The first species of Nepticulidae that was described, was Stigmella anomalella (Goeze, 1783) of which Degeer (1752) described and illustrated the larva in detail, while using the term “miner” (“mineuse”) for the first time (van Nieukerken 2008). Later, Degeer (1771) described the adult that he reared from these mines. Degeer’s descriptions are still interesting reading these days, and were fully copied and translated by Stainton et al. (1855). Since Degeer did not use binominal nomenclature in these works, the species was only validly named later by Goeze (1783) as Phalaena anomalella. This makes Ectoedemia occultella (Linnaeus, 1767) the first formally named nepticulid (as Phalaena (Tinea) occultella), although Linnaeus himself had yet no notion of the life history of the small moth that he found on his windows (Robinson and Nielsen 1983). Five more names were given to Nepticulidae in the 18^th century, all named in Tinea, but just two of these are still considered valid: Stigmella aurella and S. hybnerella. Even though Schrank already in 1802 gave the generic name Stigmella to his rose leafminer Tinea rosella (a junior synonym of S. anomalella), this was overlooked by most 19^th century authors, and in the first decades of the 19^th century, species were still placed in Tinea (e.g. by Haworth 1828), the first author to describe a number of species from the London area, nine in total) or in a number of other “tineid” genera such as Microsetia (Stephens 1834; Bedell 1848), Oecophora and Elachista (Kollar 1832; Zetterstedt 1838–1840; Duponchel [1842–1845]) and Caloptilia (Hübner 1816–1826), now all belonging in different families, but together these authors named only about ten species of Nepticulidae.

Towards the second half of the 19^th century, things changed rapidly, in Europe attributable to four naturalists: in Germany Philipp Christoph Zeller (1808–1883) (Fig. 1) and Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer (1799–1874, Regensburg) (Fig. 3), in Great Britain Henry Tibbats Stainton (1822–1892) (Fig. 2) and in Switzerland Heinrich Frey (1822–1890). All four were lepidopterists with a broad interest, studying not only all Lepidoptera from their own country, but also from many exotic countries.

The genus Nepticula was formally erected in a meeting report by von Heyden (1843), but he did not publish much on this genus, and it was Zeller (1848) who made a detailed description of the genus and several species. Some years earlier Zeller (1839) had described several Nepticulidae (in his “Versuch einer naturgemässen Eintheilung der Schaben”) together with other leafminers in the genus Lyonetia, subgenus Bucculatrix, in which he placed ten nepticulid species together with six that we still consider as Bucculatrix (Bucculatricidae). All these descriptions were based on adults that were collected in the field without knowledge of the life history (except DeGeer’s work!). Stainton and his British followers drastically changed this situation, by eagerly rearing leafminers and many other microlepidoptera, resulting in a proliferation of new species discoveries. Following a few initial species descriptions, his book “Insecta Brittanica. Lepidoptera: Tineina” (Stainton 1854) contained the first extensive treatment of Nepticulidae – at that point recognised as a family with two genera (Nepticula and Trifurcula) – with detailed information on leafmines and biology of 32 species in total (see Table 1). Stainton continued publishing discoveries the next decades, partly using his own periodicals “The Entomologist’s Weekly Intelligencer” and “The Entomologist’s Annual”, and later in the still running journal “Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine” that he founded with entomologist friends (Emmet 1992). His magnum opus is the 13 volume work “The natural history of the Tineina”, that he wrote collaboratively with Zeller, Frey and J.W. Douglas. Nepticulidae are treated in volumes 1 and 7 (Stainton et al. 1855; Stainton et al. 1862). These books are best known for the exquisite hand coloured plates with details of all life stages of many Microlepidoptera. During his life Stainton described 39 species of Nepticulidae, of which currently 30 are still considered valid names. With that record he is the most productive 19^th century nepticulid taxonomist.

Soon after Stainton’s Insecta Britannica, Frey wrote two books dealing with respectively Swiss and European Nepticulidae (Frey 1856; 1857), that he also partly had reared himself. In the same period, Herrich-Schäffer’s large multivolume work “Systematische Bearbeitung der Schmetterlinge von Europa” (1843–1855) was concluded by volumes 5 and 6, dealing with Nepticulidae in volume 5, heft 67 (Herrich-Schäffer 1855a) (the book was issued in parts, the plates often earlier than the text, and the bibliography is very complicated, see Hemming 1937). He apparently did not rear nepticulids himself, but included information on rearing from others, such as Frey and Heyden. He also named several species that Frey intended to name (as he did later, in 1856), but changed the endings of the names deliberately into “–ella”. This explains pairs of names such as: Nepticula aeneofasciella Herrich-Schäffer, 1855 and Nepticula aeneofasciata Frey, 1856. The practice to use consistent endings for larger groups of Lepidoptera dated from Linnaeus, who used –ella for what he called Tinea, -ana for Tortrix, -alis for Pyralis etc. (Emmet 1991). In the 19^th century there were no hard nomenclatorial rules yet, and specialists often changed names deliberately following this practice, see e.g. also several listed synonyms (incorrect subsequent spellings) by Doubleday (1859). Herrich-Schäffer named several nepticulids hidden in catalogues and a report on a collecting trip to Engadin (Herrich-Schäffer 1863b; c), names that have completely been forgotten and were never listed in catalogues, but only cited in two other papers (Snellen 1873; Segerer 1997). As far as these names are valid, they can be considered nomina oblita once their identities have been established, since they were never used as valid names since 1899 (ICZN art. 23.9.1.1), and do not compete with junior synonyms (reversal of precedence, ICZN art. 23).

By 1860 the number of species (all from Europe) had been tripled since 1848: from 24 to 77 (see Fig. 24B). In Europe the work on describing Nepticulidae continued both in Britain and in Central Europe, particularly with Herman von Heinemann (1812–1871) in Braunschweig (Heinemann 1861; 1862a; b) and Maximilian Ferdinand Wocke (1820–1906) (Fig. 4) in Breslau, who contributed many shorter papers (Wocke 1862; 1865; 1877). Jointly they wrote a larger fauna: Die Schmetterlinge Deutschlands und der Schweiz, partly finished after Heinemann’s death (Heinemann and Wocke [1876]). After ca 1880 taxonomic work on Nepticulidae in Europe slowed down considerably.

Meanwhile, in the United States, James Brackenridge Clemens (1825–1867) in Easton, Pennsylvania, had started studies on microlepidoptera. He collected the leafmines actively and described them in a few papers, but in contrast to Stainton he did not wait for successful rearing results and described many new species solely on the basis of leafmines (Clemens 1861; 1862a; Clemens 1862b; Clemens 1865), often resulting in a conundrum for future taxonomists. There are no types of the mines left, and more than once multiple species are known to feed on the host plant from which he described a single species. Such species have to be interpreted carefully and sometimes Neotypes need to be selected (Busck 1903; Wilkinson and Scoble 1979). A second North American pioneer was Vactor Tousey Chambers (1830–1883) from Covington, Kentucky, who added more species on the basis of mines and larvae, but also many on the basis of adults (Chambers 1873; 1875b; 1878a). There are more types left of his species (in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.), but also many missing and reconstructing identities can still be cumbersome (Busck 1903; Miller and Hodges 1990). Here we resolve three of his names.

The first Nepticulidae described from other regions than Europe or the USA, were two species described from Colombia by Zeller (1877), although Francis Walker’s (Walker 1864) Stigmella maoriella from New Zealand already predated these. However, Walker, often criticised for his numerous useless descriptions, was totally unaware he was naming a nepticulid and placed it in Tinea.

In the late 19^th century Edward Meyrick (1854–1939) (Fig. 5) started his long career of describing numerous exotic Microlepidoptera, totalling approximately 20,000 species, including 68 Nepticulidae and 54 Opostegidae. The first Nepticulidae he described were three species from New Zealand (Meyrick 1889) where he lived in 1882–1883 (Hudson 1938). Up to 1935 Meyrick described many Nepticulidae from southern Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand and South America. His descriptions are typically very short, without illustrations, and only some of the species were reared (by other collectors who sent the specimens to him). When studying genitalia became more common practice, Meyrick refused to see the necessity and continued in a similar manner, relying almost completely on venation and colour pattern (Clarke 1955). As a result almost none of the species he described can be recognised from the description alone and the study of types is essential. Fortunately, most of those are kept in the Natural History Museum in London, and some in other collections, including the Ditsong Museum of Natural History in Pretoria. Those types that still exist have been studied by Malcolm Scoble, Erik van Nieukerken, Robert Hoare and co-authors and Rimantas Puplesis (now Jonas Stonis). Meyrick named only two nepticulid genera: Acalyptris and Enteucha, the latter he placed in Opostegidae (Davis 1985).

Quite a different approach was followed in the early 20^th century in North America, where August Busck (1870–1944), a Danish immigrant, started his studies at the Division of Entomology of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and somewhat later Annette Frances Braun (1884–1978) (Fig. 7), who became the leading microlepidopterists of North America. Both made many careful descriptions of often reared species, but most of these before genitalia studies became fashionable (Busck 1900; 1913; 1914a; Braun 1912; 1914; 1917; 1923; 1925b).

In Europe, in addition to Nepticula, only two additional small genera were recognised on the basis of the venation: Trifurcula Zeller, 1848 and Bohemannia Stainton, 1859 (Zeller 1848; Stainton 1859a). Although many treatments of the family were published in Europe, the classification did not change for almost a century (Heinemann 1862a; b; Frey 1880; Snellen 1882; Meyrick 1895; Tutt 1899; Spuler and Meess 1910; Heinemann and Wocke [1876]). Walsingham (1908a) had shown that the senior name Stigmella Schrank, 1802 should be used instead of Nepticula, but few authors followed him until this case was settled by Wilkinson (1978) in favour of the senior name Stigmella. Between them, Busck and Braun erected four more genera on the basis of venation: Ectoedemia Busck, 1907 (also based on the galling habit), Obrussa Braun, 1915, Glaucolepis Braun, 1917 and Microcalyptris Braun, 1925 (Busck 1907; Braun 1915; 1917; 1925b) (see Table 2). It is strange that these authors who relied so much on venation in describing genera, did not scrutinize the many Nepticula species, amongst which were still many species with venation different from Stigmella, and more similar to their new genera. Also the name Trifurcula was several times misapplied to species with completely different venations, now belonging in Zimmermannia (atrifrontella Stainton, obrutella Zeller), Bohemannia (pulverosella Stainton) or Acalyptris (minimella Rebel).

