Eight specimens were collected from SRF consisted of four males (UMTZC1319, UMTZC1400, UMTZC1461, and UMTZC1575, SVL = 38–60 mm) and four females (UMTZC1318, UMTZC1353, UMTZC1401, and UMTZC1553, SVL = 41–59 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens from SLF agreed well with the description by Wood et al. (2008b). Size (SVL: 38–60 mm, n = 4 males; 41–59 mm, n = 4 females); snout projecting beyond lower jaw; tympanum distinct; interorbital ridges absent; small warts at jaw; head narrow in females, but wide in males; inner and outer metatarsal tubercles present; first finger reaching tip of second finger; single mandibular asperities in UMTZC1400 and double for other specimens; dorsal tubercles distinct; spotting at gular region, obscured in UMTZC1353 and UMTZC1553; abdomen finely granular; no dorsolateral row of tubercles;

Figure 3. 

A Ansonia latiffi B Ansonia lumut C Duttaphrynus bengalensis (Duttaphrynus sp.1) D Ingerophrynus parvus E Leptophryne borbonica F Phrynoidis asper G male Rentapia flavomaculata H female R. flavomaculata.

All observed and collected A. latiffi were found along the banks of the small streams of the Peres River within the areas of SRF. Ansonia latiffi is typically found on rocky substrate or the ground of sloping terrain, and sometimes found perched on low vegetation below 1 m from the ground.

Three males were collected from SRF (UMTZC1527 and UMTZC1991, SVL = 15–24 mm) and SAP (UMTZC1615, SVL = 26 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Chan et al. (2014a). Size (SVL: 15–26 mm, n = 3 males); distinct tympanum; snout projecting beyond lower jaw; snout wider than long; paratoid gland absent; interorbital ridges absent; large yellow rectal tubercles behind tympanum; limbs with yellow cross bars; venter surface pale grey with fine white spotting; first finger much shorter than second; no dorsolateral row of tubercles; dorsum blackish with greenish-yellow reticulations; and flank with small yellow spots.

Ansonia lumut was first collected from the Bubu River in SAP by Davis et al. (2016) (LSUHC 11212–13), and a second specimen (UMTZC1615) was collected in the same place during recent surveys. For the Peres River, two specimens were collected from a small stream area (UMTZC1527) and in drift-fenced pitfalls (UMTZC1991). This stream-dwelling species was found on substrates such as granite rock covered with moss, low vegetation at steep edges of the stream, and collected as well in pitfall traps.

Four males were collected from SRF (UMTZC1147, UMTZC1148, and UMTZC1149, SVL = 47–68 mm) and SAP (UMTZC1065, SVL = 59 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the former description by Berry (1975). Size (SVL: 47–68 mm, n = 4 males); stout bodies; head with supraorbital and supratympanic bony ridges; parietal ridges absent; snout obtusely pointed; tympanum distinct; tips of digits blunt; subarticular tubercles distinct; toes more than ½ webbed; paratoid gland ellipsoidal; outer metatarsal tubercles smaller than inner metatarsal tubercles. Based the revision by Jablonski et al. (2022), the specimens resembled the characteristics of Duttaphrynus bengalensis comb. nov. and “hazarensis” such as the concave interorbital space; interorbital space larger than upper eyelid width and internarial distance; snout longer than horizontal eye diameter; tympanum oval; canthus rostralis with a ridge and sharp (Daudin 1802; Khan 2001).

This species was more frequently observed at SAP compared to SRF, probably due to the more disturbed and man-made environment that is favoured by this commensal anuran (Shahriza and Ibrahim 2012; Badli-Sham et al. 2019). The species was commonly observed in drains, irrigation ditches, abandoned ponds, and even along the roadside. Calls of this species could be heard after rains. Recently, Jablonski et al. (2022) carried out the molecular assessment on the Duttaphrynus melanostictus complex in the South-East Asia, which revealed the two groups of populations namely, Duttaphrynus bengalensis comb. nov. and “hazarensis” (Duttaphrynus sp. 1) and Duttaphrynus sp. 2 sensu Bisht et al. (2021). However, careful inspection of collected specimens shows a resemblance to Duttaphrynus bengalensis (Duttaphrynus sp. 1) based on five characters by Daudin (1802) and Khan (2001).

Ten specimens were previously collected from SRF consisted of seven males (UMTZC1021, UMTZC1025, UMTZC1026, UMTZC1033, UMTZC1255, UMTZC1339, and UMTZC1398, SVL = 33–37 mm) and three females (UMTZC1023, UMTZC1158, and UMTZC1625, SVL = 42–45 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Sumarli et al. (2015). Size (SVL: 33–37 mm, n = 7 males; 42–45 mm, n = 3 females); stout body; head with supraorbital and parietal ridges forming straight lines; supratympanic ridges short; tympanum distinct; snout truncate; finger tips rounded; first finger longer than second; subarticular tubercles distinct; toes ½ webbed; paratoid gland rounded to sub-triangular; dorsum skin with distinct spiny tubercles, venter coarsely granular.

Most of the individuals were collected and observed near the stream areas. This species is also common in open recreational areas. Ingerophrynus parvus was commonly found on the leaf litter, in rocky crevices and rotten logs, but rarely found on low vegetation.

Two male specimens were collected from SRF (UMTZC1500 and UMTZC1733, SVL = 22–24 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975). Size (SVL: 22–24 mm, n = 2 males); slender body; head without bony ridges; snout truncate; tympanum distinct; tips of digits swollen into discs; first finger slightly shorter than the second; fingers ½ webbed; subarticular tubercles distinct; skin with small warts; paratoid gland small and almost invisible; dorsum with hourglass shape; pale dorsolateral gland; hind limbs with pinkish red on underside surface.

Leptophryne borbonica is so far known to occur at the small streams of SRF with the first collected specimen UMTZC1500 from the Peres small stream and UMTZC1733 from the Bubu small stream. This forest-dwelling species was sighted amongst the piles of dead leaves on the forest floor and the banks of the streams.

Nineteen specimens were collected from SLF consisted of 17 specimens from SRF (Juvenile: UMTZC1136, SVL = 17 mm; Males: UMTZC1020, UMTZC1022, UMTZC1031, UMTZC1083, UMTZC1112, UMTZC1129, UMTZC1135, UMTZC1399, UMTZC1483, UMTZC1508, UMTZC1511, UMTZC1575, UMTZC1576, and UMTZC1577, SVL = 24–111 mm; Females: UMTZC1321 and UMTZC1800, SVL = 93–150 mm) and two specimens from SAP (Males: UMTZC1152 and UMTZC1153, 32–34 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Sumarli et al. (2015). Size (SVL: 17 mm, n = 1 juvenile; 24–111 mm, n = 16 males; 93–150 mm, n = 2 females); stocky body; supraorbital and supratympanic bony ridges distinct; snout obtusely pointed; paratoid gland rounded to sub-triangular; tympanum distinct; first finger slightly longer than second; subarticular tubercles conspicuous and large. Five specimens absent of X-shaped dorsum marking (UMTZC1031, UMTZC1129, UMTZC1321, UMTZC1483, UMTZC1511).

