Catalogue |
Ralph W. Holzenthal‡, Adolfo R. Calor§
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Corresponding author: Ralph W. Holzenthal ( holze001@umn.edu ) Academic editor: Pavel Stoev
© 2017 Ralph W. Holzenthal, Adolfo R. Calor.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Holzenthal RW, Calor AR (2017) Catalog of the Neotropical Trichoptera (Caddisflies). ZooKeys 654: 1-566. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.654.9516
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Abstract
The Neotropical caddisfly (Trichoptera) fauna is cataloged from a review of over 1,000 literature citations through 2015 (partial 2016) to include 3,262 currently recognized, valid species-group names in 25 families and 155 extant genera. Fourteen subspecies are included in the total as well as 35 fossil species and 1 fossil genus. The region covered includes all of Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America. Genus-group and species-group synonyms are listed. For each nominal species, information on the type locality, type depository, sex of type, distribution by country, and other pertinent taxonomic or biological information is included. Summary information on taxonomy, phylogeny, distribution, immature stages, and biology are provided for each family and genus where known. An extensive index to all nominal taxa is included to facilitate use of the catalog. The glossosomatid species Mexitrichia usseglioi Rueda Martín & Gibon, is transferred to Mortoniella comb. n.
Keywords
Caddisflies, Trichoptera , catalog, Neotropical, taxonomy, distribution, valid names, synonyms, bibliography
Introduction
Trichoptera are an order of holometabolous insects that have aquatic egg, larval, and pupal stages. These immature stages are ubiquitous in the world’s freshwaters, but are especially diverse in rivers and streams. In the Neotropics, larvae can be found in small trickles and seeps in the high Andean páramo, down to the very large, slowly flowing, lowland rivers, and all kinds of rivers and streams between these extremes. It is in intermediate sized, forested, mountain streams where the fauna seems to reach its greatest diversity. Intermittent streams also support a trichopterous fauna, with a few species especially adapted to seasonal drying. A very few species can be found in waters of thermal origin or with water chemistry that has been affected by volcanic activity. In addition to lotic species, those that frequent standing waters also occur, but this lentic fauna is not as diverse as that of northern, Holarctic lakes and ponds. However, floodplain lakes and pools, swamps and marshes in lowland areas, and mountain lakes all harbor species. There are also species that frequent the spray and splash zones of waterfalls and similar torrential situations as well as hygropetric habitats. These species often occur above the waterline, where a few venture quite far from the aquatic habitat. Only a single species has been reported from a container habitat (bromeliad tanks) and none of the Neotropical species is known from the marine littoral, unlike some Australian and New Zealand species. Recent reviews of Trichoptera diversity, biology, and natural history include those of
Trichoptera larvae are important participants in energy flow and nutrient dynamics in the aquatic environment. They display a wide diversity of trophic adaptations, being surpassed only by aquatic Diptera in the type of food eaten and the manner in which it is obtained. Similarly, the larvae exploit a wide variety of aquatic microhabitats. This trophic and habitat diversity has been attributed to the larvae’s ability to use silk to construct capture nets, retreats, cases, and pupal shelters. In fact, the order has been divided into taxonomic units based on the differences in the way silk is used, whether to spin nets or tubes, or as mortar to make portable cases. The case makers use sand and small mineral fragments, pieces of leaves or other vegetable material, or silk alone to construct cases. Other larvae are “free-living,” but nevertheless lay down a strand of silk as they move across the substrate. Not only do larvae exhibit great diversity in their biology, they also respond to pollution in various manners, most being intolerant to most forms of pollution. As such, they have been used extensively as biological indicators of water quality, especially in temperate regions, where a large field of study has developed around this application. However, in the Neotropics, where larval taxonomy is poorly known, progress in this area has been hampered.
Like most holometabolous larvae, Trichoptera have well-developed mandibulate mouthparts, although the maxillae and labium are closely associated and the latter is modified to spin silk. The thoracic legs are well developed, but the abdomen lacks prolegs, except for a pair of terminal anal prolegs, each bearing a strong anal claw. Highly branched or single filament abdominal gills may be present. The exarate pupae are also aquatic and have dectitious mandibles, at least in the Neotropical families.
Trichoptera adults are less familiar to the aquatic ecologist or taxonomic non-specialist. Adults are small, generally drab colored, and usually begin to fly after the sun sets, when they are attracted to artificial lights, often in great numbers. However, it is this life history stage that is of paramount taxonomic importance because the species level taxonomy of the order is based mainly on structures of the adult male genitalia. Females and larvae must be positively associated with the adult males before their identities can be established. In contrast to that of larvae, the ecology and behavior of adult Trichoptera are poorly known. They, too, are certainly important components of the aquatic and riparian environments, where they serve as food for fish, birds, bats, lizards, frogs, and other vertebrates, as well as spiders and other invertebrates. Adult female flight behavior, especially upstream flight prior to oviposition, is an important compensation for downstream larval drift. The adults have specialized, lapping type mouthparts and most probably imbibe liquids, including nectar. Adult Trichoptera certainly depend on the riparian habitat for mating and oviposition sites, shelter, food, etc. and therefore may be good indicators of riparian health and integrity, and thus that of the entire watershed as shown by
Adult Trichoptera have greatly modified mouthparts. Although most species have reduced mandibles and maxillae, almost all possess well-developed maxillary and labial palps. The compound eyes are well developed, and the head may or may not bear ocelli. Antennae are long and filiform in most species. The head and thorax bear characteristic “setal warts.” Two pairs of wings are present with the forewings longer, but often narrower than the hind wings. Both pairs of wings, as well as the body and other appendages, are covered with setae, or hairs, and occasionally scales. The hairs and scales are usually plainly colored, but the Neotropical fauna contains species with brightly colored or intricate patterns of setae, especially on the forewings. Tibial spurs on the legs are conspicuous.
The world fauna contains about 15,000 described species, but it has been estimated that as many as 50,000 species may occur. In this catalog we record 3,262 valid names of extant species-group taxa from the Neotropics, including 14 extant subspecies. One species is listed as Trichoptera, incertae sedis. This represents 1,050 more species-group taxa than included in the catalog published by
Number of extant and fossil species and genera of Neotropical Trichoptera, by family.
| Family | No. Species | No. Genera | ||
| Extant | Fossil | Extant | Fossil | |
| Anomalopsychidae | 28 | – | 2 | – |
| Atriplectididae | 2 | – | 1 | – |
| Calamoceratidae | 74 | 1 | 2 | – |
| Ecnomidae | 44 | – | 2 | – |
| Glossosomatidae | 266 | 5 | 11 | – |
| Helicophidae | 16 | – | 5 | – |
| Helicopsychidae | 121 | 3 | 1 | – |
| Hydrobiosidae | 183 | 1 | 22 | – |
| Hydropsychidae | 476 | 4 | 15 | 1 |
| Hydroptilidae | 946 | 7 | 36 | – |
| Kokiriidae | 2 | – | 1 | – |
| Lepidostomatidae | 28 | – | 1 | – |
| Leptoceridae | 224 | 2 | 16 | – |
| Limnephilidae | 51 | – | 10 | – |
| Odontoceridae | 45 | – | 3 | – |
| Philopotamidae | 377 | 6 | 5 | – |
| Philorheithridae | 6 | – | 2 | – |
| Polycentropodidae | 283 | 1 | 5 | – |
| Pseudoneureclipsidae | 4 | 4 | 1 | – |
| Psychomyiidae | 2 | – | 1 | – |
| Rhyacophilidae | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Sericostomatidae | 20 | – | 6 | – |
| Stenopsychidae | 3 | – | 1 | – |
| Tasimiidae | 2 | – | 2 | – |
| Xiphocentronidae | 58 | 1 | 3 | – |
| TOTAL | 3262 | 35 | 155 | 1 |
Biogeography
The Neotropical fauna is divided into two distinct faunal elements – the Chilean and Brazilian, equivalent to the Neotropical and Patagonian of
Taxonomic history of the fauna
The first descriptions of Neotropical Trichoptera occurred in the 1830s in the works of Perty (1830-1834) (Phryganea maculata = Macrostemum maculatum),
M.E. Mosely was among the first of the “modern” workers to produce several important works and revisions on the fauna (e.g.,
Notable recent workers include E.B. Angrisano, W. Bravo, P. Rueda Martín, and J. Sganga on the fauna of Argentina and Uruguay, J. Oláh on Hydropsychidae and Hydroptilidae, R.J. Blahnik and D.R. Robertson on the Philopotamidae and Glossosomatidae, respectively, J. Bueno-Soria, S. Santiago-Fragoso, and R. Barba-Álvarez on the fauna of Mexico, S.C. Harris, R.E. Thomson, and A.P.M. Santos on Hydroptilidae, A. Prather on Calamoceratidae, K.A. Johanson on Helicopsychidae, F. Muñoz-Quesada on Wormaldia and other taxa, R.W. Holzenthal on Trichoptera across the region, many active Brazilian workers and their students (A.R. Calor, A.M.O. Pes, L.L. Dumas, D.M. Takiya, A.P.M. Santos, H. Paprocki, J.L. Nessimian, and others), and W. Wichard on fossil taxa.
Other checklists, catalogs, and bibliographies
In preparing this catalog several published (or electronic) checklists, catalogs, and bibliographies of the regional and world Trichoptera faunas were consulted. In all cases, the accuracy of the names, citations, or listings in these works were checked and corrected as necessary before inclusion in the present catalog. However, as these former works may be useful to the user of this catalog in further research on the Neotropical fauna or other regional faunas, these works are listed and discussed below, beginning with those covering the world fauna.
The world catalog, Trichopterorum Catalogus, Volumes I–XV + Index, 1960–1973b, by F.C.J. Fischer is an indispensable and first source of taxonomic and associated literature pertaining to Trichoptera. The catalog and its supplements cover all literature from 1758 to the end of 1960. As a planned continuation to Fischer’s catalog, A.P. Nimmo published the first volume of Bibliographica Trichopterorum (
Regional bibliographies of a general nature include those of
Argentina (
In addition, several works have been published containing keys for identifying families and genera of the Neotropical fauna.
Purpose of the catalog
The Neotropical Trichoptera fauna is diverse, second only in numbers of species to that of the Oriental fauna (
A catalog is a list of nominal species and associated taxonomic and nomenclatural references arranged in a logical, easily accessible format. Catalogs are important tools to anyone requiring knowledge of currently accepted names, including synonyms and distributional data. Because the binomen is usually the starting point of the information storage and retrieval system afforded by the Linnean hierachy, an accurate list of currently accepted species names is essential for anyone needing information about a species, be it for basic or applied research. By accumulating and organizing all the previously published Neotropical Trichoptera taxonomic information into a single, easily accessed source, we hope to facilitate and stimulate further exploration and research on the fauna. Furthermore, we hope that this catalog benefits research beyond Trichoptera systematics, such as ecology, behavior, conservation, and the application of Trichoptera as biological indicators of water quality.
The need for a comprehensive catalog for the Neotropical Trichoptera grew from discussions between Flint and Holzenthal in 1993. These discussions and effort resulted in the 1999 publication by the Ohio Biological Survey of the Catalog of the Neotropical Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) by Flint, Holzenthal and Harris. The need for an update of the “Catalog” emerged from discussions between Holzenthal and Calor in 2015, some 15 years after the publication by
Definition of the region covered
The current catalog lists names of all species described or recorded from south of the United States, to include all of Mexico, Central and South America, the Greater and Lesser Antilles, and all of the off-shore islands pertaining politically to the countries of the region (although the latter contain very few Trichoptera or have not been surveyed). We realize that this region extends northward beyond the traditional northern boundary of the Neotropical Region to include northern, Nearctic Mexico. However, with regard to Trichoptera, the traditional demarcation between the Neotropical and Nearctic regions, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, does not apply. There is broad overlap and interdigitation of the Trichoptera faunas of the two regions from at least the southwestern states of the United States through Mexico and Central America until the mountains of eastern Costa Rica and western Panama. Although the region covered by this catalog is artificial with regard to biogeography, it has allowed us to be more objective as to which species to include in the catalog.
Fossil species
Few fossil species of caddisflies have been discovered in the Neotropical Realm. A single species of the fossil family Necrotaulidae has been described from the Rhaetic (upper Triassic) of western Argentina. The larval cases of a Brazilian Tertiary caddis, provisionally placed in the Limnephilidae, has also been described. Otherwise a number of caddisflies have been described in recent years from Dominican and now Mexican amber (
Format of the catalog
The catalog is organized alphabetically by family, genus, and species. For each family introductory information, including literature citations, of a general nature is given concerning distribution, diversity, taxonomy, biology, habitat, and knowledge of immature stages, if available. Valid generic names are next presented in boldface type, centered on the page, and followed by the author and, in square brackets, the number of currently recognized valid species-group taxa in the region, followed by the number of fossil species. A generic synonymy follows. The currently recognized, valid genus name is followed by its author, date and bibliographic citation of publication, and page number on which the name was formally established. Following this, in square brackets, the type species in its original combination with author and date is presented, along with any synonyms of the type species name, the manner in which the type species was established (e.g., original designation, monotypy, subsequent selection, etc.), and the family in which it was originally described if different from the current family. Other citations containing other important nomenclatural acts, generic revisions, or larval descriptions are next included with annotations contained in square brackets. Generic synonyms follow, in chronological order (oldest names first), and are presented in the same format and with the same information as presented for the valid genus name, with the addition of the citation where the generic synonymy was established. Subgeneric names are presented as generic synonyms and with the same information, but the subgeneric status is so indicated and the citation included. Following the generic synonymy, introductory information on the genus, similar to that presented for the family, is given.
All currently recognized, valid species and subspecies names (specific epithets only), in their current orthography, are then listed in alphabetical order and in boldface type. Fossil species (and genera) are preceded by the symbol †. In cases where subgenera are used, the subgenus name follows the specific epithet, in parentheses. Each species name is followed by its author, date and bibliographic citation of publication, and page number on which the name was formally established. Following, in square brackets, the type locality is presented, as annotated by us for clarity, but otherwise given as indicated in the original publication, except the country of origin is always listed first. The type depository is then given if known, and so indicated if unknown, according to the institution codes presented below. Sex of the type is presented next, if known, and so indicated if not known. Sex of type is followed (separated by a semicolon) by the sex or stage of any other specimens illustrated and described with the type specimen (these also separated by semicolons). Finally, still in square brackets and separated by a semicolon, the genus of the original combination, or the original orthography of the specific epithet if different from present orthography, is presented. In addition, citations for any significant publications containing redescriptions, lectotype or neotype designations or other nomenclatural acts, systematic revisions, larval descriptions, or new distribution records follow their appropriate species’ entries. Synonyms are indicated in italics, preceded by an em dash (—), and listed in chronological order (if more than one) and in their present orthography under the valid species entry. All species-group synonyms are included in the catalog. Information presented for synonyms is the same as presented for the senior name (date and bibliographic citation of the synonymy, sex of type, type depository, genus of original combination or original orthography), but also includes the date and bibliographic reference where the synonymy was established. Lastly, for each species entry the distribution by country, based on published records, is presented.
