Manocoreus Hsiao, 1964.

Manocoreus vulgaris Hsiao, 1964.

Manocoreus can be distinguished from other genera of Coreinae by the following combined characters: body elongate (Figs 1–3, 7–8); head wide, extending beyond antenniferous tubercles (Figs 12, 13); anteclypeus slender, slightly longer than mandibular plate (Figs 12, 13); head with small dentate or plate-like process in front of antenniferous tubercles (Figs 4A, B, 9A, B: hp); anterior portion of buccula right angled; eye not reaching anterior margin of pronotum (Figs 12, 13); profemora unarmed; vein Cu of hind wing away from base of hamus; meso- and metasternum with a mid-longitudinal groove; dorsum of tibiae sulcate, base of each tibiae slightly protuberant; metatarsal segment I longer than the sum of segments II and III; spiracles of abdomen situated before middle of sternites, near lateral margin (Figs 14, 15); sternum VII of female with middle longitudinal cleft, plica triangular, or rectangular depressed, covered by sternum VI (Figs 6C, 11B, 15); posterior margin of genital capsule broadly sinuate, with median ventroposterior process (Figs 4E, F, 5D, 9E, F, 10D, 14).

Figure 1. 

Habitus of Manocoreus spp. A, B M. astinus male non-type specimen A dorsal view B ventral view C–E M. furcatus male holotype C dorsal view D ventral view E labels.

Body medium to relatively large (11–17 mm), elongate, nearly parallel-sided, ~ 3.2–4.3× as long as humeral width (Figs 12, 13). Body surface and vestiture. Body surface rather dull; head, thorax, abdomen, with dense punctures; antennae, legs with short, semierect to erect setae, and dense small tubercles; abdomen with short and dense setae.

Head porrect, wider than long, shorter than pronotum, nearly pentagonal, dorsally flat, apex distinctly produced and surpassing antenniferous tubercles; anteclypeus slender, slightly surpassing mandibular plate (Figs 12, 13); antenniferous tubercles almost circular, not prominent; genae with small dentate or plate-like process in front of antenniferous tubercles (Figs 4A, B, 9A, B); anterior of buccula nearly right angled; eyes globular, not reaching anterior margin of pronotum (Figs 12, 13); ocelli not close to each other, relatively close to eyes, dorsally situated before connecting line of posterior edge of eyes (Figs 12, 13); preocellar pit deep, transverse; ocellar tubercles barely raised (Figs 12, 13); antenna four-segmented, antennomere I thickest, apex of antennomere I far from apex of head, with a glabrous and narrow base; antennomeres I–III subcylindrical, subequal in length, antennomere IV fusiform, shortest; labium four-segmented, surpassing posterior margin of mesosternum but not surpassing posterior margin of metasternum (Figs 1B, D, 2B, 3B, D, 7B, E, 8B, E); labial segment I not extending beyond base of head (M. vulgaris), or reaching anterior margin of prosternum (other species). Thorax. Pronotum wider than long, hexagonal, gradually declivent, anterior margin with narrow, indistinct, depressed anterior collar (Figs 12, 13); cicatrices distinct, somewhat depressed; anterolateral margin concave to nearly straight, nodulose; humeral angle rectangular or tapering into stout or acute spine pointing outward (Figs 12, 13); posterolateral angle broadly angulate, posterolateral margin sinuate; posterior margin nearly straight or slight concave; pronotal disk with distinct or indistinct longitudinal medial carinae (Figs 12, 13). Scutellum longer than wide, triangular, apically subacute. Prosternum small, area before mesocoxae of mesosternum large, mesosternum and metasternum with longitudinal median groove; metathoracic scent gland ostiole provided with a bilobate peritreme, evaporatorium extending ~ 1/2 of mesopleuron (Figs 4C, D, 9C, D). Legs unarmed; femora thickened; dorsal surface of tibiae each with a wide longitudinal furrow. Hemelytra macropterous, not reaching or slightly surpassing apex of abdomen (1A, C, 2A, 3A, C, 7A, D, 8A, D); costal margin emarginated, nearly straight, R and M branch from ca. middle of corium, membrane with ~ 10 longitudinal veins; hamus of hind wing very short. Pregenital abdomen. Connexival segments distinctly raised above tergum, posterolateral angles sometimes acute; sterna without impression or furrow ventrally; spiracles circular, small, close to lateral margin, situated before middle of sterna; spiracle II not visible. Posterior margin of female abdominal tergum VII sinuate, concave in middle, sternum VII of female with middle longitudinal cleft, plica triangular, indistinct, covered by sternum VI (Fig. 14). External male genitalia. Genital capsule near prolate spheroidal, opening dorsally (Figs 4E, F, 5D, 9E, F, 10D), ventral outline distally concave in lateral view, posterior margin of genital capsule broadly sinuate with median ventroposterior process (Fig. 14); dorsal margin of base of paramere nearly straight, distal portion of paramere sickle-shaped (Figs 5E–G, 10E–G); phallus with a sclerotized articulatory apparatus, phallotheca barrel-shaped, unarmed, conjunctiva rigid and complex, aedeagus coiled, strongly sclerotized (Figs 5A–C, 10A–C). External female genitalia. Laterotergite VIII subtriangular, spiracles present; laterotergites IX subtriangular, inner margin contact (Fig. 15). Valvifers VIII nearly triangular (Figs 6C, 11B: vf8); valvulae VIII moderately membranous, with posterior distal portions slightly sclerotized (Figs 6C, 11B: va8); gonangulum elongate (Figs 6A, 11A: ga); valvifers IX separated, slender (Figs 6A, 11A: vf9); valvulae IX membranous, with posterior distal portions strongly sclerotized (Figs 6A, 11A: va9); valvulae VIII and IX interlocking through sclerotized rami VIII and IX (Figs 6A, 11A, C); gynatrium with one large ring sclerite (Figs 6A, 11A: rs); spermatheca with a long coiled duct, basal portion of duct slightly expanding, subapical with a conspicuous ampulla (Figs 6B, D, 11C, D: am); distal region with a long flexible zone (Figs 6B, D, 11C, D: fz), tightly coiled duct (Figs 6B, D, 11C, D: cd), and seminal receptacle globose (Figs 6B, D, 11C, D: sr).