Phrynoidis asper is common at the stream areas of SLF. This species was typically observed in rocky crevices and the ground near the stream bank. This toad is also amongst the largest species of anuran recorded in this area with a maximum SVL reaching 150 mm.

Two adult females were collected from SRF (UMTZC1404 and UMTZC1495, SVL = 102–104 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description of Chan et al. (2020a). Size (SVL: 102–104 mm, n = 2 females); moderately stout bodies; head without bony ridges; tympanum distinct; paratoid gland short and distinct; finger tips long and expended into broad discs; inner metatarsal tubercles larger than outer; body greenish with yellow spots and reticulations; venter finely granular. One male from areas near SRF was observed and photographed (Fig. 3G).

The first collected specimen UMTZC1404 (Fig. 2H) was from a small stream of the Bubu River, and UMTZC1495 was from a small stream of the Peres River, and the photographed male (Fig. 3G) was from the latter location. Both preserved specimens were collected during the post-monsoon season at SRF. Both were seen on rotten logs and tree trunks within the vicinity of the small streams.

Twenty-four specimens were previously collected from SAP (Males: UMTZC1391, UMTZC1396, UMTZC1397, and UMTZC1598, SVL = 14–40 mm; Female: UMTZC1497, SVL = 50 mm), and SRF (Males: UMTZC1002, UMTZC1019, UMTZC1048, UMTZC1049, UMTZC1088, UMTZC1089, UMTZC1150, UMTZC1215, UMTZC1216, UMTZC1229, UMTZC1230, UMTZC1239, and UMTZC1259, SVL = 23–45 mm; Females: UMTZC1003, UMTZC1058, UMTZC1087, UMTZC1122, UMTZC1151, and UMTZC1324, SVL = 49–58 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description of Berry (1975) and Sumarli et al. (2015). Size (SVL: 23–45 mm, n = 17 males; 49–58 mm, n = 7 females); vomerine teeth in two oblique series between choanae; head moderate; pointed snout; tympanum distinct; supratympanic fold distinct; first finger longer than second; fingers lacking fringes of skin; finger tips blunt; pointed toe tips; inner and outer metatarsal tubercle with oval-shaped; male specimens with nuptial pads on dorsal portion of first finger; dorsum skin with longitudinal skin folds.

Figure 4. 

A Fejervarya limnocharis B Limnonectes blythii C L. hascheanus D L. deinodon E L. malesianus F L. plicatellus G L. utara H Occidozyga sumatrana I O. martensii.

This species was ubiquitous in cleared and disturbed areas of SLF and is considered as commensal species of frog in this area. Most of the collected specimens were found on the grassy fields and in puddles. Active calling can be heard after the rains.

Seven specimens were collected from SRF consisted of juveniles (UMTZC1390 and UMTZC1599, SVL = 31–38 mm), males (UMTZC1004 and UMTZC1394, SVL = 84 to 87 mm), and females (UMTZC1393, UMTZC1459, and UMTZC1491, SVL = 48–68 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Sumarli et al. (2015). Size (SVL: 31–38 mm, n = 2 juveniles; 84–87 mm, n = 2 males; 48–68 mm, n = 3 females); stout body; head long and narrow; pointed snout projecting beyond lower jaw; supratympanic fold distinct; supratympanic fold distinct; toes fully webbed; upper eyelids with low and rounded tubercles; dorsum smooth and sometimes scattered with low tubercles; dorsum pattern variable from dark W-shaped marking on back (UMTZC1390, UMTZC1393, UMTZC1459, UMTZC1491, and UMTZC1599) to a broad vertebral stripe from snout to vent (UMTZC1394), or plain dorsum (UMTZC1004).

All specimens were collected from the recreational zones of SLF and the small streams of the Peres and Bubu Rivers. This species is usually found on the ground at stream banks.

Two male specimens were collected from SAP (UMTZC1516, SVL = 29 mm) and SRF (UMTZC1529, SVL = 19 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Hong et al. (2021). Size (SVL: 19–29 mm, n = 2 males); vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups; head moderate; dark crossbar between eyes; rounded snout; tympanum distinct; distinct supratympanic fold from eye to shoulder; inner metatarsal tubercles large; outer metatarsal tubercles absent; digit tips lacking of circum marginal grooves; toes webbed but not reaching discs of second and third toes; dorsum skin smooth with small and low tubercles; dorsolateral fold absent; dorsum colour pale brown with small dark spots and W-shaped marking.

UMTZC1516 was collected from hilly terrain at SAP and they are usually seen quietly perched amongst piles of dead leaves. UMTZC1529 was found at the Herbal Park within SRF on similar substrate as the preceding specimen.

Seventeen specimens were collected from SRF consisted of juveniles (UMTZC1386, UMTZC1388, UMTZC1548, and UMTZC1549, SVL = 20–30 mm), males (UMTZC1392, UMTZC1395, UMTZC1458, UMTZC1547, and UMTZC1557, SVL = 43–55 mm) and females (UMTZC1125, UMTZC1370, UMTZC1371, UMTZC1374, UMTZC1387, UMTZC1389, UMTZC1470, and UMTZC1471, SVL = 31 to 53 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Dehling (2014). Size (SVL: 20–30 mm, n = 4 juveniles; 43–55 mm, n = 5 males; 31–53 mm, n = 8 females); vomerine teeth in two oblique series behind choanae; head wide and moderately depressed; lower jaw with a pair of prominent odontoids; rounded snout; tympanum hidden; supratympanic fold distinct; digit tips rounded and slightly swollen; first finger shorter than second; fingers with narrow dermal fringes; toes webbing reduced which does not reach toe disc and extend beyond penultimate subarticular tubercle on fourth toe; elongate inner metatarsal tubercle and small outer metatarsal tubercle; dorsum and limbs with longitudinal and corrugated warts; dorsum colour variable from pale brown to bright orange; plain or pale marking on back. This species was previously identified as L. laticeps and L. khasianus (Ohler and Deuti 2013; Sumarli et al. 2015).

The species was ubiquitous at stream areas of SRF and can be found at various microhabitats such as in rocky crevices, dead leaves, rotten logs, or intermittent pools near the streams.

Two male specimens were collected from SRF (UMTZC1123 and UMTZC1628, SVL= 74–81 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Grismer (2012). Size (SVL: 74–81 mm, n = 2 males); broad head; rounded snout projecting beyond lower jaw; lower jaws of males with two fang-like projections; upper eyelids with prominent and spiny tubercles; tympanum distinct; supratympanic distinct; dorsum smooth with W-shaped marking, small tubercles, and longitudinal folds. UMTZC1628 had fine and whitish vertebral line from snout to vent and along the upper side of thigh, while UMTZC1123 had no vertebral line on the back.

