The family was divided into four tribes (i.e., Dysderini, Harpactini, Orsolobini and Rhodini) by Cooke (1965), of which three were elevated to subfamilies (i.e., Dysderinae, Harpacteinae and Rhodinae) by Deeleman-Reinhold and Deeleman (1988), and one was elevated to the family-level (i.e., Orsolobidae Cooke, 1965) by Forster and Platnick (1985).

Although Dysderidae appears to be a monophyletic family often considered restricted to the Palaearctic, it is in fact distributed only in the West Palaearctic (from Canary Islands to west Xinjiang) and polyphyletic with its current generic composition. Eleven species of five genera are known from fossils (Dunlop et al. 2020): Dasumiana Wunderlich, 2004 (3 spp.), Dysdera (1 sp.), Harpactea Bristowe, 1939 (5 spp.), Segistriites Straus, 1967 (1 sp.), and Mistura Petrunkevitch, 1971 (1 sp.). Judging by the position of the legs (i.e., legs I–III directed forwards) and the overall somatic features of Segistriites cromei Straus, 1967, this monotypic Neogene fossil genus is herein transferred to Segestriidae Simon, 1893. At the time of the description of Segistriites, Segestriidae was not a separate family but rather a subfamily (i.e., Segestriinae Simon, 1893) of Dysderidae. Furthermore, Strauss (1967) explicitly mentions the close affinity of this genus to Segestria Latreille, 1804, the type genus of Segestriidae. The monotypic Neogene fossil genus Mistura also appears to be misplaced in Dysderidae: the holotype specimen of Mistura perplexa Petrunkevitch, 1971 has an unknown arrangement of eyes and several characters different from Dysderidae, including a lack of claw tufts, the presence of an onychium, and long spinnerets (Petrunkevitch 1971).

More than 600 species in 26 genera (Dunlop et al. 2020; WSC 2022; current paper).

This subfamily can be diagnosed from other dysderids by the edge of sternum-labium joint ca. 2.5–3× longer than the edge of the maxilla-sternum joint, all tarsi bearing claw tufts, posterior metatarsi bearing scopulae, and the spineless anterior tibiae and metatarsi. Furthermore, the bulb of dysderines does not bear a free embolus (with the exception of Harpactocrates Simon, 1914), and the posterior diverticulum of endogyne is large and wide (Deeleman-Reinhold and Deeleman 1988; Le Peru 2011; Kunt et al. 2019).

Around 360 species in 11 genera: Cryptoparachtes Dunin, 1992, Dysdera Latreille, 1804, Dysderella Dunin, 1992, Dysderocrates Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman, 1988, Harpactocrates, Hygrocrates Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988, Kut Kunt, Elverici, Yağmur & Özkütük, 2019, Parachtes Alicata, 1964, Rhodera Deeleman-Reinhold, 1989, Stalitochara Simon, 1913, and Tedia Simon, 1882. The position of Rhodera in Dysderinae is questionable (see Le Peru 2011).

Aranea erythrina Walckenaer, 1802, from France.

Dysdera can be diagnosed from other dysderine genera by the interdistance of PLE and PME less than half of their diameter, three or four cheliceral teeth in one series, punctiform (= highly reduced) fovea, and femur I at least twice as long as coxa I. The bulb is cylindrical, bearing a broad posterior apophysis and a distal psembolus. The endogyne is composed by an anterior diverticulum bearing a dorsal arch and a ventral arch, a transverse receptacle and a posterior diverticulum bearing a transverse bar (Deeleman-Reinhold and Deeleman 1988; Le Peru 2011).

Deeleman-Reinhold and Deeleman (1988) proposed nine species groups within Dysdera: aculeata, asiatica, crocata, erythrina, festai, lata, longirostris, ninnii, and punctata. Charitonov (1956) and Fomichev and Marusik (2021) proposed an additional cylindrica group composed of Central Asian species considered within asiatica group by Deeleman-Reinhold and Deeleman (1988), mostly based on their disjunct distribution. Here, we tentatively treat these species within aculeata group, primarily on the basis of the conformation of male palp and considering that the discovery of similar species in Iran fills this distributional gap. Furthermore, characters based on spination used by Deeleman-Reinhold and Deeleman (1988) in definition of the species groups are not followed here as they appear to be variable; assignment of the species treated here to their respective groups is primarily based on the conformation of male palp.

More than 310 species (WSC 2022).

Holotype ♀ (ZMUT), Iran: Fars Province: Khanj, Khan Cave, 27°44'N, 53°20'E.

The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, referring to the apical ancestor of the Achaemenid dynasty of rulers of Persia.

The new species differs from its congeners occurring in the region by the very long receptacle (Re), longer than the posterior margin of the dorsal arch (Da) (vs. shorter).

Female. Habitus as in Fig. 1A–C. Total length 8.13. Carapace 3.28 long, 2.58 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.12, PME 0.12, PLE 0.14. Carapace, sternum, chelicerae, labium, and maxillae reddish. Legs pale orange. Abdomen pale cream-coloured, without any pattern. Spinnerets uniformly pale cream-coloured. Measurements of legs: I: 8.77 (2.64, 1.56, 2.21, 1.78, 0.58), II: 8.49 (2.42, 1.44, 2.02, 2.08, 0.53), III: 6.54 (1.87, 0.99, 1.30, 1.92, 0.46), IV: 8.99 (2.51, 1.32, 2.07, 2.47, 0.62). Spination: I: Fe: 3pl. II: Fe: 1pl. III: Fe: 1pl; Ti: 4pl, 1rl, 6v; Mt: 3pl, 2rl, 6v. IV: Fe: 9d, 1rl; Ti: 4pl, 6v; Mt: 3pl, 2rl, 5v.

Figure 1. 

Female of Dysdera achaemenes sp. nov., habitus. A dorsal view B ventral view C lateral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Endogyne as in Fig. 2A, B; length/width ratio ca. 2.6; receptacle slightly arched, 5× longer than wide, anterior angles (Aa) rounded, not long; dorsal arch (Da) trapezoidal; transverse bar (Tb) as wide as receptacle, lateral edges (Le) directed posterolaterally; posterior diverticulum (Pd) hexagonal.

Figure 2. 

Female of Dysdera achaemenes sp. nov., endogyne. A ventral view B dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm. Abbreviations: Aa – anterior angle, Da – dorsal arch, Le – lateral edge, Pd – posterior diverticulum, Re – receptacle, Tb – transverse bar.