In Europe, during the first decades of the 20^th century, some more southern areas were explored by Lord Walsingham (Thomas de Grey, 6th Baron Walsingham, 1843–1919) (Fig. 6), who collected in France, Spain, the Canary Islands, Morocco and Algeria (Walsingham 1891; 1904; 1908a; b; 1911) and reared several of these species from their mines. Also Pierre Chrétien (1846–1934) (Fig. 8) reared several species from hitherto unexpected host plants in France and Algeria (Bupleurum in Apiaceae, Linum in Linaceae, Launaea [as Zollikofferia] in Asteraceae); these species are now all placed in Glaucolepis (Chrétien 1904; 1907; 1914).

In the 20th century the study of genitalia gradually became standard in Lepidoptera and the first study on nepticulids was by Petersen (1930b), who divided Nepticula into a number of species groups based on the male genitalia. The first following him was Hering (Hering 1942; 1943), but his first genitalia drawings were published by Klimesch (Klimesch 1940a; b; c; d), who in the last of these papers also shows his first own genitalia drawing (of Acalyptris platani). The single contribution by Bryan P. Beirne (1918–1998) was particularly important. He finished the British series of Lepidoptera genitalia started by Pierce and Metcalfe (1935) – who excluded most Nepticulidae, apart from Trifurcula, in their ‘tineid’ volume, referring to Petersen’s work – , and described the male genitalia of the British species (Beirne 1945). While doing so he also erected five new genera with names based on Irish mythology (Dechtiria, Levarchama, Fedalmia, Etainia and Fomoria) and split Stigmella into Stigmella and Nepticula. From then on describing a new species without illustrating the male genitalia seldom occurred anymore, and the late 1940’s showed several examples of this (Doets 1947; Janse 1948; Klimesch 1948a; b; Hartig 1949; Ford 1950a). Josef Wilhelm Klimesch (1902–1997) (Fig. 10) was one of the most productive authors of this period, and again in the 1970’s after his retirement (Gusenleitner 1988; Deschka 1998; Aspöck 2003). He not only carefully illustrated the genitalia, he also paid considerable attention to the leafmines and biology, with detailed illustrations and descriptions. Possibly because of the greater demands that including genitalia imposed on authors, the descriptions of new species decreased considerably during the 1950’s and 1960’s, only to rise again from 1978 on. Between 1950 and 1978 only 60 new species were named, most by Josef Klimesch in Europe and Lajos Vári in South Africa (Klimesch 1951b; 1953a; b; 1975c; Vári 1955; 1963).

Quite a reverse development occurred in the first half of the 20^th century that involved an increased interest in the mine form and the host plant, especially promoted by Erich Martin Hering (1893–1967) (Fig. 9), an entomologist in Berlin. Although he was also a very active and experienced taxonomist in Lepidoptera and Diptera, who introduced the use of genitalia characters, he also gave often undue weight to characters of leafmines, for example in the Stigmella ulmivora group, where he recognised three species on the basis of leafmine form and frass pattern, that are in fact ecological forms of one species. However, with his many publications, Hering’s work was an outstanding contribution to the study of leafminers, and his identification keys are still a much used reference (Hering 1957), as is his general book on the biology of leafminers (Hering 1951). Also Victor Hugo Otto Skala (1875–1952) studied leafminers intensively, but he also named many species on the basis of the mines only (which are unavailable after 1930, ICZN art. 13.6.2), provided with very poor and minute illustrations and brief descriptions (example: Skala 1939a; b; c; d; e; f; g; h), and only few of the names he introduced, and based on adults, remain valid today (Ectoedemia klimeschi (Skala, 1933), Fomoria groschkei (Skala, 1943)).

During the 1970’s the study of nepticulids suddenly received considerable increase in support from several sources, following a general trend for greater investment in taxonomy and science at large and an increase of amateur interest. In Sweden amateur Roland Johansson (Figs 14, 16) revised the confusing oak feeding Stigmella ruficapitella group (Johansson 1971). In the same paper he provided an updated checklist of Scandinavian and British species, within a new framework of two genera: Nepticula and Trifurcula, the latter embracing all of Beirne’s genera. He also introduced the use of species groups. At about the same time Alfred Borkowksi wrote a number of papers on the faunistics and taxonomy of Nepticulidae in Poland (Borkowski 1969; 1970a; b; 1972a; b). In one of these, he introduced a new generic classification, following partly Beirne (1945), using male genitalia, and combined this with the study of venation (Borkowski 1972a). In Britain Arthur Maitland Emmet (1908–2001) (Harley 2001) (Fig. 13) started to work on this group and many other Microlepidoptera for the new series “The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland” (MBGBI). He followed upon Johansson’s and Borkowski’s work and treated the Nepticulidae in the first volume (Emmet 1976), but his many shorter and longer papers in The Entomologist’s Record, often made in preparation of the book, illustrated his in-depth knowledge, and are also enjoyable reading (for example: Emmet 1973a; b; c; 1974a; d; e; f; g). Also in the 1970’s, Josef Klimesch, now retired, started working on the material he collected in southern Europe and the Canary Islands, and described a number of new species from that area (Klimesch 1975c; 1977; 1978b).

Before 1970, most work on Nepticulidae was carried out independently by either amateur entomologists or isolated professional biologists, but during the 1970’s scientific interest in taxonomy was boosted by funding and for the first time University groups started to work on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the family. Christopher Wilkinson (1936–2010) (Figs 12, 14) developed an interest in the Nepticulidae during a sabbatical at the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes in Ottawa in the early 1970’s. Bryan P. Beirne (see above), then an applied entomologist in Burnaby, British Columbia, encouraged Wilkinson to revise this group for Canada and the USA. Wilkinson brought this research back to Portsmouth Polytechnic University, where he had worked since 1965, and two of his graduate students (Philip J. Newton and Malcolm J. Scoble) worked jointly with him on North American Nepticulidae, resulting in five papers dealing with all known species and several new ones (Wilkinson 1979; Wilkinson and Scoble 1979; Wilkinson 1981; Wilkinson and Newton 1981; Newton and Wilkinson 1982). Later, Malcolm Scoble (Fig. 17) obtained an academic position at the Transvaal Museum in Pretoria and continued working on the Nepticulidae of South Africa in a global context, gaining his PhD in 1983 (Scoble 1978a; b; 1979; 1980a; b; 1982; 1983). He presented the first cladistic analysis and classification of the family, dividing the family into two subfamilies, Pectinivalvinae and Nepticulinae, and the latter into two tribes, Nepticulini and Trifurculini. He also introduced the use of subgenera in the genus Ectoedemia and he named no fewer than 73 species. After these studies, Scoble turned his attention to other microlepidopterans, larger Lepidoptera and management while working, respectively, in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History and the Natural History Museum, London.

Christopher Wilkinson became professor of Animal Systematics and Zoogeography at the Free University of Amsterdam in 1977, and employed Erik J. van Nieukerken (Figs 15, 20) as PhD student and Georgina Bryan, Steph B. J. Menken and later Jacobus J. (Koos) Boomsma as postdocs, all to work on various aspects of the systematics and evolution of Nepticulidae. In Amsterdam, several MSc students worked with Wilkinson on the taxonomy of Stigmella species groups in Europe, and the taxonomy of Stigmella in Japan and New Zealand (Kemperman et al. 1985; Schoorl et al. 1985; Schoorl and Wilkinson 1986; Donner and Wilkinson 1989). The nepticulid research group (Wilkinson 1982) also published a joint paper on the Ectoedemia angulifasciella complex (Wilkinson et al. 1983). Unfortunately, the department was short lived being closed down after budget cuts in 1985, cuts that were particularly detrimental to taxonomy. EvN finished his degree in 1986 after the group had been disbanded (van Nieukerken 1983b; 1985b; 1986b; van Nieukerken and Dop 1987). His thesis built upon Scoble’s results, but mainly based on the Holarctic fauna. He largely kept Scoble’s classification, added two more subgenera to Ectoedemia, and included larval and detailed new adult characters in the character matrix. Together with his MSc student, Henk Dop, he also extensively studied antennal ultrastructure. Van Nieukerken and Dop discovered a novel sensillum, which they named sensillum vesiculocladum (van Nieukerken and Dop 1987). The work led to a first checklist of the Western Palearctic species (van Nieukerken 1986a). Steph Menken’s research adopted new methods in the systematics of Nepticulidae by using allozyme characters, not only for species discrimination, but also for studies of population structure and parthenogenesis. Long before the advent of DNA barcoding, studies of allozymes facilitated species identification (Menken and Brouwer 1984; Menken and Wiebosch Steeman 1988; Menken 1990). After these studies, Steph Menken continued working on insect host relationships, particularly on Yponomeutidae as professor at the University of Amsterdam and Koos Boomsma continued his ecological studies, working as a professor in Copenhagen, particularly on social insects. The collaboration started by Menken, Boomsma and van Nieukerken resulted in a review paper published in 2010 on diet breadth in Lepidoptera, which also included important information on the host plants of Nepticulidae (Menken et al. 2010).

Wilkinson had also initiated collaboration to study Chinese Nepticulidae with professor Liu Youqiao from Beijing (Academia Sinica), resulting in a joint collecting trip by Erik van Nieukerken and Hans van Driel to China with Chinese counterparts in 1984 (van Driel and van Nieukerken 1985). After closing of the Amsterdam department, this research was unfortunately not continued. Only much later, van Nieukerken picked up the collaboration with Liu Youqiao and completed one joint paper on Chinese Stigmella (van Nieukerken and Liu 2000). Also plans by Wilkinson and Donald R. Davis (Fig. 11) for a volume in the series MONA (Moths of North America north of Mexico) never materialized, but checklists for the North American (Davis and Wilkinson 1983) and Neotropical Nepticulidae (Davis 1984) were completed.