All specimens were collected from a small stream of the Peres River at SRF. Additional individuals of this species can be found on forest floors and stream banks of the small streams and recreational zones in SRF.

Two adult specimens were collected from SRF for male (UMTZC1460, SVL = 35 mm) and female (UMTZC1512, SVL = 35 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Sumarli et al. (2015). Size (SVL: 35 mm for male and female); large head; blunted snout; vomerine teeth in two oblique series between choanae; lower jaw with two fang-like projections; head with knob-like bony projection between eyes in males; tympanum distinct; supratympanic fold distinct; finger tips dilated into small disc; first finger slightly longer than second; toes 2/3 to 3/4 webbed; subarticular tubercles well developed; inner metatarsal tubercle elongate; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; dorsum skin with longitudinal folds; dorsum colour bronze to reddish brown.

UMTZC1460 was collected from a small stream of Peres River, and UMTZC1512 from the recreational zone within SRF. Both were found on the forest litter.

One male specimen was collected from SLF (UMTZC1964, SVL = 49 mm).

Morphological character of the specimen agreed well with the description by Matsui et al. (2014). Size (SVL: 49 mm, n = 1 male); obtusely pointed snout; head longer than broad; tympanum almost visible; supratympanic fold distinct; finger tips bluntly rounded; first finger slightly longer than second; nuptial pad present on first finger and second finger of males; toes webbed at base; subarticular tubercles oval-shaped; inner metatarsal tubercle large; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; dorsum smooth; less densely arranged circum-cloacal warts; tibia surface densely covered by warts; dark blotches absent on rear thigh.

Information of L. utara from SLF is limited to a specimen and photograph of a dead specimen, as it was contributed through recent undergraduate sampling. This species was previously reported as Limnonectes cf. kuhlii in SRF.

Seven adult male specimens were collected from SRF (UMTZC1507, UMTZC1561, UMTZC1562, UMTZC1610, UMTZC1629, UMTZC1631, and UMTZC1734SVL, SVL = 22–35 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Davis et al. (2018) and Hong et al. (2021). Size (SVL: 22–35 mm, n = 7 males); depressed head; rounded snout; tympanum present but not visible through skin; weak supratympanic fold; tips of digits blunt and dilated to small disc; elliptical and compressed inner metatarsal tubercle, outer metatarsal tubercle absent; toes webbed and reaching discs of all toes; dorsum patterns variable from having a broad and pale vertebral stripe between eyes and shoulder (UMTZC1629) to indistinct dark marking (UMTZC1507, UMTZC1561, UMTZC1610, UMTZC1631, and UMTZC1734), dense and dark blotching, or whitish marking on snout and interorbital region (UMTZC1562).

All specimens were found in temporary stagnant water bodies near the Peres River at SRF, such as puddles or intermittent pools that developed after heavy rains on the forest floor and near stream areas. The species is typically observed with its body partially submerged in water with eyes exposed.

No specimen was collected for this species, but it was recorded by field observation and photographs of two individuals at an artificial pond at Herbal Park in SRF (UMTZCP040519–122).

All observed individuals had stocky body; flattened heads; tympanum covered by skin; supratympanic fold distinct; first finger longer than second; inner and outer metacarpal tubercles distinct; toes completely webbed; dorsum paler brown with numerous dark blotches and indistinct blackish dorsolateral stripe; venter smooth and yellowish white. Morphological features of these individuals closely resemble Occidozyga martensii based on photographic material illustrated in Chan et al. (2010) from Pulau Pangkor, Shahriza and Ibrahim (2014) from Ulu Paip Recreational Forest, and in Hong et al. (2021) from Batu Hampar Recreational Forest.

Both individuals were observed perched on a leaf overhanging the pond, and they quickly escaped into the water when approached.

Three specimens were collected from SRF consisted of males (UMTZC1484 and UMTZC1563, SVL 29–36 mm) and female (UMTZC1614, SVL = 43 mm).

All specimens were previously identified as Kalophrynus cf. pleurostigma and were re-examined following the description of populations from Peninsular Malaysia by Matsui et al. (2017) as K. kiewi. Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description of K. kiewi in having size (SVL: 29–36 mm, n = 2 males; 43 mm, n = 1 female); pointed snout which directed downwards; tympanum distinct; first and fourth fingers shorter than second; finger tips rounded and not dilated; fingers with distinct subarticular tubercles (two on third finger and three on other fingers); toes moderately webbed; toes with distinct subarticular tubercles (one on first, second and fifth toes, two on third toe, and three on fourth toe); dorsum skin glandular and spineless; distinct dorsum gland around arm insertion; dorsum pattern with irregular markings extending between eyes and supra-scapular area.

Figure 5. 

A Kalophrynus kiewi B K. palmatissimus C Kaloula latidisca D K. pulchra E Microhyla berdmorei F M. butleri G M. cf. heymonsi H M. superciliaris I Micryletta dissimulans.

All specimens were collected from the trekking trails and artificial pond within the Herbal Park at SRF. No calling was heard, but K. kiewi was frequently found on the forest litter and generally towards the monsoon season. This species is a new record for the amphibians in Hulu Terengganu.

Two male specimens were collected from SRF (UMTZC1486 and UMTZC1632 = 35–38 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Zug (2015). Size (SVL: 35 38 mm, n = 2 males); head slightly broader than long; snout moderately broad; tympanum distinct; finger tips rounded and not dilated; fingers with distinct subarticular tubercles; no subarticular tubercles on fifth toe; toes strongly webbed; inner metatarsal tubercle oval-shaped; small and indistinct outer metatarsal tubercle; dorsum pale brown to reddish brown; dorsum patterns with darker hour-glass shaped marking on back.

Specimens of this species were collected from the open areas of the camping site, and trekking trail of the Herbal Park at SRF, among leaf litter and rotten logs. Brief calling was heard from a specimen found at the camping site in mid-November. This species is a new record for the amphibians in Hulu Terengganu.

Five specimens (formerly identified as K. baleata) were collected from SRF consisted of juvenile (UMTZC1011, SVL = 20 mm) and adult males (UMTZC1310, UMTZC1316, UMTZC1464, and UMTZC1482, SVL = 35–64 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description of northern populations from Peninsular Malaysia by Chan et al. (2014b). Size (SVL: 20 mm, n = 1 juvenile; 35–64 mm, n = 4 males); head wider than long; snout obtusely pointed; tympanum hidden; supratympanic fold present; limbs long and robust; digit tips expended into distinct discs lacking of circum-marginal grooves; toes webbed at base; subarticular tubercles distinct; inner metatarsal tubercle large and oval-shaped; outer metatarsal tubercle small and rounded; arm and limb insertion with yellowish patches (pale patches in preserved specimens); dorsum with black speckled marking.