Male. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality in Fars Province, southern Iran (Fig. 35).

Holotype ♂ (MHNG), Iran: Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari Province: Zard Kuh, 32°23'N, 50°07'E, 2700 m, 20.06.1974 (A. Senglet).

The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, referring to an Iranian tribe primarily inhabiting Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, Khuzestan, Lorestan, Bushehr, and Isfahan provinces.

This species can be distinguished from other species of the aculeata group occurring in the region by having a wider psembolus (i.e., 1.5× wider than the tegulum).

Male. Habitus as in Fig. 3. Total length 5.97. Carapace 2.55 long, 1.97 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.10, PME 0.08, PLE 0.11. Carapace, sternum, chelicerae, labium, and maxillae reddish brown. Legs orange. Abdomen cream-coloured, without any pattern. Spinnerets uniformly cream-coloured. Measurements of legs: I: 7.40 (2.07, 1.26, 1.80, 1.82, 0.45), II: 6.68 (1.83, 1.17, 1.61, 1.61, 0.46), III: 5.02 (1.42, 0.81, 0.98, 1.40, 0.41), IV: 6.51 (1.87, 0.97, 1.43, 1.77, 0.47). Spination: I: Fe: 4pl. II: Fe: 3pl. III: Fe: 3pl, 1rl; Ti: 4pl, 2rl, 5v; Mt: 6pl, 2rl, 2v. IV: Fe: 7d, 1pl; Ti: 5pl, 2rl, 5v; Mt: 5pl, 2rl, 5v.

Figure 3. 

Male of Dysdera bakhtiari sp. nov., habitus, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

Palp as in Fig. 4A–D; bulb ca. 2× longer than wide; tegulum bell-shaped, 1.2× longer than wide; psembolus 1.5× longer than tegulum; median crest (Mc) rounded, ca. 2.2× shorter than length of psembolus, ca. 4× wider than high; posterior apophysis (Ap) very large, rounded; incision between tegulum and psembolus absent; retrolateral crest (Rc) gradually rounded.

Figure 4. 

Male of Dysdera bakhtiari sp. nov., bulb A retrolateral view B prolateral view C anterior view D posterior view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm. Abbreviations: Ap – posterior apophysis, Mc – median crest, Rc – retrolateral crest.

Female. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality in Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari Province, southwestern Iran (Fig. 35).

Holotype ♀ (ZMUT), Iran: Hormozgan Province: Hormuz Island, 27°02'N, 56°29'E, 01.2014 (A. Zamani).

The specific epithet is an adjective referring to Hormuz Island, from where the holotype was collected.

The new species differs from all Dysdera species occurring in the region by the receptacle divided into two chambers (vs. undivided), and the indistinct dorsal arch (vs. distinct).

Female. Habitus as in Fig. 5A–C. Total length 8.11. Carapace 3.26 long, 2.56 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.13, PME 0.13, PLE 0.14. Carapace, sternum, chelicerae, labium, and maxillae orangish. Legs pale orange. Abdomen pale cream-coloured, without any pattern. Spinnerets uniformly pale cream-coloured. Measurements of legs: I: 7.87 (2.19, 1.29, 2.01, 1.85, 0.53), II: 7.31 (1.99, 1.19, 1.77, 1.83, 0.53), III: 5.83 (1.61, 0.88, 1.13, 1.74, 0.47), IV: 7.27 (1.83, 1.05, 1.56, 2.22, 0.61). Spination: I: Fe: 2pl. II: Fe: 3pl. III: Fe: 3d; Pa: 1d, 1pl; Ti: 5pl, 2rl, 6v; Mt: 3d, 6pl, 2rl. IV: Fe: 8d; Pa: 1pl; Ti: 5pl, 3rl, 6v; Mt: 3pl, 4rl, 3v.

Figure 5. 

Female of Dysdera hormuzensis sp. nov., habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C lateral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Endogyne as in Fig. 6A, B; length/width ratio ca. 2.6; receptacle 2× longer than wide, divided in two chambers, with an anterior median concavity; anterior angles located almost at mid-part of each chamber and directed anteriorly, approximately as long as wide; dorsal arch indistinct; transverse bar ca. 4.6× longer than wide, mid-part similar to an inverted trapezoid, anterior part 1.3× longer than posterior part; lateral edges directed postero-laterally, clearly separated from transverse bar by an incision; posterior diverticulum elongated horizontally.

Figure 6. 

Female of Dysdera hormuzensis sp. nov., endogyne A ventral view B dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

Male. Unknown.

The species group (or even generic) assignment of this species is tentative pending the collection of the corresponding male.

Known only from the type locality in Hormuz Island, the Persian Gulf (Fig. 35).

Holotype ♂ (ZMUT), Iran: Hormozgan Province: Siahu, 27°45'N, 56°20'E, 02.2018 (A. Zamani). Paratypes: 1♀ (ZMUT), same data as the holotype; 1♂ (MMUE), Fars Province: Shiraz, inside house, 29°37'N, 52°30'E, 6.05.1982 (P. Hassanzadeh); 1♂ (MMUE), Shiraz, garden, 29°37'N, 52°30'E, 04.1982 (P. Hassanzadeh); 1♂1♀ (MMUE), Shiraz, inside house, 29°37'N, 52°30'E, 06.1982 (P. Hassanzadeh); 1♀ (ZMUT), Hormozgan Province: Siahu, 27°45'N, 56°20'E, 02.2020 (A. Zamani); 1♀ (ZMUT), Siahu, palm orchards, 27°45'N, 56°20'E, 02.2020 (A. Zamani).

The specific epithet is an adjective and refers to the country from where the specimens of the new species were collected.

The male of the new species is somewhat similar to that of D. arabica Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988 from Oman (cf. Fig. 8A–D and Deeleman-Reinhold and Deeleman 1988: figs 309–310), but differs by the small, claw-like posterior apophysis (vs. broad and rounded) and keel-like median crest (vs. rounded). The male of D. iranica sp. nov. differs from those of its congeners occurring in Iran by the elongate keel-like median crest (vs. rounded or triangular). The female of D. iranica sp. nov. is most similar to that of D. tapuria sp. nov. by having a very wide receptacle (i.e., > 2× wider than the transverse bar), but differs by having a triangular extension (Te) in the anterior margin of the receptacle (vs. absent).