In addition to original citations and important taxonomic or nomenclatural works, all of the recent and important literature published after 1960 is included in the catalog. However, the extensive bibliographies presented by
All literature cited in the introduction and catalog itself is listed in the References section. The complete title of the journal, book, or other bibliographic source is given to assist the user in obtaining literature. In all cases, the original citation was consulted by the authors in compiling the catalog to ensure accuracy of information or to check date of issue.
The catalog includes all literature known to us up to the end of 2015, as well as several important works published in 2016 and any other literature published after 2015 that has come to our attention. The user is cautioned, however, that we make no claims to have included all the literature published in 2015, and certainly not 2016, but we have done our best to do so. Some literature is not abstracted in Zoological Record or Web of Science until several years after its date of publication and thus may have been missed. Again, the user should check the appropriate bibliographic sources to ensure complete coverage and overlap by several years the bibliography in this catalog when searching the literature in the future.
The catalog ends with an Index that lists all names presented in the catalog and the primary page number where the name occurs. Format of names in the index generally follows that presented in the catalog: valid species and subspecies epithets are presented in bold italics, followed by the current genus in italics; synonyms of species or subspecies names are presented in italics, followed by the current genus in italics. The original orthography of species names, including synonyms, is also indexed, but referred to the species in its current combination and orthography. For subspecies names, the trinomen is also indexed, but referred to the name in combination with the nominotypical name. Homonyms are also indexed, but with the author of the name and date of publication included. Valid genus names are presented in bold, followed by the family in square brackets. Generic synonyms are presented in italics, except that currently recognized subgeneric names are presented in bold italics, both followed by the family in square brackets. Fossil species are followed by the symbol †.
Trichoptera classification
Since the publication of
Order Trichoptera
Suborder Annulipalpia
Superfamily Philopotamoidea
Family Philopotamidae
Alterosa
Chimarra
Chimarra
Chimarrita
Curgia
Otarrha
Chimarrhodella
Sortosa Navás, 1918
Wormaldia
Family Stenopsychidae
Pseudostenopsyche
Superfamily Psychomyioidea
Family Ecnomidae
Austrotinodes Schmid, 1955
Chilocentropus Navás, 1934
Family Polycentropodidae
Cernotina Ross, 1938
Cyrnellus Banks, 1913
Nyctiophylax
Polycentropus
Polyplectropus Ulmer, 1905
Family Pseudoneureclipsidae
Antillopsyche
Family Psychomyiidae
Tinodes
Family Xiphocentronidae Ross, 1949
Cnodocentron
Caenocentron
Machairocentron
Xiphocentron
Antillotrichia
Glyphocentron
Rhamphocentron
Sphagocentron
Xiphocentron
Superfamily Hydropsychoidea
Family Hydropsychidae
Blepharopus
Calosopsyche
Centromacronema Ulmer, 1905
Cheumatopsyche
Diplectrona Westwood, 1839
Hydropsyche
Ceratopsyche
Hydropsyche
Leptonema
Macronema
Macrostemum
† Palaehydropsyche
Plectromacronema
Plectropsyche
Pseudomacronema Ulmer, 1905
Smicridea
Rhyacophylax Müller, 1879
Smicridea
Streptospyche
Synoestropsis Ulmer, 1905
Suborder Integripalpia
Superfamily Glossosomatoidea
Family Glossosomatidae
Canoptila Mosely, 1939
Cariboptila Flint, 1964
Culoptila
Glossosoma
Itauara
Mastigoptila Flint, 1967
Merionoptila
Mortoniella
Protoptila Banks, 1904
Scotiotrichia Mosely, 1934
Tolhuaca
Superfamily Hydroptiloidea Stephens, 1836
Family Hydroptilidae Stephens, 1836
Acostatrichia Mosely, 1939
Alisotrichia Flint, 1964
Anchitrichia
Angrisanoia
Ascotrichia Flint, 1983
Betrichia Mosely, 1939
Bredinia Flint, 1968
Byrsopteryx Flint, 1981
Celaenotrichia Mosely, 1934
Cerasmatrichia Flint, Harris and Botosaneanu, 1994
Ceratotrichia Flint, 1992
Costatrichia
Dicaminus Müller, 1879
Flintiella Angrisano, 1995
Hydroptila
Ithytrichia
Kumanskiella
Leucotrichia Mosely, 1934
Mayatrichia
Mejicanotrichia
Metrichia Ross, 1938
Neotrichia
Nothotrichia Flint, 1967
Ochrotrichia Mosely, 1934
Orinocotrichia Harris, Flint and Holzenthal, 2002
Orthotrichia
Oxyethira
Argyrobothrus
Dactylotrichia
Dampfitrichia
Kelleyella
Loxotrichia
Oxytrichia Mosely, 1939
Tanytrichia
Peltopsyche Müller, 1879
Ragatrichia
Rhyacopsyche Müller, 1879
Scelobotrichia
Taraxitrichia
Tizatetrichia Harris, Flint and Holzenthal, 2002
Tricholeiochiton Kloets and Hinks, 1944
Tupiniquintrichia Santos, Nessimian and Takiya, 2016
Zumatrichia
Superfamily Rhyacophiloidea Stephens, 1836
Family Hydrobiosidae Ulmer, 1905
Amphichorema
Androchorema
Apatanodes Navás, 1934
Atopsyche
Atopsaura
Atopsyche
Dolochorema Banks, 1913
Australobiosis Schmid, 1958
Cailloma
Clavichorema Schmid, 1955
Heterochorema
Iguazu
Isochorema
Metachorema
Microchorema Schmid, 1955
Neoatopsyche Schmid, 1955
Neochorema
Neopsilochorema Schmid, 1955
Nolganema Navás, 1934
Parachorema
Pomphochorema Flint, 1969
Pseudoradema Schmid, 1955
Rheochorema Schmid, 1955
Schajovskoya
Stenochorema Schmid, 1955
Family Rhyacophilidae Stephens, 1836
Rhyacophila
Infraorder Brevitentoria
Superfamily Leptoceroidea
Family Atriplectididae
Neoatriplectides
Family Calamoceratidae Ulmer, 1905
Banyallarga Navás, 1916
Banyallarga Navás, 1916
Histricoverpa
Phylloicus Müller, 1880
Family Leptoceridae
Achoropsyche
Amazonatolica
Amphoropsyche
Atanatolica Mosely, 1936
Brachysetodes Schmid, 1955
Grumichella Müller, 1879
Hudsonema Mosely, 1936
Mystacides
Nectopsyche Müller, 1879
Neoathripsodes
Notalina Mosely, 1936
Neonotalina Holzenthal, 1986
Oecetis
Osflintia
Setodes
Triaenodes
Triplectides
Family Odontoceridae
Anastomoneura Huamantinco and Nessimian, 2004
Barypenthus
Marilia Müller, 1880
Family Philorheithridae Mosely, 1936
Mystacopsyche Schmid, 1955
Psilopsyche Ulmer, 1907
Superfamily Sericostomatoidea Stephens, 1836
Family Anomalopsychidae Flint, 1981
Anomalopsyche Flint, 1967
Contulma Flint, 1969
Family Helicophidae Mosely, 1953
Alloecentrellodes
Austrocentrus
Eosericostoma Schmid, 1955
Microthremma Schmid, 1955
Pseudosericostoma
Family Helicopsychidae
Helicopsyche
Cochliopsche
Feropsyche
Family Sericostomatidae Stephens, 1836
Chiloecia Navás, 1930
Grumicha Müller, 1879
Gumaga
Myotrichia Schmid, 1955
Notidobiella Schmid, 1955
Parasericostoma
Superfamily Tasimioidea
Family Tasimiidae
Charadropsyche Flint, 1969
Trichovespula Schmid, 1955
Infraorder Plenitentoria
Family Kokiriidae
Pangullia Navás, 1934
Superfamily Limnephiloidea
Family Limnephilidae
Anomalocosmoecus
Antarctoecia Ulmer, 1907
Austrocosmoecus Schmid, 1955
Clistoronia
Hesperophylax
Limnephilus
Metacosmoecus Schmid, 1955
Monocosmoecus
Platycosmoecus
Verger Navás, 1918
Superfamily Phryganeoidea
Family Lepidostomatidae
Lepidostoma
List of type depositories
ASL Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
BMNH
CMNH
Collection Apollinaris he worked in Colombia, sent material to Navás, material presumed lost
Collection Malicky private collection, Hans Malicky, Lunz am See, Austria
Collection Martynov private collection in Warsaw, material not in ASL, presumed lost
Collection Navás some material transferred to
Collection Poinar collection of George O. Poinar, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Collection Wichard private collection, Wilfried Wichard, Bonn, Germany
CZNC Coleção Zoológica Norte Capixaba, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Brazil
CZMA Coleção Zoológica do Maranhão, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
DZRJ
Coleção Entomológica Prof. José Alfredo Pinheiro Dutra, Departamento de Zoologia,
FHCU Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias (Departamento de Artropodos), Univeridad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
GPIMH Geological-Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Hamburg, Germany
IBN
Instituto de Biodiverdidad Neotropical,
IESHC
INBIO
IHNEC
Museo de Paleontología,
ISMA Instituto San Miguel, Buenos Aires, Argentina
IZAM Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Maracay, Venezuela
KMUL Karl-Marx-University, Leipzig, Germany
MHNJP
MIUP
MNHNP Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
MNHNS
NMSB
OPC
Jánus Oláh private collection, Debrecen, Hungary, presently under protection of
PAN
RNH Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, Netherlands
SDMNH
San Diego
UChS
UMQ University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
UNLP Museo de la Plata, Universdad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
UZMC Universitetets Zoologiske Museet, Copenhagen, Denmark
ZIUH
ZMUA Zoölogische Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Netherlands
ZSZMH Zoologische Staatsinstitut und Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg, Germany
Catalog
Family Anomalopsychidae
The family Anomalopsychidae was established by
Genus Anomalopsyche Flint [1]
Anomalopsyche
A single species is known from Chile. Larvae and pupae were described by
minuta (
—ocellata
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Contulma Flint [27]
Contulma
The 27 known species of Contulma range in distribution from Costa Rica, through the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, to Chile and the mountains of southeastern Brazil. Certainly, many more undescribed species await discovery.
Contulma species are generally found associated with the spray and splash zones of waterfalls, small first order streams, and seeps in lush, montane forests. Several species have been taken from small streams flowing through the páramo.
adamsae
Distribution. Peru.
bacula
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
boliviensis
Distribution. Bolivia.
caldensis
Distribution. Colombia.
cataracta
Distribution. Ecuador.
colombiensis Holzenthal and Flint, in
Distribution. Colombia.
costaricensis
Distribution. Costa Rica.
cranifer
Distribution. Chile.
echinata
Distribution. Colombia.
ecuadorensis
Distribution. Ecuador.
fluminensis
Distribution. Brazil.
inornata
Distribution. Colombia.
lanceolata
Distribution. Ecuador.
meloi
Distribution. Brazil.
nevada
Distribution. Colombia.
paluguillensis
Distribution. Ecuador.
papallacta
Distribution. Ecuador.
penai
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
sana
Distribution. Brazil.
sancta
Distribution. Costa Rica.
spinosa Holzenthal and Flint, in
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
talamanca
Distribution. Costa Rica.
tapanti
Distribution. Costa Rica.
tica
Distribution. Costa Rica.
tijuca
Distribution. Brazil.
tripui
Distribution. Brazil.
valverdei
Distribution. Costa Rica.
Family Atriplectididae
Genus Neoatriplectides Holzenthal [2]
Neoatriplectides
Unknown family 1,
Only two species are known in the genus, with definitive records of adults of one from only Peru and Bolivia, and the other from southeastern Brazil. Larval only records are known from Colombia and Ecuador, as well as Peru The larvae were described by
desiderata
—Neoatriplectides sp.,
Distribution. Brazil.
froehlichi
—Probable n. gen., n. sp.,
Distribution. Bolivia, Colombia [probable], Ecuador, Peru.
Family Calamoceratidae
This is a small, but cosmopolitan family of seven genera and about 200 species, most of which are tropical. Only two genera, Banyallarga and Phylloicus, are to be found in the Neotropics, with 17 and 58 species respectively, including one fossil species from Domincan amber.
Adults are more diurnal in their activity than most Trichoptera. The immature stages and cases of several species of Phylloicus have been described:
Genus Banyallarga Navás [17]
Banyallarga
Histricoverpa
This genus of 17 known species is endemic to the Neotropics, being found from Nicaragua to Argentina. Adults exhibit a preference for flying and swarming during the day, and only rarely are attracted to collecting lights.
The larvae are found in slowly flowing areas of small streams on sandy-stony bottoms or among vegetation (
acutiterga (Histricoverpa) (Denning and Hogue), in
Distribution. Costa Rica.
argentinica (Banyallarga)
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Peru.
columbiana (Banyallarga) (
Distribution. Colombia.
echinata (Histricoverpa)
—“n. sp. 1”
Distribution. Peru.
fortuna (Histricoverpa) (Resh), in
—undescribed genus, undescribed species “A”
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
loxana (Banyallarga) (Navás), 1934a:173 [Type locality: Ecuador, Loja; MNHNP; original description implies ♂; but the type is female; in Phylloicus]. —
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru.
mexicana (Histricoverpa)
Distribution. Mexico.
mollicula (Histricoverpa) (
Distribution. Venezuela.
nica (Histricoverpa)
Distribution. Nicaragua.
penai (Banyallarga)
Distribution. Bolivia, Ecuador.
quincemil (Histricoverpa)
Distribution. Peru.
sanchezi (Histricoverpa)
Distribution. Colombia.
sylvana (Histricoverpa)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
tapanti (Histricoverpa)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
vicaria (Banyallarga) (
—testacea
Distribution. Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela.
villosa (Banyallarga) (
Distribution. Ecuador.
yungensis (Banyallarga)
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Venezuela.
Genus Phylloicus Müller [57 + †1]
Phylloicus
Homoeoplectron
Notiomyia
Murielia Hogue and Denning, in
The genus is limited to Latin America, except for two species which extend into the southwestern United States. As in Banyallarga, the often strikingly colored adults are day active, although they do appear at collecting lights, especially teneral individuals.