Kaloula latidisca was frequently spotted on tree trunks around the open and recreational areas, and occasionally at the small streams of the Peres River at SRF. No calling was heard, but K. latidisca was typically found in mid-November and possibly until the end of the monsoon season. This species is a new record for the amphibians in Hulu Terengganu.

Four specimens were collected from SRF (Juvenile: UMTZC1414, SVL = 15 mm; Males: UMTZC1082 and UMTZC1415, SVL = 57–62 mm) and SAP (Male: UMTZC1056 = 45 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Davis et al. (2018). Size (SVL: 15 mm, n = juvenile; 45–62 mm, n = 3 males); stocky body; snout rounded; tympanum distinct; finger tips with expended discs; toes webbed at base; dorsum skin smooth; dorsum colouration medium to dark brown with broad orange, black-edged, or pale stripes which extend from head along each side of body.

Kaloula pulchra was ubiquitous in open and recreational areas in SLF, with a tendency to be encountered hiding in irrigation ditches, drains, and toilets. The calls of adult males were heard during and after the heavy rains.

Three male specimens were collected from SRF (UMTZC1457, SVL = 12 mm) and SAP (UMTZC1062 and UMTZC1063, SVL 13–14 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975), Sumarli et al. (2015) and Garg et al. (2019). Size (SVL: 12–14 mm, n =3 males); head as long as broad; snout obtusely pointed; tympanum hidden by skin; finger tips swollen into small discs; toes almost completely webbed; dorsum with a pale stripe from eyes to shoulder; dorsum pattern with broad black marking; anal region with black spots.

UMTZC1457 was collected from the recreational zone within SRF in leaf litter, UMTZC1062 and UMTZC1063 were found at the roadside within SAP, also in leaf litter. Additional individuals were observed inside the artificial ponds at the Herbal Park within SRF during the mid-monsoon season.

Eight male specimens were collected from SAP (UMTZC1064, UMTZC1217, UMTZC1218, UMTZC1219, UMTZC1220, UMTZC1221, UMTZC1222, and UMTZC1223, SVL = 21–25 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Garg et al. (2019). Size (SVL: 21–25 mm, n = 8 males); rounded snout; tympanum hidden; upper eyelids without dermal tuberculation; tips of digits dilated into small discs bearing circum-marginal grooves; toes webbed at base; subarticular tubercles small; metatarsal tubercles present; head with whitish streak from the eyes to shoulder; dorsum with wavy markings extending from the eyes to posterior region, forming cross bars on hind limbs with pale edges.

Microhyla butleri was usually found beneath piles of leaf litter and occurs throughout SLF. Despite the fact that all collected specimens were from SAP, many individuals of this species were observed on leaf litter, mostly along roadsides and trekking trails within SRF.

Nine specimens were collected from SRF (Males: UMTZC1028, UMTZC1067, UMTZC1224, and UMTZC1226, SVL = 17–24 mm; Females: UMTZC1008 and UMTZC1066, SVL = 25–27 mm) and SAP (Males: UMTZC1320 and UMTZC1489, SVL = 17–20 mm; Female: UMTZC1343, SVL = 29 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975), Garg et al. (2019) and Sumarli et al. (2015). Size (SVL: 17–24 mm, n = 6 males; 25–29 mm, n = 3 females); rounded snouts, projecting beyond lower jaw; tympanum barely visible; supratympanic fold distinct; tips of digits dilated to form large disc bearing circum-marginal grooves; toes basally webbed; dorsum with pale coloured vertebral stripe, with black marks on each side, and dark stripe on lateral sides from tip of snout until groin; ventral surface of foot is dark brown.

Microhyla cf. heymonsi was commonly found beneath piles of leaf litter and in rock crevices throughout SLF. This species was also found to occur in similar man-made ponds as with other species of Microhyla. Active and loud calling could be heard from this species after rains. The species is considered a commensal species that is tolerant of habitat alteration (Badli-Sham et al. 2019).

One specimen was collected from SRF (UMTZC1761, SVL = 18 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimen agreed well with the description by Berry (1975), Sumarli et al. (2015), and Manthey et al. (2016). Size (SVL = 18 mm, n = 1 male); rounded snout; upper eyelid with dermal tubercles; tympanum hidden; first finger much shorter than second; finger tips lacking discs; toe tips dilated into well-developed discs and bearing circum-marginal grooves; toes fully webbed and reaching to discs of all except fourth toe; subarticular tubercles obscured; distinct metatarsal tubercles; dorsum skin smooth with few tubercles.

Microhyla superciliaris can be easily mistaken for M. butleri that occurs syntopically in the leaf litter at SLF. This species is a new record for the amphibians in Hulu Terengganu.

Five specimens were collected from SRF consisted of males (UMTZC1519, UMTZC1521 and UMTZC1573, SVL = 18–23 mm) and females (UMTZC1520 and UMTZC1523, SVL = 23–26 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens closely resembled the newly described Micryletta dissimulans from Saba Yoi District, Songkhla Province, Southern Thailand (Suwannapoom et al. 2020). Size (SVL: 18–23 mm, n = 3 males; 23–26 mm, n = 2 females); head longer than wide; snout round; interorbital distance two times wider than upper eyelid width; upper lips lacking white patches; tympanum small and barely visible; finger tips rounded; toe tips rounded and weakly dilated into small discs; fingers and toes without webbings; dorsum colour pale to reddish brown; dorsal pattern with merging brown blotches with beige edge; body flanks brown with black spots and whitish mottling.

Micryletta dissimulans was commonly found at open areas with grass or places with piles of dead leaves. This species is typically found in early November of each year until the end of the monsoon season. This species is a new record for the amphibians in Hulu Terengganu.

The only female specimen ever collected (UMTZC1302, SVL = 38 mm) which deposited as voucher without much associated information of habitat or site, but with a date of 2014 from SLF.

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975). Size (SVL: 38 mm, n = 1 female); small head; snout truncate; tympanum hidden; finger tips depressed and expended into large sub-triangular discs; fingers with distinct subarticular tubercles; toes completely webbed; inner metatarsal tubercles oval-shaped; anal region with large dark spots on that are distinctly separated by white colouration.

Figure 6. 

A dorsal view and B ventral view of Phrynella pulchra preserved specimen.

The available information of this species is limited to a description and photograph of a preserved specimen; however, it is presumed to be found within SRF.