The genus currently contains eight species, all species distributed in southwestern and southern China (Fig. 16).

China. Yunnan: Lushui City, Pianma, 2300 m a.s.l., 26.v.1981, leg. S.Y. Wang (1♂ 1♀ NKUM), same but 29.v.1981 (1♂ NKUM), same but 31.v.1981 (1♂ 3♀♀ NKUM); Dehong Prefecture, Yingjiang County, 1300 m a.s.l., 13.iv.1980, leg. S. M. Song (1♂ NKUM).

This species is similar to M. vulgaris in habitus, size, and color, but differs in the following characters: labium surpassing anterior margin of metacoxae (Fig. 1B); male median ventroposterior process of genital capsule triangular (Fig. 14A).

The type series of M. astinus was not in IZCAS rather than as Ren (1983) stated. Therefore, the authors of this paper examined all specimens which were collected in the type locality with similar dates, and other specimens deposited in NKUM and confirmed their identification as M. astinus.

China. Yunnan: Lushui, Dehong (Fig. 16).

Holotype male “Fujian [printed in Chinese] Jiangle [handwritten in Chinese] Longqishan [handwritten in Chinese] / 850 m. [handwritten] / Chinese Academy of Sciences [printed in Chinese] // 1991. VI. 24 [handwritten] / collector: Wang Xingjian [printed in Chinese] // IOZ(E) 221414 [printed] // Chamanyuanchun [handwritten in Chinese] / Manocoreus [handwritten] / furcatus Liu et [handwritten] / Ren [handwritten] / holotype [printed in Chinese] identified [printed in Chinese] 19 [printed]”; IZCAS. Paratype female, labelled: “Fujian [printed in Chinese] Longqishan [handwritten in Chinese] / 87 [handwritten] year [printed] 7 [handwritten] month [printed] 17 [handwritten] day [printed] / collector [printed in Chinese] Chen Shunli [handwritten in Chinese] // Chamanyuanchun [handwritten in Chinese] / Manocoreus [handwritten] / furcatus Liu et [handwritten] / Ren [handwritten] / paratype [printed in Chinese]”; NKUM.

China. Jiangxi: Jinggangshan Xiaoxidong Forest Farm, 24.vii.2002, leg. H.J. Xue (1♂ NKUM); Zhejiang: Lin’an volcano Dashi Valley, 400–750 m a.s.l., 9.viii.2007, leg. W. B. Zhu (1♂ 1♀ NKUM), Lin’an Qingliangfeng Botanical Garden, 900–990 m a.s.l., 13.viii.2007, leg. G. P. Zhu (3♂♂ NKUM).

Manocoreus furcatus can be recognized from all other species of Manocoreus by the following characteristics: distinctly bigger size (Fig. 1C, D, body length 16.0–17.2 mm); middle of both sides of sterna III to VII with large irregular black spots (Fig. 1D); median ventroposterior process of genital capsule bifurcate (Fig. 14B).

China. Fujian: Jiangle; Jiangxi: Jianggangshan; Zhejiang: Lin’an (Fig. 16).

