; two ap. viv. fems., Shaanxi (Ningshan County), 10.VI.2018, No. 43306-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. H. Long; one ap. viv. fem. (slide) and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956125), Hubei (Yien County), 2.V.2016, No. 36840-1-1, on Torilis scabra (Thunb.) DC., coll. X.C. Zhu (
In life, body dorsum of body sclerotized, black and ridged, turtle-shaped, venter of abdomen flat and pink, appendages black distally, other parts pale in color (Fig.
Cavariella sculptura Qiao & Xu, sp. nov. Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of head B antenna C ultimate rostral segment D mesosternal furca E spino-pleural sculptures of abdominal tergites I–VI F supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII G siphunculus H cauda I anal plate. Scale bar: 0.10 mm.
Cavariella sculptura Qiao & Xu, sp. nov. Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of body B dorsal view of head C antenna D ultimate rostral segment E second hind tarsal segment F sculptures of abdominal tergites I–VI G siphunculus H supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII I marginal papillate tubercles of abdominal tergite VIII J cauda. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.
Apterous viviparous females: body oval, dorsum of body sclerotized, black and ridged, turtle-shaped, venter of abdomen flat and pink, appendages black distally, other parts pale in life (Fig.
Mounted specimens. Body dorsum sclerotized and inconsistently black, spinal area dark brown and pleuro-marginal area pale brown in color (Fig.
Head. Head dorsum densely covered with wavy sculptures. Frons convex, antennal tubercles slightly prominent, as high as median frontal tubercle (Figs
Thorax. Thoracic nota with semicircular and irregular circular sculptures on spino-pleural areas, marginal areas with semicircular sculptures which sparser than spino-pleural areas. Pronotum mostly with one pair of small marginal tubercles. Dorsal setae of thorax short and pointed; pronotum with two pairs of spinal setae, arranged anteriorly and posteriorly, one pair of pleural and one pair of marginal setae; mesonotum with 6–11 spino-pleural setae and two pairs of marginal setae; metanotum with 4–6 spino-pleural setae and two pairs of marginal setae. Legs normal. Distal part of femora with oval and imbricated sculptures; distal part of tibiae imbricated. Setae on legs short and pointed. First tarsal chaetotaxy: 3, 3, 3. Second tarsal segments with imbrications.
Abdomen. Abdominal tergites I–VI with densely circular sculptures on spino-pleural areas (Figs
Alate viviparous females: body long oval; head and thorax black, abdomen pink, abdominal tergites with a quadrate patch in life (Fig.
Mounted specimens. Head and thorax black-brown, antennae, legs, distal part of rostrum, SIPH, cauda and anal plate brown, other parts pale in color (Fig.
Head. As in apterous viviparous females except as follows: dorsum of head smooth. Frons convex, antennal tubercles slightly prominent, not higher than frontal tubercle. Antennae lost (in this specimen). Rostrum reaching mid-coxae.
Thorax. As in apterous viviparous females except as follows: dorsum of thorax smooth. Legs normal. Fore wings radius bent, media twice branched, two cubitus; hind wings with single long longitudinal vein and two obliques.
Abdomen. Abdominal tergites I–V each with one pair of marginal sclerites; tergite I with scattered small sclerites at spino-pleural area, tergite II with a brown band at spino-pleural area, tergites III–VI with a brown quadrate sclerite at spino-pleural areas, tergites VII and VIII each with a across brown band (Fig.
The new species is named for its sculptures on the dorsum of body.
The species resembles Cavariella nigra in body dorsum sclerotized; URS long wedge-shaped; short supra-caudal process, but differ from it as follows: dorsum of body ridged, turtle-shaped, venter of abdomen flat and pink in color, appendages black distally, other parts pale in life; in nymphs: body pink or orange in color, appendages black distally, other parts pale (C. nigra: dorsum of body flat, venter of abdomen yellowish white in color; appendages black wholly in life; in nymphs: body yellowish white in color, appendages black wholly in life); body dorsum sclerotized and inconsistently black in specimens, spinal area of dorsum dark brown and pleuro-marginal ones of dorsum pale brown in color; the SIPH pale brown and same as pleuro-marginal area of dorsum in color (C. nigra: body dorsum sclerotized and uniformly black in specimens, the SIPH black brown and same as dorsum of body); marginal area of body with semicircular sculptures (C. nigra: marginal area of body with papillate tubercles).