At the same time that the Amsterdam group was active, Rimantas Puplesis (Fig. 15) started his PhD at the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Leningrad, Soviet Union, and this resulted in many papers describing new species of Nepticulidae that he and colleagues had collected in Far East Russia (Primorskij Kraj) and Central Asia (Puplesis 1984a; b; c; e; 1985b; c; Puplesis and Ivinskis 1985). He also produced a phylogeny, although not strictly following Hennigian cladistics. From 1985, Rimantas continued his work in Vilnius (Lithuania), Pedagogical University and while his earlier papers were all in the Russian language, from 1988 he published mostly in English, and an important summary of all his earlier work was a book dealing with the Nepticulidae of the former Soviet Union, including 21 new species (Puplesis 1994). He continued his work first in Central Asia, where he had travelled extensively, usually together with his colleague Arūnas Diškus (Fig. 22), who received his PhD in 2005. From 2000 onwards their main interest shifted to the Neotropical fauna, and they travelled and collected particularly in Belize and Ecuador, and studied also the very interesting material earlier collected by Ebbe Nielsen and Ole Karsholt in Argentina and Chile (Nielsen 1980; Nielsen 1985). Puplesis made the first revisions of the Neotropic fauna in collaboration with Gaden S. Robinson (1949–2009) (Beccaloni et al. 2009) from the Natural History Museum in London (Puplesis and Robinson 2000; Puplesis et al. 2002a; 2002b). In 2003, Diškus and Puplesis published a book (Puplesis and Diškus 2003b) – partly in Lithuanian, partly in English – with several revisions of Nepticulidae from Asia and Europe and a first comprehensive global catalogue including both the Nepticuloidea and Tischerioidea (Diškus and Puplesis 2003). In 1996 Rimantas had become professor in Vilnius, and from 2007 onwards published under the name Jonas Rimantas Stonis. With a group of co-workers, including Arūnas Diškus (Fig. 22), Asta Navickaite, Agnė Rocienė and Andrius Remeikis (Fig. 23) he continued working on the Neotropical fauna and collecting, now also in Guatemala, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia and Chile (Stonis et al. 2013c; 2013d; 2014; 2016b; Remeikis and Stonis 2015; Stonis and Remeikis 2015), but also revised the earlier described Far East Russian Nepticulidae (Rocienė and Stonis 2013; Stonis and Rocienė 2013) and worked on the Lithuanian and Crimean fauna (Navickaitė et al. 2011; 2014). Puplesis-Stonis and his co-authors have contributed by far the largest number of new species in Nepticulidae, by July 2016 in total ca 225 valid names.

In 1986 Erik van Nieukerken obtained a position at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie in Leiden (now Naturalis Biodiversity Center), but his initial responsibilities left him little opportunity to continue taxonomic work before he got a position as curator for microlepidoptera and Arachnida in 1999. Still he was able to finish some studies that he had started in Amsterdam, and continued collaborations with especially Roland Johansson and other Scandinavians: Ebbe Schmidt Nielsen (1950–2001) (Fig. 14), Bert Gustafsson (Fig. 14) and Ole Karsholt. This collaboration led to the two volume set in the series Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica (Johansson et al. 1990), very beautifully illustrated with water colours and line art by Roland Johansson (for examples see Figs 25–40) and also containing the first treatment of all nepticulid larvae of a single fauna (Gustafsson and van Nieukerken 1990). Nielsen, who had moved from Denmark to Canberra, Australia, had been the driving force for completion of this multi-authored work, and he was that again for the completion of the study of the previously described Australian Nepticulidae by him, Johansson and van Nieukerken. It was speeded up when Nielsen had been able to hire in 1994 Robert J. B. Hoare (Fig. 18) as PhD student to work on Australian Nepticulidae (Hoare et al. 1997). Hoare finished his study of Australian Nepticulidae in an unpublished PhD thesis (Hoare 1998), of which most relevant parts have since been published, including the description of the new genus Roscidotoga and a revision of Pectinivalva, including two subgenera (Hoare 2000a; Hoare 2000b; Hoare and van Nieukerken 2013), that are raised here to genus. After moving to Auckland, New Zealand, Hoare shifted his attention to the Lepidoptera of New Zealand in general.

In the late 1980’s and early 1990’s the Czech brothers Aleš and Zdeněk Laštůvka (Fig. 16) developed an interest in leafmining Lepidoptera, particularly Nepticulidae and Gracillariidae, and the opening of the Iron Curtain provided them with the opportunity to start extensive collecting in the Mediterranean region: Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Croatia and Greece. They published a general guide for Central European species (Laštůvka and Laštůvka 1997) and many descriptions of new species (e.g. Laštůvka and Laštůvka 1990; 1994; 1998; 2000b; 2007). They also extensively collaborate with van Nieukerken on this fauna, resulting in several of the papers cited below. Aleš Laštůvka also started to illustrate the moths with water colours, as can be seen in several of their papers.

Moving into the 21^st century, Roland Johansson and Erik van Nieukerken renewed their collaboration, resulting in a second revision of the oak mining Stigmella (van Nieukerken and Johansson 2003). The initiation of a molecular laboratory at Naturalis prompted van Nieukerken to include sampling material for DNA analysis during his extensive collecting in many parts of the world, including Vietnam, Australia, Borneo and from 2010 onwards in the USA, Taiwan, Korea and Japan. Early molecular results in 2004 were shown at the International Entomological Congress in Brisbane (van Nieukerken et al. 2004a), but still considered insufficient for a full publication. Most publications by him and co-authors in the early 2000’s concern detailed European faunistics (van Nieukerken et al. 2004b; 2004c; 2006; van Nieukerken 2006) and two small and one large revision of West Palearctic Acalyptris, the subgenus Trifurcula (Levarchama) and Ectoedemia, subgenera Ectoedemia and Zimmermannia (van Nieukerken 2007a; b; van Nieukerken et al. 2010). Meanwhile in Naturalis the DNA barcoding project was adopted, and extracting DNA for barcoding (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007) became a routine during dissection. Several papers provided barcodes as support for the taxonomy (van Nieukerken 2007a; 2010; Ivinskis et al. 2012; Laštůvka et al. 2013), and with MSc student Camiel Doorenweerd (Fig. 19), they published two larger papers concentrating on DNA barcodes and how to use them in Nepticulidae (van Nieukerken et al. 2012a; 2012b). Camiel Doorenweerd continued as PhD student from 2012 and analysed more genes. This resulted in several phylogeny papers (Doorenweerd et al. 2015a; Doorenweerd et al. 2016a), and some that are still in preparation. In order to improve calibration points for molecular phylogenies, all Nepticulidae fossils were re-assessed and catalogued (Doorenweerd et al. 2015b), and the named ones with formal descriptions are also included in the present catalogue.

After a paper on Stigmella from Japan (Kemperman et al. 1985), a collaboration between the Free University of Amsterdam group of Wilkinson and two Japanese leafminer specialists: Hiroshi Kuroko and Tosio Kumata, work on that fauna had slowed down, but a few species were named or discussed (Kuroko 1989; 1990; Kumata and Nakatani 1995; Kuroko 1999; Kuroko 2004; van Nieukerken and Kuroko 2005). The collaboration with Japan is now picked up again by van Nieukerken and Doorenweerd with Toshiya Hirowatari (Fig. 21), first in Osaka University, now professor in Kyushu University in Fukuoka and is expected to soon yield new publications. The study received further impetus from an amateur, Nagao Hirano (Fig. 21), who had collected and reared Nepticulidae extensively and described 12 new species (Hirano 2010; 2014); he also wrote the Nepticulidae texts for the book series “The standard of moths in Japan”, written in Japanese (Hirano 2013). At the same time some small-scale collaborations with China (prof. Li Houhun) and Korea (Bong Woo Lee) resulted in new material for study and will hopefully result in new publications.

Also work on North American Nepticulidae is now being continued collaboratively by van Nieukerken, Doorenweerd, in collaboration with Davis, David Wagner, Charley Eiseman, Greg Pohl and others, and this includes extensive DNA barcoding studies. A checklist of Lepidoptera of Canada with our contribution is now in preparation (Greg Pohl and Jean-François Landry, editors) and some of our data are presented in this catalogue.

We order the genera and species groups according to our preferred phylogeny (Doorenweerd et al. 2016a), see also above. Species groups for which we do not have molecular data are listed at the end of each genus, monotypic species groups are largely abandoned, except in cases with an almost fully resolved phylogeny, where a single species does not group with any species group, as in the Ectoedemia terebinthivora group (Doorenweerd et al. 2015a), or when we know unnamed species that clearly group with the single species. The form genus Stigmellites for unplaced fossils is listed at the end of Nepticulidae and dubious taxa are listed at the end of each family. At the end of the checklist we list excluded taxa with their current taxonomic placement. These taxa were either originally described in Nepticula or Opostega, or once combined with these genera, but are now considered to belong to other families, in all 29 names, now belonging to 23 species in ca. eight to ten families. The list also includes four taxa of fossil leafmines, previously considered to possibly belong to Nepticulidae (Doorenweerd et al. 2015b).

Species are only listed in a phylogenetic order for those genera and groups where we have a detailed phylogeny, in practice only in Ectoedemia and a few species groups in Stigmella. Otherwise species are grouped by geographical region (order: WP, EP, OR, AFR, AUS, NEA, NEO) and listed alphabetically. Following the valid name we list the original combination plus those of the junior synonyms, followed by all now invalid subsequent combinations. Usually unavailable names are given at the end of the list of synonyms.

For each species we give the biogeographical region(s) of occurrence with an abbreviation. When the abbreviation is placed in square brackets the species is assumed to be an introduction. For type localities and simple maps of country records we refer to the scratchpad http://nepticuloidea.info/, which is regularly updated, and the Catalogue of Life.

Obtaining DNA barcodes has been standard in our taxonomic workflow since ca 2000, particularly for recent material or taxonomic relevant material such as types; in many cases additional genes have been sequenced. Our methodology has been explained in detail elsewhere (van Nieukerken et al. 2012a; 2012b; Doorenweerd et al. 2015a; 2016a). Where our classification in the first place is based on the phylogenetic analyses of several genes, we have used DNA barcodes often to place species that were not involved in those analyses. Further we used the barcodes as additional arguments in deciding about species status, even though there is no absolute criterion. The judgement of the value of barcode distances is particularly problematic in vicariant populations, such as island populations, where exchange of genetic material has ceased often a long time ago (Mutanen et al. 2012; 2016). We only opted for separate species when a large distance was paired with morphological and/or biological differences, shown in sufficient material. In cases when single specimens on an island show large Barcode distances, but hardly any morphological ones, we usually decide against splitting until further material and data are available. This is for instance the case in Pseudopostega chalcopepla and some island populations of Stigmella perpygmaeella. We have discussed the use of barcodes extensively for Ectoedemia and some groups of Stigmella (van Nieukerken et al. 2012a; 2012b). Barcodes have also been of great use to couple the unknown sex, eg. in some Zimmermannia species, or to link species with unknown life histories to barcoded larvae. We would like to stress the added value of DNA barcodes to taxonomy, and plea for adding barcode data to all taxonomic treatments, whenever possible.