Larvae have been described a number of times (
abdominalis (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
aculeatus (
—distans
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
adamsae
—“n. sp. 3” Flint, 1996: 425. —
Distribution. Peru.
aeneus (
—ornatus (
—centralus (
amazonas
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela.
angustior
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, Trinidad[?], Uruguay, Venezuela.
auratus
—“n. sp. 4” Flint, 1996:425. —
Distribution. Brazil, Peru.
bertioga
Distribution. Brazil.
bicarinatus
Distribution. Bolivia, Peru.
bidigitatus
Distribution. Brazil.
blahniki
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
brevior
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, Suriname.
bromeliarum
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
camargoi Quinteiro and Calor, in
Distribution. Brazil.
chalybeus (
Distribution. Cuba.
cordatus
Distribution. Venezuela.
crenatus
Distribution. Colombia.
cressae
Distribution. Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela.
cubanus
Distribution. Cuba.
dumasi
Distribution. Brazil.
elegans Hogue and Denning, in
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama.
elektoros
Distribution. Brazil, Peru, Venezuela.
ephippium
Distribution. Ecuador.
farri
Distribution. Jamaica.
fenestratus
Distribution. Brazil, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.
flinti
—“n. sp. 2” Flint, 1996:425. —
Distribution. Brazil, Peru.
hansoni
Distribution. Trinidad, Venezuela.
holzenthali
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
iridescens
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
lituratus
—“species 1”
—priapulus Denning and Hogue, 1983, in
Distribution. Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela.
llaviuco
Distribution. Ecuador.
maculatus (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico.
magnus
Distribution. Colombia.
major
—assimilis (
Distribution. Brazil, Paraguay.
medius
Distribution. Brazil.
mexicanus (
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
monneorum
Distribution. Brazil.
monticolus
Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique.
munozi
—“species 2”
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama.
nigripennis (
—latus (
—sagittosa (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua.
obliquus
Distribution. Brazil.
panamensis
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
paprockii
Distribution. Brazil.
passulatus
Distribution. Venezuela.
paucartambo
—“n. sp. 1” Flint, 1996:424. —
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru.
perija
Distribution. Venezuela.
pirapo
Distribution. Argentina, Paraguay.
plaumanni
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
pulchrus
Distribution. Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico.
quadridigitatus
Distribution. Brazil.
quitacalzon
Distribution. Peru.
spectabilis
Distribution. Peru.
spinulacolis
Distribution. Venezuela.
superbus
Distribution. Cuba, Dominican Republic.
tricalcaratus (
Distribution. Brazil.
trichothylax
Distribution. Ecuador.
† velteni
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
yolandae
Distribution. Brazil.
Family Ecnomidae
This family now contains 10 genera and almost 400 species, mostly confined to the Southern Hemisphere, with Australia home to several endemic genera. In the Northern Hemisphere, species extend into the Palearctic and just barely into the Nearctic regions. In their recent phylogeny,
The larvae of a number of the Old World species of Ecnomus have been described (
Genus Austrotinodes Schmid [43]
Austrotinodes
Austrotinodes, originally described for a series of species from southern Chile and adjacent Argentina, is now known to occur throughout the entire Neotropics, including the West Indies and Texas (
The pupa of A. recta and the larva of an unknown Chilean species were described by
abrachium Thson and Holzenthal, 2010:39 [Type locality: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Rio Paraúna, 3 km S Santana do Riacho, 19°10.986'S, 43°43.485'W, el. 650 m;
Distribution. Brazil.
adamsae
Distribution. Tobago.
amazonensis
Distribution. Brazil.
ancylus
Distribution. Ecuador.
angustior
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
ariasi
Distribution. Brazil.
armiger
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
belchioris
Distribution. Brazil.
boliviensis
Distribution. Bolivia.
bracteatus
Distribution. Brazil.
brevis
Distribution. Chile.
canoabo
Distribution. Venezuela.
cekalovici
Distribution. Chile.
chihuahua
Distribution. Mexico.
contubernalis
—species B
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
cressae
Distribution. Venezuela.
cubanus
Distribution. Cuba.
doublesi Muñoz and Holzenthal, 1993:565 [Type locality: Costa Rica, Parque Nacional Guanacaste, Estación Pitilla, Río Orosí, 10.991°N, 85.428°W;
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
fortunata
—species B
Distribution. Panama.
freytagi
Distribution. Belize, Honduras.
fuscomarginatus
Distribution. Venezuela.
inbio Muñoz and Holzenthal, 1993:565 [Type locality: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Reserva Forestal San Ramón, Río San Lorencito and tribs., 10.216°N, 84.607°W;
Distribution. Costa Rica.
irwini
Distribution. Chile.
labiatus
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
lineatus (
Distribution. Chile.
longispinum
Distribution. Brazil.
madininae
Distribution. Martinique.
mexicanus
Distribution. Mexico.
neblinensis
Distribution. Venezuela.
nielseni
Distribution. Argentina.
panamensis
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.
paraguayensis
Distribution. Brazil, Paraguay.
picada
Distribution. Chile.
prolixus
Distribution. Brazil.
quadrispina
Distribution. Chile.
recta
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
recurvatus
Distribution. Chile.
sedmani
—species A
Distribution. Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama.
talcana (
—latior
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
taquaralis
Distribution. Brazil.
triangularis
Distribution. Chile.
tuxtlensis
Distribution. Mexico.
uruguayensis
Distribution. Brazil, Uruguay.
Genus Chilocentropus Navás [1]
Chilocentropus
This genus is likely a synonym of Austrotinodes, but having no evidence
disparilis
Distribution. Chile.
Family Glossosomatidae
This cosmopolitan family of approximately 700 described species is represented in the Neotropics only by members of the subfamily Protoptilinae (save for one species of Glossosomatinae). The 269 Neotropical species, including 5 fossils in amber, are distributed among 11 genera, all endemic to the Neotropics, except for Culoptila, with species also in the southwestern U.S., Protoptila, with species widely distributed in North and South America, and a single, northern Mexican Glossosoma species. One of the Neotropical genera (Cariboptila) is endemic to the Greater Antilles, while 4 others (Canoptila, Mastigoptila, Scotiotrichia, Tolhuaca) are endemic to the Chilean Subregion and/or southeastern Brazil.
In their world revision of Glossosomatidae, Protoptilinae,
Six of the 10 Neotropical genera are known in the immature stages. In general, the tropical species tolerate warmer and more slowly flowing waters than the northern species, but feed in the same manner, i.e., by scraping periphyton and associated detritus from the upper surfaces of rocks. The Neotropical species build typical tortoise-cases, often with dorsal respiratory openings resembling chimneys (
Genus Canoptila Mosely [2]
Canoptila
Two species are known in the genus, both endemic to the Atlantic forests of southeastern Brazil (
bifida
Distribution. Brazil.
williami
Distribution. Brazil.
Genus Cariboptila Flint [21 + †4]
Cariboptila
Campsiophora
Cubanoptila Sykora, in
Muangpaipsyche
Cariboptila is endemic to the islands of the Greater Antilles. The immatures stages of C. orophila and C. jamaicensis were described by
arawak (
Distribution. Jamaica.
aurulenta
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
botosaneanui (
Distribution. Cuba.
caab
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
calcigena
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
cubana (Sykora), in
Distribution. Cuba.
† grimaldii (
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
guajira
Distribution. Cuba.
hispaniolica
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
jamaicensis
Distribution. Jamaica.
† longiscapa (
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
madremia (
Distribution. Cuba.
mathisi
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
† mederi (
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
mulata (
Distribution. Cuba.
muybonita (
Distribution. Cuba.
orophila
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
paradoxa
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
pedophila (
—areopagita (
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Thailand [?].
† poinari (
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
poquita
Distribution. Cuba.
purpurea (Sykora), in
Distribution. Cuba.
soltera
Distribution. Cuba.
tridens (Botosaneanu), in
Distribution. Jamaica.
trispinata
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
Genus Culoptila Mosely [23 + †1]
Culoptila
The genus was revised by
acaena
Distribution. Mexico.
† aguilerai Wichard, Solórzano-Kraemer and Luer, 2006:39 [Type locality: Chiapas, Simojovel de Allende, approximately 50 km from Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 17°08'19"N, 92°42'00"W, 600 m; IHNEC; ♂; in amber].
Distribution. Mexico.
aluca
Distribution. Mexico.
amberia
Distribution. Mexico.
azulae
Distribution. Mexico.
barrerai
Distribution. Mexico.
bidentata
Distribution. Costa Rica.
buenoi
Distribution. Mexico.
cascada
Distribution. Costa Rica.
costaricensis
Distribution. Costa Rica.
denningi
Distribution. Mexico.
hamata
Distribution. Costa Rica.
jamapa
Distribution. Mexico.
montanensis
Distribution. Guatemala.
moselyi
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
nahuatl
Distribution. Mexico.
pararusia
Distribution. Mexico.
rusia
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico.
saltena
Distribution. Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua.
tapanti
Distribution. Costa Rica.
tarascanica
Distribution. Mexico.
thoracica (
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
unispina
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
vexillifera
Distribution. Guatemala.
Genus Glossosoma Curtis [1]
Glossosoma
This is a large genus of primarily Holarctic and Oriental species. One western North American species, G. ventrale Banks, extends southward into northern Mexico. Larvae of the genus have been described a number of times (
ventrale
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
Genus Itauara Müller [22]
Itauara
Antoptila
alexanderi
Distribution. Brazil.
amazonica (
Distribution. Brazil.
bidentata
Distribution. Guyana.
blahniki
Distribution. Brazil.
brasiliana (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
charlotta
Distribution. Brazil.
emilia
Distribution. Brazil.
flinti
Distribution. Brazil.
guarani (
Distribution. Argentina.
guyanensis
Distribution. Guyana.
jamesii
Distribution. Brazil.
julia
Distribution. Brazil.
lucinda
Distribution. Brazil.
ovis
Distribution. Guyana, Venezuela.
peruensis
Distribution. Peru.
plaumanni (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
rodmani
Distribution. Brazil.
simplex
Distribution. Brazil.
spiralis
Distribution. Guyana.
stella
Distribution. Brazil.
tusci
Distribution. Brazil.
unidentata
Distribution. Guyana.
Genus Mastigoptila Flint [9]
Mastigoptila
The 9 species of Mastigoptila are known only from the Chilean Subregion of the Neotropics.
bicornuta (
Distribution. Chile.
brevicornuta (
Distribution. Chile.
complicornuta
Distribution. Chile.
curvicornuta
Distribution. Chile.
ecornuta
Distribution. Chile.
elae
Distribution. Chile.
longicornuta (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
ruizi (
—duplicicornuta (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
ventricornuta
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Merionoptila Schmid [1]
Merionoptila
The immature stages are not known for this monotypic genus, but the biology of the adult was described by
wygodzinskyi
Distribution. Argentina.
Genus Mortoniella Ulmer [97]
Mortoniella
Mexitrichia
Paraprotoptila
The 97 described species of Mortoniella are known from Mexico, Central, and South America as far south as Argentina and southeastern Brazil.
acauda
Distribution. Brazil.
aequalis (
Distribution. Peru.
agosta
Distribution. Brazil.
akantha
Distribution. Costa Rica.
albolineata
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
alicula
Distribution. Brazil.
anakantha
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
angulata
Distribution. Ecuador.
apiculata
Distribution. Ecuador.
argentinica
Distribution. Argentina.
aries (
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru.
armata (
Distribution. Argentina.
asymmetris
Distribution. Brazil, Paraguay.
atenuata (
Distribution. Peru.
aviceps
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
bifurcata
Distribution. Venezuela.
bilineata
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
bocaina
Distribution. Brazil.
bolivica (
Distribution. Bolivia.
brachyrhachos
Distribution. Mexico.
buenoi
Distribution. Mexico.
carinula
Distribution. Costa Rica.
catarinensis (
Distribution. Brazil.
caudicula
Distribution. Costa Rica.
chicana
Distribution. Ecuador.
collegarum (
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Chile.
crescentis
Distribution. Brazil.
denticulata
Distribution. Venezuela.
dolonis
Distribution. Brazil.
eduardoi (
Distribution. Bolivia.
elongata (
Distribution. Colombia.
enchrysa
Distribution. Colombia.
falcicula
Distribution. Mexico.
flinti
Distribution. Venezuela.
florica (
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua.
foersteri (
Distribution. Colombia.
froehlichi
Distribution. Brazil.
guahybae
Distribution. Brazil.
guairica (
Distribution. Paraguay.
hodgesi
Distribution. Ecuador.
hystricosa
Distribution. Brazil.
intervales
Distribution. Brazil.
iridescens
Distribution. Colombia.
latispina
Distribution. Brazil.
leei (
Distribution. Colombia.
leroda (
Distribution. Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua.
limona (
Distribution. Venezuela.
longispina
Distribution. Brazil.
macarenica (
Distribution. Colombia.
macuta (
Distribution. Venezuela.
marini (
Distribution. Bolivia.
meloi
Distribution. Brazil.
meralda (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua.
mexicana
Distribution. Mexico.
munozi
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
opinionis
Distribution. Costa Rica.
ormina (
Distribution. Brazil.
pacuara (
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica.
panamensis
Distribution. Panama.
papillata
Distribution. Costa Rica.
paraenchrysa
Distribution. Bolivia.
paraguaiensis
Distribution. Paraguay.
paralineata
Distribution. Ecuador.
parauna
Distribution. Brazil.
paraunota
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
pectinella
Distribution. Panama.
pocita (
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia.
propinqua
Distribution. Costa Rica.
pumila
Distribution. Brazil.
punensis (
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia.
pusilla
Distribution. Brazil.
quinuas
Distribution. Ecuador.
rancura (
Distribution. Mexico.
redunca
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
rodmani
Distribution. Costa Rica.
roldani
Distribution. Colombia.
rovira (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
santiaga
Distribution. Ecuador.
sicula
Distribution. Costa Rica.
similis
Distribution. Ecuador.
simla (
Distribution. Bolivia, Trinidad, Venezuela.
spinulata (
Distribution. Colombia.
squamata
Distribution. Ecuador.
stilula
Distribution. Costa Rica.
tapanti
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
taurina
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
teutona (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
tranquilla
Distribution. Peru.
tripuiensis
Distribution. Brazil.
truncata
Distribution. Brazil.
umbonata
Distribution. Panama.
unilineata
Distribution. Venezuela.
unota (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
uruguaiensis
Distribution. Brazil, Uruguay.
usseglioi (
Distribution. Bolivia.
velasquezi (
Distribution. Colombia.
wygodzinskii (
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela.