The species feeds on young stems and leaves of Apiaceae (Torilis, Cryptotaenia), with ant attendance (Fig.
China (Hubei, Shaanxi).
Cavariellinepicauda Ivanovskaja, 1980: 79.
The species of the subgenus mostly feed on Apiaceae and are covered with wax in life (Fig.
Cavariella (Cavariellinepicauda) cicutisucta Qiao. Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of body B dorsal view of head C antenna D ultimate rostral segment E marginal tubercle of prothorax notum F hind tibiae G marginal tubercle of abdominal tergite I H marginal tubercles of abdominal tergites I–III I abdominal tergites II–VIII J siphunculus K cauda. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.
The subgenus contains five species, with only two species distributed in China. Cavariella largispiracula Zhang, Chen, Zhong & Li, 1999 is considered as a junior synonym of Cavariella sapporoensis Takahashi, 1961. Cavariella hidaensis Takahashi, 1961 should be removed to Elatobium Mordvilko, 1914 based morphological and molecular data.
Cavariella (Cavariellinepicauda) cicutisucta
Qiao in
Holotype : one ap. viv. fem., China: Shanxi, 18.VII.2000, No. Y8507-1-1-1, on Cicuta virosa, coll. L.J. Zhang.
three ap. viv. fems. and one ala. viv. fem. (slides), one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956123), Guizhou, 27.VII.2014, No. 33648, on Apiaceae, coll. F.F. Niu and Y.Q. Li.
Body white, covered with wax in life (Fig.
The species resembles Cavariella sapporoensis, but the main differences between the two species are as follows: abdominal tergites I–IV sclerotized, tergites VII and VIII each with a brown sclerotic band (C. sapporoensis: only abdominal tergites VII and VIII sometimes with a brown sclerotic band); dorsal setae short and blunt (C. sapporoensis: dorsal setae very long and pointed, curved distally).
The species feeds on undersides of leaves near the roots of Apiaceae (Cicuta virosa) and is with ant attendance (Fig.
China (Guizhou, Shanxi).
Cavariella sapporoensis Takahashi, 1961: 9.
Holotype
and paratypes of Cavariella largispiracula Zhang, Chen, Zhong & Li, 1999: two ap. viv. fems., China: Gansu (Yuzhong County), 1.VIII.1986, No. 8587-1-2, on Apiaceae, coll. G.X. Zhang, J.H. Li and T.S. Zhong; seventeen apterous oviparous females, Gansu (Minxian County), 22.X.1986, No. 8785-1-1, on Salix, coll. G.X. Zhang and T. S. Zhong (
Two ala. viv. fems., Beijing, 15.VIII.2017, No. 42056-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. H. Long; one ap. viv. fem. and one ala. viv. fem. (slides), one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956131), Jilin, 8.VIII.2017, No. 41184-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. H. Long and T.Y. Liu; one ap. viv. fem. and one ala. viv. fem. (slides), one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956141), Beijing, 24.VI.2019, No. 45522-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. H. Long; one ap. viv. fem. and one ala. viv. fem., Beijing, 15.VIII.2017, No. 42057-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. H. Long; one ap. viv. fem. (slide) and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956140), Beijing, 24.VI.2019, No. 45517-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. H. Long; one ap. viv. fem. (slide) and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956133), Beijing, 15.VIII.2017, No. 42064-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. H. Long; one ap. viv. fem. (slide) and one ap. viv. fem. (COI: OP956139), Beijing, 15.VIII.2017, No. 45505-1-1, on Apiaceae, coll. H. Long.
Pronotum and abdominal tergites I–IV each with large and circular marginal tubercles, larger than spiracles (Fig.
Cavariella (Cavariellinepicauda) sapporoensis Takahashi. Apterous viviparous female: A dorsal view of body B dorsal view of head C antenna D marginal tubercle of prothorax notum E ultimate rostral segment F marginal tubercles of abdominal tubercles I–IV G the setae of hind tibiae H the setae of hind femur I abdominal tergites VI–VIII J siphunculus K supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII L anal plate M cauda N genital plate. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.
After researching the holotype of Cavariella largispiracula Zhang, Chen, Zhong & Li, 1999, we found the species is in fact without large circular spiracles, which are in fact marginal tubercles and with normal reniform spiracles (Fig.