Male (Holotype). Habitus as in Fig. 7D–F. Total length 7.32. Carapace 3.35 long, 2.63 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.15, PME 0.15, PLE 0.15. Carapace, sternum, chelicerae, labium, and maxillae reddish. Legs yellowish orange. Abdomen cream-coloured, without any pattern. Spinnerets uniformly dark yellowish. Measurements of legs: I: 11.4 (3.14, 1.92, 2.86, 2.84, 0.63), II: 10.26 (2.72, 1.78, 2.46, 2.68, 0.62), III: 7.61 (2.14, 1.17, 1.54, 2.13, 0.63), IV: 9.75 (2.69, 1.53, 2.12, 2.74, 0.67). Spination: I: Fe: 3pl. II: Fe: 3pl. III: Fe: 3pl, 1rl; Pa: 1pl; Ti: 5pl, 3rl, 5v; Mt: 6pl, 2rl, 2v. IV: Fe: 7d, 2pl, 1rl; Pa: 1pl; Ti: 6pl, 2rl, 6v; Mt: 3pl, 2rl, 5v.

Figure 7. 

Female (A–C) and male (D–F) of Dysdera iranica sp. nov., habitus A, D dorsal view B, E ventral view C, F lateral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Palp as in Fig. 8A–D; bulb ca. 2.5× longer than wide; tegulum bell-shaped, almost as long as wide; psembolus 1.4× longer than tegulum; median crest rounded, ca. 2.5× shorter than length of psembolus, ca. 2.5× wider than high; posterior apophysis claw-shaped, 1.5× longer than wide; incision between tegulum and psembolus absent; retrolateral crest gradually rounded.

Figure 8. 

Male of Dysdera iranica sp. nov., bulb A retrolateral view B prolateral view C anterior view D posterior view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

Female. Habitus as in Fig. 7A–C. Total length 8.20. Carapace 3.03 long, 2.45 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.14, PME 0.13, PLE 0.14. Colouration as in male. Measurements of legs: I: 8.45 (2.48, 1.44, 1.94, 2.01, 0.58), II: 7.79 (2.17, 1.35, 1.88, 1.91, 0.48), III: 6.25 (1.77, 1.05, 1.16, 1.71, 0.56), IV: 7.88 (2.28, 1.29, 1.72, 2.01, 0.58). Spination: I: Fe: 3pl. II: Fe: 2pl. III: Fe: 2d, 3pl, 3rl; Ti: 4pl, 2rl, 5v; Mt: 5pl, 2rl, 3v. IV: Fe: 7d, 1rl; Ti: 3pl, 2rl, 6v; Mt: 3pl, 2rl, 3v.

Endogyne as in Fig. 9A, B; length/width ratio ca. 2.1; receptacle 4× longer than wide, almost inverted trapezoidal; anterior angle large and triangular, with its base as wide as receptacle, directed antero-laterally; receptacle with median triangular extension (Te); dorsal arch trapezoidal, anterior corners rounded, posterior margin 1.6× longer than anterior, anterior margin ca. 1.25× longer than width of dorsal arch; transverse bar slightly arched, 1.5× longer than receptacle; lateral edges with horizontal anterior margins; posterior diverticulum trapezoidal.

Figure 9. 

Female of Dysdera iranica sp. nov., endogyne A ventral view B dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm. Abbreviation: Te – triangular extension.

Known from the listed localities in Fars and Hormozgan provinces, south-central and southern Iran (Fig. 35).

Holotype ♂ (SMF), Iran: Isfahan Province: Pir Bakran, 150 km west of Isfahan, 32°28'N, 51°33'E (H. Löffler). Paratype: 1♀ (SMF), same data as the holotype.

The specific epithet is an adjective, referring to the type locality of the species.

The male of this species differs from those of the other species of the aculeata group occurring in the region by the very long psembolus (i.e., length of psembolus/length of tegulum = 1.85 in the new species, vs. 1.6 or less in most other species), rounded arch-like ridge (Ar), presence of the notch of posterior apophysis (vs. absent), and median position of the posterior apophysis on the psembolus (vs. close to tegulum). Dysdera persica sp. nov. also bears a long psembolus (i.e., length of psembolus/length of tegulum = 2), but differs from D. isfahanica sp. nov. in the shape of the posterior apophysis. The female of this species can be recognized by its long anterolaterally stretched angles of the receptacle.

Male. Habitus as in Figs 10A, C, 11A, B. Total length 10.47. Carapace 4.15 long, 3.45 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.17, PME 0.14, PLE 0.15. Carapace, sternum, chelicerae, labium, and maxillae orange. Legs yellowish. Abdomen pale beige, without any pattern. Spinnerets uniformly pale beige. Measurements of legs: I: 13.57 (3.77, 2.47, 3.23, 3.21, 0.89), II: 12.83 (3.47, 2.34, 2.96, 3.16, 0.90), III: 9.23 (2.60, 1.39, 1.95, 2.58, 0.71), IV: 12.28 (3.47, 1.91, 2.59, 3.43, 0.88). Spination: I: Fe: 1–2pl. II: no spines. III: Ti: 4pl, 2rl, 4v; Mt: 6pl, 6rl. IV: Fe: 6d; Ti: 2d, 2pl, 2rl, 2v; Mt: 6pl, 5rl.

Figure 10. 

Male (A, C) and female (B, D) of Dysdera isfahanica sp. nov., habitus A, D ventral view B, C dorsal view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Figure 11. 

Male of Dysdera isfahanica sp. nov., prosoma A dorsal view B frontal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Palp as in Fig. 12A–D; bulb ca. 2.5× longer than wide; tegulum bell-shaped, almost as long as wide; psembolus 1.8× longer than tegulum; median crest rounded, ca. 3.4× shorter than length of psembolus, ca. 2× wider than high; posterior apophysis claw-like, 2.3× longer than wide; incision between tegulum and psembolus absent; retrolateral crest forming right angle.

Figure 12. 

Male of Dysdera isfahanica sp. nov., bulb A retrolateral view B prolateral view C anterior view D posterior view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm. Abbreviation: Ar – arch-like ridge.