Holotype male “Hubei [printed in Chinese] Lichuan [handwritten in Chinese] / 1300 m [handwritten in Chinese] / Chinese Academy of Sciences [printed in Chinese] // 1989.VII.23 [handwritten in Chinese] / collector Wang Shuyong [printed in Chinese] // IOZ(E) 221415 [printed] // Manocoreus [handwritten] / grypidus Ren [handwritten] / holotype [printed in Chinese] identified [printed in Chinese] 19 [printed] 92 [handwritten in Chinese]”; IZCAS.

China. Guizhou: Zunyi City Suiyang County Kuankuangshui National Nature Reserve Rangshui, 900 m a.s.l., 13.viii.2010, leg. X. Sun, Y.H. Wang (2♂♂ 5♀♀ NKUM); Fanjingshan Tongkuangchang, 700 m a.s.l., 28.vii.2001, leg. W.B. Zhu (2♀♀ NKUM), same but leg. W.J. Bu (1♂ NKUM).

This species can be recognized from all other species of Manocoreus by the following characteristics: pronotum with dense black punctures, but lateral margin not black (Fig. 12D); the middle portion of corium with small black spot (Fig. 2A); male median ventroposterior process of genital capsule triangular in ventral view, lateral processes on posterior margin of genital capsule smaller than median process, directed backward and slightly inward in ventral view (Fig. 14C).

Figure 2. 

Habitus of Manocoreus grypidus male holotype. A dorsal view B ventral view C labels.

China. Guizhou: Tongren, Zunyi; Hubei: Hefeng (Ren 1993), Lichuan (Fig. 16).

Holotype (♂) China: Guangxi Province, Xing’an County, Maoershan: 900–1320 m a.s.l., 2009-VII-10, leg. Zhong-Hua FAN, mounted on card (NKUM). Paratypes (1♂, 1♀) same data as holotype, mounted on cards (NKUM); (5♂♂, 3♀♀) China: Guangxi Province, Xing’an County, Maoershan: 900–1320 m a.s.l., 2009-VII-10, leg. Qing ZHAO, mounted on cards (NKUM); (1♂) China: Guangxi Province, Xing’an County, Maoershan: 900–1320 m a.s.l., 2009-VII-10, leg. Xi SUN, mounted on cards (NKUM).

Manocoreus hsiaoi sp. nov. can be recognized from all other species of Manocoreus by the following characters: lateral margin of pronotum black (Figs 4A, 12D); punctures on the discal region of pronotum not black (Fig. 12D); connexivum with black spots (Fig. 3A, C); the middle portion of corium with large black spots (Fig. 3A, C); male median ventroposterior process of genital capsule long and tuberculate (Figs 4E, 5D, 14D).

Body elongate, ~ 3.76–3.94× as long as humeral width (Fig. 3A–D). Color, integument, and vestiture. Body brownish yellow, dorsum of head with dense black punctures, underside of head with dense punctures concolorous with body surface (Fig. 4B), compound eyes dark red, ocelli reddish; labium yellow, distal one fourth of segment IV black; antennomeres I–III brownish yellow, antennomere IV paler, apical portion of antennomeres II and III blackish, antennomere I with moderately dense small black tubercles, small tubercles on antennomeres II and III more scattered and paler, each segments with short semi-erect setae; lateral margin of pronotum black (Fig. 4A); collar, callus area, area near lateral margin and posterior margin with black punctures, central discal region of pronotum with yellow punctures; propleura and prosternum yellow, propleura with black punctures (Fig. 4C); scutellum and corium brownish yellow, with brown to black punctures, meso- and metapleura, and meso- and metasternal yellow, meso- and metapleura with black punctures; legs yellow, only apical area of tarsal segment III blackish brown, femora and tibiae of each leg with moderately dense small brownish tubercles, femora, tibiae and tarsi of each leg with short semi-erect setae, setae on apical half of tibiae and tarsi denser; corium with a large and more or less central black spot, membrane grey, basal area darker; middle and apical portion of connexivum of each segment black, venter of abdomen yellowish brown, abdominal terga with a median black spot on each side of segments II–VII; a pair of smaller black spots located near anterior margin of segments III to VII (Fig. 3).

Figure 3. 

Habitus of Manocoreus hsiaoi sp. nov. A, B male holotype A dorsal view B ventral view C, D female paratype C dorsal view D ventral view.

Figure 4. 

Manocoreus hsiaoi sp. nov., male holotype A, B head and prothorax A lateral view B ventral view C meso- and metathorax, lateral view D scent gland ostiole and peritreme, lateral view E, F terminalia E lateral view F posterior view. Abbreviations: mvp = median ventroposterior process; ph = process on head in front of antenniferous tubercles.