The ecological habitat photographs of Cavariella in the field A, B the apterae and nymphs of Cavariella aquatica (Gillette & Bragg) feeding on the leaves of Salix along main vein C the apterae and nymphs of Cavariella aquatica feeding on the leaves of Poaceae D the apterae and nymphs of Cavariella aegopodii (Scopoli) feeding on the leaves of Salix along main vein E the apterae and nymphs of Cavariella angelicae (Matsumura) feeding on the tender leaves of Salix F the apterae and nymphs of Cavariella araliae Takahashi feeding on tender tips of Aralia G the apterae and nymphs of Cavariella bhutanensis Chakrabarti & Das feeding on the leaves of Salix along main vein H the apterae of Cavariella gilgiana Zhang, Chen, Zhong & Li feeding on the leaves of Salix.
The ecological habitat photographs of Cavariella in field A the apterae and nymphs of Cavariella japonica (Essig & Kuwana) feeding on tender stem of Salix B, C the apterae and nymphs of Cavariella japonica feeding on tender stem of Apiaceae D the apterae and nymphs of Cavariella konoi Takahashi feeding on the leaves of Salix.
The species resembles Cavariella heraclei Takahashi, 1961, but differs from it as follows: setae of legs long, pointed, dense, and curved apexes (C. heraclei: setae of legs short, blunt, sparse); cephalic setae long and pointed, 1.31–2.74× Ant. IIIBD (C. heraclei: cephalic setae short and blunt, 0.50× Ant. IIIBD); setae of Ant. III long and pointed, 0.86–1.24× Ant. IIIBD (C. heraclei: setae of Ant. III short, 0.50× Ant. IIIBD) (
The ecological habitat photographs of Cavariella nigra Basu in field A two apterae feeding on underside leaves of Salix in spring B the apterae and nymphs feeding on tender stem of Salix in summer C the species feeding on Salix with ant- attendance D the nymphs feeding on tender stem of Salix in summer E, F the species feeding on Apiaceae.
The ecological habitat photographs of Cavariella in field. A the apterae and nymphs of Cavariella nipponica Takahashi feeding on the underside leaves of Salix B one aptera of Cavariella pastinacae (Linnaeus) feeding on tender stem of Apiaceae C the apterae and nymphs of Cavariella pustula Essig feeding on tender stem of Salix D the apterae and nymphs of Cavariella salicicola (Matsumura) feeding on tender stem of Salix.
The ecological habitat photographs of Cavariella sculptura Qiao & Xu, sp. nov. in field A, B the apterae and nymphs feeding on tender stems of Apiaceae (Torilis scabra) with ant-attendance C one alate, apterae and nymphs feeding on tender stem of Apiaceae (Torilis scabra) D the apterae and nymphs feeding on tender stem of Apiaceae.
The species is usually collected from Apiaceae and feeds on the undersides of leaves with ant attendance (Fig.
The ecological photos of Cavariella (Cavariellinepicauda) in field A one alate, apterae and nymphs of Cavariella cicutisucta Qiao feeding on tender stem of Apiaceae B the apterae and nymphs of Cavariella sapporoensis Takahashi feeding on tender stem of Apiaceae C the apterae and nymphs of Cavariella sapporoensis feeding on tender stem of Apiaceae with ant-attendance D one alate of Cavariella sapporoensis feeding on tender stem of Apiaceae.
China (Beijing, Gansu, Jilin), Japan.