Female. Habitus as in Fig. 10B, D. Total length 9.45. Carapace 3.30 long, 2.55 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.15, PME 0.14, PLE 0.12. Colouration as in male. Measurements of legs: I: 9.74 (2.76, 1.66, 2.31, 2.40, 0.61), II: 8.80 (2.52, 1.50, 2.08, 2.13, 0.57), III: 6.74 (1.94, 1.08, 1.28, 1.90, 0.54), IV: 8.68 (2.47, 1.31, 1.90, 2.46, 0.54). Spination: I: Fe: 3pl. II: Fe: 4pl. III: Fe: 5d, 1rl; Pa: 3pl; Ti: 4pl, 2rl, 6v; Mt: 3pl, 2rl, 6v. IV: Fe: 8–11d, 2pl; Pa: 1pl; Ti: 5pl, 4rl, 6v; Mt: 2pl, 3rl, 6v.

Endogyne as in Fig. 14A–D; length/width ratio ca. 2; receptacle ca. 5× longer than wide, with long anterior angles (i.e., longer than width of their bases), anterior margin almost straight; dorsal arch trapezoidal; transverse bar straight, 1.6× longer than receptacle; anterior margin of lateral edge inclined, lateral edge approximately as wide as receptacle; posterior diverticulum almost rectangular, its posterior edge rounded.

The material of this species and D. mazeruni sp. nov. (i.e., one male and two females in total) were reported by Roewer (1955); although he indicated that the females were collected in two different localities, they were found preserved in the same vial. The paratype female of D. isfahanica sp. nov. is matched with the holotype male due to their similar spination pattern and colouration.

Known only from the type locality in Isfahan Province, central Iran (Fig. 35).

Holotype ♀ (SMF), Iran: Mazandaran Province: Caspian coast, forest in Chalus, 36°40'N, 51°25'E (F. Starmühlner). Paratype: 1♀ (MMUE), north of Javaher-Deh Vil., ~ 500 m down by elevation down from vil., 36°52'19.2"N, 50°28'01.2"E, 9.06.2000 (Y.M. Marusik).

The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, named after an Iranian language of the northwestern branch spoken by the Mazandarani people.

The new species is similar to D. isfahanica sp. nov., but differs by the arched anterior margin of receptacle (vs. almost straight), almost square-shaped dorsal arch (vs. distinctly trapezoidal), and shorter anterior angles (vs. longer, cf. Fig. 14A–D, E–G).

Female (Holotype). Habitus as in Fig. 13A, B. Total length 8.90. Carapace 4.25 long, 3.37 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.21, PME 0.19, PLE 0.22. Carapace, sternum, chelicerae, labium, and maxillae orange. Legs yellowish. Abdomen pale beige, without any pattern. Spinnerets uniformly pale beige. Measurements of legs: I: 10.93 (3.48, 2.02, 2.50, 2.25, 0.68), II: 10.00 (2.95, 1.86, 2.31, 2.25, 0.63), III: 7.46 (2.38, 1.08, 1.44, 1.91, 0.65), IV: 9.92 (2.71, 1.50, 2.12, 2.88, 0.71). Spination: I, II: no spines. III: Fe: 1d; Ti: 2pl, 2rl, numerous v spine-like setae; Mt: 2pl, 4rl, 5v. IV: Fe: 2d; Ti: 2pl, 2rl, numerous v spine-like setae; Mt: 3pl, 2rl, 6v.

Figure 13. 

Female of Dysdera mazeruni sp. nov., habitus A dorsal view B ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Endogyne as in Fig. 14E–G; length/width ratio ca. 2.2; receptacle with slightly arched anterior margin, ca. 5× longer than wide, anterior angles slightly rounded; dorsal arch almost square-shaped, posterior margin 1.2× longer than anterior margin; transverse bar straight, 1.7× longer than receptacle; lateral edges broad, wider than receptacle; posterior diverticulum narrowing posteriorly.

Figure 14. 

Females of Dysdera isfahanica sp. nov. (A–D) and D. mazeruni sp. nov. (E–G), endogynes A, C, F ventral view B, D, E, G dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Male. Unknown.

As for the previous species.

Known only from the listed localities in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran (Fig. 35).

Holotype ♂ (ZMUT), Iran: Golestan Province: Shast Kalateh, 36°45'N, 54°21'E, 2017 (R. Rafiei-Jahed). Paratypes: 7♂5♀ (ZMUT), same data as the holotype; 1♂ (ZMUT), Mazandaran Province: Polur, 35°50'N, 52°03'E, 10.2015 (A. Zamani); 1♂ (MHNG), Kiyasar, 36°14'N, 53°33'E, 1500 m, 11.07.1975 (A. Senglet).

The specific epithet is an adjective, referring to the historical region of the Middle East, located in eastern Mesopotamia, which is now Iran.

The male of this species differs from those of the other species of the aculeata group occurring in Iran by the extremely long bulb (especially psembolus, i.e., twice longer than tegulum), and by the tegulum with posterior margin 1.3× longer than anterior margin (vs. equal or shorter in length). The female of D. persica sp. nov. differs from those of its congeners by having the broadest dorsal arch, bearing almost angled anterior corners (vs. rounded).

Male (Holotype). Habitus as in Fig. 15D–F. Total length 9.06. Carapace 4.19 long, 3.20 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.14, PME 0.16, PLE 0.17. Carapace, sternum, chelicerae, labium, and maxillae reddish brown. Legs orange. Abdomen greyish, without any pattern. Spinnerets uniformly dark yellowish. Measurements of legs: I: 13.98 (3.96, 2.36, 3.43, 3.52, 0.71), II: 12.87 (3.60, 2.11, 3.07, 3.27, 0.82), III: 9.38 (2.74, 1.51, 1.84, 2.70, 0.59), IV: 12.37 (3.54, 1.95, 2.66, 3.40, 0.82). Spination: I: Fe: 2pl. II: Fe: 1pl. III: Fe: 1pl; Ti: 5pl, 3rl, 4v; Mt: 5d, 9pl, 5rl, 3v. IV: Fe: 4d; Ti: 4pl, 6rl, 1v; Mt: 5d, 6pl, 7rl, 6v. Ti III–IV with a row of thin rigid ventral setae.

Figure 15. 

Female (A–C) and male (D–F) of Dysdera persica sp. nov., habitus A, D dorsal view B, E ventral view C, F lateral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Palp as in Fig. 16A–D; bulb ca. 2.3× longer than wide; tegulum bell-shaped, almost as long as wide; psembolus 2× longer than tegulum; median crest triangular, ca. 2× shorter than length of psembolus, ca. 2.4× wider than high; posterior apophysis broad; incision between tegulum and psembolus present; retrolateral crest gradually rounded.