We release here our dataset of barcodes of well identified material as BOLD Dataset DS-NEPCAT (DOI: 10.5883/DS-NEPCAT). This means that identities of specimens included were either identified by us or by colleagues providing the data. Obviously various barcoded larvae that did not match any adult barcodes and could not otherwise be identified may still belong to named species with unknown hosts. This dataset includes DNA barcodes of 3205 specimens, belonging to 779 species (733 Nepticulidae and 46 Opostegidae) of which 2574 specimens belong to 444 formally named species (409 Nepticulidae and 35 species of Opostegidae). The remaining 642 specimens belong to ca. 335 unnamed (or as yet unidentified) species (324 Nepticulidae and 11 Opostegidae). In the dataset 3071 barcodes are assigned a Barcode Identification Number (BIN), representing 900 BIN’s, which belong to 749 recognised species (717 Nepticulidae and 32 Opostegidae). A neighbour joining tree of the barcode data is supplied here as Supplementary material S2. Even though NJ trees contain phylogenetic signal, they cannot be considered as real phylogenetic trees, and species may be completely misplaced on the basis of barcodes alone.

Data for specimens to which we refer in our notes are listed in Supplementary material S1, and when barcoded these data are also available in dataset DS-NEPCAT.

We refrain from compiling a list of host plants here, even though it would have made the catalogue much more complete. A critical catalogue of host plant records requires considerable work on checking literature records, verifying host plant identifications and nomenclature and interpretation. We are working on such a catalogue to publish in the future, including many records of yet unnamed and unidentified species, to provide an insight into the host plant choices of the family. A catalogue of hosts without reference to sources was given by Diškus and Puplesis (2003), and for the West Palearctic and northern European alone by respectively van Nieukerken (1986a) and Johansson et al. (1990) and several more local revisions provide detailed host records. An analysis of all global host records on family level was used for the paper on the evolution of host associations in Lepidoptera (Menken et al. 2010).

The most important source for nomenclatorial practice is the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999), that helps solving most nomenclatorial issues. However, interpreting the code is often difficult and we therefore highlight how we dealt with some cases in general, whereas in notes we discuss our individual choices where needed.

We include only names that were published as real scientific names, all available names according to ICZN, but also all unavailable names that are formed as real binomial or trinomial names. Unavailable names are marked with a double dagger (‡). For completeness’ sake we also include infrasubspecific names, that are not available according to the Code (ICZN 1.3.4). Many names based on leafmines only (the work of an animal) are unavailable when published after 1930 (ICZN 13.6.2), these are marked with the abbreviation “NNLM” (see below). After screening some of these descriptions, they appeared to be available after all, since part of the description dealt with the larva, eg. the colour, thus making the description available, even though it often is of little use in recognising the species.

We do not include any informal intermittent names (eg Acalyptris species 29135) or names given to unnamed barcoded species, as such names easily become obsolete and often are not published on paper or another fixed media anyway. Some of these intermittent names are listed on our scratchpad, though (van Nieukerken 2016) and many are used in the DNA barcodes dataset.

All original descriptions and references with new combinations and synonymies have been examined by EvN (mostly from his own collection of reprints, copies and pdf’s), always trying to establish correct publication dates, which lead to changing a few publication dates of taxa. The Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) has been a particular great help, since this contains fully scanned volumes, allowing checking of dates on wrappers of issues and volumes, in addition to those available in our libraries. Nowadays there are many more repositories with scanned journals and books of particular countries, but since they do not always contain scans of wrappers and title pages, this checking is not always easy. It would be a great improvement if all these repositories were accessible through a single online source (BHL?); now it is not always easy to find these.

In the catalogue proper we present citations in the form as recommended by the Code (ICZN art. 50, 51, recommendations 51B–G), thus with comma, and use of ampersand rather than “and”. We always cite the page for the first description and for other nomenclatorial actions.

All references are listed here, and all references for original descriptions are also available in the scratchpad (van Nieukerken 2016). Where possible we added here the doi or url to the references.

We here introduce several new combinations, that became necessary after raising subgenera to full genus. While doing this, we realised that it is often difficult to find where new combinations have been made in the past, since ICZN (in contrast to the Botanical Code) does not have special requirements for new combinations, other than that the publication fulfils availability. In practice many new combinations have been made unintentionally in checklists, faunistic papers, faunas, without marking these, whereas several of the new combinations marked as such in literature (including some of our own) appeared not to have been new at all. In Nepticulidae this is particularly the case with the combinations of many species with Stigmella: after the recognition by Walsingham (1908a) that in fact Stigmella is valid rather than Nepticula, some authors started to use this generic name, but many did not, and this uncertainty continued for 70 years (Wilkinson 1978)! There are in fact not many “official” new combinations in Stigmella and for European species many were given without further notice in two faunal works (Gerasimov 1952; Hering 1957). To document the combination history for all names in Nepticuloidea, we here give the first author using the combination – as far as we have been able to ascertain – as author name after the brackets, in a similar fashion as botanists do and as has been recommended by ICZN (Recommendation 51G). Combinations only published online on webpages or databases (including the scratchpad) and not in online journals, are not accepted as validly published, and thus are given here as new combinations when valid. When these combinations are no longer valid and have been used only online, we mention this by adding “online comb.”

One deviation from the code is that we do not change the ending of species-group names to agree with the gender of the generic name (ICZN article 34.2). This follows the practice by most lepidopterists in leading catalogues and checklists, duly discussed by Sommerer (2002) and formally adopted by the Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica in a Resolution during their General Meeting at the 13th European Congress of Lepidopterology in Kørsør (Denmark) on June 4, 2002 (Sommerer loc. cit.). In Nepticuloidea this affects only few names anyway, since most generic names are feminine (except Varius, which is masculine).

Similar to the combinations, finding the source for new synonyms is often difficult, and we therefore give the source for all subjective synonymies that we have been able to find. The few cases where we did not find it we leave this open, and we do not give a synonymy author for objective synonyms (names with the same type, such as new names, incorrect subsequent spellings) or for (infra)subspecific names within the same nominal species.

We have tried to include information on the primary types for each name in the scratchpad (van Nieukerken 2016), including information on the depository, the genitalia slide number and the host plant of the type – when reared. Information on types is provided here only for cases discussed in the notes. We also started adding photos of types to the scratchpad, but this will be far from complete when this paper is published.

Type species of genera and type genera of family group names are always given in the list, using several similar abbreviations as suggested by Pullen et al. (2014).

AFR Afrotropical region

AUS Australian and Pacific regions

BIN Barcode Identification number

BOLD Barcoding of Life Database

EP East Palearctic region

ICZN International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999)

IOS Incorrect original spelling

ISS Incorrect subsequent spelling

JH Junior Homonym [of Genus]

JPH Junior Primary Homonym [of Species]

JSH Junior Secondary Homonym [of Species]

ND Nomen dubium, dubious name, of which identity is unknown and untraceable

NEA Nearctic region

NEO Neotropical region

NN Nomen nudum, unavailable name failing to conform to ICZN art 12 or 13

NNLM Nomen nudum, for a name after 1931 based on the description of a leafmine (ICZN 13.6.2)

NO Nomen oblitum, forgotten name, not used as valid name after 1900

OR Oriental region

RN Replacement name

syn Synonymised by

TG Type Genus

TS/OD Type Species by Original Designation

TS/OD,M Type Species by Original Designation and Monotypy

TS/M Type Species by Monotypy

TS/SD Type Species by Subsequent Designation

UE Unjustified emendation

URN Unnecessary replacement name

WP West Palearctic region

† Fossil species

‡ The double dagger is given before an nomenclatorially unavailable name.

¹ Superscript numbers refer to the taxonomic notes after the list. In the online html version of the list automatically hyperlinked.

ungrouped species in Non-core Stigmella

Stigmella freyella (Heyden, 1858) Vári, 1950: 182 WP

Nepticula freyella Heyden, 1858: 175

Stigmella kurilensis Puplesis, 1987: 8 EP

Stigmella ebbenielseni van Nieukerken & Van den Berg, 2003: 28 AUS

Stigmella resplendensella (Chambers, 1875) Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 456 ⁴NEA

Nepticula resplendensella Chambers, 1875b: 118

Stigmella unifasciella (Chambers, 1875) Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 438 NEA

Nepticula unifasciella Chambers, 1875b: 119

Stigmella gallicola van Nieukerken & Nishida in van Nieukerken et al., 2016: 7 NEO

Stigmella prunifoliella group (Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 385) ⁵

Stigmella prunetorum group (Johansson, 1971: 245)

Stigmella bifasciella group (Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 59)

Stigmella prunetorum (Stainton, 1855) Beirne, 1945: 198 WP,EP

Nepticula prunetorum Stainton, 1855: 72

Nepticula dimidiatella Herrich-Schäffer, 1855a: 352 (syn: Herrich-Schäffer, 1860: 59)

Nepticula perpusillella Herrich-Schäffer, 1855a: 353 (syn: Frey, 1856: 390)

Nepticula prunetella Doubleday, 1859: 36 UE

Nepticula ligustrella Rössler, 1867: 395 (syn: van Nieukerken & Johansson, 1987: 461)

Nepticula punctella Threlfall, 1884: 113 ISS

‡ Nepticula prunetorum var. aviella Skala, 1934b: 6 NNLM

‡ Stigmella prunetorum var. aviella (Skala, 1934b) NNLM

Stigmella diniensis (Klimesch, 1975) Leraut, 1980: 49 WP

Nepticula diniensis Klimesch, 1975c: 5

Stigmella ceanothi (Braun, 1910) Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 387 NEA

