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Research Article
A new hexactinellid-sponge-associated zoantharian (Porifera, Hexasterophora) from the northwestern Pacific Ocean
expand article infoHiroki Kise‡, Miyuki Nishijima‡, Akira Iguchi‡§, Junpei Minatoya|, Hiroyuki Yokooka, Yuji Ise#, Atsushi Suzuki‡§
‡ Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
§ Research Laboratory on Environmentally-conscious Developments and Technologies (E-code), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| Japan Organization for Metals and Energy Security, Minato-ku, Japan
¶ Institute of Environmental Ecology, IDEA Consultants, Inc., Yaizu, Japan
# Kuroshio Biological Research Foundation, Otsuki, Japan

Corresponding author: Hiroki Kise ( hkm11sea@yahoo.co.jp )

Academic editor: Bert W. Hoeksema
© 2023 Hiroki Kise, Miyuki Nishijima, Akira Iguchi, Junpei Minatoya, Hiroyuki Yokooka, Yuji Ise, Atsushi Suzuki.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Kise H, Nishijima M, Iguchi A, Minatoya J, Yokooka H, Ise Y, Suzuki A (2023) A new hexactinellid-sponge-associated zoantharian (Porifera, Hexasterophora) from the northwestern Pacific Ocean. ZooKeys 1156: 71-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1156.96698
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1D88BB39-FB85-4795-9406-8DDC524394E5
Open Access

Abstract

Symbiotic associations between zoantharians and sponges can be divided into two groups: those that associate with Demospongiae and those that associate with Hexactinellida. Parachurabana shinseimaruae Kise, gen. nov. et sp. nov., a new genus and a new species of Hexactinellida-associated zoantharian from Japanese waters, is described. It is characterized by a combination of the following: i) its host hexactinellid sponge, ii) very flat polyps, iii) cteniform endodermal marginal muscles, and iv) characteristic mutations in three mitochondrial regions (including a unique 26-bp deletion in 16S ribosomal DNA) and three nuclear regions. Parachurabana shinseimaruae Kise, gen. nov. et sp. nov. is the third genus in the family Parazoanthidae that is reported to be associated with Hexasterophora sponges. Although specimens have so far only been collected on Takuyo-Daigo Seamount off Minami-Torishima Island in Japan, unidentified zoantharians of similar description have been reported from the waters around Australia, indicating that the species might be widespread across the Pacific.

Keywords

Glass sponge, Hexasterophora, host specificity, molecular phylogeny, symbiosis

Introduction

The family Parazoanthidae Delage & Hérouard, 1901 comprises 16 genera and more than 50 species (Reimer and Sinniger 2022). The Parazoanthidae usually form symbiotic relationships with various benthic invertebrates, including octocorals (Cutress and Pequegnat 1960; Reimer et al. 2008; Sinniger et al. 2013; Carreiro-Silva et al. 2017), antipatharians (Sinniger et al. 2010; Kise et al. 2017), and sponges (Duchassaing de Fonbressin and Michelotti 1860; Schmidt 1862; Montenegro et al. 2015). This allows them to capture plankton more effectively in environments where plankton are scarce by attaching themselves to benthic filter feeders (Di Camillo et al. 2010).

Sinniger et al. (2005, 2010) suggested that different genera within the Parazoanthidae share evolutionary histories with their associated host organisms, as these genera form monophyletic clades based on associated host organisms. Symbiotic associations between parazoanthids and sponges can be divided into two groups: those that associate with Demospongiae and those that associate with Hexactinellida. Demospongiae-associated zoantharians consist of Bergia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860, Parazoanthus Haddon & Shackleton, 1891, and Umimayanthus Montenegro, Sinniger & Reimer, 2015; Hexactinellida-associated zoantharians comprise Churabana Kise, Montenegro & Reimer, 2021, Isozoanthus Carlgren in Chun, 1903, and Vitrumanthus Kise, Montenegro & Reimer, 2021. Churabana and Vitrumanthus are recently established genera that are characterized by their association with the hexactinellid subclass Hexasterophora (Kise et al. 2022). Churabana kuroshioae Kise, Montenegro & Reimer, 2021 and Vitrumanthus oligomyarius (Wassilieff, 1908) are found in the Pacific Ocean, and V. schrieri Kise, Montenegro & Reimer, 2021 and V. vanderlandi Kise, Montenegro & Reimer, 2021 are found in the Atlantic Ocean, including the Dutch Caribbean and the western coast of Africa. Although Hexasterophora–zoantharian associations are relatively common and have been reported to occur circumglobally, potentially undescribed zoantharians have been observed on hexasterophoran sponges such as Cyrtaulon caledoniensis Reiswig & Kelly, 2017 in the Pacific Ocean (Reiswig and Kelly 2017). Thus, the diversity of Hexasterophora-associated zoantharians remains understudied in this region.