Figure 16. 

Male of Dysdera persica sp. nov., bulb A retrolateral view B prolateral view C anterior view D posterior view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

Female. Habitus as in Fig. 15A–C. Total length 11.0. Carapace 4.25 long, 3.16 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.17, PME 0.18, PLE 0.15. Carapace and chelicerae dark reddish violet; sternum, labium, and maxillae reddish brown. Leg reddish brown. Abdomen greyish, without any pattern. Spinnerets uniformly greyish. Measurements of legs: I: 11.02 (3.15, 1.98, 2.59, 2.51, 0.79), II: 9.61 (2.72, 1.76, 2.32, 2.14, 0.67), III: 8.07 (2.27, 1.33, 1.62, 2.14, 0.71), IV: 10.54 (3.02, 1.66, 2.15, 2.89, 0.82). Spination: I: Fe: 3pl. II: Fe: 1pl. III: Fe: 1d; Ti: 4pl, 4rl; Mt: 12pl, 5rl, 4v. IV: Fe: 4d; Ti: 5pl, 4rl, 1v; Mt: 14pl, 9rl, 3v. Ti III–IV with a row of thin rigid ventral setae.

Endogyne as in Fig. 17A, B; length/width ratio ca. 1.9; receptacle 3.5× longer than wide, 1.2× wider than transverse bar; anterior angles rounded; dorsal arch trapezoidal; transverse bar straight, ca. 1.8× longer than receptacle; lateral edges with almost horizontal anterior margins, as long as width of receptacle; posterior diverticulum rectangular.

Figure 17. 

Female of Dysdera persica sp. nov., endogyne A ventral view B dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

Known only from listed localities in Golestan and Mazandaran provinces, northern Iran (Fig. 35).

The Iranian record of this species is doubtful. Dunin (1985) described D. pococki on the basis of a male specimen from Turkmenistan, and the female of the species remains undescribed. Without providing any illustrations, Pocock (1889) reported a single female specimen from northeastern Iran which he tentatively identified as D. concinna L. Koch, 1878; this record was later attributed to D. pococki by Deeleman-Reinhold and Deeleman (1988), due to their close collection localities and without an examination of the Iranian material. This matter should be revisited once the female of D. pococki is described and the specimen reported by Pocock from Iran is studied and illustrated.

Razavi Khorasan (Pocock 1889) (Fig. 35).

Iran, Turkmenistan.

Holotype ♂ (ZMUT), Iran: Tehran Province: Tehran, 35°45'N, 51°24'E, 04.2014 (A. Zamani). Paratypes: 1♂1♀ (ZMUT), Tehran, 35°42'N, 51°25'E, 03.2014 (A.H. Bakhtiari).

The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, referring to an ancient tribe dwelling in the Iranian plateau.

The male of this species differs from those of the other species of the aculeata group occurring in Iran by the strong dorsal incision between tegulum and psembolus, and the posterior apophysis bent on right angle (vs. no or small incision, and posterior apophysis not bent on right angle); the most similar species is D. mikhailovi Fomichev & Marusik, 2021 from Tajikistan, from which the new species differs by having a dorsal incision between tegulum and psembolus, the parallel dorsal sides of tegulum and psembolus (vs. dorsal margin of psembolus inclined), and smaller retrolateral crest angled at distal 1/3 of psembolus (vs. larger and angled at mid-part). The female of D. sagartia sp. nov. differs from those of its congeners occurring in Iran by having an arched anterior margin of receptacle in combination with a lack of anterior angles (vs. species with arched receptacle have anterior angles), and the almost semiround dorsal arch (vs. trapezoidal).

Male (Holotype). Habitus as in Fig. 18D–F. Total length 8.38. Carapace 4.29 long, 3.17 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.18, PME 0.15, PLE 0.15. Carapace, sternum, chelicerae, labium, and maxillae reddish. Legs yellowish orange. Abdomen cream-coloured, without any pattern. Spinnerets uniformly cream-coloured. Measurements of legs: I: 14.51 (3.99, 2.46, 3.61, 3.68, 0.77), II: 12.87 (3.41, 2.02, 3.19, 3.50, 0.75), III: 9.24 (2.75, 1.17, 2.04, 2.47, 0.81), IV: 11.84 (3.51, 1.62, 2.70, 3.13, 0.88). Spination: I: Fe: 3pl. II: Fe: 3pl. III: Fe: 1d, 3pl; Ti: 5pl, 2rl, 5v; Mt: 6pl, 4rl, 2v. IV: Fe: 8d, 1pl, 1rl; Ti: 6pl, 3rl, 7v; Mt: 6pl, 2rl, 5v.

Figure 18. 

Female (A–C) and male (D–F) of Dysdera sagartia sp. nov., habitus A, D dorsal view B, E ventral view C, F lateral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Palp as in Fig. 19A–D; bulb ca. 2.1× longer than wide; tegulum bell-shaped, almost as long as wide; psembolus 1.44× longer than tegulum; median crest rounded, ca. 2.3× shorter than length of psembolus, ca. 3.1× wider than high; posterior apophysis broad; incision between tegulum and psembolus present; retrolateral crest bent on obtuse, almost right, angle.

Figure 19. 

Male of Dysdera sagartia sp. nov., bulb A retrolateral view B prolateral view C anterior view D posterior view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

Female. Habitus as in Fig. 18A–C. Total length 11.7. Carapace 3.85 long, 2.91 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.16, PME 0.14, PLE 0.12. Colouration as in male. Measurements of legs: I: 10.60 (2.87, 1.75, 2.62, 2.73, 0.63), II: 11.38 (3.24, 1.86, 3.04, 2.81, 0.43), III: 8.27 (2.46, 1.27, 1.60, 2.32, 0.62), IV: 10.86 (3.07, 1.50, 2.36, 3.16, 0.77). Spination: I: Fe: 3pl. II: Fe: 3pl. III: Fe: 1d, 1pl; Ti: 6pl, 2rl, 5v; Mt: 2d, 4pl, 2rl, 3v. IV: Fe: 7d; Ti: 2pl, 2rl, 8v; Mt: 2d, 4pl, 5v.