Nepticula ceanothi Braun, 1910: 172

Stigmella cerea (Braun, 1917) Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 407 NEA

Nepticula cerea Braun, 1917: 172

Stigmella intermedia (Braun, 1917) Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 62 NEA

Nepticula intermedia Braun, 1917: 171

Stigmella prunifoliella (Clemens, 1861) Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 385 NEA

Nepticula prunifoliella Clemens, 1861: 84

Nepticula bifasciella Clemens, 1862: 133 (syn: Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 385)

Nepticula serotinaeella Chambers, 1873: 126 (syn: Braun, 1917: 170)

Stigmella bifasciella (Clemens, 1862) Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 59

Stigmella rhoifoliella (Braun, 1912) Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 391 NEA

Nepticula rhoifoliella Braun, 1912: 93

Stigmella gossypii (Forbes & Leonard, 1930) Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 404 NEO

Nepticula gossypii Forbes & Leonard, 1930: 149

Stigmella schinivora van Nieukerken, 2016 in van Nieukerken et al., 2016: 15 NEO

Stigmella ultima group (Puplesis, 1984a: 116)

Stigmella aceris (Frey, 1857) Gerasimov, 1952: 222 WP

Nepticula aceris Frey, 1857: 386

Nepticula penicillata Heinemann & Wocke, [1876]: 744 ⁶ (syn: van Nieukerken & Johansson, 1987: 461)

Nepticula szöcsi Klimesch, 1956: 423 (syn: Klimesch, 1978a: 246)

Nepticula szoecsi Klimesch, 1956: 423 ISS (syn: Klimesch, 1978a: 246)

Stigmella acerna Puplesis, 1988: 277 ⁷WP

‡ Stigmella acerifoliella Dovnar-Zapolski, 1969: 20 NNLM; syn. n.⁷

Stigmella bicolor Puplesis, 1988: 276 EP

Stigmella bumbegerensis Puplesis, 1984d: 509 EP

Stigmella kozlovi Puplesis, 1984a: 118 EP

Stigmella monella Puplesis, 1984a: 117 EP

Stigmella orientalis Kemperman & Wilkinson, 1985: 21 EP

Stigmella semiaurea Puplesis, 1988: 275 WP,EP

Stigmella tegmentosella Puplesis, 1984a: 117 EP

Stigmella ultima Puplesis, 1984a: 117 EP

Stigmella japonica Kemperman & Wilkinson, 1985: 20 (syn: Puplesis, 1994: 81)

Stigmella ulmivora group (Johansson, 1971: 244)

Stigmella kazakhstanica Puplesis in Puplesis et al. 1991: 70 WP,EP

Stigmella pimschoorli Puplesis, 1994: 64 (syn: Puplesis et al., 1996: 192)

Stigmella ulmiphaga (Preissecker, 1942) Klimesch, 1948b: 62 WP

Nepticula ulmiphaga Preissecker, 1942: 208

Nepticula gracilivora Skala, 1942: 6 (syn: Klimesch, 1975c: 4)

Stigmella ulmivora (Fologne, 1860) Beirne, 1945: 199 ⁸WP

Nepticula ulmivora Fologne, 1860: 92

Nepticula ulmifoliae Hering, 1931: 531 (syn: Emmet, 1974d: 151)

Nepticula ulmicola Hering, 1932: 569 (syn: Emmet, 1974d: 151)

Stigmella ulmifoliae (Hering, 1931) Vári, 1944b: xxv

Stigmella ulmicola (Hering, 1932) Vári, 1944b: xxv

‡ Nepticula ulmella Hofmann, 1858: 191 NN (syn: Segerer, 1997: 188) ⁸

Stigmella viscerella (Stainton, 1853) Beirne, 1945: 199 WP

Nepticula viscerella Stainton, 1853: 3958

Nepticula subvirescens Meyrick, 1934b: 523 (syn: Diškus & Puplesis, 2003: 343)

Nepticula tauromeniella Groschke, 1944: 117 (syn: Klimesch, 1975c: 2)

Stigmella tauromeniella (Groschke, 1944) Hering, 1957: 1090

Stigmella alisa Puplesis, 1985c: 63 EP

Stigmella amuriella Puplesis, 1985c: 62 EP

Stigmella auricularia Puplesis, Diškus & Juchnevič in Puplesis & Diškus, 2003a: 245 EP

Stigmella multispicata Rocienė & Stonis in Stonis & Rocienė, 2014: 205 ⁹EP

Stigmella nireae Kemperman & Wilkinson, 1985: 18 EP

Stigmella palionisi Puplesis, 1984b: 596⁷EP

Stigmella nakamurai Kemperman & Wilkinson, 1985: 16 syn. n.¹⁰

Stigmella eurydesma group (Puplesis & Robinson, 2000: 32)

Stigmella albilamina Puplesis & Robinson, 2000: 33 NEO

Stigmella eurydesma (Meyrick, 1915a) Davis, 1984: 18 NEO

Nepticula eurydesma Meyrick, 1915a: 255

Stigmella fuscilamina Puplesis & Robinson, 2000: 34 NEO

Stigmella saginella group (Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 39)

Stigmella castaneaefoliella (Chambers, 1875b) Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 44 NEA

Nepticula castaneaefoliella Chambers, 1875b: 117

Stigmella flavipedella (Braun, 1914) Wilkinson & Newton, 1981: 31 NEA

Nepticula flavipedella Braun, 1914: 19

Stigmella macrocarpae (Freeman, 1967) comb. n.¹¹NEA

Nepticula latifasciella Chambers, 1878: 106 JPH of Nepticula latifasciella Herrich-Schäffer, 1855 ¹¹ (syn: Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 47)

Nepticula macrocarpae Freeman, 1967: 19

Stigmella latifasciella (Chambers, 1878) Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 47

Stigmella nigriverticella (Chambers, 1875b) Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 423 NEA

Nepticula nigriverticella Chambers, 1875b: 118

Nepticula maculosella Chambers, 1880a: 193 (syn: Braun, 1917: 194)

Stigmella saginella (Clemens, 1861) Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 39 NEA

Nepticula saginella Clemens, 1861: 85

Nepticula fuscocapitella Chambers, 1873: 128 (syn: Braun, 1917: 195)

Nepticula quercicastanella Chambers, 1873: 127 (syn: Braun, 1917: 195)

Stigmella sclerostylota Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 429 NEA

Stigmella aurifasciata Diškus & Stonis in Stonis et al., 2013c: 8 NEO

Stigmella crassifoliae Remeikis & Stonis, 2015: 410 NEO

Stigmella jaguari Remeikis & Stonis in Stonis et al., 2013c: 6 NEO

Stigmella lauta Diškus & Stonis in Stonis et al., 2013c: 6 NEO

Stigmella robleae Remeikis & Stonis, 2015: 411 NEO

Stigmella sublauta Remeikis & Stonis in Stonis et al., 2013c: 8 NEO

Stigmella paliurella group (van Nieukerken, 1986a: 8)

Stigmella birgittae Gustafsson, 1985: 171 ¹²WP,AFR

Stigmella omani Puplesis & Diškus, 2003a: 207 (syn: van Nieukerken, 2010: 493)

‡ Nepticula amseli Skala, 1941b: 78 NNLM; syn. n.¹²

Stigmella abaiella Klimesch, 1979: 21 ¹³WP

Stigmella ficulnea Puplesis & Krasnilnikova, in Puplesis, 1994: 65 ¹³WP

Stigmella longicornuta Puplesis & Diškus, 2003a: 217 WP

Stigmella paliurella Gerasimov, 1937: 285 ¹⁴WP

Nepticula paliurella (Gerasimov, 1937) Klimesch, 1940a: 177 ¹⁴

Nepticula paliurella Klimesch, 1940c

Stigmella turbatrix Puplesis, 1994: 66 ¹⁵WP,EP

‡ Stigmella celtivora Dovnar-Zapolski, 1969: 39 NNLM

Stigmella zizyphi Walsingham, 1911: 190 WP,AFR

Stigmella ziziphivora Gustafsson, 1985: 171 (syn: van Nieukerken, 2010: 495)

Nepticula zizyphi (Walsingham, 1911) Skala, 1938a: 45

Stigmella morivora Hirano, 2010: 128 EP

Stigmella sruogai Puplesis & Diškus, 2003a: 204 EP

Stigmella isochalca (Meyrick, 1916b) Diškus & Puplesis, 2003: 325 OR

Nepticula isochalca Meyrick, 1916b: 6

Stigmella nepali Puplesis & Diškus, 2003a: 206 OR

Stigmella phyllanthina (Meyrick, 1906b) Common, 1990: 156 AUS

Nepticula phyllanthina Meyrick, 1906b: 60

Stigmella naturnella group (new)

Stigmella dissona group (Puplesis, 1994: 58)

Stigmella naturnella (Klimesch, 1936) Klimesch, 1948b: 65 WP,EP

Nepticula naturnella Klimesch, 1936: 205

Astigmella dissona Puplesis, 1984a: 112 (syn: van Nieukerken et al., 2004a: 133)

Stigmella dissona (Puplesis, 1984a) Puplesis, 1994: 58

Stigmella mirabella (Puplesis, 1984a) Puplesis, 1994: 58 EP

Astigmella mirabella Puplesis, 1984a: 112

Stigmella tiliae group (Johansson, 1971: 245)

Stigmella tiliae (Frey, 1856) Beirne, 1945: 198 WP

Nepticula tiliae Frey, 1856: 375

Stigmella sashai Puplesis, 1984b: 594 EP

Stigmella regina Puplesis, 1984b: 596 (syn: Rocienė & Stonis, 2013: 95)

Stigmella betulicola group (Johansson, 1971: 245)

Stigmella corylifoliella group (Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 50)

Stigmella alnetella (Stainton, 1856) Beirne, 1945: 198 WP

Nepticula alnetella Stainton, 1856: 43

Stigmella betulicola (Stainton, 1856) Beirne, 1945: 198 WP,EP,NEA

Nepticula betulicola Stainton, 1856: 42

Nepticula betulicolella Doubleday, 1859: 36 UE

Nepticula betulicola var. nanivora Petersen, 1930: 61 (syn: Johansson, 1971: 245)