Fourteen specimens were collected from SRF (Juvenile: UMTZC1406, SVL = 28 mm; Males: UMTZC1051, UMTZC1052, UMTZC1091, UMTZC1159, and UMTZC1256, SVL = 40–54 mm; Females: UMTZC1127, UMTZC1160, UMTZC1161, UMTZC1166, and UMTZC1192, SVL = 60–70 mm) and SAP (Juvenile: UMTZC1468, SVL = 35 mm; Males: UMTZC1455 and UMTZC1603, SVL = 40–48 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Sumarli et al. (2015). Size (SVL: 28–35 mm, n = 2 juveniles; 40–54 mm, n = 7 males; 60–70 mm, n = 5 females); broad head; vomerine teeth absent; tongue notched posteriorly; snout rounded; tympanum distinct; distinct supratympanic fold from eyes to shoulder; tips of digits rounded; first and second finger almost equal in length; two distinct and large metacarpal tubercles; toes ½ webbed; inner metatarsal tubercle oval shaped, outer metatarsal tubercle absent; tibiotarsal joint reaches to shoulder or tympanum; dorsum and venter smooth; dorsum colour dark brown to greyish; venter whitish with black speckling in adults (Fig. 7B). Juvenile specimens (UMTZC1406 and UMTZC1468) had blackish bodies; stumpy tails; and whitish venters with black dots (Fig. 7A).

Figure 7. 

A juvenile Leptobrachium hendricksoni B adult L. hendricksoni C Leptobrachella sola D Pelobatrachus nasutus.

Leptobrachium hendricksoni was common along small streams, cleared areas and man-made ponds in SLF. This species is usually found hiding among grass, on the ground or leaf litter. The tadpoles of L. hendricksoni can be found in the small streams, throughout the year.

Eight male specimens were collected from SLF (UMTZC1378, UMTZC1379, UMTZC1408, UMTZC1409, UMTZC1410, UMTZC1411, UMTZC1473, and UMTZC1521, SVL = 20 to 27 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description of L. sola by Matsui (2006). Size (SVL: 20–27 mm, n = males); head longer than broad; vomerine teeth absent; snout rounded; tympanum distinct; supratympanic fold distinct; finger tips slightly swollen; indistinct subarticular tubercles on fingers; fingers unwebbed with first and fourth almost equal or longer than second; toes basally webbed; tibiotarsal articulation reaching nostril; inner metatarsal tubercle low and small; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; nuptial pads absent; dorsum with indistinct brown markings and blackish blotches on flanks.

Leptobrachella sola is commonly found near the stream banks, and is usually sighted sitting on low vegetation, bare ground, or piles of dead leaves. This species can be hard to spot during the night as they usually hide amongst the leaf litter and quickly hides beneath the litter when approached.

Three specimens were collected from SLF (Juveniles: UMTZC1103 and UMTZC1187, SVL = 36–38 mm; Male: UMTZC1494, SVL = 94 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Sumarli et al. (2015). Size (SVL: 36–38 mm, n = 2 juveniles; 94 mm, n = 1 male); large heads; tongue completely or partly notched posteriorly; vomerine teeth present; snout truncate and projecting beyond the lower jaw; upper eyelids and snout form pointed dermal projection; tympanum distinct; distinct supratympanic fold from eyes to shoulders; subarticular tubercles indistinct; metacarpal tubercles distinct; dorsum smooth with few tubercles; two pairs of longitudinal skin fold on back reaching until the vent; venter smooth with small tubercles.

Pelobatrachus nasutus were found on the forest floor at various locations: UMTZC1494, UMTZC1103 and UMTZC1187 were collected from the small stream of Peres Rivers where it was sighted on the forest floor. Afterwards, two individuals were observed on the forest floor beside the recreational trail at SRF, and three individuals were observed amongst the dead leaves at the banks of the small stream of the Peres River. Loud callings can be heard typically near the monsoon season.

Thirteen specimens were collected from the SLF consisted of adult males (UMTZC1030, UMTZC1032, UMTZC1036, UMTZC1041, UMTZC1043, UMTZC1045, UMTZC1046, UMTZC1106, UMTZC1137, UMTZC1378, and UMTZC1505, SVL = 30–38 mm) and females (UMTZC1297 and UMTZC1377, SVL = 48–53 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Chan et al. (2018). Size (SVL: 30–38 mm, n = 11 males; 48–53 mm, n = 2 females); dorsum densely covered with irregular sized tubercles; dorsolateral region with slightly enlarged, elongated and ridge-like tubercles; dorsal surfaces of hind limb covered with denser and more pronounce tubercles; indistinct pectoral gland with pale yellowish patches.

Figure 8. 

A Amolops gerutu B Chalcorana labialis (pale yellow colouration) C C. labialis (brown colouration) D Humerana miopus E Hylarana erythraea F Indosylvirana nicobariensis G Odorrana hosii H Pulchrana glandulosa I P. laterimaculata J P. sundabarat (orange dorsolateral stripe) K P. sundabarat (yellow dorsolateral stripe) and L Sylvirana malayana.

This species can only be found along the torrential zones of the Peres and Bubu Rivers in SLF. The species can be observed perched on the surfaces of boulder stacks along the streams, and occasionally on adjacent low vegetation. Tadpoles of A. gerutu can found clinging to boulders below the waterline.

Twelve specimens were collected from SRF consisted of one juvenile (UMTZC1032, SVL = 20 mm), males (UMTZC1029, UMTZC1090, UMTZC1235, UMTZC1236, UMTZC1237, UMTZC1383, and UMTZC1384, SVL = 29–36 mm) and females (UMTZC1132, UMTZC1297, UMTZC1317, and UMTZC1622, SVL = 49–55 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Hong et al. (2021). Size (SVL: 20 mm, n = 1 juvenile; 29–36 mm, n = 7 males; 49–55 mm, n = 4 females); vomerine teeth in oblique groups between choanae; snout pointed; tympanum distinct; digit tips of dilated into discs with circum-marginal grooves; first finger much shorter than second; nuptial pads present on first finger of males; toes webbed and reaching outer edge of first to third toes, inner edge of fifth toe, and fourth toe with one or two phalanges free of webbing; dorsum skin coarsely granular with weak dorsolateral fold; dorsum colour variable from pale green, brownish or pale yellow.

This species can be found at many swampy locations and flowing streams within SLF. Chalcorana labialis was usually observed perched on the surface of low vegetation along the streams and swampy areas, and was occasionally found at artificial ponds. All collected and observed individuals were found lower than 2 metres from the ground.

Four specimens were collected from SRF consisted of juvenile (UMTZC1682, SVL = 23 mm), males (UMTZC1007 and UMTZC1379, SVL = 62–65 mm) and female (UMTZC1472, SVL = 70 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975). Size (SVL: 23 mm, n = 1 juvenile; 62–65 mm, n = 2 males; 70 mm, n = 1 female); vomerine teeth in two oblique series between choanae; snout obtusely pointed; tympanum distinct; finger tips expended into small discs bearing circum-marginal grooves; first finger much longer than second; distinct subarticular tubercles on fingers and toes; toes 2/3 to ¾ webbed with two phalanges of fourth toe free from webbing; inner metatarsal tubercles elliptic; outer metatarsal tubercles indistinct or absent; skin smooth with dorsolateral fold; dorsum with two to three diagonal lines on mid-dorsum region.

Humerana miopus was common at the artificial ponds of the Herbal Park in SRF. The species was frequently observed perched on low vegetation beside the artificial ponds, and quickly leapt into the water when disturbed.