1 | Siphunculus clavate, without flange, obliquely truncated at tip; cauda long conical, with 7 or 8 setae | C. aquatica |
– | Siphunculus clavate or cylindrical, with distinct flange; cauda conical or tongue-shaped, with 4–8 or > 8 setae | 2 |
2 | ABD TERG VIII with slightly swollen supra-caudal process, wart-shaped; cauda tongue-shaped, with > 8 setae | 3 |
– | ABD TERG VIII with distinct supra-caudal process, conical; cauda conical, with 4–6 setae | 4 |
3 | Dorsal setae of body short and blunt; setae on legs short and blunt | C. cicutisucta |
– | Dorsal setae of body very long and pointed, curved distally; setae on legs long, pointed, and dense | C. sapporoensis |
4 | ABD TERG VIII with very long conical supra-process, pointed apex, much beyond cauda | C. araliae |
– | ABD TERG VIII with conical supra-caudal, blunt apex, at most a little longer than cauda | 5 |
5 | SIPH cylindrical, constricted at apex and curved outward distally | 6 |
– | SIPH clavate, distinctly swollen | 9 |
6 | Antennae 5-segmented, PT 1.95–2.39× Ant. Vb; dorsum of body unsclerotized, pale | C. angelicae |
– | Antennae 6-segmented, occasionally 5-segmented, PT at most 1.50× Ant. VIb; dorsum of body sclerotized, at least spinal of body sclerotized pale brown | 7 |
7 | Body dorsum of body sclerotized, black and ridged, turtle-shaped in life; in specimens body dorsum sclerotized and inconsistently black, spinal of dorsum dark brown, pleuro-marginal of dorsum and SIPH pale brown; marginal of body with densely semicircular and circular sculptures | C. sculptura sp. nov. |
– | Body dorsum of body sclerotized or unsclerotized in life, normal swollen in life; in specimens body dorsum sclerotized consistently black, tergites and SIPH black sometimes unsclerotized; marginal of body with papillate tubercles | 8 |
8 | Body dorsum sclerotized and black, and appendages uniformly black in life; PT 1.17–1.49× Ant. VIb | C. nigra |
– | Body white, dorsum sometimes slightly sclerotized, distal part of tibiae and tarsi black, other parts pale in life; PT 1.41–1.64× Ant. VIb | C. japonica |
9 | Antennae 5-segmented, PT 0.36–0.40× Ant. Vb; dorsal setae long, thick, and capitate; body dorsum covered with densely papillate tubercles | C. gilgiana |
– | Antennae 6-segmented, PT as least longer than 0.5× of Ant. VIb; dorsal setae short and thin; body dorsum covered with circular, semicircular, and wavy sculptures | 10 |
10 | Abdominal VIII with short conical or rectangular supra-caudal process, the length slightly longer than basal width, not reaching the base of cauda | 11 |
– | Abdominal VIII with conical supra-caudal process, the length longer than basal width, at least reaching 1/2 of cauda | 12 |
11 | ABD TERG VIII with short conical supra-caudal process; PT 1.67–1.80× Ant. VIb; SIPH long clavate, 3.10× cauda | C. konoi |
– | ABD TERG VIII with rectangular supra-caudal process; PT 3.46× Ant. VIb; SIPH long clavate, 2.63–2.69× cauda | C. pastinacae |
12 | SIPH short clavate, thick, swollen over most of length, 1.70× cauda | C. salicicola |
– | SIPH long clavate, only distal part swollen, > 2.00× cauda | 13 |
13 | ABD TERG VIII with hood-shaped supra-caudal, completely covered cauda; PT 0.55–0.91× Ant. VIb | C. pustula |
– | ABD TERG VIII with conical supra-caudal, thinner than cauda; PT mostly longer than Ant. VIb | 14 |
14 | PT mostly shorter than Ant. VIb | C. nipponica |
– | PT as long as or longer than Ant. VIb | 15 |
15 | URS shorter than HT II, without accessory setae | C. aegopodii |
– | URS longer than HT II, at least with one pair of accessory setae | 16 |
16 | SIPH 4.02–4.81× basal width, distal part distinctly swollen, the swollen width 1.82–1.91× distal width; URS wedge-shaped | C. lhasana |
– | SIPH 5.37–7.69× basal width, distal part swollen, the swollen width 1.40–1.80× distal width; URS long wedge-shaped | C. bhutanensis |
1 | Siphunculus clavate, obliquely truncated at tip, without flange | C. aquatica |