Recently, we collected a single specimen of parazoanthid associated with a hexactinellid sponge in the family Farreidae Gray, 1872 during a benthic survey of the Takuyo-Daigo Seamount in the western Pacific Ocean. On the basis of molecular phylogenetic analyses combined with morphological and ecological data, we formally describe it here as the new species Parachurabana shinseimaruae gen. nov. et sp. nov. (authored by Kise).

Materials and methods

Specimen collection

A single specimen was collected on 19 June 2020 by using a remotely operated submersible on Takuyo-Daigo Seamount off southwestern Minami-Torishima Island in the northwestern Pacific Ocean during a cruise aboard the RV Shinsei-maru. Photographs of the specimen were taken in situ for gross external morphological observation. The collected specimen was fixed in 99.5% EtOH and stored at –80 °C.

Molecular analyses

Genomic DNA was extracted from the tissue of the holotype specimen using a spin-column DNeasy Blood and Tissue Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacture’s protocol. PCR amplification using Takara Ex Taq DNA Polymerase Hot Start Version (TaKaRa Bio, Inc., Shiga, Japan) was conducted for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) with jgLCO1490 and jgHCO2198 (Geller et al. 2013), mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA (mt 12S-rDNA) with the primers 12S1a and 12S3r (Sinniger et al. 2005), mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA (mt 16S-rDNA) with the primers 16Sant0a (Sinniger et al. 2010) and 16SbmoH (Sinniger et al. 2005), nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA (18S-rDNA) with the primers 18SA and 18SB (Medlin et al. 1988), nuclear internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA (ITS-rDNA) with the primers ITSf and ITSr (Swain 2010), and nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA (28S-rDNA) with the primers 28Sf and 28Sr (Swain 2009). For 18S-rDNA, the primers 18SC, 18SL, 18SO, and 18SY (Apakupakul et al. 1999) were used for sequencing.

All PCR products were purified with ExoSAP-IT™ PCR Product Cleanup Reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at 37 °C for 15 min followed by 80 °C for 15 min. Purified PCR products were sequenced by Macrogen Japan, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). Obtained sequences in this study were deposited in GenBank (Suppl. material 1)

Bidirectional sequences were assembled and edited in Geneious v. 10.2.3 (Kearse et al. 2012). Multiple sequence alignments were performed with previously published Parazoanthidae sequences obtained from GenBank (Suppl. material 1) using MAFFT v. 7.110 (Katoh and Standley 2013) with the auto algorithm under default parameters. Epizoanthidae Delage & Hérouard, 1901 and Isozoanthus Carlgren in Chun, 1903 were selected as outgroups. Although Isozoanthus is currently located in Parazoanthidae, recent studies suggest that Isozoanthus is phylogenetically closer to Epizoanthidae than Parazoanthidae (e.g., Swain 2010). All aligned datasets are available at figshare (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21673196).