Eight specimens were collected from SAP consisted of juvenile (UMTZC1264, SVL = 25 mm), males (UMTZC1182, UMTZC1183, UMTZC1184, and UMTZC1186, SVL = 30–40 mm) and females (UMTZC1050, UMTZC1055, and UMTZC1165, SVL = 42–73 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Davis et al. (2018). Size (SVL: 25 mm, n = 1 juvenile; 30–40 mm, n = 4 males; 42–73 mm, n = 3 females); vomerine teeth in two oblique group between choanae; head slightly longer than broad; snout pointed; tympanum distinct; weak supratympanic fold; digit tips of expanded into disc bearing circum-marginal grooves; first finger longer than second; toes webbed reaching base of disc in first to third toes, inner edge of fifth, and fourth toes with two phalanges free; inner metatarsal tubercles oval shaped; outer metatarsal tubercles rounded; dorsum smooth with distinct dorsolateral fold; dorsum colour brown with a pale-coloured dorsolateral stripe and brown flanks; ventral surface white.

Hylarana erythraea was common in the swampy areas in SAP. The species was also observed by drains, artificial ponds, and sometimes on grassy areas.

Three specimens were collected from SRF consisted of one male (UMTZC1571, SVL = 50 mm) and two females (UMTZC1563 and UMTZC1676, SVL = 42–43 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Shahriza and Ibrahim (2014). Size (SVL: 50 mm, n =1 male; 42–43 mm, n = 2 females); vomerine teeth in two oblique series between choanae; head longer than wide; snout pointed; tympanum distinct; supratympanic fold absent; first finger longer (UMTZC1571) or equal (UMTZC1563) with second; digit tips expended into small discs bearing circum-marginal grooves; nuptial pad present on first fingers in males; dorsum skin granular; narrowed dorsolateral folds; gravid female with eggs on translucent side of belly.

This species was common at the Herbal Park in SRF. The species can be observed perching on rock surfaces at artificial ponds and is abundant at the start of monsoon season. Indosylvirana nicobariensis is a pond-breeding frog and can inhabit both natural and altered habitats (Lalremsanga et al. 2016).

Twenty adult specimens were collected from SRF (Males: UMTZC1164, UMTZC1170, UMTZC1171, UMTZC1172, UMTZC1173, UMTZC1174, UMTZC1233, UMTZC1299, and UMTZC1304, SVL = 32–66 mm; Females: UMTZC1009, UMTZC1044, and UMTZC1063, SVL = 54–96 mm) and SAP (Males: UMTZC1348, UMTZC1351, UMTZC1385, and UMTZC1504, SVL = 32–50 mm; Females: UMTZC1306, UMTZC1323, UMTZC1380, and UMTZC1481, SVL = 48–98 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Hong et al. (2021). Size (SVL: 32–66 mm, n = 13 males; 48–98 mm, n = 7 females); vomerine teeth in two oblique series behind choanae; head as long as broad with pointed snout; tympanum distinct; supratympanic fold; tips of digits expanded into large discs with circum-marginal grooves; first finger equal or shorter than second, and all marked with narrow fringes of skin; nuptial pads on first fingers of males; broad webbing reaching tips of all toes; dorsum skin smooth with weak dorsolateral fold.

Odorrana hosii was ubiquitous at the rocky sections of streams with many boulders. All individuals were collected at night but specimens could be observed in the day hiding in the roots of large trees at the stream bank.

Four male specimens were collected from SRF (UMTZC1301, UMTZC1350, UMTZC1576, and UMTZC1608, SVL = 43–74 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Sumarli et al. (2015). Size (SVL: 43–74 mm, n = 4 males); vomerine teeth in two oblique series between choanae; head large, rounded snout; tympanum distinct; weak supratympanic fold; digit tips dilated into small discs bearing circum-marginal grooves; first finger much longer than second; skin fringes absent on fingers; toes webbing not well-developed; inner metatarsal tubercles oval-shaped; outer metatarsal tubercles small and rounded; dorsum without dorsolateral fold; dorsum surfaces covered with low and rounded glandular warts; dorsum colour greyish to dark brown with indistinct dark blotches; limbs with dark cross bars.

Pulchrana glandulosa was found in the small streams and recreational areas of SLF. The species was commonly observed hidden amongst piles of dead leaves and rotten logs.

One specimen of adult female specimen was collected from SLF (UMTZC1699, SVL = 50 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimen agreed well with the description by Sumarli et al. (2015) and Leong et al. (2003). Size (SVL: 50 mm, n = 1 female); vomerine teeth in two oblique rows bounded by choanae; head moderate; relatively rounded snout; tympanum distinct and entirely black; upper lips with uninterrupted white line; finger and toe tips expended into discs; toes well-developed webbing but not reaching medial subarticular tubercles; dorsum and flanks with raised rounded tubercles, forming discontinuous longitudinal ridges; distinct humeral glands in male; dorsum pale brown.

Pulchrana laterimaculata can be found in areas similar to P. glandulosa in SLF. The species was commonly observed hidden among piles of dead leaves and rotten logs.

Four specimens were collected from SRF consisted of three males (UMTZC1376, UMTZC1377, and UMTZC1387, SVL = 40 mm) and one female (UMTZC1375, SVL = 57 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Chan et al. (2020c). Size (SVL: 40 mm, n = 3 males; 57 mm, n = 1 female); head longer than wide; snout pointed; tympanum distinct; supratympanic fold absent; digit tips slightly expended into small disc with circum-marginal groove; nuptial pads distinctly separated on first finger in UMTZC1376 and UMTZC1377, and slightly joined in UMTZC1387; toes slightly more than ½ webbed; dorsum smooth and indistinctly glandular; dorsum colour black; dorsum patterns with conspicuous and defined yellowish to bright orange dorsolateral stripe, dorsum and flanks with yellowish blotches; humeral gland raised and blackly pigmented in males; throat and abdomen with white spots.

Chan et al. (2020b, c) revised this complex and suggested that the Pulchrana picturata from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra belong to this new species, P. sundabarat that is genetically distinct from the true Bornean P. picturata. The specimens were all found at the pristine areas in SRF. This species usually hide beneath the roots of large trees on stream banks. The distinct calls of males could be easily heard in those areas.

Seven specimens were collected from SRF (Males: UMTZC1013, UMTZC1014, UMTZC1107, and UMTZC1382, SVL = 43–47 mm; Females: UMTZC1093 and UMTZC1381, SVL = 51–58 mm) and SAP (Males: UMTZC1308, SVL = 45 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Sheridan and Stuart (2018). Size (SVL: 43–47 mm, n = 5 males; 51–58 mm, n = 2 females); head longer than wide; snout obtusely pointed; tympanum distinct; triangular or teardrop shaped fold slightly behind the tympanum; supratympanic fold absent; digit tips of expended into discs with circum-marginal grooves; first finger much longer than second; toes with well-developed webbing; distinct subarticular tubercles; elongated inner metatarsal tubercle; rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; dorsum finely granular; dorsum brown with broad dark band extending from snout to groin.