Head. Width of head ~ 1.07–1.26× as wide as median length of head, ~ 1.71–1.80 time as wide as interocular distance; antennomere I slightly shorter than antennomere II, ratio of antennomeres I:II:III:IV = 1:1.03:0.84:0.62; apex of labium surpassing posterior margin of mesocoxae, not reaching to anterior margin of metacoxae. Pronotum ~ 1.43–1.60× as width across humeral angles as its median length; scutellum ~ 0.96–1.16× as long as its width. Anterior peritreme of metathoracic scent gland slightly larger than protruding posterior peritreme, gyrification of evaporatorium deep (Fig. 4C, D). Pregenital abdomen. Abdomen oblong, spiracles situated near lateral margin of abdominal sterna III–VII (segments III to VIII in female), before middle line of each segment; sternum VII of male strongly concave medially, length of concave part ~ 1/2 length of sternum VIII in ventral view; in female plica triangular, and partly exposed out of sternum VI, posterior margin of sternum VII sinuated. External male genitalia. Genital capsule opening dorsally (Fig. 4E, F), dorsoposterior rim wide, median projection conspicuous, triangular (Fig. 5D: mdp), posterior margin of genital capsule broadly sinuate and ventroposterior process median (Fig. 5D: mvp), lateral portion of posterior margin roundly produced on each side (Fig. 5D); dorsal margin of base of paramere near straight, ventral region of base of paramere with triangular lobe (Fig. 5E–G), distal portion sickle-shaped (Fig. 5E–G); phallus with a sclerotized articulatory apparatus (Fig. 5A–C), phallotheca barrel-shaped, unarmed (Fig. 5A–C: phth), conjunctiva rigid and complex, with one pair of membranous processes and a pair of slender, triangular adjacent ventral conjunctival sclerites (Fig. 5B, C: vcs), aedeagus coiled, strongly sclerotized, distal portion tubular, obliquely truncate apically (Fig. 5A–C: aed). External female genitalia. Laterotergite VIII subtriangular, with sinuate inner margin, spiracles nearer to basal margin than to lateral margin; laterotergites IX subtriangular, posterior portion of inner margin concave (Figs 6C, 14D). Valvifers VIII nearly triangular, posterior portion of outer margin slightly convex (Fig. 6C: vf8); posterior distal portions of valvulae VIII with dense hair-like setae (Fig. 6C: va8); valvifers IX slightly sclerotized (Fig. 6A: vf9); distal portions of valvulae IX strongly sclerotized, sheath-like, downcurved (Fig. 6A: va9); ring sclerite of gynatrium large, slender and curved (Fig. 6A: rs); spermatheca with a conspicuous ampulla subapically, distal area of ampulla expanded, body of ampulla elongate (Fig. 6B, D: am); distal region with relatively long flexible zone (Fig. 6B, D: fz), with sclerotized, tightly tangled coiled duct (Fig. 6B, D: cd), and not distinctly sclerotized seminal receptacle globose (Fig. 6B, D: sr).

Figure 5. 

Manocoreus hsiaoi sp. nov., male genitalia A–C phallus A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view D genital capsule, dorsal view E–G right paramere in three different aspects. Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus; bp = basal plates; dpr = dorsoposterior rim; lpc = lateroposterior convexes; mdp = median projection; mvp = median ventroposterior process; phth = phallotheca; vcs = ventral conjunctival sclerites.

Figure 6. 

Manocoreus hsiaoi sp. nov., female genitalia A, C terminalia A dorsal view C ventral view B, D spermatheca in two different aspects. Abbreviations: am = ampulla; cd = coiled duct; ds = duct seminist; fz = flexible zone; ga = gonangulum; lt8, 9 = laterotergites VIII, IX; ra8, 9 = ramus of valvula VIII, IX; rs = ring sclerite; s6, 7, 10 = sternites VI, VII, X; sd = spermathecal duct; sp8 = spiracle VIII; sr = seminal receptacle; sth = spermatheca; t9, 10 = tergites IX, X; va8, 9 = valvulae VIII, IX; vf8, 9 = valvifers VIII, IX.

(in mm). Male holotype / male paratypes (n = 5) / female paratypes (n = 4): total body length 13.57 / 12.02–13.64 / 13.65–14.95; head length 1.50 / 1.53–1.66 / 1.55–1.74, maximum width of head across eyes 1.89 / 1.79–1.96 / 1.83–1.99, interocular distance 1.10 / 1.03–1.11 / 1.07–1.11, preocular distance 0.82 / 0.82–0.92 / 0.83–1.00, postocular distance 0.14 / 0.13–0.21 / 0.12–0.22, interocellar distance 0.51 / 0.42–0.53 / 0.51–0.52; length of antennomere I 3.18 / 2.82–3.26 / 2.96–3.16, II 3.28 / 3.00–3.33 / 3.08–3.21, III 2.68 / 2.43–2.70 / 2.44–2.58, IV 1.89 / 1.90–2.02 / 1.74–1.83; pronotum middle length 2.25 / 2.05–2.51 / 2.34–2.53, maximum width across frontal angles 1.57 / 1.43–1.59 / 1.52–1.66, maximum width across humeral angles 3.59 / 3.16–3.58 / 3.58–3.92; scutellum length 1.76 / 1.50–1.58 / 1.60–1.81, scutellum width 1.52 / 1.30–1.58 / 1.52–1.59

This specific epithet is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Hsiao Tsai-Yu (1903–1978), founder of the modern Heteroptera research in China (Zheng et al. 1979).