Genus Protoptila Banks [87]
Protoptila
Eighty-seven species and subspecies are presently known from Mexico, Central, and South America, including the Lesser Antilles, but many undescribed species undoubtedly occur in nature. The larvae have been described a number of times (e.g.,
alexanderi
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
altura
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
alumnorum
Distribution. Bolivia.
bicornuta
Distribution. Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.
boruca
Distribution. Costa Rica.
bribri
Distribution. Costa Rica.
burica
Distribution. Costa Rica.
cana
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
cardela
Distribution. Mexico.
chitaria
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
choluteca
Distribution. Honduras, Nicaragua.
chontala
Distribution. Mexico.
colombiensis
Distribution. Colombia.
condylifera
Distribution. Brazil.
cora
Distribution. Paraguay.
cristata
Distribution. Mexico.
cristula
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
ctenacantha
Distribution. Suriname.
ctilopsis
Distribution. Suriname.
curiosa
Distribution. Colombia.
delaca
Distribution. Mexico.
diablita
Distribution. Bolivia.
disticha
Distribution. Brazil.
dominicensis
Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe.
dubitans
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay.
ensifera
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
erotica
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
fimbriata
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
flexispina
Distribution. Brazil.
goitiai
Distribution. Bolivia.
guarani
Distribution. Paraguay.
guata
Distribution. Mexico.
huasteca
Distribution. Mexico.
huava
Distribution. Mexico.
ignera
Distribution. Tobago, Trinidad.
ixtala
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua.
jolandae
Distribution. Costa Rica.
julieta
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Peru.
kjeri
Distribution. Costa Rica.
laterospina
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
leonilae
Distribution. Mexico.
liqua
Distribution. Mexico.
locula
Distribution. Mexico.
longispinata
Distribution. Brazil.
lorada
Distribution. Mexico.
lucia
Distribution. Suriname.
macilenta
Distribution. Brazil.
malica
Distribution. Mexico.
mara
Distribution. Brazil.
marqua
Distribution. Mexico.
mayana
Distribution. Belize.
mina
Distribution. Suriname.
misionensis
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia.
mixteca mixteca
Distribution. Mexico.
mixteca veracruzensis
Distribution. Mexico.
myriamae
Distribution. Bolivia.
olvidada Bueno-Soria, Santiago-Fragoso and Barba-Álvarez, 2004:479 [Type locality: Mexico, Oaxaca, Loxicha, Pluma Hidalgo, el. 450 m;
Distribution. Mexico.
orotina orotina
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
orotina raposa
Distribution. Colombia, Peru.
perdida Bueno-Soria, Santiago-Fragoso and Barba-Álvarez, 2004:480 [Type locality: Panama, Canal Zone, Pipeline Road;
Distribution. Panama.
phyllisae
Distribution. Mexico.
piacha
Distribution. Mexico.
primerana (
Distribution. Argentina.
pseudopiacha
Distribution. Mexico.
quicha
Distribution. Guatemala.
quinoi
Distribution. Mexico.
resolda
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua.
rota
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua.
salta
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua.
simplex
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
spangleri
Distribution. Mexico.
spirifera
Distribution. Costa Rica.
strepsicera
Distribution. Costa Rica.
talamanca
Distribution. Costa Rica.
tarahumara
Distribution. Mexico.
techila
Distribution. Mexico.
ternatia
Distribution. Brazil.
tetravittata
Distribution. Brazil.
tica
Distribution. Costa Rica.
ticumanensis
Distribution. Mexico.
tojana
Distribution. Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru.
trichoglossa
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
trispicata
Distribution. Brazil.
truncata
Distribution. Argentina.
uruguayensis
Distribution. Uruguay.
voluta
Distribution. Colombia.
yurumanga
Distribution. Colombia.
Genus Scotiotrichia Mosely [1]
Scotiotrichia
A single species is known in the genus, endemic to the Chilean Subregion. Its immature stages have not been described.
ocreata
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Tolhuaca Schmid [2]
Tolhuaca
The genus now contains 2 disjunct species, one in southern Chile and one in southeastern Brazil. Nothing is known of the immature stages or their biology.
brasiliensis
Distribution. Brazil.
cupulifera
Distribution. Chile.
Family Helicophidae
The 43 extant species in this family occur on both sides of the southern Pacific Ocean. Four genera and 27 species are known from Australia, New Caledonia, and New Zealand and five genera and 16 species are found in southern Chile and Argentina.
The immature stages of several Australian-New Zealand genera are known (
Genus Alloecentrellodes Flint [2]
Alloecentrellodes
The two species known in this genus are associated with small, clear, cold, fast-flowing streams in forested areas (
elongatus
Distribution. Chile.
obliquus
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Austrocentrus Schmid [3]
Austrocentrus
bifidus
Distribution. Chile.
griseus
Distribution. Chile.
valgiformis
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Eosericostoma Schmid [2]
Eosericostoma
Two species are known in Eosericostoma. Both are common and widespread in central Chile. The larval stages of E. inaequispina have been described (
aequispina
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
inaequispina
—aequispina
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Microthremma Schmid [8]
Microthremma
With eight species, Microthremma is the largest genus in the family in the Western Hemisphere. The immature stages have not been described. Adults have been collected near small streams and spring runs (
angulatum
Distribution. Chile.
bipartitum
Distribution. Chile.
caudatum
Distribution. Chile.
crassifimbriatum
Distribution. Chile.
griseum
Distribution. Chile.
lobatum
Distribution. Chile.
patagonicum
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
villosum
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Pseudosericostoma Schmid [1]
Pseudosericostoma
The single species, P. simplississimum, is only known from the single adult type. The larva and its biology are not known.
simplississimum
Distribution. Chile.
Family Helicopsychidae
Well over 250 species are currently recognized in this small, primarily tropical family, which has been cataloged (
All known larvae build cases in the general form of a snail shell, but there is great diversity in the height of the case, number and tightness of whorls, size, nature, and degree of minerals and silk incorporated, etc. (
Genus Helicopsyche Siebold [121 + †3]
Cochliopsyche
Tetanonema
Helicopsyche
Feropsyche
The genus has been recorded from all biogeographical regions, except Antarctica (
Larvae construct helical cases of sand grains closely resembling the shells of snails. In fact, some of the American species were originally described as molluscs. Cases vary greatly among species in structure and composition (
alajuela (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
altercoma (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
amazona (Cochliopsyche)
Distribution. Brazil.
amica (Cochliopsyche)
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela.
angeloi (Feropsyche) Holzenthal, Blahnik and Calor, 2016:346 [Type locality: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Córrego das Águas Pretas & tribs., ca. 15 km S Aiuruoca, 22°03.704'S, 44°38.241'W, el. 1386 m;
Distribution. Brazil.
angulata (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela.
apicauda (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe.
auroa (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
blahniki (Cochliopsyche)
Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela.
blancasi (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Peru.
blantoni (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Panama.
borealis (Feropsyche) (
—lustrica
—arenifera
—glabra
—californica
—annulicornis
Distribution. Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A.
brazilia (Cochliopsyche)
Distribution. Brazil.
braziliensis (Feropsyche) (
Distribution. Brazil.
breviterga (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
caligata (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Chile.
camuriensis (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
centrocubana (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Cuba.
chilensis (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Chile.
chiriquensis (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
chocoensis (Cochliopsyche)
Distribution. Colombia.
cipoensis (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Brazil.
circulata (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
clara (Cochliopsyche) (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador.
cochleara (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Ecuador.
colombiensis (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
comosa (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Cuba.
cotopaxi (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Ecuador.
cubana (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Cuba, Jamaica.
curvipalpia (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Mexico.
dampfi (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua.
disjuncta (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
dominicana (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
dorsocurvata (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
† electra (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
extensa (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Peru, Venezuela.
falcigona (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Cuba.
fistulata (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
flinti (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Brazil.
fridae (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Panama.
golfitoensis (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
granpiedrana (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Cuba.
grenadensis (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Grenada, Venezuela.
guadeloupensis (Feropsyche)
—species 1
—species 2
Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia.
guara (Feropsyche) Holzenthal, Blahnik and Calor, 2016:348 [Type locality: Brazil, Santa Catarina, Rio Caeté, at entrance to Parque Ecológico Spitzkopf, 27°00.350'S, 49°06.650'W, el. 92 m;
Distribution. Brazil.
hageni (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Cuba, Dominican Republic.
haitiensis (Feropsyche)
—haitiense
Distribution. Haiti.
helicoidella (Feropsyche) (
Distribution. Brazil.
holzenthali (Cochliopsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
incisa (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.
kalaom (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
kingstona (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Jamaica.
lambda (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Argentina.
laneblina (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
lara (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
lazzariae (Feropsyche) Holzenthal, Blahnik and Calor, 2016:348 [Type locality: Brazil, Paraná, Voçoroca, along main road to Joinville, 25°50.332'S, 49°03.332'W, el. 650 m;
Distribution. Brazil.
lewalleni (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Costa Rica, El Salvador.
linabena (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
linguata (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Panama.
lobata (Cochliopsyche)
— n. sp. 1
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Peru.
lutea (Feropsyche) (
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
maculisternum (Feropsyche) Botosaneanu, in
—agglutinans
Distribution. Trinidad, Venezuela.
melanochaeta (Feropsyche)
—sp. indet. ex “gr. comosa”
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
merida (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
mexicana (Feropsyche)
—arizonensis
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, U.S.A.
minima (Feropsyche)
—nigra
Distribution. Nicaragua, Puerto Rico.
minuscula (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Peru.
molesta (Feropsyche) Botosaneanu, in Botosaneau and Hyslop, 1998:24 [Type locality: Jamaica, streamlet tributary of East Lucea River at ca. 2 km. upstream from its mouth, Hanover (Lucea); ZMUA; ♂; as subspecies of occidentale]. —
Distribution. Jamaica.
monda (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Venezuela.
montana (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Mexico.
muelleri (Feropsyche)
—angelae
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Peru.
napoa (Cochliopsyche)
Distribution. Ecuador.
neblinensis (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
nigrisensilla (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
obscura (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Argentina.
occidentale (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Cuba.
ochthephila (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Jamaica.
ocosingua (Cochliopsyche)
Distribution. Mexico.
opalescens (Cochliopsyche)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela.
pandeirosa (Cochliopsyche)
Distribution. Brazil.
paprockii (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Brazil.
paraguaiensis (Cochliopsyche)
Distribution. Paraguay.
parahageni (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
paucispina (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Cuba.
perija (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
peruana (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Peru.
pietia (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Mexico.
piroa (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua, U.S.A.
planata (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua.
planorboides (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Brazil.
poliochaeta (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
propinqua (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
puyoa (Cochliopsyche)
Distribution. Ecuador.
quadrosa (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Mexico.
ramosi (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
rentzi (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
sanblasensis (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Panama.
scalaris (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
† scaloida (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
selanderi (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Venezuela.
septifera (Feropsyche)
—cf. minima Von Siebold in
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
sigillata (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Cuba.
singulare (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
sinuata (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
succincta (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
sucrensis (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
tachira (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
tapadas (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Mexico.
temora (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Mexico.
thelidomus (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
timbira (Feropsyche) Silva, Santos and Nessimian, 2014:436 [Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Rio Beija Flor, 22°26'50.9"S, 43°00'19.4"W, el. 1187 m; DZRJ; ♂]. —
Distribution. Brazil.
truncata (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama.
turbida (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Argentina.
tuxtlensis (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico, Panama.
umbonata (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Jamaica.
valligera (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
vazquezae (Cochliopsyche)
Distribution. Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Venezuela.
venezuelensis (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
vergelana (Feropsyche)
—margaritensis (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela.
villegasi (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Mexico.
† voigti (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
woldai (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Panama.
woytkowskii (Feropsyche)
Distribution. Peru, Venezuela.
xinguensis (Cochliopsyche)
Distribution. Brazil.
Family Hydrobiosidae
This family was originally established by
As in Rhyacophilidae, the larvae of the hydrobiosids are free-living, and as far as known, predators. They greatly resemble the larvae of gill-less Rhyacophila, but the forelegs are modified for grasping their prey (
Genus Amphichorema Schmid [3]
Amphichorema
The genus contains three species, all restricted to the Chilean Subregion. The immature stages A. costiferum are described (
costiferum (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
monicae
Distribution. Chile.
zotheculum (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Androchorema Flint [1]
Androchorema
The genus still contains only a single species, described from Chile. Its immature stages are unknown. Only a very few adults ever have been taken at light near small, fast-flowing streams in forested areas.
chilense
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Apatanodes Navás [2]
Apatanodes
Australochorema
This is a small genus of two species, restricted to the Chilean Subregion. Their immature stages have been described (
brachyterga (
Distribution. Chile.
sociata
—rectispinum
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Atopsyche Banks [132 + †1]
Atopsyche
Dolochorema
Harpax
Ventrarma
Atopsychodes
Atopsaura
This is by far the largest genus in the family, with 132 extant and 1 fossil species. It has the widest distribution of the New World genera. Species are known from the southwestern tier of states in the United States, south throughout Central and South America, including the Greater Antilles, but stopping short of the Chilean Subregion. Many locally endemic species occur in the tropical Andes.
The larvae and pupae of a few species in the genus have been described (
acahuana (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
allani (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
antisuya (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
aplita (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Mexico.
apurimac (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
asancaru (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Venezuela.
atahuallpa (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Venezuela.
ayacucho (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Venezuela.
ayahuaca (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Venezuela.
banksi (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
batesi (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Haiti.
bicolorata (unplaced)
Distribution. Bolivia, Peru.
bispinosa (Dolochorema)
Distribution. Bolivia.
blahniki (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
bolivari (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Colombia.
boneti (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Mexico.
brachycerca (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Jamaica.
cajas (unplaced)
Distribution. Ecuador.
calahuaya (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Venezuela.
callosa (Atopsaura) (
—alconura (Atopsaura)
—schmidi (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Venezuela.
calopta (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Mexico.
caquetia (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
catherinae (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Ecuador.
chimpuocllo (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
chimuru (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Venezuela.
chinchacamac (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Venezuela.
chirihuana (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Brazil, Ecuador.
chirimachaya (unplaced)
Distribution. Ecuador.
choronica (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Venezuela.
cira (Atopsyche) (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
clarkei (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
conventica (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
copayapu (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Ecuador.
cordoba (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua.
cubana (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Cuba.
dampfi (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.
davidsoni (unplaced)
Distribution. Ecuador.
davisorum (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
diamantina (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
erigia (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Mexico, Panama, U.S.A.
espala (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Mexico.
explanata (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Peru.
flinti (unplaced)
Distribution. Ecuador.
galharada (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
hamata (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
hatunpuna (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
hidalgoi (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Mexico.
hinnulus (unplaced)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
hintoni (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Mexico.
hispida (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Mexico.
huacachaca (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
huacapuncu (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Venezuela.
huachacuyac (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Venezuela.
huainacapac (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
huallaripa (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Venezuela.
huamachucu (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
huanapu (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
huanucu (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Venezuela.
huarcu (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
huenga (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua.
iana (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Guyana.
ikonnikovi (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Peru.
implexa (Atopsyche) (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.
incatupac (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Ecuador.
irregularis (Dolochorema) (
Distribution. Peru.
jaba (unplaced)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
janethae (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Ecuador.
japoda (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua.
kamakan (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
kamesa (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia.
kingi (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Peru.
lilicae (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Haiti.
lobosa (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Bolivia, Peru.
longipennis (Atopsaura) (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
macrocerca (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Jamaica.
maitacapac (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Ecuador.
majada (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Panama.
major (Dolochorema)
Distribution. Bolivia.
mancocapac (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru.
maxi (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Argentina.
mayucapac (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Venezuela.
mexicana (unplaced) (
Distribution. Mexico.
milenae (unplaced)
Distribution. Ecuador.
minimajada (unplaced)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
misionensis (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Argentina.
muelleri (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
neolobosa (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Ecuador.
neotropicalis (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Peru.
onorei (unplaced) Sykora, in
Distribution. Ecuador.
orientalis (unplaced)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
pachacamac (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
pachacutec (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Ecuador.
pacharurac (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
parauna (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Brazil.
parihuana (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Venezuela.
paucartampu (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
peravia (unplaced)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
† perlucida (unplaced)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
pilcomayo (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Mexico.
plancki (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
puharcocha (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru.
rawlinsi (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Ecuador.
rinconi (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Brazil, Venezuela.
sanctipauli (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
segninii (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Venezuela.
serica (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
sinchicurac (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Ecuador.
siolii (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
socialis (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Mexico.
sperryi (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
spinosa (Atopsaura) (
—falina (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia.
taina (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
talamanca (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
tampurimac (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
tapanti (unplaced)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
thomasi (unplaced)
Distribution. Haiti.
tincuracu (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Bolivia.
tlaloc (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Ecuador.
trifida (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
tripunctata (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
ulmeri (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Bolivia, Peru.
unicolorata (unplaced)
Distribution. Bolivia.
uruguayensis (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Uruguay.
urumarca (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Brazil.
usingeri (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
vatucra (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Peru.
vinai (Atopsaura) Sykora and Botosaneanu, in
Distribution. Cuba.
viracocha (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
weibezahni (Atopsyche)
Distribution. Venezuela.
youngi (unplaced)
Distribution. Ecuador.
yunguensis (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia.
yupanqui (unplaced)
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
zernyi (Atopsaura)
Distribution. Brazil.