Sylvirana malayana can be found in the disturbed areas of SLF. This species was commonly observed hiding between rock crevices within the Herbal Park.

Ten adult specimens were collected from SRF (Males: UMTZC1095, UMTZC1345, UMTZC1360, UMTZC1361, UMTZC1463, UMTZC1465, UMTZC1574, and UMTZC1627, SVL = 30–41 mm; Female: UMTZC1359, SVL = 44 mm) and SAP (Male: UMTZC1502, SVL = 22 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Sumarli et al. (2015). Size (SVL: 22–41 mm, n = 9 males; 44 mm, n = 1 female); vomerine teeth at the anterior edges of choanae; head longer than wide; rounded snout with conical projection on tip; tympanum distinct; digit tips dilated into small discs bearing circum-marginal grooves; fingers webbed at base; toes broadly webbed; fourth fingers, tarsus, heel and vent with crenulated dermal fringes; dorsum smooth and slightly granular; dorsum colour pale brown to mossy green.

Figure 9. 

A Kurixalus chaseni B Nyctixalus pictus C Polypedates colletti D P. discantus E P. leucomystax F P. macrotis G adult Rhacophorus nigropalmatus H subadult R. nigropalmatus I R. pardalis.

Kurixalus chaseni can be found perched on low vegetation within artificial ponds of the Herbal Park. Active calls of males can be heard from this place during the monsoon season in SLF.

Three adult male specimens were collected from SRF (UMTZC1425 and UMTZC1426, SVL = 29–30 mm) and SAP (UMTZC1601, SVL = 35 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975). Size (SVL: 29–35 mm, n = 3 males); no vomerine teeth; head longer than broad; snout obtusely pointed; vertical loreal region; tympanum distinct; digit tips expanded into round or oval-shaped discs; inner metatarsal tubercle oval-shaped, outer metatarsal tubercle absent; dorsum bright orange with whitish spots scattered over the body; limbs with rows of whitish spots forming cross-bars; abdomen with greenish black reticulation.

UMTZC1601 was found on low vegetation, less than 1 m from the ground near the suspension bridge at SAP, and UMTZC1426 and UMTZC1425 were found at bushy areas within a small stream off the Peres River in SRF. This species is a new record for the amphibians in Hulu Terengganu.

One adult male specimen was collected from SAP (UMTZC1871, SVL = 67 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimen agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Rujirawan et al. (2013). Size (SVL: 67 mm, n = 1 male); triangular head; snout acutely pointed; low tubercles around eyes; tympanum distinct; skin of head not co-ossified with skull; skin coarsely granular; small white spots on rear thigh; heel with a distinct conical tubercle; dorsum pattern with an hour-glass marking extending from interorbital region to back, flanks with black vermiculations.

This species was found at the waterfall of SAP, perched on low vegetation less than 2 m from the ground.

Twenty-seven specimens were collected from SLF consisted of males (UMTZC1012, UMTZC1015, UMTZC1016, UMTZC1024, UMTZC1081, UMTZC1094, UMTZC1096, UMTZC1113, UMTZC1115, UMTZC1185, UMTZC1240, UMTZC1273, UMTZC1421, UMTZC1509, UMTZC1510, UMTZC1589, and UMTZC1592, SVL = 40–53 mm) and females (UMTZC1006, UMTZC1027, UMTZC1157, UMTZC1179, UMTZC1241, UMTZC1423, UMTZC1424, UMTZC1496, UMTZC1590, and UMTZC1591, SVL = 60–71 mm).

Based on description by Rujirawan et al. (2013), 29 specimens were identified as P. discantus for having size (SVL: 40–53 mm, n = 17 males; 60–71 mm, n = 10 females); triangular head; snout obtusely pointed; skin of head not co-ossified with skull; tympanum distinct; supratympanic fold distinct; digit tips with well-developed disc bearing circum-marginal groove; fingers webbed at base; toes fully webbed; inner metatarsal tubercle oval-shaped; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; nuptial pad present on first and second fingers in males; rear thigh with indistinct or absence of white spots; heel with rounded tubercle; dorsum with variable patterns: plain dorsum with scattered dark blotches, 2 to 4 longitudinal stripes, or X-shaped marking on interorbital region.

This species was common in both natural and man-made habitats of SLF. Most of the collected and observed individuals were found clinging to shrubs or leaves of low vegetation less than 2 m from the ground. This species is a new record for the amphibians in Hulu Terengganu.

Twenty-seven specimens were collected from SLF consisted of males (UMTZC1010, UMTZC1114, UMTZC1128, UMTZC1131, UMTZC1180, UMTZC1181, UMTZC1243, UMTZC1244, UMTZC1246, UMTZC1328, UMTZC1329, UMTZC1422, UMTZC1485, UMTZC1624, and UMTZC1417, SVL = 40–52 mm) and females (UMTZC1125, UMTZC1130, UMTZC1154, UMTZC1155, UMTZC1156, UMTZC1178, UMTZC1245, UMTZC1263, UMTZC1272, UMTZC1344, UMTZC1347, and UMTZC1444, SVL = 44–67 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Sumarli et al. (2015). Size (SVL: 40–52 mm; n = 15 males; 44–67 mm, n = 12 females); vomerine teeth in between choanae; head longer than broad; rounded snout; tympanum distinct; supratympanic fold present; digit tips expended into large discs with circum-marginal grooves; fingers without webbing; toes fully webbed; forearm with whitish skin flaps; dorsum skin smooth with colour pale to dark tan; dorsum pattern variable with two to four longitudinal stripes or plain with dark blotches.

Polypedates leucomystax can be distinguished from P. discantus by having the skin of the head fused with the skull, distinct white spots or reticulations on a dark background on the rear thigh, and the absence of a tubercle at the heel. This species known as a commensal species and inhabits all manner of human-made and natural habitats in SLF. This species can be observed clinging onto shrubs or the leaves of low vegetation up to 2.5 m off the ground.

Nine specimens were collected from SRF consisted of males (UMTZC1327, UMTZC1346, UMTZC1418, UMTZC1419, and UMTZC1497, SVL = 60–68 mm) and females (UMTZC1030, UMTZC1097, UMTZC1416, and UMTZC1454, SVL= 62 to 102 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Sumarli et al. (2015). Size (SVL = 60–68 mm, n = 5 males; 62 to 102 mm, n = 4 females); vomerine teeth in transverse or slightly oblique series between choanae; head broader than long; rounded snout; tympanum distinct and covered with broad dark stripes; supratympanic fold distinct; digit tips expanded into large discs bearing circum-marginal grooves; fingers free of webbing; nuptial pads present on dorsal portion of first and second fingers; toes fully webbed; dorsum with variable markings from two broad longitudinal stripes (UMTZC1327, UMTZC1419, and UMTZC1497), scattered dark blotches (UMTZC1346, UMTZC1416, and UMTZC1418), plain dorsum (UMTZC1030, UMTZC1097, UMTZC1346, and UMTZC1454), and combination of plain and scattered dark blotches (UMTZC1418).