China. Guangxi: Xing’an (Fig. 16).

Holotype male labelled: “Xishuangbanna • Yuanjinghong [handwritten in Chinese] / Shihuichang [handwritten in Chinese] /1958.7.1 NO73H [handwritten] // Manocoreus [handwritten] / marginatus [handwritten] / HSIAO [handwritten] / holotype [printed] Hsiao Tsaiyu identified [printed in Chinese] 19 [printed] 63 [handwritten in Chinese]”; NKUM. Allotype female, labelled: “Xishuangbanna • Damenglong [handwritten in Chinese] / No. 94H [handwritten] /195-VIII-4 [handwritten] // Manocoreus [handwritten] / marginatus [handwritten] / HSIAO [handwritten] / allotype [printed] Hsiao Tsaiyu identified [printed in Chinese] 19 [printed] 63 [handwritten in Chinese]”; NKUM.

China. Yunnan: Xishuangbanna Damenglong, 650 m a.s.l., 6.v.1958, leg. C.P. Hong (1♀ IZCAS), Mengla County Shangyong town, 1–3.viii.2007, leg. L. Shi (1♀ SYSBM).

This species is similar to M. yunnanensis in habitus, size, and color, but differs in the following characters: lateral margin of pronotum black (Fig. 13A); subcostal margin of forewing black (Fig. 7A); distal portion of median ventroposterior process of the genital capsule with a round upward hook-shaped process in lateral view (see Ren 1983: fig. 29); middle of female sternum VII sharply concave, both sides with round process backward (Fig. 15E).

Figure 7. 

Habitus of Manocoreus spp. A–C M. marginatus male holotype A dorsal view B ventral view C labels D–F M. montanus male holotype D dorsal view E ventral view F labels.

China. Guizhou: Daozhen (Zhu and Bu 2005); Yunnan: Xishuangbanna (Fig. 16).

Holotype male labelled: “Sichuan Emeishan [handwritten in Chinese] / Jiulaodong [handwritten in Chinese] /57.6.15 [handwritten] // Manocoreus [handwritten] / montanus [handwritten] / HSIAO [handwritten] / holotype [printed] Hsiao Tsaiyu identified [printed in Chinese] 19 [printed] 63 [handwritten in Chinese]”; NKUM. Allotype female, labelled: “Sichuan Emeishan [printed in Chinese] / Jiulaodong [printed in Chinese] 1800 m [printed] / 1957.7.8 [handwritten] /Zheng Leyi • Cheng Hanhua [printed in Chinese] // Manocoreus [handwritten] / marginatus [handwritten] / HSIAO [handwritten] / allotype [printed] Hsiao Tsaiyu identified [printed in Chinese] 19 [printed] 63 [handwritten in Chinese]”; NKUM.

China. Sichuan: Emeishan Jiulaodong 1800–1900 m a.s.l., 9.vii.1957, leg. F.X. Zhu (1♂ IZCAS), same but 17.viii.1957, leg. Z.Y. Wang (1♀ IZCAS), same but 19.viii.1957, leg. Z.Y. Wang (1♂ IZCAS), Chudian, 1783 m a.s.l., 28.vi.1957, leg. Z.Y. Wang (1♂ IZCAS), Xixiangchi, 1800–2000 m a.s.l., 30.viii.1957, leg. Y.C. Lu (1♀ IZCAS).

This species can be recognized from all other species of Manocoreus by the following characteristics: antennomere III dilated apically; lateroventral side of the head, thorax, and abdomen with wide, dark reddish to brownish longitudinal stripe (Fig. 7E); lateral process on posterior margin of genital capsule round (Fig. 14F).

China. Sichuan: Emeishan (Fig. 16).

Holotype male labelled: “Fujian: Chong’an Xingcun Sangang [printed in Chinese] / 800 [printed] Gongchi [printed in Chinese] / Chinese Academy of Sciences [printed in Chinese] // 196 [printed] •VI•30 [handwritten] / collector: Pu Fuji [printed in Chinese] // IOZ(E) 221824 [printed] // Holotype [printed] // Manocoreus [handwritten] / vulgaris [handwritten] / HSIAO [handwritten] / holotype Hsiao Tsaiyu identified [printed in Chinese] 19 [printed] 63 [handwritten]”; IZCAS. Paratype male, labelled: “Fujian: Chong’an Xingcun Sangang [printed in Chinese] / 720–800 [printed] Gongchi [printed in Chinese] / Chinese Academy of Sciences [printed in Chinese] // 196 [printed] 0•VI•30 [handwritten] / collector: Jiang Qiaoyun [printed in Chinese] // Paratype [printed] / Manocoreus [handwritten] / vulgaris [handwritten] / HSIAO [handwritten]”; NKUM.