– | Siphunculus clavate or cylindrical, with distinct flange | 2 |
2 | ABD TERG VIII with indistinct supra-caudal process; cauda tongue-shaped, with > 8 setae | 3 |
– | ABD TERG VIII with distinct supra-caudal process, wart-shaped; cauda conical, with 4–6 setae | 4 |
3 | Dorsal setae of body short and blunt | C. cicutisucta |
– | Dorsal setae of body very long and pointed, curved distally | C. sapporoensis |
4 | ABD TERG VIII with long and thin conical supra-process | C. araliae |
– | ABD TERG VIII with wart-shaped supra-caudal, as long as basal with | 5 |
5 | SIPH cylindrical, not swollen | 6 |
– | SIPH clavate, distinctly swollen | 9 |
6 | Dorsum of body unsclerotized, pale; PT 1.95–2.39× Ant. Vb | C. angelicae |
– | Dorsum of body strongly sclerotized; PT at most 1.84× Ant.VIb | 7 |
7 | Ant. III with at most 40 secondary rhinaria; PT 1.56–1.84× Ant. VIb | C. japonica |
– | Ant. III with > 50 secondary rhinaria; PT at most 1.51× Ant. VIb | 8 |
8 | Body dorsum of body strongly sclerotized, black; PT 1.14–1.46× Ant. VIb | C. sculptura sp. nov. |
– | Body dorsum sclerotized, brown; PT 1.02–1.25× Ant. VIb | C. nigra |
9 | PT 0.39× Ant. VIb | C. gilgiana |
– | PT at least as long as VIb | 10 |
10 | Only Ant. III with secondary rhinaria | 11 |
– | Ant. III–IV with secondary rhinaria, sometimes Ant. V with secondary rhinaria | 13 |
11 | URS shorter than HT II, without accessory setae | C. aegopodii |
– | URS longer than HT II, at least with one pair of accessory setae | 12 |
12 | SIPH thick clavate, length 4.99–5.40× the basal width, the swollen width 1.95× distal width | C. lhasana |
– | SIPH long clavate, length 5.48–6.30× the basal width, the swollen width 1.24–1.79× distal width | C. bhutanensis |
13 | SIPH short clavate, swollen over most of length, 1.40× cauda | C. salicicola |
– | SIPH long clavate, only distal part swollen, > 2.00× cauda | 14 |
14 | PT 0.83× VIb | C. pustula |
– | PT at least as long as VIb | 15 |
15 | PT 4.31× VIb; Ant. III–IV each with secondary rhinaria 46, 2 | C. pastinacae |
– | PT at most 3.00× VIb; Ant. III with secondary rhinaria at most 30 | 16 |
16 | PT 2.11–2.57× VIb; Ant. III–IV each with secondary rhinaria 28–32, 2 | C. konoi |
– | PT 1.11–1.30× VIb; Ant. III–V each with secondary rhinaria 26–36, 5 or 6, 1 or 2 | C. nipponica |
12 | Tergum pigmented, and with nodulose ornamentation; cauda with 5–8 setae | 12a |
– | Tergum pale, smooth; cauda with 9–16 setae | 13 |
12a | Body dorsum of body sclerotized, black and ridged, turtle-shaped in life; in specimens body dorsum sclerotized and inconsistently black, spinal of dorsum dark brown, pleuro-marginal of dorsum and SIPH pale brown; marginal of body with densely semicircular and circular sculptures | C. sculptura sp. nov. |
– | Body dorsum of body sclerotized or unsclerotized in life, normal swollen in life; in specimens body dorsum sclerotized consistently black, tergites and SIPH black sometimes unsclerotized; marginal of body with papillate tubercles | 12b |
12b | Body dorsum sclerotized and black, and appendages uniformly black in life; PT 1.17–1.49× Ant. VIb; Ant. III–V each with 51–64, 11 or 12, 1–3 circular and produced secondary rhinaria in alatae | C. nigra |
– | Body white, dorsum sometimes slightly sclerotized, distal part of tibiae and tarsi black, other parts pale in life; PT 1.41–1.64× Ant. VIb; Ant. III–V each with 31–38, 4 or 5, 0 or 1 circular secondary rhinaria in alatae | C. japonica |
13 | R IV+V 1.2–1.3 × HT II; dorsal setae long and pointed, curved distally | C. sapporoensis |
– | R IV+V 1.6–2.0 × HT II; dorsal setae short and blunt | C. heraclei |
The DNA barcodes of nineteen species of Cavariella were used, including the new species and others from China. The final alignments of COI sequences consisted of 658 nucleotides, including 162 parsimony-informative sites. Pairwise sequence divergences of COI among the Cavariella species are presented in Table
Kimura’s two-parameter genetic distances of Cavariella species samples based on COI.