Genus Australobiosis Schmid [3]
Australobiosis
This is a genus of only three species, all restricted to the Chilean Subregion. Their immature stages are undescribed. Adults are rarely taken, usually by net, near small streams and waterfalls in densely forested sites.
araucanica
Distribution. Chile.
bidens
Distribution. Chile.
gladiocincta
Distribution. Argentina.
Genus Cailloma Ross and King [4]
Cailloma
Genus A
This is one of the first described genera of Neotropical Hydrobiosidae and one with a wide distribution. It is the only hydrobiosid genus that is both widespread in the Chilean Subregion and northward along the Andes. It now contains four species.
The larvae and pupae of all four species have been described and can be differentiated (
lucidula (
—brunosa
—angustipennis
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru.
pumida
—erinaceus
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
rotunda
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
rubemarini
Distribution. Bolivia.
Genus Clavichorema Schmid [7]
Clavichorema
The genus contains seven known species, all restricted to the Chilean Subregion. The immature stages of C. trancasicum were described by
capillatum
Distribution. Chile.
chiloeanum
Distribution. Chile.
complicatissimum
Distribution. Chile.
pescaderum
Distribution. Chile.
pillimpilli
Distribution. Chile.
purgatorium
Distribution. Chile.
trancasicum
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Heterochorema Schmid [1]
Heterochorema
The genus contains a single species, known only from southern Chile. Its immature stages are unknown.
paradoxicum (
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Iguazu Ross and King [2]
Iguazu
This a small genus of only two species, both known from the Chilean Subregion.
flavofuscum
Distribution. Chile.
ulmeri
Distribution. Argentina [?].
Genus Isochorema Schmid [2]
Isochorema
†Isochorema
The genus contains two species, both known from only a few specimens collected in Chile. Their immature stages are undescribed, and their biology is unknown.
curvispinum
Distribution. Chile.
flintorum
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Metachorema Schmid [2]
Metachorema
The genus still contains only two species restricted to the Chilean Subregion. The immature stages of A. griseum were described by
gregarium
Distribution. Chile.
griseum
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Microchorema Schmid [4]
Microchorema
This is a genus of four species, all wholly restricted to Chile. The immature stages of M. extensum were described by
extensum
Distribution. Chile.
larica
Distribution. Chile.
penai
Distribution. Chile.
recintoi
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Neoatopsyche Schmid [5]
Neoatopsyche
The genus contains five known species, all restricted to the Chilean Subregion. The immature stages of all five species were recently described and diagnosed (
brevispina
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
chilensis
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
obliqua
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
spinosella
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
unispina
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Neochorema Schmid [4]
Neochorema
This genus of four species is restricted to Argentina and Chile. The immature stages of N. sinuatum, as well as those of two unknown genera, Genus X and Genus Y, were described by
dictynnum
Distribution. Chile.
jaula
Distribution. Chile.
lobiferum
Distribution. Chile.
sinuatum
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Neopsilochorema Schmid [1]
Neopsilochorema
The genus contains only a single species, restricted to the Chilean Subregion.
tricarinatum
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Nolganema Navás [1]
Nolganema
This monotypic genus is only known from its original description which included a figure of its wing venation. It appears to be a member of the Amphichorema group of genera (
chilense
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Parachorema Schmid [1]
Parachorema
The immature stages of this monotypic genus were described by
bifidum
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Pomphochorema Flint [1]
Pomphochorema
The single species in the genus is known from Chile. Its immature stages are known (
chilensis
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Pseudoradema Schmid [1]
Pseudoradema
The immatures of this monotypic genus were described by
spinosissimum
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Rheochorema Schmid [4]
Rheochorema
The genus contains four described species, all restricted to the Chilean Subregion. The larva of all species are described (
lobuliferum
Distribution. Chile.
magellanicum
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
robustum
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
tenuispinum
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Schajovskoya Flint [1]
Schajovskoya
The genus still contains only a single species, known from Patagonian Argentina and Chile. Its immature stages were described at the time of the description of the genus and figured by
neuquenensis
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Stenochorema Schmid [1]
Stenochorema
The immature stages of this monotypic genus were described by
crassicostum
Distribution. Chile.
Family Hydropsychidae
The family Hydropsychidae is found in flowing water habitats around the world. Larvae spin silken nets to filter the water of food material and are common and often abundant components of the bottom fauna. Five subfamilies are recognized: Arctopsychinae, Diplectroninae, Hydropsychinae, Smicrideinae, and Macronematinae. The monophyly and phylogenetic relationships among these subfamilies has been the subject of recent studies (
Diplectroninae are cosmopolitan, but not very rich in genera or species. Only a few species of Diplectrona occur in the mountains of Mexico and Central America. Similarly, the Neotropical members of Hydropsychinae are found only in the northern regions, from Mexico into Panama and the Greater Antilles. Two genera, Cheumatopsyche and Hydropsyche are North American taxa that extend into northern Mexico, while Calosopsyche, Plectropsyche, and Streptospyche are endemic to southern Mexico, Central America, or the Greater Antilles. The subfamily Smicrideinae in the New World only contains Smicridea with its two subgenera, Smicridea and Rhyacophylax, but it is the most diverse Neotropical genus of Hydropsychidae, with over 200 described species. Macronematinae is richly represented in the Neotropics in genera and species. Of the genera, Blepharopus, Centromacronema, Macronema, Plectromacronema, Pseudomacronema, and Synoestropsis are allendemic to the region, while Leptonema and Macrostemum also have representatives in the Old World.
Genus Blepharopus Kolenati [1]
Blepharopus
The genus contains only a single species endemic to tropical South America. The robust, hirsute adults frequently come to lights near medium to large sized rivers.
diaphanus
—reticulatus
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela.
Genus Calosopsyche Ross and Unzicker [13 + †1]
Calosopsyche
The genus contains 14 species, including one fossil species, placed in two species groups: the calosa group of 9 species is endemic to the Greater Antillean islands, while the continentalis group of 5 species is found in southern Central America. The calosa group is distinguished from the continentalis group by the shape of the apical segment of the inferior appendage, which is not bifid at the tip or bearing a lobe on one side (
The larva and pupa of Calosopsyche continentalis were described by
ardisia
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
batesi (
Distribution. Haiti.
bicuspis
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
bohio (
Distribution. Haiti.
calosa (
Distribution. Cuba.
carinifera (
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
continentalis
—Genus B, undescribed species A
—Genus A, undescribed species A
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
cubana (
Distribution. Cuba.
darlingtoni (
Distribution. Cuba.
dearmasi (
Distribution. Cuba.
domingensis (
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
elachista
—Genus A, undescribed species A
—Genus B, undescribed species A
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
† palaeoelegans
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
sandrae (
Distribution. Costa Rica.
Genus Centromacronema Ulmer [17]
Centromacronema
Adults of the species in this genus are relatively large, conspicuous, and often encountered on streamside vegetation during the day. Males often display by waving their long antennae or through rapid, jerking, crawling movements on large leaves dappled with sunlight. Because of this, they were easily and frequently collected and described by the early South American naturalists. While several new species have been described recently, the identity of many of the older names is not clear because their types are poorly known and inadequately described. There seems to be a great deal of variation in color within a species, even at one site, and the differences in the genitalia between putative species are very small. There is a great need for a careful revision of all the species, including a reexamination of types, including those of the synonyms. The immature stages are known, but not yet described. Bueno-Soria (in litt.) indicated that the larvae described by
apicale (Walker), 185b2:72 [Type locality: Venezuela; BMNH; ♂]. —
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, Venezuela.
auripenne (
—cupreum (
—niveistigma (
—abjurans (
—quadrifurca (
—extensum
Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela.
dentatum
Distribution. Colombia.
excisum (
Distribution. Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela.
facile (
Distribution. Costa Rica.
felfele
Distribution. Peru.
ferrugineum (
Distribution. Costa Rica.
kanalas
Distribution. Peru.
nigrifrons
Distribution. Colombia.
nigripenne
Distribution. Venezuela.
oaxacensis Bueno-Soria, in
Distribution. Mexico.
obscurum (
Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, Honduras, Peru.
oculatum (
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
pioneira
Distribution. Brazil.
poyanawa
Distribution. Brazil.
pygmaeum Botosaneanu, in
Distribution. Trinidad, Venezuela.
talan
Distribution. Peru.
Genus Cheumatopsyche Wallengren [6]
Cheumatopsyche
This is a large genus of several hundred species found on all continents except South America. Several species occuring in the southwestern U.S.A. also occur in Nearctic northern Mexico and are listed below.
Immature stages of a number of species from many regions of the world have been described, (
arizonensis (
—zion
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
enonis
—geolca
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
gelita
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
lasia
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
mickeli
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
pinula
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
Genus Diplectrona Westwood [2]
Diplectrona Westwood, 1839:49 [Type species: Aphelocheira flavomaculata Stephens, 1836, nec Pictet, synonym of Diplectrona felix McLachlan, original designation].
Diplectrona, with about 120 species, is found in all biogeographic regions, but concentrated in the Oriental and Australasian regions and absent from South America. In the New World it is exclusively northern with sparse representation in Mexico and Guatemala at higher elevations.
In Mesoamerica, the immature stages live in small streams at higher elevations, usually in the pine forest zone. They construct a typical hydropsychid capture net and retreat on solid objects in the substrate. The retreat is rather rough and bulky, constructed mostly of irregular pieces of plant matter (Flint, personal observation).
chiapensis
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico.
solitaria
Distribution. Mexico.
Genus Hydropsyche Pictet [9]
Hydropsyche
Ceratopsyche
Mexipsyche
This genus of almost 600 species is cosmopilitan, but absent from South America and Australia. Like Cheumatopsyche, the species in Latin America are largely found in the northern half of Mexico, although those formerly placed in Mexipsyche occur in southern Mexico and Guatemala. Hydropsyche has been the subject a several taxonomic and phylogenetic assessments (
The well-known larvae are common and abundant in flowing waters or along the waveswept shores of northern lakes (
ancestralis (Ross and Unziker), 1977:306 [Type locality: Mexico, Oaxaca, Jaloa;
Distribution. Mexico.
auricolor
—solex
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
dampfi (
Distribution. Mexico.
delrio
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
occidentalis
—novamexicana
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
oslari
—partita
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
philo
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
toschiae
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico.
vespertina
Distribution. Mexico.
Genus Leptonema Guérin-Méneville [125]
Leptonema
Neoleptonema
Flint et al. (1987) provided a comprehensive review of the genus, but since then 34 new species have been described from the region. The genus also has species in Africa and Madagascar. The adults are much larger than most Neotropical caddisflies and the common and abundant larvae certainly contribute greatly to secondary production in streams.
Larvae live in a wide range of running water habitats, from small first order streams to large meandering rivers (
acutum
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua.
agraphum (
—trilobata (
Distribution. Brazil.
albovirens (
—guatemalum
Distribution. Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, St. Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad, U.S.A., Venezuela.
album
Distribution. Ecuador.
alceatum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:65 [Type locality: Peru, Dpto. Cuzco, Santa Isabel, Cosipata Valley;
Distribution. Bolivia, Peru.
amazonense
Distribution. Brazil, Venezuela.
amplifurcatum
Distribution. Brazil.
andinum
Distribution. Colombia.
andrea Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:51 [Type locality: Ecuador, Pcia. Pastaza, Estación Fluviometrico, 27 km N Puyo;
Distribution. Ecuador.
anomalum
Distribution. Peru.
araguense
Distribution. Venezuela.
archboldi
Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique.
asclepium Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:60 [Type locality: Costa Rica, Pcia. Cartago, Turrialba;
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
aspersum (
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela.
aterrimum
Distribution. Brazil.
auriculatum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:47 [Type locality: Bolivia, Dpto. La Paz, quebradas del Río Zongo;
Distribution. Bolivia.
banksi
Distribution. Colombia.
bifurcatodes
Distribution. Brazil.
bifurcatum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:44 [Type locality: Brazil, Edo. Espirito Santo;
Distribution. Brazil.
bilobatum
Distribution. Colombia.
boliviense boliviense
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Peru.
boliviense plumosum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:47 [Type locality: Argentina, Pcia. Tucuman, Cumbre Tafecillo;
Distribution. Argentina.
boraceia Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:44 [Type locality: Brazil, Edo. São Paulo, Estação Biológica Boracéia, Mun. Salesópolis;
Distribution. Brazil.
bunkok
Distribution. French Guiana.
campanum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:60 [Type locality: Panama, Pcia. Panama, Cerro Campana, near Chica;
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
championi
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico.
cheesmanae
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama.
chiapense Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:53 [Type locality: Mexico, Edo. Chiapas, Cascada Misolja, 20 km S Palenque;
Distribution. Mexico.
chila
Distribution. Mexico.
chocoense Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:40 [Type locality: Colombia, Dpto. Choco, km 130, 86 km E Quibdo;
Distribution. Colombia.
cinctum
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
clorito
Distribution. Costa Rica.
coheni Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:53 [Type locality: Ecuador, Pcia. Cotopaxi, 113 km W Latacunga;
Distribution. Ecuador.
columbianum
—externum
—cellare
—silvestrinum
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.
complexum
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
coronatum
Distribution. Venezuela.
crassum
—radiale
—grisolinum
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela.
cressae
Distribution. Venezuela.
davisi Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:41 [Type locality: Venezuela, T.F. Amazonas, Cerro de la Neblina, basecamp, 0°50'N, 66°10'W;
Distribution. Venezuela.
divaricatum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:36 [Type locality: Ecuador, Pcia. Pichincha, 29 km W Santo Domingo de los Colorados;
—crassum
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Venezuela.
dyeri Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:61 [Type locality: Honduras, Tegucigalpa;
Distribution. El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua.
ekisi Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:54 [Type locality: Panama, Pcia. Chiriqui, Bambito;
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
enikolah
Distribution. Colombia.
eugnathum (
—ochraceum
Distribution. Brazil.
ferelunatum Jardim, Dumas and Nessimian 2010:51 [Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro state, Nova Friburgo municipality, Lumiar, Córrego Boa Vista, Cachoeira Indiana Jones, 22°19'02.1"S, 42°17'28.5"W, el. 900 m; DZRJ; ♂]. —
Distribution. Brazil.
flintorum
Distribution. Costa Rica.
forficulum
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.
fortunum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:54 [Type locality: Panama, Pcia. Chiriqui, Fortuna Dam Site;
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
furciligerum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:73 [Type locality: Costa Rica, Pcia. Puntarenas, Golfito;
Distribution. Costa Rica.
gadzux Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:43 [Type locality: Venezuela, T.F. Amazonas, San Carlos de Río Negro, 1°56'N, 67°03'W;
Distribution. Venezuela.
guyanense Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:37 [Type locality: Venezuela, Edo Bolívar, Kanarakuni; IZAM; ♂].