China. Fujian: Chong’an Xingcun Sangang, 900–1000 m a.s.l., 7.vii.1960, leg. Y.R. Zhang (1♂ IZCAS), same but 740–910 m a.s.l., 25.v.1960, leg. C.L. Ma (1♂ IZCAS), Chong’an Xingcun Tongmuguan, 850–970 m a.s.l., 8.vii.1960, leg. Y.R. Zhang (1♂ IZCAS), same but 900–1150 m a.s.l., 10.vii.1960, leg. C.L. Ma (1♂ IZCAS), Chong’an Xingcun Guadun, 950–1210 m a.s.l., 12.vi.1960, leg. Y. Zuo (1♀ IZCAS), same but 840–1210 m a.s.l., 21.vi.1960, leg. Y.R. Zhang (1♂ IZCAS), same but 900–1160 m a.s.l., 8.vii.1960, leg. C.L. Ma (1♂ IZCAS), Meihuashan Sanhuicun, 3.v.2004, leg. C.X. Yuan, J. Li (1♂ NKUM); Guangdong: Lianzhou City Dadongshan Nature Reserve, 18.vii.2004, leg. X.M. Li (1♀ NKUM), Lianzhou Dadongshan, 13–16.vi.2007, leg. L.L. Huang (1♀ SYSBM), Lianxian [= Lianzhou City] Dadongshan, 30.vii.2007, leg. H.D. Chen (1♀ SYSBM), same but leg. Z.Y. Chen (1♂ SYSBM), same but 3–9.vii.2008, leg. H.D. Chen (1♂ 2♀♀ SYSBM), same but 3–9.vii.2008 leg. Z.Y. Chen (1♂ 2♀♀ SYSBM), same but 3–6.viii.2010, leg. H.D. Chen (2♀♀ SYSBM), same but 3–6.viii.2010, leg. Z.Y. Chen (1♂ 6♀♀ SYSBM), same but 3–6.viii.2010, leg. Z.Y. Chen (1♂ 6♀♀ SYSBM), same but 3–6.viii.2010, leg. W.C. Xie (1♂ 1♀ SYSBM), Nanling Dadongshan, 24.vi.2009, leg. D.D. Fang (1♂ SYSBM), same but 25.vi.2009, leg. X.L. Han (1♂ 2♀♀ SYSBM), same but 22.vi.2009, leg. F.L. Jia (1♂SYSBM); Guangxi: Jinxiu Dayaoshan Nature Reserve Shengtangshan Protection Station, 780–1200 m a.s.l., 22.vii.2009, leg. Z.H. Fan (1♂ 1♀ NKUM), same but leg. Q. Zhao (1♂ NKUM), same but 1200 m a.s.l., 23.vii.2009, leg. X. Sun (1♀ NKUM), same but 1200 m a.s.l., 23.vii.2009, leg. K. Dang (1♀ NKUM), Jinxiu Dayaoshan Nature Reserve Yinshan Station, 1150 m a.s.l., 25.vii.2009, leg. K. Dang (1♀ NKUM), same but leg. Z.H. Fan (1♂ NKUM), Longsheng Huaping Nature Reserve, 800–1280 m a.s.l., 17.vii.2009, leg. X. Sun (1♀ NKUM), Tianlin Langping Linaoshan, 1400 m a.s.l., 28.v.2002, leg. G.F. Jiang (1♀ NKUM), Tianlin Laoshanlinchang, 1.vi.2002, leg. X.J. Yang (1♂ NKUM); Guizhou: Yanhe County Mayanghe Nature Reserve Huangtu township, 607 m a.s.l., 29.vii.2014, leg. X.J. Peng et al. (2♂♂ 2♀♀ IZCAS); Hunan: Yizhang Mangshan 1100–1270 m a.s.l., 22.vii.2004, leg. W.B. Zhu (1♂ 4♀♀ NKUM), same but leg. J.L. Li (2♂♂ NKUM), same but leg. J.Y. Xu (2♂♂ 1♀ NKUM), same but 1050–1300 m a.s.l., 23.vii.2004, leg. W.B. Zhu (1♀ NKUM), Yizhang County Mangshan Nature Reserve Xuzichong, 487 m a.s.l., 22.viii.2014, leg. H.Q. Yin et al. (2♂♂ IZCAS), Yizhang County Mangshan Nature Reserve Yiping, 750 m a.s.l., 18.viii.2014, leg. H.Q. Yin et al. (1♀ IZCAS), Yanling County Taoyuandong, 660–800 m a.s.l., 16.vii.2004, leg. W.B. Zhu (1♂ NKUM), same but leg. Y.L. Ke (1♀ NKUM), same but 1000 m a.s.l., 26.vii.2004, leg. J.L. Li (1♂ NKUM), Hengyang Hengshan, 1030 m a.s.l., 20.vii.2004, leg. J.Y. Xu (1♂ 1♀ NKUM), same but leg. J.L. Li (1♂ NKUM), same but leg. Y. Tian (1♂ NKUM), same but 335–610 m a.s.l., leg. J.Y. Xu (1♂ NKUM), same but leg. J.L. Li (1♀ NKUM), Hengyang Hengshan Tianzhufeng, 1030 m a.s.l., 26.vii.2004, leg. W.B. Zhu (1♂ NKUM), Dong’an County Shunhuangshan, 470–900 m a.s.l., 27.vii.2004, leg. J.Y. Xu (1♂ NKUM), Sangzhi County Badagongshan Xiaozhuangping, 1420 m a.s.l., 18.vi.2015, leg. H.B. Liang (1♂ IZCAS), Zhangjiajie City Wulingyuanqu Magongting, 700 m a.s.l., 9.vi.2015, leg. H.B. Liang (1♂ IZCAS); Jiangxi: Yifeng Yuanqian, 15.v.1959, (1♂ IZCAS), same but 19.v.1959, (1♀ IZCAS), same but 15.vi.1959, (1♀ IZCAS), same but 21.vi.1959, (1♂ IZCAS), Jinggangshan Zaohemu, 22.vii.2002, leg. H.J. Xue (2♂♂ 1♀ NKUM), Jinggangshan Xiaoxidong, 24.vii.2002, leg. H.J. Xue (1♂ NKUM), Jinggangshan Wuzhifeng Xiaoxidong, 24.vii.2002, leg. X. Yu (1♀ NKUM), Jinggangshan Dabali Forest Farm, 26.vii.2002, leg. J.H. Ding (1♀ NKUM), Jiulianshan Xiagongtang, 5.vii.2002, leg. W.L. Zhang, J.H. Ding (2♂♂ NKUM), Jiulianshan Xiagongtang Pingkeng, 14–15.vii.2002, leg. X. Yu (1♀ NKUM), Jiulianshan Pingkeng, 16.vii.2002, leg. H.J. Xue (1♀ NKUM); Zhejiang: Lin’an Tianmushan, 300–700 m a.s.l., 8.viii.2007, leg. W.B. Zhu (4♂♂ 5♀♀ NKUM), same but leg. Z.H. Fan (2♂♂ 2♀♀ NKUM), Lin’an Huoshan Dashigu, 400–750 m a.s.l., 9.viii.2007, leg. W.B. Zhu (1♂ 2♀♀ NKUM), Wuyanling, 700 m a.s.l., 3.viii.2007, leg. G.P. Zhu (1♂ 1♀ NKUM).