Stigmella nanivora (Petersen, 1930) Hering, 1957: 183

Stigmella glutinosae (Stainton, 1858) Beirne, 1945: 198 WP

Nepticula glutinosae Stainton, 1858: 96

Nepticula distinguenda Heinemann, 1862b: 305 (syn: Schoorl & Wilkinson, 1986: 234)

Nepticula rubescens Heinemann, 1871: 214 (syn: Klimesch, 1950a: 27)

Nepticula glutinosella Porritt, 1883: 173 UE

Stigmella rubescens (Heinemann, 1871) Gerasimov, 1952: 256

‡ Nepticula glutinosae var. alni-viridis Skala, 1939e: 111 NNLM (syn: Klimesch, 1950a: 27)

‡ Nepticula rubescens var. incanae Skala, 1941a: 57 NNLM (syn: Klimesch, 1950a: 27)

Stigmella gutlebiella A. Laštuvka & Huemer, 2002: 604 WP

Stigmella luteella (Stainton, 1857a) Beirne, 1945: 198 WP,EP

Nepticula luteella Stainton, 1857a: 110

Nepticula luteellina Skala, 1941b: 79 (syn: Skala, 1948: 121)

Stigmella microtheriella (Stainton, 1854) Fletcher & Clutterbuck, 1945: 59 ¹⁶WP,EP,[NEA,AUS]

Nepticula microtheriella Stainton, 1854: 302

Stigmella cathepostis Kemperman & Wilkinson, 1985: 10 syn. n.¹⁶

Microsetia microtheriella (Stainton, 1854) Kirby, 1897: 313

Stigmella nivenburgensis (Preissecker, 1942) Klimesch, 1951b: 59 ¹⁷WP,EP

Nepticula nivenburgensis Preissecker, 1942: 209

Stigmella populnea Kemperman & Wilkinson, 1985: 13 syn. n.¹⁷

Stigmella sakhalinella Puplesis, 1984a: 115 WP,EP

Stigmella discidia Schoorl & Wilkinson, 1986: 237 (syn: van Nieukerken & Johansson, 1987: 470)

Nepticula distinguenda auct. [misapplied] (syn: van Nieukerken & Johansson, 1987: 470)

Stigmella distinguenda auct. [misapplied]

Stigmella attenuata Puplesis, 1985c: 62 EP

Stigmella betulifoliae Puplesis & Diškus, 2003a: 179 EP

Stigmella conchyliata Kemperman & Wilkinson, 1985: 11 EP

Stigmella cornuta Rocienė & Stonis in Stonis et al., 2013e: 206 ¹⁸EP

Stigmella excelsa Puplesis & Diškus, 2003a: 182 EP

Stigmella kumashidei Hirano, 2014: 20 EP

Stigmella oplismeniella Kemperman & Wilkinson, 1985: 12 EP

Stigmella pamirbetulae Puplesis & Diškus, 2003a: 180 EP

Stigmella titivillitia Kemperman & Wilkinson, 1985: 14 EP

Stigmella caryaefoliella (Clemens, 1861) stat. rev., comb. n.¹⁹NEA

Nepticula caryaefoliella Clemens, 1861: 84

Stigmella corylifoliella (Clemens, 1861) Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 50 NEA

Nepticula corylifoliella Clemens, 1861: 83

Nepticula virginiella Clemens, 1861: 83 (syn: Braun, 1917: 179)

Nepticula minimella Chambers, 1873: 179 (syn: Braun, 1917: 179)

Nepticula opulifoliella Braun, 1914: 22 (syn: Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 50)

Nepticula paludicola Braun, 1917: 177 (syn: Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 51)

Nepticula exasperata Braun, 1930: 17 (syn: Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 51)

Stigmella juglandifoliella (Clemens, 1861) Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 57 NEA

Nepticula juglandifoliella Clemens, 1861: 84

Stigmella longisacca Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 436 NEA

Stigmella myricafoliella (Busck, 1900) Grossbeck, 1917: 145 ²⁰NEA

Nepticula myricafoliella Busck, 1900: 238

Nepticula obscurella Braun, 1912: 95 syn. n.²⁰

Stigmella ostryaefoliella (Clemens, 1861) Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 54 ²¹NEA

Nepticula ostryaefoliella Clemens, 1861: 83

Stigmella himalayai Puplesis & Diškus, 2003a: 208 OR

Stigmella xystodes (Meyrick, 1916b) Diškus & Puplesis, 2003: 328 WP,OR

Nepticula xystodes Meyrick, 1916b: 6

Nepticula liochalca Meyrick, 1916b: 6 (syn: van Nieukerken, 2010: 496)

Nepticula homophaea Meyrick, 1918b: 181 (syn: van Nieukerken, 2010: 496)

Stigmella liochalca (Meyrick, 1916b) Diškus & Puplesis, 2003: 328

Stigmella homophaea (Meyrick, 1918b) Diškus & Puplesis, 2003: 363

Stigmella allophylica Scoble, 1978b: 97 AFR

Stigmella allophylivora Gustafsson, 1985: 167 AFR

Stigmella androflavus Scoble, 1978b: 104 AFR

Stigmella generalis Scoble, 1978b: 102 AFR

Stigmella geranica Scoble, 1978b: 96 AFR

Stigmella hortorum Scoble, 1978b: 99 AFR

Stigmella pelanodes (Meyrick, 1920b) comb. n.²²AFR

Nepticula pelanodes Meyrick, 1920b: 116

Stigmella potgieteri Scoble, 1978b: 99 AFR

Stigmella satarensis Scoble, 1978b: 97 AFR

Stigmella tragilis Scoble, 1978b: 98 AFR

Stigmella tropicatella Legrand, 1965: 27 ²³AFR

Stigmella triumfettica Scoble, 1978b: 107 AFR

Stigmella divina group (Puplesis & Diškus, 2003a: 212)

Stigmella divina Puplesis, Diškus & van Nieukerken, 1997: 55 WP

Stigmella maculifera Puplesis & Diškus, 2003a: 212 WP

Stigmella skulei Puplesis & Diškus, 2003a: 213 WP

African species

Stigmella fluida group (Scoble, 1978b: 92)

Stigmella ingens group (Scoble, 1978b: 111)

Stigmella abachausi (Janse, 1948) Scoble, 1978b: 104 AFR

Nepticula abachausi Janse, 1948: 162

Stigmella abutilonica Scoble, 1978b: 93 AFR

Stigmella ampullata Scoble, 1978b: 108 AFR

Stigmella angustivalva Scoble, 1978b: 113 AFR

Stigmella caliginosa (Meyrick, 1921b) Scoble, 1983: 43 AFR

Nepticula caliginosa Meyrick, 1921b: 140

Stigmella celtifoliella Vári, 1955: 338 AFR

Stigmella charistis Vári, 1963: 71 AFR

Stigmella confinalis Scoble, 1978b: 111 AFR

Stigmella crotonica Scoble, 1978b: 100 AFR

Stigmella dombeyivora Scoble, 1978b: 107 AFR

Stigmella ficivora Gustafsson, 1985: 170 AFR

Stigmella fluida (Meyrick, 1911a) Scoble, 1978b: 94 AFR

Nepticula fluida Meyrick, 1911a: 236

Stigmella galactacma (Meyrick, 1924b) Diškus & Puplesis, 2003: 364 AFR

Nepticula galactacma Meyrick, 1924b: 89

Stigmella grewiae Scoble, 1978b: 112 AFR

Stigmella gustafssoni (Căpuşe, 1975) Diškus & Puplesis, 2003: 366 AFR

Nepticula gustafssoni Căpuşe, 1975: 211

Stigmella ingens (Meyrick, 1913) Scoble, 1978b: 112 AFR

Nepticula ingens Meyrick, 1913: 327

Stigmella irrorata (Janse, 1948) Scoble, 1978b: 95 AFR

Nepticula irrorata Janse, 1948: 168

Stigmella letabensis Scoble, 1978b: 113 AFR

Stigmella liota Vári, 1963: 73 AFR

Stigmella maytenivora Gustafsson, 1985: 174 AFR

Stigmella naibabi Mey, 2004: 29 AFR

Stigmella nigrata (Meyrick, 1913) Scoble, 1978b: 106 AFR

Nepticula nigrata Meyrick, 1913: 326

Stigmella panconista (Meyrick, 1920a) Diškus & Puplesis, 2003: 363 AFR

Nepticula panconista Meyrick, 1920a: 312

Stigmella parinarella Vári, 1955: 337 AFR

Stigmella perplexa (Janse, 1948) Scoble, 1978b: 103 AFR

Nepticula perplexa Janse, 1948: 172

Stigmella platyzona Vári, 1963: 67 AFR

Stigmella porphyreuta (Meyrick, 1917a) Scoble, 1978b: 110 AFR

Nepticula porphyreuta Meyrick, 1917a: 13

Stigmella pretoriata Scoble, 1978b: 109 AFR

Stigmella protosema (Meyrick, 1921b) Scoble, 1978b: 109 AFR

Nepticula protosema Meyrick, 1921b: 140

Stigmella rhomboivora Gustafsson, 1985: 167 AFR

Stigmella rhynchosiella Vári, 1955: 338 AFR

Stigmella urbica (Meyrick, 1913) Scoble, 1978b: 103 AFR

Nepticula urbica Meyrick, 1913: 326

Stigmella uwusebi Mey, 2004: 30 AFR

Stigmella varii Scoble, 1978b: 95 AFR

Stigmella wollofella (Gustafsson, 1972) Gustafsson, 1985: 174 ²⁴AFR

Nepticula wollofella Gustafsson, 1972: 158

Nepticula mandingella Gustafsson, 1972: 157 syn. n.²⁴

Stigmella mandingella (Gustafsson, 1972) Diškus & Puplesis, 2003: 366

Stigmella worcesteri Scoble, 1983: 16 RN for S. pallida Scoble, 1978 AFR

Stigmella pallida Scoble, 1978b: 105 JSH of Stigmella pallida (Braun, 1917)