Distribution. Venezuela.
hamuli Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:55 [Type locality: Panama, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island;
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.
harpagum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:74 [Type locality: Peru, Dpto. Huanuco, Monson Valley, Tingo Maria;
Distribution. Peru.
heppneri Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:55 [Type locality: Venezuela, Edo. Lara, Yacumbú National Park;
Distribution. Venezuela.
hirsutum
Distribution. Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela.
huismanae
Distribution. Costa Rica.
inca
Distribution. Bolivia, Peru.
inspiratum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:56 [Type locality: Peru, Dpto. Puno, Río Inambari/Loromayu;
Distribution. Peru.
insulanum
—ulmeri
Distribution. Venezuela.
intermedium
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama.
irroratum
Distribution. Suriname, Venezuela.
janolah
Distribution. Ecuador.
ketos
Distribution. French Guiana.
kunbenorum
Distribution. Peru.
lacuniferum
Distribution. Brazil, Venezuela.
lineaticorne
Distribution. Brazil, Peru.
lojaense Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:18 [Type locality: Ecuador, Environs de Loja;
Distribution. Ecuador.
lunatum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:38 [Type locality: Brazil, Edo. Santa Catarina, Corupa (Hansa Humboldt);
Distribution. Brazil.
macacu
Distribution. Brazil.
maculatum
Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname.
magas
Distribution. Peru.
mandibulatum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:38 [Type locality: Peru, Dpto. Huanuco, Tingo Maria;
Distribution. Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru.
masinca
Distribution. Peru.
mastigion Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:56 [Type locality: Ecuador, Pcia. Los Ríos, Río Palenque Biological Station;
Distribution. Ecuador.
meginca
Distribution. Peru.
menkei Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:18 [Type locality: Venezuela, Edo. Lara, Parque Nacional Yacambú;
Distribution. Venezuela.
michoacanense Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:56 [Type locality: Mexico, Edo. Michoacán, San Lorenzo, rt. 15, km 206;
Distribution. Mexico.
moselyi Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:67 [Type locality: Mexico, Edo. Morelos, Xochitepec;
Distribution. Mexico.
naevosum
Distribution. Colombia.
neadelphus Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:49 [Type locality: Colombia, Dpto. Antioquia, 10 km E Medellín, road to La Palma;
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
neblinense Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:41 [Type locality: Venezuela, T.F. Amazonas, Cerro de la Neblina, Camp X, 0°54'N, 60°2'W;
Distribution. Venezuela.
nubestre
Distribution. Colombia.
nygmosum
Distribution. Colombia.
olmos
Distribution. Peru.
pallidum
—furcatum
—flagellata (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, French Guiana.
piliferum
Distribution. Bolivia.
pinotepa Bueno-Soria, Santiago-Fragoso, and Barba-Álvarez, 2001:153 [Type locality: Mexico, Oaxaca, Metates, Sierra de Juárez, el. 1600 m;
Distribution. Mexico.
plicatum
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico.
poeyi (
Distribution. Cuba.
pseudocinctum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:19 [Type locality: Ecuador, Pcia. Tungurahua, 39 km E Banos;
Distribution. Ecuador.
pseudostigmosum
Distribution. Venezuela.
rafita
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
ramosum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:68 [Type locality: Venezuela, Edo. Bolvar, 10 km S of km 88, Piedra de Virgen;
Distribution. Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela.
rosenbergi
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
rostratum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:30 [Type locality: Argentina, Pcia. Entre Ríos, Salto Grande;
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
salvini
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
sancticaroli Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:30 [Type locality: Venezuela, T.F. Amazonas, 2 km E San Carlos de Río Negro;
Distribution. Brazil, Venezuela.
santosi Jardim, Dumas and Nessimian, 2010:56 [Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro state, Nova Friburgo municipality, Lumiar, Córrego Boa Vista, Sítio Dois Irmãos, 22°19'01.5"S, 42°17'23.3"W, el. 910 m; DZRJ; ♂]. —
Distribution. Brazil.
serranum
Distribution. Brazil.
serratum Jardim, Dumas and Nessimian, 2010:57 [Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro state, Macaé municipality, Crubixais de Cima, 1st order tributary of Rio Crubixais, 22°11'38.4"S, 42°04'46.1"W, el. 576 m; DZRJ; ♂]. —
Distribution. Brazil.
simplex
Distribution. Ecuador.
simulans mayanum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:62 [Type locality: Guatemala, Dpto. Huehuetenango, 20 mi NW Huehuetenango;
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua.
simulans simulans
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
sinuatum
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama.
sociale
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru.
spangleri Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:69 [Type locality: Venezuela, Edo. Barinas, Barinitas;
Distribution. Venezuela.
sparsum (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.
speciosum (
Distribution. Brazil.
spinulum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:63 [Type locality: Peru, Dept. Cuzco, Cosnipata Valley, Hacienda Maria;
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela.
spirillum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:50 [Type locality: Peru, Dept. Cuzco, Paucartambo, Cosnipata Valley;
Distribution. Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela.
stigmaticum
Distribution. Brazil.
stigmosum
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela.
tapanti
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
tholloni
Distribution. Brazil.
tica
Distribution. Costa Rica.
tollas
Distribution. Peru.
tridens
Distribution. Brazil, Paraguay [?].
trifidum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:75 [Type locality: Ecuador, Pcia. Napo, Tena;
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru.
tripartitum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:64 [Type locality: Colombia, Dpto. Antioquia, Quebrada Honda, 12 km SW Fredonia;
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
trispicatum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:46 [Type locality: Brazil, Edo. Sao Paulo, Municipalidad de Iporanga;
Distribution. Brazil.
turrialbum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:58 [Type locality: Costa Rica, Pcia. Cartago, Turrialba;
Distribution. Costa Rica.
uncatum
Distribution. Colombia.
viridianum
—dissimile
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.
vitum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:58 [Type locality: Costa Rica, Pcia. Puntarenas, Las Cruces, near San Vito;
Distribution. Costa Rica.
woldianum Flint, McAlpine and Ross, 1987:59 [Type locality: Panama, Pcia. Chiriquí, Fortuna dam site;
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
Genus Macronema Pictet [33 + †1]
Macronema
Macronemum
This genus of strikingly colored species is endemic to the Neotropics. Many of the species have the basal half or two-thirds of the forewing covered with emerald green scales, with the apex irrorate, in various manners, with gold, black, silver, or brown scales.
amazonense
Distribution. Brazil.
argentilineatum
—polygramma
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
bicolor
—agnathum
—apicale (
—chloraemus
Distribution. Brazil.
bifidum
Distribution. French Guiana, Suriname.
burmeisteri
Distribution. Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru.
chalybeoides
Distribution. Mexico.
esterum
Distribution. Argentina.
exophthalmum
Distribution. Brazil.
fragile
Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname.
fraternum
Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname.
fulvum
Distribution. Brazil.
gundlachi
Distribution. Cuba.
hageni
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.
† hispaniola
Distribution. Domincan Republic.
immaculatum
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
ketleben
Distribution. French Guiana.
lachlani
Distribution. Brazil.
lineatum
Distribution. Brazil.
luteipenne
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama.
matthewsi
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
muelleri
Distribution. Brazil.
paliferum
Distribution. Suriname.
partitum
Distribution. Brazil.
parvum
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
pennyi
Distribution. Brazil.
percitans
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname.
pertyi
Distribution. Brazil, Peru.
picteli Banks, 1915:631 [Type locality: British Guiana, Mallali;
Distribution. Guyana, Suriname.
reinburgi
Distribution. Peru.
rubiginosum
Distribution. Brazil.
studiosorum
Distribution. Jamaica.
toblet
Distribution. French Guiana.
tremenda
Distribution. Cuba.
variipenne
Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru [?].
Genus Macrostemum Kolenati [18]
Macrostemum
In the Neotropics and elsewhere, this genus is noted for its strikingly patterned adults. The wings have dark marks contrased against light or clear membranous areas. Species occur in North America, Asia, and Africa. The immature stages make complex retreats with very fine-meshed capture nets in or on a solid substrate, especially submerged wood (
arcuatum (
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, Peru, Suriname.
brasiliense (Fisher), 1970:242 [nomen novum for Phryganea maculata Perty, 1833, preoccupied in Phryganea by Phryganea maculata
—maculatum (Perty), 1833:129 [Type locality: [Brazil], inter St. Pauli civitatem et Villam riccam;
—tuberosum
Distribution. Brazil.
braueri (
Distribution. Brazil.
bravoi França, Paprocki and Calor, 2013:307 [Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Barreiras, APA Rio de Janeiro, Cachoeira Acaba Vida, 11°53'S, 45°36'W, el. 705 m;
Distribution. Brazil.
digramma (
Distribution. Brazil.
erichsoni (
Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname.
felker
Distribution. Peru.
hyalinum (
Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela.
negrense (
Distribution. Brazil.
nigrum França, Paprocki and Calor, 2013:305 [Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Wenceslau Guimarães, Estação Ecológica Estadual Wenceslau Guimarães, Riacho Serra Grande, cachoeira em cima, 13°35'34.3"S, 39°42'51.8"W, el. 482 m;
Distribution. Brazil.
par (
Distribution. Brazil.
ramosum (Navás), 1916a:28 [Type locality: [Brazil], Nueva Friburgo; collection Navás, now lost?; sex unknown; as Macronema tuberosum Ulm. var. ramosa]. —
Distribution. Brazil.
santaeritae (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
subaequale (
Distribution. Argentina.
surinamense (
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
trigramma (
—pullatum (
Distribution. Brazil.
triste (
Distribution. Brazil.
ulmeri (
—siolii (
Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad.
Genus † Palaehydropsyche Wichard [†1]
† Palaehydropsyche
This fossil genus, containing a single species from Miocene-Oligocene Dominican amber, was included in the Hydropsychinae by
† fossilis
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
Genus Plectromacronema Ulmer [3]
Plectromacronema
Podomacronema
Plectromacronema, one of several endemic Neotropical macronematines, contains three species distributed sporadically from southern Mexico to tropical Argentina.
comptum
Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela.
lisae
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico.
subfuscum (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
Genus Plectropsyche Ross [3 + †1]
Plectropsyche
The placement of the species in this taxon has been the subject of recent taxonomic uncertainty.
† alvarezi Wichard, Solórzano-Kraemer and Luer, 2006:41 [Type locality: Mexico, Chiapas, Simojovel de Allende,; IHNEC; ♂; in amber]. —
Distribution. Mexico.
hoogstraali
—pitella (
Distribution. Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua.
velascoi
Distribution. Mexico.
wallacei
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
Genus Pseudomacronema Ulmer [1]
Pseudomacronema
This is another monotypic genus of Neotropical Macronematinae, similar in apperance to Macronema. A second species at one time placed in the genus, Macronema arcuatum Erichson, proved to be a Macrostemum lacking a small cross vein. Discovery of the immature stages of Pseudomacronema vittatum might prove that it is also a Macrostemum or closely related to that genus.
vittatum
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay.
Genus Smicridea McLachlan [230]
Smicridea
Rhyacophylax
Pellopsyche
Antarctopsyche
Badallus
This genus is ubiquitous across the entire Neotropical region, where it is very diverse and generally abundant. Species are found as far north as the southwestern United States, and over all the Antillean islands. All the species are distributed between two subgenera, Smicridea and Rhyacophylax, with 130 and 100 species, respectively, from Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. The species of this genus seem to be filling the niches in the Neotropics occupied by the genera Hydropsyche and Cheumatopsyche in the rest of the world.