This species can be recognized from all other species of Manocoreus by the following characteristics: humeral angles of pronotum rectangular or slightly acute (Fig. 13C); lateral side of head and thorax without black spots or stripes (Figs 8B, 9A–D); median ventroposterior process of genital capsule subtriangular in ventral view (Fig. 14G), lateral processes on posterior margin of genital capsule round in ventral view (Fig. 14G). Based on the examination of a series of specimens distributed from seven provinces of southern China, the morphological characteristics of Manocoreus vulgaris has a moderate degree of geographical variation in body size, coloration, and shape of spine of humeral angles, and all of them are considered in intraspecific range.

Figure 8. 

Habitus of Manocoreus spp. A–C M. vulgaris male holotype A dorsal view B ventral view C labels D–F M. yunnanensis male holotype D dorsal view E ventral view F labels.

Figure 9. 

Manocoreus vulgaris male non-type specimen A, B head A lateral view B ventral view C head and thorax, lateral view D scent gland ostiole and peritreme, lateral view E, F genital capsule E lateral view F posterior view. Abbreviations: mvp = median ventroposterior process; ph = process on head in front of antenniferous tubercles.

China. Fujian: Chong’an, Jianyang (Chen et al. 1993, Chen and Li 1999), Longyan, Meihuashan, Shunchang (Chen and Li 1999), Wuyishan (Chen and Li 1999), Youxi (Chen and Li 1999); Guangdong: Lianzhou; Guangxi: Jinxiu, Longsheng, Tianlin; Guizhou: Fanjingshan (Zhu and Bu 2006); Hunan: Dong’an, Hengyang, Sangzhi, Yanling, Yizhang, Yongshun (Ren and Xiong 1993), Zhangjiajie; Jiangxi: Jinggangshan, Jiulianshan, Yifeng, Zhejiang: Baishanzu (Bu, Zheng and Ren 1995), Lin’an, Longwangshan (Liu 1998), Tianmushan, Wuyanling (Fig. 16).