Phylogenetic analyses were performed on the concatenated dataset using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). ModelTest-NG v. 0.1.6 (Darriba et al. 2019) and the Akaike information criterion were used to independently select the best-fitting model for each molecular marker for both ML and BI. The best models for ML and BI analyses were TrN+I+G (BI: HKY+I+G) for COI, TPM3uf+I+G (BI: HKY+G) for mt 12S-rDNA, GTR+G for mt 16S-rDNA, HKY+I+G for 18S-rDNA, TPM1uf+I+G (BI: GTR+I+G) for ITS-rDNA, and GTR+I+G for 28S-rDNA. Independent phylogenetic analyses were performed using models partitioned by region in RAxML-NG v. 0.9.0 (Kozlov et al. 2019) for ML, and MrBayes v. 3.2.6 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003) for BI. RAxML-NG was configured to use 12,345 initial seeds, search for the best tree among 100 preliminary parsimony trees, scale and automatically optimize branch length for each partition, and optimize the model parameters, with 1000 bootstrap replicates. MrBayes was configured as indicated by ModelTest-NG: 4 Markov chain Monte Carlo heated chains were run for 5,000,000 generations with the temperature of the heated chain set to 0.2. Chains were sampled every 200 generations. Burn-in was set to 1,250,000 generations, at which point the average standard deviation of split frequency was consistently below 0.01.

ITS-rDNA has been considered as a useful marker to delineate species in Zoantharia (Reimer et al. 2007). Therefore, additional ML phylogenetic analysis for ITS-rDNA was performed using PhyML v. 3.0 (Guindon et al. 2010) with the best model (GTR) inferred by Smart Model Selection (SMS) implemented in the PhyML, with 1000 bootstrap replicates.

Morphological observations

External morphological characters of the preserved specimen were examined using in-situ images and a dissecting microscope. Internal morphological characters were examined by using histological sections; 10–15 µm serial sections were made with a microtome (LEICA RM2145; Leica, Germany) and stained with haematoxylin and eosin after decalcification with Morse solution for 48 h (1:1 vol; 20% citric acid: 50% formic acid) and desilication with 20% hydrofluoric acid for 18–24 h. Classification of marginal muscle shapes followed the scheme described by Swain et al. (2015). Cnidae analysis was conducted using undischarged nematocysts from the tentacles, columns, actinopharynxes, and mesenterial filaments of two polyps of the holotype specimen under a Nikon Eclipse80i microscope (Nikon, Tokyo). Cnidae sizes were measured using ImageJ v. 1.45 (Rasband 2012). Cnidae classification followed England (1991) and Ryland and Lancaster (2004) except for the treatment of basitrichs and microbasic b-mastigophores as mentioned by Kise and Reimer (2019). Associated hexactinellid sponges were identified based on morphology (Reiswig and Wheeler 2002a, b).

Abbreviations

CMNH Coastal Branch of the Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, Japan;

NSMT National Science Museum, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan;

RMNH Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (now at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center), Leiden, the Netherlands;

RUMF Ryukyu University Museum (Fujukan), University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.

Results

Taxonomic description

Order Zoantharia Rafinesque, 1815

Suborder Macrocnemina Haddon & Shackleton, 1891

Family Parazoanthidae Delage & Hérouard, 1901

Parachurabana Kise, gen. nov.

https://zoobank.org/B0C6562D-BA20-42D5-B875-E91977F3C31F

Type species

Parachurabana shinseimaruae Kise sp. nov. by original designation.

Diagnosis

Parazoanthidae with symbiotic relationship with farreid sponges. Polyp cylindrical and flat when preserved. Preserved polyps 0.5–1.0 mm in height, 0.5–3.0 mm in diameter. Azooxanthellate. Cteniform endodermal marginal muscle.

Remarks

Parachurabana gen. nov. is differentiated from other sponge-associated parazoanthids based on a combination of host-sponge identity and morphological features. Parachurabana gen. nov. is easily distinguished from the genera Bergia, Parazoanthus, and Umimayanthus by its association with hexactinellid sponges, as the three other genera are associated with Demospongiae sponges. In Hexactinellida-sponge-associated Parazoanthidae genera, the association with subclass Amphidiscophora differentiates Parachurabana gen. nov. from Isozoanthus. Marginal muscle morphology differentiates Parachurabana gen. nov. (cteniform endodermal marginal muscles) from Vitrumanthus (cyclically transitional marginal muscles). Parachurabana gen. nov. can be distinguished from Churabana by polyp size, as Parachurabana gen. nov. has very flat polyps when preserved (0.5–1.0 mm in height, 0.5–3.0 mm in diameter) in comparison to Churabana (3.0–4.0 mm in height, 2.8–4.0 mm in diameter). In the16S-rDNA region, Parachurabana gen. nov. is characterized by a unique deletion of 26 bp (positions 136–150 and 168–178 in our alignment) (Suppl. material 2).