All species are restricted to the vicinity of flowing water, where their immature stages are found. Their larvae and pupae have been described a number of times (
abrupta (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
acuminata (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru.
aequalis (Smicridea)
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, Suriname.
albifrontalis (Smicridea)
Distribution. Peru.
albosignata (Smicridea)
—maculata
Distribution. Brazil.
alticola (Smicridea)
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
amplispina (Smicridea)
Distribution. Venezuela.
anaticula (Smicridea)
Distribution. Venezuela.
andicola (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.
annulicornis (Smicridea) (
—chilensis (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
anomala (Smicridea)
Distribution. Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela.
anticura (Smicridea)
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
appendicula (Smicridea)
Distribution. Suriname.
appendiculata (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
araguaiense (Rhyacophylax) Albino, Pes and Hamada, 2011:3 [Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Campus da Unemat;
Distribution. Brazil.
argentina (Rhyacophylax) (
Distribution. Argentina, Paraguay [?], Peru[?].
aries (Smicridea)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
arizonensis (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
astarte (Smicridea)
Distribution. Guadeloupe.
aterrima (Smicridea)
Distribution. Argentina.
atmena (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Peru.
atrobasis (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay.
aurra (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Colombia.
banksi (Smicridea)
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Haiti.
begorba (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Ecuador.
bicornuta (Rhyacophylax) Albino, Pes and Hamada, 2011:5 [Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina municipality, Córrego da Mata (4th order stretch), S15°01'32", W52°26'29";
Distribution. Brazil.
bidactyla (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela.
bidentata (Smicridea)
Distribution. Peru.
bifasciata (Rhyacophylax) Albino, Pes and Hamada, 2011:7 [Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina municipality, Córrego da Mata (2nd order stretch), S14°59'18" W52°27'30";
Distribution. Brazil.
bifida (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina.
bifurcata (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Honduras.
biserrulata (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
bivittata (Smicridea) (
—albata (
Distribution. Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela.
brasiliana (Rhyacophylax) (
Distribution. Brazil.
breviuncata (Smicridea)
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama.
brunnescens (Smicridea)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
bulara (Smicridea)
Distribution. Mexico, Trinidad.
bulbosa (Smicridea)
Distribution. Suriname.
caldwelli (Smicridea)
Distribution. Mexico.
caligata (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
calopa (Smicridea)
Distribution. Mexico.
campana (Smicridea)
Distribution. Panama.
cariba (Smicridea)
Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe.
cartiensis (Smicridea)
Distribution. Panama.
catherinae (Smicridea)
Distribution. Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama.
chicoana (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina.
cholta (Smicridea)
Distribution. Guatemala, Nicaragua.
circinata (Smicridea)
Distribution. Panama.
columbiana (Rhyacophylax) (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Suriname, Venezuela [?].
comma (Smicridea)
Distribution. Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti.
completa (Smicridea)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
complicatissima (Smicridea)
Distribution. Chile.
compostella (Smicridea)
Distribution. Mexico.
conjuncta (Smicridea)
Distribution. Colombia.
cornuta (Smicridea)
Distribution. Suriname.
coronata (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay.
corralita (Smicridea)
Distribution. Mexico.
cubana (Smicridea)
Distribution. Cuba.
cuna (Smicridea)
Distribution. Panama.
curvipenis (Smicridea)
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.
dampfi (Smicridea)
Distribution. Mexico.
decora (Smicridea) (
—annulicornis (
—albescens (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
dentifera (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
dentisserrata (Rhyacophylax) Albino, Pes and Hamada, 2011:9 [Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina municipality, Córrego da Mata (2nd order stretch), S 14°59'18” W 52°27'30”;
Distribution. Brazil.
discalis (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
dispar (Rhyacophylax) (
—utico
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
dithyra (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.
dombora (Smicridea)
Distribution. French Guiana.
duarte (Smicridea)
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Haiti.
egsera (Smicridea)
Distribution. Mexico.
elisae (Smicridea)
Distribution. Argentina.
ephippifer (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana.
erda (Smicridea)
Distribution. French Guiana.
erecta (Smicridea)
Distribution. French Guiana, Suriname.
fasciatella (Smicridea)
—divisa (
Distribution. Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, U.S.A.
felsa (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Ecuador.
figueroai (Smicridea)
Distribution. Chile.
filicata (Smicridea)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
flinti (Rhyacophylax) Albino, Pes and Hamada, 2011:11 [Type locality: Brazil, Amazonas, Presidente Figueiredo municipality, Balneário Sossego da Pantera, Igarapé da Onça; S 02°00'52” W 60°01'43”;
Distribution. Brazil.
florecita (Smicridea)
Distribution. Mexico.
fogasa (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Ecuador.
forcipata (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
franciscana (Smicridea) Rocha, Dumas and Nessimian, 2016b:426 [Type locality: Brazil, Minas Gerais, São Roque de Minas, Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, afluente do Ribeirão das Posses (Córrego dos Pombos), 20°14'56.6"S, 46°38'04.9"W, el. 997 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
frequens (Smicridea) (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
froehlichi (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Brazil.
furesa (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru.
fuscifurca (Smicridea) Botosaneanu, in
Distribution. Jamaica.
gemina (Smicridea)
Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama.
gladiator (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Brazil.
gomezi (Smicridea)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
gomphotheria (Smicridea)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
grandis (Smicridea)
Distribution. Jamaica.
grandisaccata (Smicridea)
Distribution. Colombia.
grenadensis (Smicridea)
Distribution. Grenada.
hajla (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Ecuador.
haraga (Smicridea)
Distribution. Peru.
helenae (Rhyacophylax) Albino, Pes and Hamada, 2011:13 [Type locality: Brazil, Roraima, Caracaraí municipality, Rio Branco, Cachoeira do Bem Querer, N01°55'42" W61°00'09";
Distribution. Brazil.
holzenthali (Smicridea)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
homora (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru.
horga (Smicridea)
Distribution. Ecuador.
hybrida (Smicridea)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.
iguazu (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
inaequispina (Smicridea)
Distribution. French Guiana, Suriname.
inarmata (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua.
jamaicensis (Smicridea)
Distribution. Jamaica.
jundiai (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Brazil.
kampoka (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Peru.
kana (Smicridea)
Distribution. Peru.
kapara (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Peru.
karukerae (Smicridea)
Distribution. Guadeloupe.
kovera (Smicridea)
Distribution. Argentina.
lacanha (Smicridea)
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico.
latipala (Smicridea)
Distribution. Panama.
lebena (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Peru.
legezoa (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Peru.
leloga (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Peru.
lemeza (Smicridea)
Distribution. Peru.
lobata (Rhyacophylax) (
—islamarga (Rhyacophylax) (Botosaneanu), in
—repula (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela.
lourditae (Smicridea) Pauls, Blahnik and Holzenthal, in
Distribution. Chile.
magdalenae (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Colombia.
magnipinnata (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Colombia.
mangaratiba (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Brazil.
manzanara (Smicridea)
Distribution. Chile.
marlieri (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Brazil, Venezuela.
martinica (Smicridea)
Distribution. Martinique.
marua (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Brazil.
matagalpa (Smicridea)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.
matancilla (Smicridea)
Distribution. Chile.
medena (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Colombia, Peru.
meridensis (Smicridea)
Distribution. Venezuela.
mesembrina (Rhyacophylax) (
—nivosa (
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay.
microsaccata (Smicridea)
Distribution. Colombia.
mincana (Smicridea)
Distribution. Colombia.
minima (Smicridea)
Distribution. Jamaica.
minuscula (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Paraguay.
mirama (Smicridea)
Distribution. Nicaragua, Panama.
mirnae (Smicridea)
Distribution. Brazil.
mucronata (Smicridea)
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
multidens (Smicridea)
Distribution. Panama.
murina (Rhyacophylax)
—magna (
—mendocensis (
—zanclophora
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela.
nahuatl (Smicridea)
Distribution. Mexico.
nanda (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina.
necator (Rhyacophylax) Rocha, Dumas and Nessimian, 2016b:424 [Type locality: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Delfinópolis, surrounding area of the Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, afluente do Ribeirão Forquilha, 20°18'55.58"S, 46°49'59.04"W, el. 720 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
nemorosa (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
nemtompa (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru.
nigerrima (Smicridea)
Distribution. Argentina.
nigricans (Smicridea)
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru [?].
nigripennis (Smicridea)
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
obesa (Smicridea)
Distribution. Cuba.
obliqua (Smicridea)
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
octospina (Smicridea)
Distribution. Suriname.
olivacea (Smicridea)
Distribution. Argentina.
palifera (Smicridea)
Distribution. Brazil, Grenada, Venezuela.
pallidivittata (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina.
palmar (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
pampeana (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay.
paranensis (Smicridea)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay.
parany (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Peru.
patinae (Smicridea) Pauls, Blahnik and Holzenthal, in
Distribution. Chile.
penai (Smicridea)
Distribution. Chile.
peruana (Rhyacophylax) (
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Peru.
petasata (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Ecuador, Venezuela.
pipila (Smicridea)
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico.
piraya (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
pochutla (Smicridea) Bueno-Soria, Santiago-Fragoso, and Barba-Álvarez, 2001:150 [Mexico, Oaxaca, Pchutla, Finca Progreso;
Distribution. Mexico.
polyfasciata (Smicridea)
Distribution. Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.
probolophora (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
prorigera (Smicridea)
Distribution. Colombia.
protera (Smicridea) (
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
pseudolobata (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
pseudoradula (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Colombia, Peru, Venezuela.
pucara (Smicridea)
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
radula (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Brazil, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.
ralphi (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Brazil.
rara (Smicridea)
Distribution. Mexico.
redunca (Smicridea)
Distribution. Chile.
reinerti (Smicridea)
Distribution. Brazil.
resela (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Peru.
riita (Smicridea)
Distribution. Venezuela.
roraimense (Rhyacophylax) Albino, Pes and Hamada, 2011:19 [Type locality: Brazil, Roraima, Caracaraí municipality, Rio Branco, Cachoeira do Bem Querer, N 01°55'42” W 61°00'09”;
Distribution. Brazil.
ruginasa (Smicridea)
Distribution. Colombia.
salta (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Mexico.
sarkoska (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
sarla (Smicridea)
Distribution. Peru.
sarvaka (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Peru.
sattleri (Smicridea)
Distribution. Brazil.
saucia (Smicridea)
Distribution. Peru.
scutellaris (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname.
sepala (Smicridea) Rocha, Dumas and Nessimian, 2016b:427 [Type locality: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Delfinópolis, surrounding area of the Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, confluência do Ribeirão Grande e Córrego Mata do Engenho, 20°31'20.20"S, 46°30'37.57"W, el. 661 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
sexspinosa (Smicridea)
Distribution. Brazil.
signata (Rhyacophylax) (
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico, U.S.A.
simmonsi (Smicridea)
—therezieni (Smicridea)
—aurimacula (Smicridea)
Distribution. Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent.
singri (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
sirena (Smicridea)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
smilodon (Smicridea)
Distribution. Chile.
soyatepecana (Smicridea)
Distribution. Mexico.
spinulosa (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
sudara (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru.
talamanca (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
tapanti (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
tarasca (Smicridea)
Distribution. Mexico.
tavola (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Ecuador.
thermophila (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina.
tina (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Ecuador.
titschacki (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Peru.
tobada (Smicridea)
Distribution. Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela.
torpa (Smicridea)
Distribution. French Guiana.
travertinera (Smicridea) Paprocki, Holzenthal and Cressa, 2003:404 [Type locality: Venezuela, Falcón, Quebrada El Charo at cataratas, 10°46.771'N, 69°12.174'W, el. 425 m;
Distribution. Argentina, Venezuela.
tregala (Smicridea)
Distribution. Chile.
truncata (Smicridea)
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
turgida (Smicridea)
Distribution. Chile.
turrialbana (Smicridea)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
ulva (Smicridea)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
unguiculata (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay.
unicolor (Smicridea) (
Distribution. Mexico.
urra (Smicridea)
Distribution. Colombia.
vagotta (Smicridea)
Distribution. French Guiana.
vakara (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Peru.
valeni (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina.
varia (Smicridea) (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.
vaskosa (Smicridea)
Distribution. French Guiana.
vekona (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina.
ventridenticulata (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela.
veracruzensis (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico.
vermiculata (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay.
vilela (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
villa (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Peru.
villarricensis (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Paraguay.
voluta (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Peru.
weidneri (Rhyacophylax)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
Genus Streptopsyche Ross and Unzicker [5]
Streptopsyche
This small genus of five species, known only from Hispaniola, has recently gone into and out of synonymy with Calosopsyche (
antilles (
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Haiti.
davisorum
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
parander (
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
praecipua
Distribution. Haiti.
rawlinsi
Distribution. Haiti.
Genus Synoestropsis Ulmer [10]
Synoestropsis
Chiasmoda
This is the only member of the macronematine tribe Polymorphanisini to occcur in the Neotropics, where its ten species are found from central Mexico to northern Argentina, but not on the Antillean islands.
The larva of an unknown species, long suspected to be Synoestropsis, was ilustrated by
ecliptica (
Distribution. Argentina.
euryphlebia
Distribution. French Guiana.
furcata
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela.
grisoli
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.
manicata (
Distribution. Argentina.
obliqua
Distribution. Brazil.
pedicillata
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
punctipennis
Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru.
stictonota
Distribution. Brazil.
vitrea
Distribution. Argentina.
Family Hydroptilidae
Hydroptilidae, or microcaddisflies, are found around the globe. The family is among the most species rich in all of Trichoptera. The adults of most of the species are usually no more than 5 mm in total length, and some much smaller.
The higher classification proposed by
Hydroptilinae: Hydroptila, Oxyethira, Tricholeiochiton
Leucotrichiinae: Acostatrichia, Alisotrichia, Anchitrichia, Ascotrichia, Betrichia, Byrsopteryx, Ceratotrichia, Celaenotrichia, Cerasmatrichia, Costatrichia, Leucotrichia, Mejicanotrichia, Peltopsyche, Scelobotrichia, Tupiniquintrichia, Zumatrichia
Neotrichiinae: Kumanskiella, Mayatrichia, Neotrichia, Taraxitrichia
Ochrotrichiinae: Angrisanoia, Metrichia, Nothotrichia, Ochrotrichia, Ragatrichia, Rhyacopsyche
Orthotrichiinae: Ithytrichia, Orthotrichia
Stactobiinae: Bredinia, Flintiella, Orinocotrichia, Tizatetrichia
Incertae Sedis: Dicaminus
Recently, Santos et al. (2016) revised the phylogeny and classification of Leucotrichiinae, based on an analysis of morphological and molecular data. Their results supported the monophyly of Leucotrichinae and suggested that the included genera belong to two monophyletic tribes, the newly established Alisotrichiini (Alisotrichia, Byrsopteryx, Celaenotrichia, Cerasmatrichia, Mejicanotrichia, Scelobotrichia), and a revised definition of Leucotrichiini Flint (Acostatrichia, Anchitrichia, Ascotrichia, Betrichia, Ceratotrichia, Costatrichia, Leucotrichia, Peltopsyche, Tupiniquintrichia, Zumatrichia). They also proposed several nomenclatural changes to reflect their phylogenetic results, including the synonymy of Abtrichia with Peltopsyche, the transfer of Betrichia hamulifera to Costatrichia, Betrichia alibrachia and Costatrichia falsa to Leucotrichia, and Costatrichia fluminensis to Acostatrichia. They also established a new genus, Tupiniquintrichia, to include Peltopsyche maclachlani and Leucotrichia procera. Earlier,
The larvae of microcaddisflies are highly diverse in form, habitat, and feeding behavior. Although most construct cases of silk or sand, some construct shelters covering only the exposed side and are firmly attached to the substrate, and others remain free-living prior to pupation. Several genera occurring in the Neotropics remain unknown in the larval stage.