Endogyne as in Fig. 20A, B; length/width ratio ca. 2; receptacle slightly arched, ca. 4.7× longer than wide, anterior angles indistinct; dorsal arch semi-oval, its posterior margin 1.5× longer than anterior; transverse bar 1.5× longer than receptacle and approximately as wide, slightly arched, lateral edges longer than wide; posterior diverticulum rounded.

Figure 20. 

Female of Dysdera sagartia sp. nov., endogyne A ventral view B dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

Known only from the listed localities in Tehran Province, northern Iran (Fig. 35).

Holotype ♂ (ZMUT), Iran: Golestan Province: Azadshahr County, Khosh Yeylaq, 36°49'N, 55°20'E, 15.06.2016 (D. Kasatkin).

The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, referring to an Old Persian word for the Gorgan region, meaning “land of wolves”.

The male of the new species is most similar to that of D. sagartia sp. nov., but differs by the more rounded median crest, the posterior apophysis not bent on right angle (cf. Fig. 22A and Fig. 19A), and the relatively longer psembolus (i.e., length of psembolus/length of tegulum = 1.66 in D. verkana sp. nov., vs. 1.44 in D. sagartia sp. nov.).

Male. Habitus as in Fig. 21A–C. Total length 10.8. Carapace 5.65 long, 4.26 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.24, PME 0.23, PLE 0.21. Carapace, sternum, chelicerae, labium, and maxillae reddish brown. Legs orange. Abdomen cream-coloured, without any pattern. Spinnerets uniformly dark yellowish. Measurements of legs: I: 13.04 (3.90, 2.23, 3.10, 3.06, 0.75), II: 11.76 (3.39, 1.98, 2.91, 2.71, 0.77), III: 8.56 (2.64, 1.26, 1.69, 2.33, 0.64), IV: 11.46 (3.32, 1.76, 2.48, 3.20, 0.70). Spination: I: Fe: 2pl. II: Fe: 1pl. III: Fe: 1d, 2pl; Ti: 4pl, 2rl, 5v; Mt: 3pl, 2rl, 6v. IV: Fe: 6d, 1pl; Ti: 4pl, 4rl, 5v; Mt: 4pl, 2rl, 6v.

Figure 21. 

Male of Dysdera verkana sp. nov., habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C lateral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Palp as in Fig. 22A–D; bulb ca. 2.2× longer than wide; tegulum bell-shaped, almost as long as wide; psembolus 1.66× longer than tegulum; median crest rounded, ca. 2.3× shorter than length of psembolus, ca. 2.7× wider than high; posterior apophysis broad; incision between tegulum and psembolus present; retrolateral crest roundly bent, forming right angle.

Figure 22. 

Male of Dysdera verkana sp. nov., bulb A retrolateral view B prolateral view C anterior view D posterior view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

Female. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality in Golestan Province, northern Iran (Fig. 35).

Holotype ♂ (ZMUT), Iran: Bushehr Province: Asaluyeh, 27°20'N, 52°49'E, 27.01.2016 (A. Zamani).

The new species is named after Xerxes I, the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, ruling from 486 to 465 BC; adjective.

The new species differs from all of its congeners occurring in the region by having a stylus (St), rounded median crest (Mc) and wide posterior apophysis (Ap); none of the other species has a rounded median crest, and those with a stylus, have a small posterior apophysis.

Male. Habitus as in Fig. 23A–C. Total length 4.02. Carapace 2.14 long, 1.60 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.11, PME 0.09, PLE 0.08. Carapace, sternum, chelicerae, labium, and maxillae reddish brown. Legs missing. Abdomen cream-coloured, without any pattern. Spinnerets uniformly cream-coloured.

Figure 23. 

Male of Dysdera xerxesi sp. nov., habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C lateral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Palp as in Fig. 24A–D; bulb ca. 2.3× longer than wide; tegulum bell-shaped, almost as long as wide; psembolus 1.48× longer than tegulum; median crest (Mc) rounded, ca. 3.45× shorter than length of psembolus, ca. 2.3× wider than high; posterior apophysis (Ap) broad and hook-shaped; incision between tegulum and psembolus absent; retrolateral crest (Rc) gradually rounded; stylus (St) membranous and shorter than median crest.

Figure 24. 

Male of Dysdera xerxesi sp. nov., bulb A retrolateral view B prolateral view C anterior view D posterior view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm. Abbreviations: Ap – posterior apophysis, Mc – median crest, Rc – retrolateral crest, St – stylus.

Female. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality in Bushehr Province, southern Iran (Fig. 35).

Holotype ♂ (ZMUT), Iran: Mazandaran Province: Polur, surroundings of Mount Damavand, 35°50'N, 52°03'E, 10.2015 (A. Zamani).

The specific epithet is an adjective, referring to the type locality of the species.

The male of the new species is most similar to that of D. concinna L. Koch, 1878 from Azerbaijan, but differs by longer bulb (i.e., bulb length/tegulum width =3.1, vs. 2.7), relatively shorter median crest, and longer stylus (cf. Fig. 26A and Dunin 1982: fig. B). Dysdera damavandica sp. nov. is also similar to D. tapuria sp. nov. but differs by the median crest higher than wide (vs. wider than high), relatively longer stylus (cf. Fig. 26A and Fig. 30A) and posterior apophysis located at distal half of the bulb (vs. located at mid-part).

Male. Habitus as in Fig. 25A–C. Total length 10.40. Carapace 5.53 long, 4.12 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.18, PME 0.19, PLE 0.23. Carapace, sternum, chelicerae, labium, and maxillae reddish brown. Legs dark orange. Abdomen greyish, without any pattern. Spinnerets uniformly greyish. Measurements of legs: I: 15.64 (4.51, 2.54, 4.12, 3.56, 0.91), II: 15.12 (4.16, 2.67, 3.73, 3.69, 0.87), III: 10.91 (3.21, 1.73, 2.22, 3.01, 0.74), IV: 13.75 (3.82, 2.02, 3.13, 3.94, 0.84). Spination: I: Fe: 2pl. II: Fe: 2pl. III: Fe: 1pl; Ti: 4pl, 2rl, 5v; Mt: 3pl, 2rl, 3v. IV: Fe: 7d; Ti: 2pl, 3rl, 5v; Mt: 4pl, 3rl, 5v.

Figure 25. 