Etymology

Parachurabana alludes to its morphological similarities to Churabana. The Prefix “para” is a Greek word meaning “resembling.”

Parachurabana shinseimaruae Kise, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/908AC687-D304-4881-A097-F1BA98340F6D
Figs 1, 2, 3

Material examined

Holotype. NSMT-Co 1819, Takuyo-Daigo Seamount off southwestern Minami-Torishima Island, 23°23'N, 153°04'E, 935 m depth, coll. RV Shinsei-maru, 19 June 2020, fixed in 99.5% ethanol.

Material examined for comparison

Churabana kuroshioae RUMF-ZG-04447 (holotype), collected from near Iejima Island, Motobu, Okinawa, Japan by T. Higashiji, 02 Mar. 2018. Vitrumanthus schrieri RMNH.COEL.42429 (holotype), collected from SubStation, Curaçao by B.W. Hoeksema, 31 Mar. 2014. Vitrumanthus vanderlandi RMNH.COEL.42623 (holotype), Cape Verde Islands, São Tiago, Ilheus Rombos east of Cima by RV HNIMS Tydeman, 24 Aug. 1986. Vitrumanthus oligomyarius CMNH ZG-4785, off Katsuura, Chiba, Japan by A. Tamura, 19 Jan. 2006.

Description

External morphology. Cylindrical polyps that appear solitary and sparsely distributed on the hexactinellid sponge Farrea Bowerbank, 1862 (Fig. 1a, b). Surface of column rough, and ectoderm continuous. Polyps attached to hexactinellid sponge surfaces with pedal-disk-like structure (Fig. 1c, d). In contracted polyp, tentacles poorly covered by capitulum and actinopharynx visible. Preserved column creamy white in color and heavily encrusted with sand and silica particles. Capitulary ridges discernible, 12–14 in number (Fig. 1c). Tentacles 24–28 in number, shorter than or equal to expanded oral disk diameter. Living expanded polyps to ca. 10.0 mm in height and 5.0 mm in diameter. Preserved contracted polyps to 0.5–1.0 mm in height and 0.5–3.0 mm in diameter. Living column white and/or yellowish; capitulum and tentacle transparent (Fig. 1a).

Figure 1. 

External morphology of Parachurabana shinseimaruae sp. nov. a photographic record from Takuyo-Daigo Seamount off southwestern Minami-Torishima Island b–d NSMT-Co 1819 a living polyps on a hexactinellid sponge Farrea sp. b preserved specimen c close-up image of a single preserved polyp d close-up, side-view image of a single preserved polyp attached to a hexactinellid sponge Farrea sp. Scale bars: 20 mm (a, b); 1 mm (c, d).

Internal morphology. Zooxanthellae absent. Cteniform endodermal marginal muscle with comb-like mesogleal pleats (Fig. 2a). Ectoderm and mesoglea heavily encrusted with numerous sand and silica particles of various size (Fig. 2b, c). Basal canals of mesenteries absent and encircling sinus visible (Fig. 2c). Single siphonoglyph and complete mesenteries possibly fertile.

Figure 2. 

Images of the internal morphology of Parachurabana shinseimaruae sp. nov. NSMT-Co 1819 a close-up image of cteniform endodermal marginal muscle in a longitudinal polyp section b cross-section at the height of tentacles c cross-section at the height of the actinopharynx. Abbreviations: CEMM, cteniform endodermal marginal muscle; CM, complete mesentery; CW, column wall; DD, dorsal directives; ES, encircling sinus; IM, incomplete mesentery; T, tentacles. Scale bars: 200 µm (a); 500 µm (b, c).