C. aegopodii | C. angelicae | C. aquatica | C. araliae | C. bhutanensis | C. cicutisucta | C. digitata | C. gilgiana | C. japonica | C. konoi | C. nigra | C. nipponica | C. pastinacae | C. pustula | C. salicicola | C. sapporoensis | C. sculptura sp. nov. | C. theobaldi | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. aegopodii | ||||||||||||||||||
C. angelicae | 0.065 | |||||||||||||||||
C. aquatica | 0.066 | 0.055 | ||||||||||||||||
C. araliae | 0.087 | 0.074 | 0.085 | |||||||||||||||
C. bhutanensis | 0.025 | 0.059 | 0.054 | 0.081 | ||||||||||||||
C. cicutisucta | 0.089 | 0.084 | 0.078 | 0.074 | 0.075 | |||||||||||||
C. digitata | 0.081 | 0.083 | 0.070 | 0.093 | 0.077 | 0.084 | ||||||||||||
C. gilgiana | 0.073 | 0.062 | 0.057 | 0.070 | 0.063 | 0.078 | 0.090 | |||||||||||
C. japonica | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.059 | 0.084 | 0.069 | 0.056 | 0.070 | 0.080 | ||||||||||
C. konoi | 0.078 | 0.065 | 0.060 | 0.089 | 0.072 | 0.084 | 0.075 | 0.067 | 0.068 | |||||||||
C. nigra | 0.074 | 0.065 | 0.059 | 0.069 | 0.070 | 0.057 | 0.070 | 0.072 | 0.023 | 0.068 | ||||||||
C. nipponica | 0.063 | 0.062 | 0.052 | 0.060 | 0.055 | 0.054 | 0.070 | 0.056 | 0.048 | 0.061 | 0.047 | |||||||
C. pastinacae | 0.051 | 0.060 | 0.046 | 0.081 | 0.042 | 0.073 | 0.067 | 0.063 | 0.063 | 0.062 | 0.058 | 0.051 | ||||||
C. pustula | 0.075 | 0.074 | 0.065 | 0.086 | 0.067 | 0.074 | 0.082 | 0.056 | 0.068 | 0.064 | 0.066 | 0.041 | 0.062 | |||||
C. salicicola | 0.077 | 0.066 | 0.059 | 0.076 | 0.067 | 0.072 | 0.084 | 0.062 | 0.062 | 0.068 | 0.062 | 0.054 | 0.068 | 0.066 | ||||
C. sapporoensis | 0.076 | 0.078 | 0.058 | 0.074 | 0.064 | 0.027 | 0.064 | 0.066 | 0.043 | 0.071 | 0.047 | 0.050 | 0.062 | 0.064 | 0.060 | |||
C. sculptura sp. nov. | 0.091 | 0.080 | 0.068 | 0.082 | 0.087 | 0.054 | 0.086 | 0.082 | 0.056 | 0.081 | 0.048 | 0.056 | 0.077 | 0.080 | 0.072 | 0.054 | ||
C. theobaldi | 0.065 | 0.058 | 0.071 | 0.086 | 0.061 | 0.095 | 0.083 | 0.072 | 0.088 | 0.081 | 0.073 | 0.072 | 0.055 | 0.080 | 0.086 | 0.085 | 0.094 |
After checking many specimens of Cavariella, the genus can be distinguished by a convex frons with undeveloped antennal tubercles, the dorsum of the body is covered with irregular sculptures, abdominal tergites VIII with a supra-caudal process and two distal setae, and the siphunculus is mostly clavate. The main characters used to distinguish the species within the genus mainly focus on the ratios of PT/Ant. Vb or Ant. VIb, URS/HT II, the ratio of the supra-caudal process/cauda, and the ratio of SIPH/cauda as well as the shapes of dorsal sculptures, the supra-caudal process, and the shape of SIPH. Because most species in the genus are green or yellow-green in life and feed on the tender tips of host plants, it is difficult to distinguish them using their ecology and habits. The DNA barcodes have successfully divided them, so it can assist to identify the species in the genus easily.
The species was first described by Takahashi in 1961 based on the body dorsum having wavy and semicircular wrinkles; the SIPH was long, cylindrical, and not swollen, and feeding on Salix. However, the species has no supra-caudal process on ABD TERG VIII and with four setae on it, so there are no typical characters to place it into Cavariella Del Guercio.
We offer thanks to all collectors for their assistance in aphids collected and to F.D. Yang for making the slides.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
No ethical statement was reported.
The work was supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 32030014 and 31970451), the Key Collaborative Research Program of the Alliance of International Science Organizations (Grant No. ANSO-CR-KP-2020-04), Survey of Wildlife Resources in Key Areas of Tibet (ZL202203601), the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program (Grant No. 2019QZKK05010601) and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 2020087).
G.X.Q., Y.X., L.Y.J. and J.C. conceived the research. G.X.Q. and Y.X. checked the specimens. Y.X. and J.C. performed laboratory work and molecular analyses. Y.X., L.Y.J. and J.C. did the morphological description and made the drawings of features, and took photographs. All authors discussed the results and provided edits and approval of the manuscript.
Ying Xu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8950-7718
Jing Chen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7584-5249
Li-Yun Jiang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2527-9613
Ge-Xia Qiao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7300-6812
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.