Male of Dysdera damavandica sp. nov., habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C lateral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Palp as in Fig. 26A–D; bulb ca. 3.1× longer than wide; tegulum bell-shaped, almost as long as wide; psembolus 2.77× longer than tegulum; median crest (Mc) triangular, ca. 6.65× shorter than length of psembolus, higher than wide; posterior apophysis (Ap) rounded; incision between tegulum and psembolus present; retrolateral crest almost straight; stylus (St) straight, longer than median crest.

Figure 26. 

Male of Dysdera damavandica sp. nov., bulb A retrolateral view B prolateral view C anterior view D posterior view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm. Abbreviations: Ap – posterior apophysis, Mc – median crest, Rc – retrolateral crest, St – stylus.

Female. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran (Fig. 35).

Holotype ♂ (ZMUT), Iran: Tehran Province: Tehran, 35°43'N, 51°24'E, 1994 (A. Savoji).

The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, referring to an ancient Iranian people who inhabited an area known as Media between western and northern Iran.

The male of the new species is similar to that of D. granulata Kulczyński, 1897 from Italy and the Balkan Peninsula, but differs by the shape of the tegulum (i.e., almost as wide as long, vs. 1.5× longer than wide), and by thinner psembolus (as wide as tegulum, vs. wider than tegulum). The male of D. medes sp. nov. differs from those of its congeners occurring in Iran by the very long median crest (i.e., longer than half of psembolus, vs. shorter), abrupt tip of psembolus in ventral and dorsal views (Fig. 28C, D) (vs. not abrupt), and posterior apophysis with two teeth (vs. one).

Male. Habitus as in Fig. 27A–C. Total length 10.0. Carapace 4.19 long, 3.17 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.14, PME 0.14, PLE 0.14. Carapace, sternum, chelicerae, labium, and maxillae reddish brown. Legs orange. Abdomen greyish, without any pattern. Spinnerets uniformly dark yellowish. Measurements of legs: I: 12.33 (3.54, 2.03, 2.89, 3.00, 0.87), II: 13.50 (3.80, 2.40, 3.12, 3.29, 0.89), III: 9.99 (2.95, 1.59, 1.86, 2.69, 0.90), IV: 12.31 (3.73, 1.80, 2.46, 3.30, 1.02). Spination: I, II: no spines. III: Ti: 4pl, 2rl, 5v; Mt: 6pl, 3rl, 2v. IV: Fe: 7d; Ti: 7pl, 4rl, 8v; Mt: 7pl, 3rl, 4v.

Figure 27. 

Male of Dysdera medes sp. nov., habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C lateral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Palp as in Fig. 28A–D; bulb ca. 2.8× longer than wide; tegulum bell-shaped, almost as long as wide; psembolus 1.9× longer than tegulum; median crest rounded, ca. 2.42× shorter than length of psembolus, ca. 5.3× wider than high; posterior apophysis claw-shaped, with 2 teeth (Fig. 28B, D); incision between tegulum and psembolus absent; retrolateral crest almost straight.

Figure 28. 

Male of Dysdera medes sp. nov., bulb A retrolateral view B prolateral view C anterior view D posterior view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

Female. Unknown.

Known only from the type locality in Tehran Province, northern Iran (Fig. 35).

Holotype ♂ (MMUE), Iran: Mazandaran Province: Tooban, Khorram-Abad, 36°43'N, 50°48'E, 8–10.06.2000 (Y.M. Marusik). Paratypes: 1♀ (MMUE), same data as the holotype; 1♂ (MHNG), Chorteh, 36°49'N, 50°38'E, 1300 m, 5.08.1974 (A. Senglet); 1♂ (MHNG), Chorteh, 36°49'N, 50°38'E, 1300 m, 8.07.1973 (A. Senglet).

The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, referring to the term applied to a mountainous region located in the Caspian coast of northern Iran.

The male of the new species is most similar to that of D. concinna, but differs by longer bulb (i.e., bulb length/tegulum width = 3.1, vs. 2.7), median crest wider than high (vs. higher than wide), and shorter stylus (cf. Fig. 30B and Dunin 1982: fig. B). The male of D. tapuria sp. nov. is also similar to that of D. damavandica sp. nov., but differs by the median crest wider than high (vs. higher than wide) and relatively shorter stylus (cf. Fig. 30A and Fig. 26A). The female of this species differs from those of its congeners occurring in the region by the very wide lateral edges of the receptacle (i.e., approximately half of the receptacle’s width, vs. less than half).

Male (Holotype). Habitus as in Fig. 29A–C. Total length 9.55. Carapace 3.76 long, 2.86 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.14, PME 0.13, PLE 0.13. Carapace, sternum, chelicerae, labium, and maxillae reddish brown. Legs orange. Abdomen cream-coloured, without any pattern. Spinnerets uniformly dark yellowish. Measurements of legs: I: 14.04 (4.16, 2.14, 3.65, 3.24, 0.85), II: 12.72 (3.79, 2.08, 3.00, 3.11, 0.74), III: 10.01 (2.93, 1.44, 2.14, 2.77, 0.73), IV: 11.90 (3.72, 1.48, 2.73, 3.19, 0.78). Spination: I: Fe: 2pl. II: Fe: 1pl. III: Ti: 5pl, 3rl, 1v; Mt: 5pl, 2rl, 3v. IV: Fe: 8d, 1rl; Pa: 1pl; Ti: 5pl, 3rl, 6v; Mt: 6pl, 2rl, 5v.

Figure 29. 

Male (A–C) and female (D–F) of Dysdera tapuria sp. nov., habitus A, D dorsal view B, E ventral view C, F lateral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Palp as in Fig. 30A–D; bulb ca. 3.1× longer than wide; tegulum bell-shaped, almost as long as wide; psembolus 1.8× longer than tegulum; median crest triangular, ca. 7× shorter than length of psembolus, ca. 2.5× wider than high; posterior apophysis claw-shaped; incision between tegulum and psembolus present; retrolateral crest roundly bent in proximal part and almost straight distally; stylus straight, as long as median crest.

Figure 30. 