Cnidae. Basitrichs and microbasic b-mastigophores, microbasic p-mastigophores, holotrichs, special b-mastigophores, and spirocysts (See Fig. 3 and Table 1 for size).

Table 1.
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Cnidae types and sizes observed in this study. Frequency: relative abundance of cnidae type in decreasing order; numerous, common, occasional, rare. n = number of cnidae measured.

Tissue Type of cnidae Length (min–max, mean) Width (min–max, mean) Frequency n
Tentacle Spirocysts 15.30–32.20, 23.40 2.22–4.81, 3.64 Numerous 195
Basitrichs and microbasic b-mastigophores 15.31–25.12, 21.54 1.61–4.20, 3.38 Numerous 67
Holotrichs (L) 27.97–44.58, 35.29 11.63–21.31, 15.20 Occasional 11
Column Special microbasic b-mastigophores 11.56–16.84, 13.91 5.16–8.04, 6.01 Occasional 13
Holotrich (L) 28.84–37.84, 32.00 10.72–18.72, 15.35 Common 18
Actinopharynx Spirocysts 18.05–29.02, 23.73 2.03–4.62, 3.45 Numerous 45
Basitrichs and microbasic b-mastigophores 18.29–27.64, 22.33 1.73–4.96, 3.30 Common 32
Special microbasic b-mastigophores 17.88–19.09, 18.48 5.69–5.73, 5.71 Rare 2
Holotrichs (L) 38.33–48.65, 43.00 11.08–17.51, 13.96 Rare 3
Mesenterial filaments Spirocysts 19.31–32.17, 24.76 2.26–4.81, 3.40 Occasional 11
Bastrichs and microbasic b-mastigophores 17.81–27.46, 22.45 3.38–4.57, 3.83 Common 15
Microbasic p-mastigophores 14.04–23.25, 19.31 5.08–7.51, 5.96 Occasional 13
Special microbasic b-mastigophores 5.84–10.71, 7.79 2.68–5.27, 4.21 Occasional 11
Holotrichs (L) 33.13–48.86, 38.93 12.39–24.04, 16.39 Common 22
Figure 3. 

Cnidae in the tentacles, column, actinopharynx, and mesenterial filaments of the holotype of Parachurabana shinseimaruae sp. nov. Abbreviations: HL, holotrich large; O, basitrichs and microbasic b-mastigophores; SBM, special microbasic b-mastigophores; PM, microbasic p-mastigophores; S, spriocysts.

Distribution and habitats

Northwestern Pacific Ocean: Takuyo-Daigo Seamount off southwestern Minami-Torishima Island at depths of 900–1000 m.

Associated host

Farrea sp. (Porifera: Hexactinellida)

Molecular phylogeny

Both ML and BI phylogenetic analyses using the concatenate dataset indicate that Parachurabana shinseimaruae sp. nov. is basal to the clade containing the genera Bergia, Parazoanthus, and Umimayanthus (Fig. 4; ML, 62%; BI, 0.99). ML phylogenetic analyses place Churabana and Vitrumanthus in a clade with octocoral-associated genera such as Corallizoanthus Reimer in Reimer, Nonaka, Sinniger & Iwase, 2008 with no support (ML < 50%), whereas BI phylogenetic analyses place Churabana and Vitrumanthus in a sister clade to that containing Parachurabana, Bergia, Parazoanthus, and Umimayanthus (Suppl. material 3). The topology of a phylogeny for ITS-rDNA dataset was similar with the concatenate dataset (Suppl. material 4).

Figure 4. 

Maximum-likelihood tree based on combined dataset of COI, 12S-rDNA, 16S-rDNA, 18S-rDNA, 28S-rDNA, and ITS-rDNA sequences. Number at nodes represent ML bootstrap values (>50% are shown). White circles on nodes indicate high support of Bayesian posterior probabilities (>0.95).