Australian species

Stigmella leucargyra (Meyrick, 1906b) Nielsen, 1996: 16 AUS

Nepticula leucargyra Meyrick, 1906b: 57

Stigmella symmora (Meyrick, 1906b) Nielsen, 1996: 16 AUS

Nepticula symmora Meyrick, 1906b: 59

Oriental species

Stigmella aeriventris (Meyrick, 1932) Diškus & Puplesis, 2003: 364 OR

Nepticula aeriventris Meyrick, 1932: 312

Stigmella alicia (Meyrick, 1928) Diškus & Puplesis, 2003: 364 OR

Nepticula alicia Meyrick, 1928b: 461

Stigmella argyrodoxa (Meyrick, 1918) Fletcher, 1933: 83 OR

Nepticula argyrodoxa Meyrick, 1918b: 181

Stigmella auxozona (Meyrick, 1934) Diškus & Puplesis, 2003: 365 OR

Nepticula auxozona Meyrick, 1934a: 468

Stigmella elachistarcha (Meyrick, 1934) Diškus & Puplesis, 2003: 365 OR

Nepticula elachistarcha Meyrick, 1934a: 467

Stigmella hoplometalla (Meyrick, 1934) Puplesis & Diškus, 2003a: 215 OR

Nepticula hoplometalla Meyrick, 1934a: 467

Stigmella ipomoeella (Gustafsson, 1976) Diškus & Puplesis, 2003: 328 OR

Nepticula ipomoeella Gustafsson, 1976: 45

Stigmella neodora (Meyrick, 1918) Diškus & Puplesis, 2003: 363 OR

Nepticula neodora Meyrick, 1918b: 182

Stigmella oligosperma (Meyrick, 1934) Diškus & Puplesis, 2003: 365 OR

Nepticula oligosperma Meyrick, 1934a: 468

Stigmella polydoxa (Meyrick, 1911) Diškus & Puplesis, 2003: 363 OR

Nepticula polydoxa Meyrick, 1911c: 107

Stigmella rhamnella/lapponica/sanguisorbae cluster

Stigmella tiliella group (Puplesis et al., 2002: 63)

Stigmella tiliella (Braun, 1912) Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 442 NEA

Nepticula tiliella Braun, 1912: 90

Stigmella kimae Puplesis & Robinson, 2000: 35 NEO

Stigmella rhamnella group (new)

Stigmella alaternella (Le Marchand, 1937) Klimesch, 1948b: 63 WP

Nepticula alaternella Le Marchand, 1937: 234

Stigmella armeniana Puplesis, 1994: 90 WP

Stigmella catharticella (Stainton, 1853) Beirne, 1945: 199 WP

Nepticula catharticella Stainton, 1853: 3955

Stigmella crenulatae (Klimesch, 1975) van Nieukerken, 1986a: 8 WP

Nepticula crenulatae Klimesch, 1975c: 2

Stigmella kopetdagica Puplesis, 1994: 92 WP

Stigmella pyrellicola (Klimesch, 1978) van Nieukerken, 1986a: 9 WP

Nepticula pyrellicola Klimesch, 1978b: 264

Stigmella rhamnella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1860) Klimesch, 1951b: 56 WP

Nepticula rhamnella Herrich-Schäffer, 1860: 60

Nepticula rhamnella var. rhamnipumilae Klimesch, 1950a: 49

Stigmella rhamnophila (Amsel, 1934) van Nieukerken, 1986a: 8 WP

Nepticula rhamnella rhamnophila Amsel, 1934: 317

‡ Nepticula rhamnophila Amsel & Hering, 1931: 142 NNLM

Stigmella klimeschi Puplesis, 1988: 274 EP

Stigmella kurotsubarai Kemperman & Wilkinson, 1985: 15 EP

Stigmella taigae Puplesis, 1984a: 112 EP

Stigmella condaliafoliella (Busck, 1900) Grossbeck, 1917: 145 NEA

Nepticula condaliafoliella Busck, 1900: 238

Stigmella diffasciae (Braun, 1910) Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 398 NEA

Nepticula diffasciae Braun, 1910: 172

Stigmella inconspicuella Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 400 NEA

Stigmella rhamnicola (Braun, 1916) Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 393 NEA

Nepticula rhamnella Braun, 1912: 96 JPH of Nepticula rhamnella Herrich-Schäffer, 1860

Nepticula rhamnicola Braun, 1916: 55 RN for N. rhamnella Braun, 1912

Stigmella maya Remeikis & Stonis in Stonis et al., 2013b: 224 NEO

Stigmella sanguisorbae group (van Nieukerken, 1986a: 10)

Stigmella rosaefoliella group (Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 14)

Stigmella muricatella (Klimesch, 1978) van Nieukerken, 1986a: 9 WP,EP

Nepticula muricatella Klimesch, 1978b: 266

Stigmella polymorpha Puplesis & Diškus, 2003a: 183 WP

Stigmella rolandi van Nieukerken, 1990c: 239 WP,EP

Stigmella sanguisorbae (Wocke, 1865) Gerasimov, 1952: 258 WP

Nepticula sanguisorbae Wocke, 1865: 269

Stigmella thuringiaca (Petry, 1904) Gerasimov, 1952: 263 WP,EP

Nepticula thuringiaca Petry, 1904: 267

Nepticula nickerli Rebel in Nickerl, 1908: 116 (syn: Rebel, 1909: (269))

Stigmella fasciola Puplesis & Diškus, 2003a: 185 EP

Stigmella trisyllaba Puplesis in Puplesis et al., 1992: 51 EP

Stigmella rosaefoliella (Clemens, 1861) Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 14 ²⁵NEA

Nepticula rosaefoliella Clemens, 1861: 85

Stigmella rosaefoliella rosaefoliella (Clemens, 1861) Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 14²⁵

Stigmella lapponica group (Johansson, 1971: 245)

Stigmella malella group (Johansson, 1971: 245)

Stigmella confusella (Wood & Walsingham, 1894) Vári, 1944a: 215 WP,EP,NEA

Nepticula confusella Wood & Walsingham, 1894: 272

Stigmella lapponica (Wocke, 1862) Fletcher & Clutterbuck, 1945: 61 WP,EP,NEA

Nepticula lapponica Wocke, 1862: 251

Nepticula lapponicella Herrich-Schäffer, 1863c: 23 UE

Nepticula lusatica Schütze, 1905: 204 (syn: Johansson & Nielsen, 1990: 141)

Nepticula vossensis Grønlien, 1928: 217 (syn: Krogerus, 1971: 31)

Stigmella lusatica (Schütze, 1905) Beirne, 1945: 200

Stigmella vossensis (Grønlien, 1928) Gerasimov, 1952: 269

Stigmella malella (Stainton, 1854) Beirne, 1945: 199 WP

Nepticula malella Stainton, 1854: 304

Nepticula angustella Heinemann & Wocke, [1876]: 756 ⁶ (syn: van Nieukerken & Johansson, 1987: 461)

Nepticula nigrobrunnella Groschke, 1939: 716 (syn: van Nieukerken & Johansson, 1987: 461)

Nepticula nigrobrunella auct. ISS

Stigmella nigrobrunnella (Groschke, 1939) Hering, 1957: 837

‡ Nepticula malella var. prunicola Skala, 1939f: 126 NN

Stigmella maloidica Puplesis in Puplesis & Arutyunova, 1991: 573 EP

Stigmella braunella (Jones, 1933) Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 13 NEA

Nepticula braunella Jones, 1933: 49

Stigmella slingerlandella (Kearfott, 1908) Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 19 NEA

Nepticula slingerlandella Kearfott, 1908: 187

unplaced in rhamnella/lapponica/sanguisorbae cluster

Stigmella boehmeriae Kemperman & Wilkinson, 1985: 54 EP

Stigmella costaricensis van Nieukerken & Nishida in van Nieukerken et al., 2016: 19 NEO

Stigmella intronia van Nieukerken & Nishida in van Nieukerken et al., 2016: 21 NEO

Stigmella ogygia group (new) ²⁶

Stigmella aigialeia Donner & Wilkinson, 1989: 17 AUS

Stigmella aliena Donner & Wilkinson, 1989: 17 AUS

Stigmella atrata Donner & Wilkinson, 1989: 18 AUS

Stigmella cassiniae Donner & Wilkinson, 1989: 18 AUS

Stigmella childi Donner & Wilkinson, 1989: 19 AUS

Stigmella cypracma (Meyrick, 1916) Dugdale, 1988: 53 AUS

Nepticula cypracma Meyrick, 1916c: 419

Nepticula perissopa Meyrick, 1919: 354 (syn: Donner & Wilkinson, 1989: 20)

Stigmella perissopa (Meyrick, 1919) Dugdale, 1988: 54

Stigmella erysibodea Donner & Wilkinson, 1989: 21 AUS

Stigmella fulva (Watt, 1921) Dugdale, 1988: 53 AUS

Nepticula fulva Watt, 1921: 215

Stigmella hakekeae Donner & Wilkinson, 1989: 22 AUS

Stigmella hamishella Donner & Wilkinson, 1989: 23 AUS

Stigmella hoheriae Donner & Wilkinson, 1989: 24 AUS

Stigmella ilsea Donner & Wilkinson, 1989: 25 AUS

Stigmella insignis (Philpott, 1927) Dugdale, 1988: 53 AUS

Nepticula insignis Philpott, 1927: 89

Stigmella kaimanua Donner & Wilkinson, 1989: 26 AUS

Stigmella laquaeorum (Dugdale, 1971) Dugdale, 1988: 53 AUS

Nepticula laquaeorum Dugdale, 1971: 117

Stigmella lucida (Philpott, 1919) Dugdale, 1988: 54 AUS

Nepticula lucida Philpott, 1919: 225

Stigmella maoriella (Walker, 1864) Dugdale, 1988: 54 AUS

Tinea maoriella Walker, 1864: 1008

Stigmella ogygia (Meyrick, 1889) Dugdale, 1988: 54 AUS

Nepticula ogygia Meyrick, 1889: 187

Nepticula erechtitus Watt, 1924: 686 (syn: Donner & Wilkinson, 1989: 20)