Male of Dysdera tapuria sp. nov., bulb A retrolateral view B prolateral view C anterior view D posterior view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

Female. Habitus as in Fig. 29D–F. Total length 18.1. Carapace 7.77 long, 6.01 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.30, PME 0.30, PLE 0.34. Colouration as in male. Measurements of legs: I: 14.24 (3.99, 2.54, 3.62, 3.44, 0.65), II: 13.46 (4.31, 2.10, 3.22, 3.06, 0.77), III: 10.20 (2.96, 1.70, 1.97, 2.75, 0.82), IV: 13.08 (3.99, 1.72, 2.85, 3.62, 0.90). Spination: I: Fe: 2pl. II: Fe: 2pl. III: Fe: 1pl; Ti: 2pl, 2rl, 4v; Mt: 3pl, 4rl, 5v. IV: Fe: 3d; Ti: 2pl, 2rl, 6v; Mt: 5pl, 4rl, 5v.

Endogyne as in Fig. 31A–D; length/width ratio ca. 3; receptacle (Re) with shallow median concavity, ca. 4.5× longer than wide, anterior angles (Aa) indistinct; dorsal arch (Da) trapezoidal, posterior margin ca. 1.6× longer than anterior, anterior angles rounded; transverse bar (Tb) almost 2× longer and slightly wider than receptacle; transverse bar’s anterior margin straight, posterior margin arched; lateral edges (Le) very wide, directed latero-posteriorly; posterior diverticulum (Pd) rounded.

Figure 31. 

Female of Dysdera tapuria sp. nov., endogyne A ventral view B–D dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm. Abbreviations: Aa – anterior angle, Da – dorsal arch, Le – lateral edge, Pd – posterior diverticulum, Re – receptacle, Tb – transverse bar.

Known only from the listed localities in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran (Fig. 35).

Holotype ♂ (ZMUT), Iran: Hormozgan Province: Geno Biosphere Reserve, 27°22'N, 56°07'E, 02.2020 (A. Zamani). Paratypes: 3♀ (ZMUT), same data as the holotype.

The specific epithet is an adjective, referring to the type locality of the species.

The male of the new species differs from those of its congeners by having weakly sclerotized bent stylus (St) (Fig. 32C, F) (vs. stylus, if present, not bent). The female of this species is very similar to that of D. iranica sp. nov. by having a wide receptacle (i.e., > 2× wider than transverse bar), but differs by the relatively wider receptacle lacking an anterior triangular projection, and the presence of a median concavity on the transverse bar (vs. receptacle with triangular projection, transverse bar without concavity).

Figure 32. 

Male (A–C) and female (D–F) of Dysdera genoensis sp. nov., habitus A, D dorsal view B, E ventral view C, F lateral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Male (Holotype). Habitus as in Fig. 32A–C. Total length 5.49. Carapace 2.42 long, 1.88 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.15, PME 0.13, PLE 0.11. Carapace, sternum, chelicerae, labium, and maxillae pale reddish. Legs orange. Abdomen cream-coloured, without any pattern. Spinnerets uniformly cream-coloured. Measurements of legs: I: 11.78 (3.23, 1.90, 2.87, 3.02, 0.76), II: 10.21 (2.91, 1.60, 2.52, 2.45, 0.73), III: 7.98 (2.31, 1.15, 1.65, 2.29, 0.58), IV: 10.30 (2.89, 1.44, 2.28, 2.96, 0.73). Spination: I: Fe: 2pl. II: Fe: 1pl. III: Fe: 1pl; Ti: 3pl, 2v; Mt: 3pl, 4rl, 3v. IV: Fe: 4d; Pa: 1pl; Ti: 3pl, 1rl, 4v; Mt: 1pl, 1rl, 3v.

Palp as in Fig. 33A–F; bulb ca. 2.3× longer than wide; tegulum bell-shaped, almost as long as wide; psembolus as long as tegulum, length/width ratio ca. 1.25; median crest (Mc) triangular; apex with two triangular laminae (La); posterior apophysis (Ap) claw-shaped, accompanied by a triangular outgrowth (To) anteriorly; incision between tegulum and psembolus absent; stylus (St) bent, long, and weakly sclerotized.

Figure 33. 

Male of Dysdera genoensis sp. nov., bulb A proanterior view B anterior view C prolateral view D retroposterior view E posterior view F retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm. Abbreviations: Ap – posterior apophysis, La – laminae, Mc – median crest, St – stylus, To – triangular outgrowth.

Female. Habitus as in Fig. 32D–F. Total length 6.52. Carapace 2.06 long, 1.59 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.11, PME 0.11, PLE 0.10. Colouration as in male. Measurements of legs: I: 7.71 (1.93, 1.37, 2.01, 1.88, 0.52), II: 7.31 (1.99, 1.26, 1.77, 1.74, 0.55), III: 5.84 (1.58, 0.92, 1.19, 1.65, 0.50), IV: 7.77 (2.19, 1.21, 1.79, 2.04, 0.54). Spination: I: Fe: 2pl. II: Fe: 2pl. III: Fe: 1pl; Ti: 2pl, 1rl, 5v; Mt: 5pl, 2rl. IV: Fe: 5d, 1rl; Pa: 1rl, 1v; Ti: 5pl, 1rl, 5v; Mt: 4pl, 2rl, 3v.

Endogyne as in Fig. 34A, B; length/width ratio ca. 2; receptacle (Re) inverted trapezoidal, anterior margin 1.4× longer than posterior; dorsal arch (Da) trapezoidal, posterior margin 1.6× longer than anterior margin, 1.25× longer than receptacle; anterior margin of transverse bar (Tb) with median concavity, posterior margin arched; lateral edges (Le) small, approximately as long as wide; posterior diverticulum (Pd) bilobed.

Figure 34. 

Female of Dysdera genoensis sp. nov., endogyne A ventral view B dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm. Abbreviations: Aa – anterior angle, Da – dorsal arch, Le – lateral edge, Pd – posterior diverticulum, Re – receptacle, Tb – transverse bar.

Known only from the type locality in Hormozgan Province, southern Iran (Fig. 35).

Figure 35. 

Distribution records of Dysdera spp. in Iran 1 D. achaemenes sp. nov. 2 D. bakhtiari sp. nov. 3 D. hormuzensis sp. nov. 4 D. iranica sp. nov. 5 D. isfahanica sp. nov. 6 D. mazeruni sp. nov. 7 D. persica sp. nov. 8 D. pococki 9 D. sagartia sp. nov. and D. medes sp. nov. 10 D. verkana sp. nov. 11 D. xerxesi sp. nov. 12 D. damavandica sp. nov. 13 D. tapuria sp. nov. 14 D. genoensis sp. nov.