Remarks

Parachurabana shinseimaruae sp. nov. has so far only been identified on one seamount off southwestern Minami-Torishima Island. However, Parachurabana shinseimaruae sp. nov. may be distributed across the Pacific Ocean, as several specimens associated with farreid sponges have been observed in Australian waters (M. Ekins personal communication). Although Parachurabana shinseimaruae sp. nov. is morphologically similar to Vitrumanthus schrieri, Parachurabana shinseimaruae sp. nov. and V. schrieri can be separated by marginal muscle (cteniform endodermal marginal muscle vs cyclically transitional marginal muscle). Furthermore, Parachurabana shinseimaruae sp. nov. can be distinguished from Churabana kuroshioae by polyp size (0.5–1.0 mm in height by 0.5–3.0 mm in diameter vs 3.0–4.0 mm in height by 2.8–4.0 mm in diameter).

Etymology

The species is named after RV Shinsei-maru, as the type specimens were collected by this vessel.

Discussion

Parachurabana gen. nov. is the third Parazoanthidae genus known to associate with hexasterophoran sponges. Each of these three genera is associated with different hexasterophorans: Parachurabana gen. nov. is known to associate with Farrea (family Farreidae); Churabana with Pararete Ijima, 1927 (Euretidae); and Vitrumanthus with Verrucocoeloidea Reid, 1969 (Euretidae), Cyrtaulon Schulze, 1886 (Sceptrulophora incertae sedis), Aphrocallistes Gray, 1858 (Aphrocallistidae), and Tretochone Reid, 1958 (Euretidae) (Kise et al. 2022). In addition, Vitrumanthus is also known to associate to Parahigginsia Dendy, 1924 within the Demospongiae (Kise et al. 2022). Although Parachurabana gen. nov. may be host specific to the genus Farrea, recent studies suggest that the association between zoantharians and host organisms can be more flexible than initially presumed (see Vaga et al. 2020). Further studies on more taxa are required to evaluate host specificity between zoantharians and hexasterophorans. Recent studies indicate that the deep sea harbors high levels of zoantharian diversity (e.g., Sinniger et al. 2013; Carreiro-Silva et al. 2017; Reimer et al. 2019). However, taxonomic studies on the deep-sea zoantharians are generally lacking and numerous undescribed species await formal description. This study contributes to filling this taxonomic gap.

Acknowledgements

This study was commissioned by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy in the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan. This study was funded by Japan Organization for Metals and Energy Security (JOGMEC). Computations were partially performed on the NIG supercomputer at the ROIS National Institute of Genetics. We thank Dr Kyoko Yamaoka (AIST) for providing technical support. Comments from Dr James Davis Reimer, Dr Javier Montenegro, and an anonymous reviewer greatly improved this manuscript.

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Supplementary materials

Supplementary material 1 

GenBank accession numbers used for phylogenetic analyses in this study

Hiroki Kise, Miyuki Nishijima, Akira Iguchi, Junpei Minatoya, Hiroyuki Yokooka, Yuji Ise, Atsushi Suzuki

Data type: Accession numbers

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
Download file (44.00 kb)
Supplementary material 2 

Summary of deletions in the alignment of 16S-rDNA that characterize Parachurabana gen. nov.

Hiroki Kise, Miyuki Nishijima, Akira Iguchi, Junpei Minatoya, Hiroyuki Yokooka, Yuji Ise, Atsushi Suzuki

Data type: figure (eps file)

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
Download file (2.03 MB)
Supplementary material 3 

Bayesian-inference tree based on combined dataset of COI, 12S-rDNA, 16S-rDNA, 18S-rDNA, 28S-rDNA, and ITS-rDNA sequences. Number at nodes represent Bayesian posterior probabilities (>0.95)

Hiroki Kise, Miyuki Nishijima, Akira Iguchi, Junpei Minatoya, Hiroyuki Yokooka, Yuji Ise, Atsushi Suzuki

Data type: figure (pdf file)

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
Download file (205.89 kb)
Supplementary material 4 

Maximum-likelihood tree based on ITS-rDNA sequences. Number at nodes represent ML bootstrap values (>50% are shown)

Hiroki Kise, Miyuki Nishijima, Akira Iguchi, Junpei Minatoya, Hiroyuki Yokooka, Yuji Ise, Atsushi Suzuki

Data type: figure (pdf file)

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
Download file (188.47 kb)
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