Holotype male labelled: “Yunnan: Xishuangbanna Mengna [printed in Chinese] / 550 [printed] Gongchi [printed in Chinese] / Chinese Academy of Sciences [printed in Chinese] // 1959•VI•30 [handwritten] / collector Zhang Facai [printed in Chinese] // IOZ(E) 221832 [printed] // HOLOTYPE [printed] // Manocoreus [handwritten] / yunnanensis [handwritten] / HSIAO [handwritten] / holotype Hsiao Tsaiyu identified [printed in Chinese] 19 [printed] 63 [handwritten]”; IZCAS. Paratype female, labelled: “NO. 59H [handwritten] Xishuangbanna [handwritten in Chinese] / Mengban [handwritten in Chinese] / 1958-6-9 [handwritten] // PARATYPE [printed] / Manocoreus [handwritten] / yunnanensis [handwritten] / HSIAO [handwritten]”; NKUM.

China. Yunnan: Xishuangbanna Damenglong, 650 m a.s.l., 14.iv.1958, leg. Y.R. Zhang (1♂ IZCAS), same but 17.iv.1958, leg. F.J. Pu (1♂ IZCAS), Yunjinghong [= Jinghong], 650 m a.s.l., 8.viii.1958, leg. X.W. Meng (1♂ IZCAS), Jinghong, 30.ix.1979, leg. J.X. Cui (3♂♂ NKUM), Damenglong, 30.ix.1979, leg. H.G. Zou (1♀ NKUM).

This species is similar to M. marginatus in habitus, size, and color, but differs in the following characters: lateral margin of pronotum not black (Fig. 13D); punctures on the dorsum of head, pronotum, scutellum, and forewings not black (Fig. 8D); forewing concolorous; lateral side of the head, thorax and abdomen with blackish longitudinal stripe (Fig. 8E); distal portion of median ventroposterior process of the genital capsule with a small upward hook-shaped process in lateral view (see Ren 1983: fig. 26); plica of sternite VII not exposed out of sternite VI (Fig. 15H).

Figure 10. 

Manocoreus vulgaris male non-type specimen, male genitalia A–C phallus A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view D genital capsule, dorsal view E–G right paramere in three different aspects. Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus; bp = basal plates; dpr = dorsoposterior rim; lpc = lateroposterior convexes; mdp = median projection; mvp = median ventroposterior process; phth = phallotheca; vcs = ventral conjunctival sclerites.

Figure 11. 

Manocoreus vulgaris female non-type specimen, female genitalia A, C terminalia A dorsal view B ventral view C, D spermatheca in two different aspects. Abbreviations: am = ampulla; cd = coiled duct; ds = duct seminist; fz = flexible zone; ga = gonangulum; lt8, 9 = laterotergites VIII, IX; ra8, 9 = ramus of valvula VIII, IX; rs = ring sclerite; s6, 7, 10 = sternites VI, VII, X; sd = spermathecal duct; sp8 = spiracle VIII; sr = seminal receptacle; sth = spermatheca; t9, 10 = tergites IX, X; va8, 9 = valvulae VIII, IX; vf8, 9 = valvifers VIII, IX.

Figure 12. 

Manocoreus spp., head and pronotum, dorsal view A M. astinus (Ren, 1983) B M. furcatus (Liu & Ren, 1993) C M. grypidus (Ren, 1993) D M. hsiaoi sp. nov.

Figure 13. 

Manocoreus spp., head and pronotum, dorsal view A M. marginatus (Hsiao, 1964) B M. montanus (Hsiao, 1964) C M. vulgaris (Hsiao, 1964) D M. yunnanensis (Hsiao, 1964).

Figure 14. 

Manocoreus spp., male terminalia, ventral view A M. astinus (Ren, 1983) B M. furcatus (Liu & Ren, 1993) C M. grypidus (Ren, 1993) D M. hsiaoi sp. nov. E M. marginatus (Hsiao, 1964) F M. montanus (Hsiao, 1964) G M. vulgaris (Hsiao, 1964) H M. yunnanensis (Hsiao, 1964).

Figure 15. 

Manocoreus spp., female terminalia, in ventral view A M. astinus (Ren, 1983) B M. furcatus (Liu & Ren, 1993) C M. grypidus (Ren, 1993) D M. hsiaoi sp. nov. E M. marginatus (Hsiao, 1964) F M. montanus (Hsiao, 1964) G M. vulgaris (Hsiao, 1964) H M. yunnanensis (Hsiao, 1964).

China. Guizhou: Fanjingshan (Zhu and Bu 2006); Yunnan: Xishuangbanna (Fig. 16).

Figure 16. 

Distribution records of all species of Manocoreus.