Stigmella erechtitus (Watt, 1924) Dugdale, 1988: 53

Stigmella oriastra (Meyrick, 1917) Dugdale, 1988: 54 AUS

Nepticula oriastra Meyrick, 1917b: 247

Stigmella palaga Donner & Wilkinson, 1989: 31 AUS

Stigmella platina Donner & Wilkinson, 1989: 32 AUS

Stigmella progama (Meyrick, 1924) Dugdale, 1988: 54 AUS

Nepticula progama Meyrick, 1924a: 662

Stigmella progonopis (Meyrick, 1921) Dugdale, 1988: 54 AUS

Nepticula progonopis Meyrick, 1921c: 336

Stigmella propalaea (Meyrick, 1889) Dugdale, 1988: 54 AUS

Nepticula propalaea Meyrick, 1889: 187

Stigmella sophorae (Hudson, 1939) Dugdale, 1988: 54 AUS

Nepticula sophorae Hudson, 1939: 469

Stigmella tricentra (Meyrick, 1889) Dugdale, 1988: 54 AUS

Nepticula tricentra Meyrick, 1889: 187

Stigmella watti Donner & Wilkinson, 1989: 35 AUS

Stigmella epicosma group (new) ²⁷

Stigmella andina (Meyrick, 1915) Davis, 1984: 18 NEO

Nepticula andina Meyrick, 1915a: 255

Stigmella baccharicola Diškus & Stonis in Stonis et al., 2016b: 119 NEO

Stigmella bipartita Diškus & Stonis in Stonis et al., 2016b: 107 NEO

Stigmella confertae Diškus & Stonis in Stonis et al., 2016b: 124 NEO

Stigmella costalimai (Bourquin, 1961) Davis, 1984: 18 ²⁸NEO

Nepticula costalimai Bourquin, 1961: 31

Stigmella cuprata (Meyrick, 1915) Davis, 1984: 18 NEO

Nepticula cuprata Meyrick, 1915a: 255

Stigmella emarginatae Diškus & Stonis in Stonis et al., 2016b: 104 NEO

Stigmella epicosma (Meyrick, 1915) Davis, 1984: 18 NEO

Nepticula epicosma Meyrick, 1915a: 255

Stigmella guittonae (Bourquin, 1961) Davis, 1984: 18 ²⁸NEO

Nepticula guittonae Bourquin, 1961: 32

Stigmella hamata Puplesis & Robinson, 2000: 30 NEO

Stigmella imperatoria Puplesis & Robinson, 2000: 30 NEO

Stigmella johannis (Zeller, 1877) Davis, 1984: 18 NEO

Nepticula johannis Zeller, 1877: 454

Stigmella latifoliae Remeikis, Diškus & Stonis in Stonis et al., 2016b: 115 NEO

Stigmella marmorea Puplesis & Robinson, 2000: 26 NEO

Stigmella mevia Remeikis & Stonis in Stonis & Remeikis, 2016: 311 NEO

Stigmella montanotropica Puplesis & Diškus in Puplesis et al., 2002: 23 NEO

Stigmella nubimontana Puplesis & Diškus in Puplesis et al., 2002: 24 NEO

Stigmella olyritis (Meyrick, 1915) Davis, 1984: 18 NEO

Nepticula olyritis Meyrick, 1915a: 256

Stigmella pangorica Diškus & Stonis in Stonis et al., 2015a: 580 NEO

Stigmella peruanica Puplesis & Robinson, 2000: 27 NEO

Stigmella podanthae Diškus & Stonis in Stonis et al., 2016a: 120 NEO

Stigmella racemifera Šimkevičiūtė & Stonis in Šimkevičiūtė et al., 2009: 270 NEO

Stigmella rubeta Puplesis & Diškus in Puplesis et al., 2002: 24 NEO

Stigmella rudis Puplesis & Robinson, 2000: 26 NEO

Stigmella schoorli Puplesis & Robinson, 2000: 29 NEO

Stigmella serpentina Diškus & Stonis in Stonis et al., 2015a: 576 NEO

Stigmella sinuosa Remeikis & Stonis in Stonis & Remeikis, 2016: 310 NEO

Stigmella tripartita Diškus & Stonis in Stonis et al., 2016b: 110 NEO

Stigmella salicis group (Johansson, 1971: 244)

Stigmella fuscotibiella group (Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 385)

Stigmella aiderensis Puplesis, 1988: 277 WP

Stigmella arbusculae (Klimesch, 1951) Hering, 1957: 930 WP

Nepticula arbusculae Klimesch, 1951c: 149

Stigmella assimilella (Zeller, 1848) Fletcher & Clutterbuck, 1945: 61 WP,EP

Nepticula assimilella Zeller, 1848: 327

Nepticula tremulaefoliella Sorhagen, 1922: 48 (syn: Johansson & Nielsen, 1990: 200)

Stigmella tremulaefoliella (Sorhagen, 1922) Gerasimov, 1952: 265

‡ Lyonetia nigricornella Mann in Zeller, 1848: 327 NN

Stigmella benanderella (Wolff, 1955) Hering, 1957: 930 WP

Nepticula benanderella Wolff, 1955b: 49

‡ Nepticula scandicella Jonasson in Krogerus et al., 1971: 30 NN

Stigmella flavescens Puplesis, 1994: 131 WP, EP

Stigmella myrtillella (Stainton, 1857b) Vári, 1944a: 215 WP

Nepticula myrtillella Stainton, 1857b: 44

‡ Nepticula myrtillella var. uliginosi Skala, 1941b: 80 NNLM

Stigmella obliquella (Heinemann, 1862) Vári, 1944a: 215 WP,EP

Nepticula obliquella Heinemann, 1862b: 316

Nepticula wockeella Heinemann, 1871: 223 (syn: Johansson & Nielsen, 1990: 198)

Nepticula diversa Glitz, 1872: 24 (syn: Glitz, 1887: 277)

Stigmella babylonicae Hartig, 1949: 94 (syn: van Nieukerken, 1986a: 11)

Stigmella wockeella (Heinemann, 1871) Gerasimov, 1952: 269

Stigmella pallidiciliella Klimesch, 1948a: 165 ²⁹WP

Nepticula purpureae Skala, 1948: 121 (syn: van Nieukerken, 1986a: 11)

Nepticula pallidiciliella (Klimesch, 1948a) Wolff, 1955a: 86

Stigmella salicis (Stainton, 1854) Fletcher & Clutterbuck, 1945: 60 ³⁰WP,EP,NEA

Nepticula salicis Stainton, 1854: 302

Nepticula salicella Herrich-Schäffer, 1855a: 354 UE

Nepticula salicivorella Doubleday, 1859: 36 UE

Nepticula uniformis Heinemann, 1871: 210 (syn: van Nieukerken, 1986a: 11)

Nepticula dewitziella Sorhagen, 1885: 285 (syn: Johansson & Nielsen, 1990: 192)

Nepticula auritella Skala, 1939f: 128 (syn: van Nieukerken, 1986a: 11)

Stigmella libiezi Dufrane, 1949: 8 (syn: van Nieukerken, 1986a: 11)

Stigmella uniformis (Heinemann, 1871) Gerasimov, 1952: 267

Stigmella auritella (Skala, 1939) Hering, 1957: 929

‡ Nepticula salicis ab. crombruggheella Dufrane, 1930: 30

‡ Nepticula salicis ab. februella Crombrugghe, 1907: 14

‡ Nepticula salicis ab. interrupta Skala, 1933a: 32

Stigmella trimaculella (Haworth, 1828) Fletcher & Clutterbuck, 1945: 61 WP,EP

Tinea trimaculella Haworth, 1828: 583

Lyonetia rufella Zeller, 1839: 215 (syn: Herrich-Schäffer, 1855a: 358)

Nepticula populella Herrich-Schäffer, 1855a: 357 (syn: Frey, 1856: 381)

Nepticula albicornella Kollar in Nowicki, 1860: 231 (syn: Rebel, 1901: 228)

Nepticula gilvella Rössler, 1867: 395 (syn: van Nieukerken & Johansson, 1987: 461)

Nepticula populicola Sorhagen, 1922: 88 (syn: Skala, 1948: 121)

Stigmella subtrimaculella Dufrane, 1949: 10 (syn: Borkowski, 1969: 107)

Microsetia trimaculella (Haworth, 1828) Stephens, 1834: 269

Nepticula trimaculella (Haworth, 1828) Stainton, 1849: 29

Nepticula rufella (Zeller, 1839) Zeller, 1848: 328

Stigmella populicola (Sorhagen, 1922) Gerasimov, 1952: 252

‡ Nepticula trimaculella ab. semipictella Steudel in Steudel & Hoffmann, 1882: 244

Stigmella vimineticola (Frey, 1856) Fletcher & Clutterbuck, 1945: 60 WP

Nepticula vimineticola Frey, 1856: 382

Stigmella zelleriella (Snellen, 1875) van Nieukerken, 1983a: 60 WP

Nepticula zelleriella Snellen, 1875: 116

Nepticula repentiella Wolff, 1955a: 82 (syn: van Nieukerken, 1983a: 60)

Nepticula lappovimella Svensson, 1976: 204 (syn: van Nieukerken, 1983a: 60)

Stigmella repentiella (Wolff, 1955) Hering, 1957: 929

Stigmella lappovimella (Svensson, 1976) Svensson, 1985: 78

Stigmella azusa Hirano, 2010: 129 EP

Stigmella johanssoni Puplesis & Diškus, 1996c: 181 EP

Stigmella juratae Puplesis, 1988: 279 EP

Stigmella kondarai Puplesis, 1988: 277 EP

Stigmella sexcornuta Rocienė & Stonis in Stonis & Rocienė, 2014: 205 EP

Stigmella tenryuensis Hirano, 2014: 26 EP

Stigmella tranocrossa Kemperman & Wilkinson, 1985: 27 EP

Stigmella ussurica Puplesis, 1987: 8 (syn: Puplesis, 1994: 128)

Stigmella vittata Kemperman & Wilkinson, 1985: 28 EP

Stigmella fibigeri Puplesis & Diškus, 2003a: 209 OR

Stigmella aromella Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 27 NEA

Stigmella fuscotibiella (Clemens, 1862) Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 23 NEA

Nepticula fuscotibiella Clemens, 1862: 133

Nepticula ciliaefuscella Chambers, 1873: 128 (syn: Chambers, 1875a: 117)

Nepticula discolorella Braun, 1912: 86 (syn: Braun, 1917: 185)

Stigmella pallida (Braun, 1912) Newton & Wilkinson, 1982: 418 NEA

Nepticula pallida Braun, 1912: 85

Stigmella populetorum (Frey & Boll, 1878) Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 26 NEA

Nepticula populetorum Frey & Boll, 1878: 276

Stigmella molinensis van Nieukerken & Snyers in van Nieukerken et al., 2016: 22 NEO