Polypedates macrotis is restricted to natural or man-made stagnant water bodies closer to the forested areas. This species can also be observed perched on low vegetation near the ponds in syntopy with other species of Polypedates.

Two specimens were collected from SRF consisted of subadult male (UMTZC1732, SVL = 60 mm) and adult male (UMTZC1057, SVL = 95 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975). Size (SVL: 60 mm for subadult male; 95 mm for adult male); vomerine teeth in two straight or transversely curved rows between choanae; head longer than broad; rounded snout; tympanum distinct; supratympanic fold absent; digit tips expanded into large and oval-shaped discs and bearing circummarginal grooves; fingers and toes fully webbed; inner metatarsal tubercle oval-shaped; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; dorsum with small clusters of whitish tubercles; broad skin flaps along forearm, rounded on heels, and awning-like flaps on anal region. Head, body, and limbs of subadult male (UMTZC1732) (Fig. 9H) covered with white patches edged in pale brown.

UMTZC1057 was collected from a fallen large tree at the Herbal Park within SRF while the second individual UMTZC1732 was found perched on low vegetation at the same location. This species was only encountered during the monsoon season in SLF.

Two male specimens were collected from SRF (UMTZC1111 and UMTZC1110, SVL = 49–53 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975) and Harvey et al. (2002). Size (SVL: 49–53 mm, n = 2 males); vomerine teeth in two or slightly oblique series at inner edges of choanae; head equally longer with width; snout obtusely pointed; tympanum distinct; supratympanic fold reaching angle of jaws; fingers and toes fully webbed; broad skin flaps along forearm, rounded on heels, and absence on anal region; flanks and abdomen of UMTZC1111 displayed black reticulation, but pale orange in UMTZ1110.

Both UMTZC1111 and UMTZC1110 were collected from the large trees beside the artificial pond of the camping site in SRF.

One male specimen was collected from SAP (UMTZC1490, SVL = 28 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimen agreed well with the description by McLeod and Norhayati (2007). Size (SVL: 28 mm, n = 1 male); head equally longer with wide; snout obtusely pointed; tympanum distinct; dorsal and lateral surfaces with fine pearly tipped tubercles; coarsely granular venter; no vomerine teeth; tympanum distinct; supratympanic fold reaching angle of jaws; digit tips expended into large disc bearing circum-marginal grooves; fingers webbed at base; toes fully webbed; inner metatarsal tubercle oval-shaped; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; nuptial pad present on second fingers in males; dorsum colour changed from whitish to pale brown when stressed; inguinal area with dark brown blotches.

Figure 10. 

A Theloderma licin and B T. horridum.

Theloderma licin was found resting on the ground within piles of dead leaves. This species is a new record for the amphibians in Hulu Terengganu.

No specimen was collected, but photographs of this species from from previous fieldwork in 2014 in SRF (UMTZCP070614-392, Fig. 11B).

Examined photographs show similar characteristics as described by Berry (1975) and Sumarli et al. (2015) for having stocky body; head wide; distinct tympanum; digit tips expended into distinct disc bearing circum-marginal groove; fingers ½ webbed; toes fully webbed; dorsum rough with warts bearing granular asperities; large lumbar spot; and venter with black-white reticulations.

This species was found among the dense vegetation on steep terrain in the forested areas in SRF. Theloderma horridum was spotted clinging to the side of a tree trunk facing upwards.

Two male specimens were collected from SRF (UMTZC1469 and UMTZC1299, SVL = 56–57 mm).

Morphological characters of the specimens agreed well with the description by Berry (1975). Size (SVL: 56–57 mm, n = 2 males); vomerine teeth in two transverse series between choanae; head broader than long; snout obtusely pointed; tympanum distinct; supratympanic fold hidden; tips of digits expanded into large and oval discs with circum-marginal grooves; fingers and toes fully webbed; broad skin flaps along forearm, rounded on heels, and awning-like skin flaps on anal region.

Figure 11. 

A Zhangixalus prominanus and B Z. tunkui.

Two specimens of Zhangixalus prominanus were collected from the flooded rock pools within the recreational zones of SRF. Another observed individual was also seen perched on low vegetation or rock surfaces in the same area, only found during the monsoon season. This species is a new record for the amphibians in Hulu Terengganu.

UMTZCP110414-419.

One individual of Zhangixalus tunkui was previously recorded in SRF. However, it was only photographed (UMTZCP110414-419, Fig. 11B) and released back to the wild for it was mistaken to be an individual of Z. prominanus, which was only later identified as Z. tunkui by Evan S.H. Quah. Morphology of photographed individual matched description by Kiew (1987) and Leong (2004) based on toe webbing with reddish colouration between fourth and fifth toes (vs. third to fifth toes in Z. prominanus). Photographed individual had body with pale and translucent green colouration; dorsum scattered with whitish spots; smaller SVL, less than 50 mm (M. Taufik Awang, pers. comm.); skin translucent; absence of skin flaps on along forearm; whitish line along the snout, canthus rostralis and around eyes.

The individual of this species was found at the flooded rock pools in SRF. This species is a new record for the amphibians in Hulu Terengganu.

From 14 species recorded in the first survey in 2003, the number of species had steadily increased to 18 species in 2008. The surveys continued in 2013 and recorded more species, with a total of 38 species in 2015. This trend of species discoveries kept increasing during the surveys up to the end of 2020. The results shown by the species accumulation curve generated from the list of species recorded between 2003 and 2018 show a constantly increasing trend (Fig. 12). The species accumulation curve has almost reached the asymptote, which indicates that our long-term surveys may have reached the true diversity of amphibians in SLF. The number of unique and duplicate species also kept decreasing over the years. However, even after our exhaustive fieldwork from 2015 to 2020, a few unique species such as Phrynella pulchra, Rhacophorus pardalis, Theloderma horridum, and Zhangixalus tunkui have remained unrecorded after their first discovery in 2013-2014. As for the records of amphibians in Hulu Terengganu District, this study contributes an additional 10 new records for this area, which now totals 70 species so far known (Table 2). The new records are Ichthyophis cf. asplenius, K. palmatissimus, Kaloula latidisca, Micryletta dissimulans, Microhyla superciliaris, Nyctixalus pictus, Polypedates discantus, Zhangixalus prominanus, Z. tunkui and Theloderma licin.

Figure 12. 

The cumulative species discovery curve of the species (dotted line), species accumulation curve of replicated samples of the amphibians from previous and recent surveys (black line). Red line shows the estimated number of unique, and duplicate species (blue line) of amphibians from long term surveys in Sekayu lowland forest, Hulu Terengganu.