Genus Acostatrichia Mosely [20]
Acostatrichia
This genus of Leucotrichiinae, Leucotrichiini, is widespread over much of South America and Panama, but is not known from the rest of Central America or the Antilles. The monophyly of the genus is equivocal and the taxonomy and phylogeny of this and several others in the tribe (e.g., Betrichia, Costatrichia) require further carefull study (
The immature stages of Acostatrichia simulans were described by
brevipenis
Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname.
buborektala
Distribution. Brazil, Peru.
cerna Oláh and Flint, 2012:143 [Type locality: Ecuador, Los Rios Province. Quevedo (56 km North), Rio Palenque Biological Station, el. 250 m;
Distribution. Ecuador.
darda Oláh and Flint, 2012:145 [Type locality: Peru, Cusco Department, Pilcopata, premontane moist forest, el. 600 m;
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru.
digitata
Distribution. Venezuela.
elvesta Oláh and Flint, 2012:146 [Type locality: Brazil, Rondonia State, creek, 8 km South Cacaulandia;
Distribution. Brazil.
fimbriata
Distribution. Suriname.
fluminensis (
Distribution. Brazil.
hosulaba Oláh and Flint, 2012:147 [Type locality: Ecuador, Pastaza Province, Puyo (1.5 km South);
Distribution. Ecuador.
ketvilla Oláh and Flint, 2012:149 [Type locality: Brazil, Pará State, Rio Xingu Camp, circa. 60 km South Altamira, 52°22'W, 3°39'S;
Distribution. Brazil.
kihara Oláh and Flint, 2012:150 [Type locality: Ecuador, Napo Province, Pano, at stream, el. 580 m;
Distribution. Ecuador, Venezuela.
pika Oláh and Flint, 2012:151 [Type locality: Ecuador, Pichincha Province, Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 14 km East;
Distribution. Ecuador.
plaumanni
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
rovidka Oláh and Flint, 2012:153 [Type locality: Guyana, Moco-Moco, 30 km East Lethem, 3°18.2'N, 59°39.0'W;
Distribution. Guyana.
simulans
Distribution. Brazil, Uruguay.
spinifera
Distribution. Suriname.
tapada Oláh and Flint, 2012:154 [Type locality: Venezuela, Bolivar State, Rio Caroni at Paso Caruachi;
Distribution. Venezuela.
topora Oláh and Flint, 2012:156 [Type locality: Panama, Barro Colorado Island, Snyder-Molino trail;
Distribution. Panama.
tuskera Oláh and Flint, 2012:157 [Type locality: Brazil, São Paulo State, Piracicaba;
Distribution. Brazil.
ujasa Oláh and Flint, 2012:158 [Type locality: Ecuador, Pastaza Province, Puyo (27 km North), Estacion Fluviometrica;
Distribution. Ecuador.
Genus Alisotrichia Flint [58 + †1]
Alisotrichia
Rioptila
The genus was placed in the Leucotrichiinae by
Larvae of the type species, A. hirudopsis, were described by
aglae
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Haiti.
alayoana
Distribution. Cuba.
aquaecadentis
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Haiti.
arcana
Distribution. Haiti.
argentilinea
Distribution. Jamaica.
† arizela
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
asta
Distribution. Panama.
befoga Oláh and Flint, 2012:159 [Type locality: Peru, Huanuco Province, Tingo Maria, el. 672 m, premontane rain forest;
Distribution. Peru.
benji
Distribution. Argentina.
bisetosa
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
cacaulandia
Distribution. Brazil.
cainguas
Distribution. Argentina.
chihuahua
Distribution. Mexico.
chiquitica
Distribution. Cuba.
chorra
Distribution. Mexico.
cimarrona
Distribution. Cuba.
circinata
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
cornicula
Distribution. Mexico.
cuernita
Distribution. Panama.
cyanolenos
Distribution. Trinidad, Venezuela.
euphrosyne
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Haiti.
flintiana
Distribution. Cuba.
fundorai (
Distribution. Cuba.
gabriel
Distribution. Argentina
giampaolina Botosaneanu, in
Distribution. Jamaica.
hirudopsis aitija
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
hirudopsis hirudopsis
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
hispaniolina
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Haiti.
holzenthali
Distribution. Brazil.
kantala
Distribution. Peru.
kanukua
Distribution. French Guiana, Guyana.
kevera
Distribution. French Guiana.
latipalpis
Distribution. Colombia.
linterna
Distribution. Panama.
lobata
Distribution. Dominica.
macae
Distribution. Brazil.
mathisi Harris and Flnt, 2002:202 [Type locality: Jamaica, St. Andrew, Mavis Bank (1.7 km E), Yal-lahs River, l8°2.4'N, 77°39.5'W, el. 575 m; ♂; ♀].
Distribution. Jamaica.
muellita
Distribution. Peru.
neblina
Distribution. Venezuela.
nessimiani
Distribution. Brazil.
orophila guadeloupea
Distribution. Guadeloupe.
orophila orophila
Distribution. Dominica, Martinique.
panamensis
Distribution. Panama.
paxilla
Distribution. Jamaica.
rugoka
Distribution. French Guiana.
schmidi
Distribution. Cuba.
setigera
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
sonora
Distribution. Mexico.
tenuivirga Botosaneanu, in
Distribution. Jamaica.
tetraespinosa
Distribution. Mexico.
thalia
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Haiti.
timouchela
Distribution. Martinique, St. Vincent, Venezuela.
tiza
Distribution. Costa Rica.
ubatuba
Distribution. Brazil.
ultima
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
ventricosa
Distribution. Colombia.
viuda
Distribution. Venezuela.
woldai
Distribution. Panama.
woodruffi
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
Genus Anchitrichia Flint [8]
Anchitrichia
Among the Neotropical Leucotrichiinae, Anchitrichia species can be rather large, often exceeding 5 mm. The monophyly of the genus was corroborated in a recent study (Santos et al. 2016). One species is common throughout Central America and most others occur in the Andes, although some extend to lower elevations in Brazil and Paraguay. Larvae of A. spangleri were described by
agaboga Oláh and Flint, 2012:161 [Type locality: Ecuador, Cotopaxi Province, Latacunga, 133 km West, el. 1080 m;
Distribution. Ecuador.
carolae Oláh and Flint, 2012:163 [Type locality: Venezuela, Barinas State, Rio Santo Domingo, Barinas;
Distribution. Venezuela.
duplifurcata
Distribution. Brazil, Paraguay.
harrisi Oláh and Flint, 2012:164 [Type locality: Venezuela, Zulia State, El Tucuco, Sierra de Perija, montane forest;
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
holzenthali Oláh and Flint, 2012:166 [Type locality: Ecuador, Napo Province, Rio Jondachi, 950 m, 30 km North Tena;
Distribution. Ecuador.
palmatiloba
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela.
spangleri
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.
trifurcata
Distribution. Argentina, Peru.
Genus Angrisanoia Özdikmen [5]
Paratrichia
Angrisanoia
A small genus of Ochrotrichiinae, first established as the subgenus Paratrichia of Ochrotrichia, and later elevated to genus Paratrichia (
acuti (
Distribution. Argentina.
agazoka
Distribution. French Guiana.
cebollati (
Distribution. Uruguay.
lemeza
Distribution. French Guiana.
otarosa (
Distribution. Venezuela.
Genus Ascotrichia Flint [3]
Ascotrichia
This Leucotrichiinae genus, established by
frontalis
Distribution. Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay.
spangleri Oláh and Flint, 2012:167 [Type locality: Venezuela, Amazonas Federal Territory, Puerto Ayacucho (40km South), El Tobogan, Cano Coromoto;
Distribution. Venezuela.
surinamensis (
Distribution. French Guiana, Suriname.
Genus Betrichia Mosely [10]
Betrichia
This is a Leucotrichiine genus of ten described species, all known from eastern South America. There are no precise diagnostic characters to separate Betrichia from similar leucotrichiine genera (
argentinica
Distribution. Argentina, Uruguay.
bispinosa
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
kagyla Oláh and Flint, 2012:170 [Type locality: Brazil, Amazonas State, Igarape Tarumanzinho, near Manaus;
Distribution. Brazil.
longistyla
Distribution. Brazil.
nhundiaquara Souza, Santos and Takiya, 2016a:291 [Type locality: Brazil, Paraná, Morretes, Rio Nhundiaquara, 25°25'25"S, 48°54'0"W, el. 89 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
occidentalis
Distribution. French Guiana, Suriname.
rovatka
Distribution. Ecuador, French Guiana.
uruguayensis
Distribution. Brazil, Uruguay.
varratlana Oláh and Flint, 2012:171 [Type locality: Brazil, Rondonia State, creek 8 km South Cacaulandia;
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana.
zilbra
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Guyana, Uruguay.
Genus Bredinia Flint [16]
Bredinia
Bredinia is a genus currently restricted to the Neotropics and placed in the Stactobiinae. Members of the genus are minute in size and gray in coloration. Adults are attracted to lights along larger rivers. Immature stages were described by
alza Harris, Holzenthal and Flint, 2002c:35 [Type locality: Paraguay, Concepción, Concepción;
Distribution. Argentina, Paraguay.
appendiculata
Distribution. Grenada, Peru, Venezuela.
costaricensis (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
davenporti Harris, Holzenthal and Flint, 2002c:24 [Type locality: Peru, Loreto, Río Sucusari at Explornapo Camp;
Distribution. Peru.
dominicensis
Distribution. Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, Martinique, Panama, Trinidad.
emarginata Harris, Holzenthal and Flint, 2002c:37 [Type locality: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Río Pizote, ca 5 km N Dos Ríos, 10.948°N, 85.291°W;
Distribution. Costa Rica.
espinosa Harris, Holzenthal and Flint, 2002c:20 [Type locality: Ecuador, Los Ríos, Quevedo (56 km N), Río Palenque Biological Station;
Distribution. Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Venezuela.
guanacasteca Harris, Holzenthal and Flint, 2002c:17 [Type locality: Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Río Tempisquito, ca 3 km S route 1, 10.790°N, 85.552°W, el. 75 m;
Distribution. Costa Rica.
manabiensis Harris, Holzenthal and Flint, 2002c:27 [Type locality: Ecuador, Manabi, 29 km W Santo Domingo, Rancho Ronald;
Distribution. Ecuador.
mexicana Harris, Holzenthal and Flint, 2002c:35 [Type locality: Mexico, Tamaulipas, Río Frio at La Poza Azul near Gómez Farias;
Distribution. Mexico.
pilcopata Harris, Holzenthal and Flint, 2002c:32 [Type locality: Peru, Cuzco, Pilcopata, el. 600 m;
Distribution. Peru.
selva Harris, Holzenthal and Flint, 2002c:19 [Type locality: Costa Rica, Heredia, Estación Biológica La Selva;
Distribution. Costa Rica.
spangleri Harris, Holzenthal and Flint, 2002c:34 [Type locality: Ecuador, Pastaza, Puyo (16 km W);
Distribution. Ecuador.
sucrensis Harris, Holzenthal and Flint, 2002c:37 [Type locality: Venezuela, Sucre, Parque Nacional Peninsula de Paria, Uquire, Río La Viuda, 10°42.830'N, 61°57.661'W, el. 15 m;
Distribution. Venezuela.
venezuelensis Harris, Holzenthal and Flint, 2002c:29 [Type locality: Venezuela, Zulia, Perija El Tucuco, Mission El Tucuco, Río El Tucuco, 11 km from church;
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela.
zulia Harris, Holzenthal and Flint, 2002c:39 [Type locality: Venezuela, Zulia, El Tucuco, Sierra de Perija;
Distribution. Venezuela.
Genus Byrsopteryx Flint [16]
Byrsopteryx
The genus Byrsopteryx was originally placed in the Leucotrichiinae, transferred to the Stactobiinae (
Adults are day-active, running about over streamside rocks, boulders, and low vegetation. As they rarely fly to collecting lights at night, they are often poorly represented in collections. Larvae of B. mirifica and B. carioca were described by
abrelata
Distribution. Brazil.
bipartiterga
Distribution. Guadeloupe.
carioca
Distribution. Brazil.
chaconi
Distribution. Costa Rica.
cuchilla
Distribution. Costa Rica.
esparta
Distribution. Costa Rica.
espinhosa
Distribution. Brazil.
gomezi
Distribution. Costa Rica.
loja
Distribution. Ecuador.
mirifica
Distribution. Venezuela.
rayada
Distribution. Ecuador.
septempunctata (
Distribution. Dominica, Guadaloupe.
solisi
Distribution. Costa Rica.
tabasquensis Bueno-Soria, Santiago-Fragoso, and Barba-Álvarez, 2001:146 [Type locality: Mexico, Tabasco, Municipio de Huimanguillo, Arroyo las Flores, Villa de Guadalupe 2a sección Los Chimalapas, km 5 Ruta Malpasito–Carlos A. Madrazo, 17°22'05"N, 93°36'25"W;
Distribution. Mexico.
tapanti
Distribution. Costa Rica.
tica
Distribution. Costa Rica.
Genus Celaenotrichia Mosely [1]
Celaenotrichia
Adults are day active, occurring on rocks adjacent to swift flowing streams. Larvae of C. edwardsi were described by
edwardsi
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Cerasmatrichia Flint, Harris and Botosaneanu [8]
Cerasmatrichia Flint, Harris and Botosaneanu, 1994:360 [Type species: Cerasmatrichia trinitatis Flint, Harris and Botosaneanu 1994, original designation]. —
This genus was established for the dominicensis group, once included in Alisotrichia. The genus was originally placed in the tribe Stactobiinae, but has now been transferred to the Leucotrichiinae, Alisotrichiini and its monophyly has been established (
Larvae have been described for C. spinosa and are known for several additional species in the genus (
adunca (
Distribution. Colombia, Peru.
argylensis Flint, Harris and Botosaneanu, 1994:370 [Type locality: Tobago, St. Paul Parish, Argyle River at Argyle Waterfall; ZMUA; ♂; ♀]. —
—Hydroptilid genus, sp. 2,
Distribution. Tobago, Trinidad.
dominicensis (
—Ochtrotrichia (O.) species,
Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique [?].
fulika
Distribution. French Guiana.
hidala
Distribution. Peru.
spinosa Flint, Harris and Botosaneanu, 1994:368 [Type locality: Venezuela, Edo. Aragua, Rio El Limón, fish hatchery, Maracay;
Distribution. Venezuela.
trinitatis Flint, Harris and Botosaneanu, 1994:374 [Type locality Trinidad, St. George County, Northern Range, Maracas Waterfall; ZMUA; ♂; ♀]. —
—Hydroptilid genus, sp. 1,
Distribution. Trinidad, Venezuela.
wirthi (
Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique [?], Venezuela.
Genus Ceratotrichia Flint [5]
Ceratotrichia
This genus was established for two unusual species, one from Panama (C. fairchildi) the other northern South America (C. flavicoma). Later, another three species were described from Bolivia and Ecuador. As typical for other Leucotrichiinae genera, it is defined primarily on male secondary sexual features, but its monophyly has been confirmed (
balra
Distribution. Bolivia.
fairchildi
Distribution. Panama.
felgorba Oláh and Flint, 2012:173 [Type locality: Ecuador, Napo Province, Pano, el. 580 m;
Distribution. Ecuador.
flavicoma
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela.
jobbra Oláh and Flint, 2012:174 [Type locality: Ecuador, Manabi Province, 29 km West Santo Domingo, Rancho Ronald;
Distribution. Ecuador.
Genus Costatrichia Mosely [14]
Costatrichia
The leucotrichiine genus Costatrichia was originally erected for a single Mexican species and now contains 14 species. Distribution is from Mexico through Central America, south to Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. Santos et al. (2016) concluded that the genus could not be unequivocally defined by morphological characters and it was not recovered as monophyletic in their phylogenetic analyses.
The immature stages are unknown. Adults have been taken, but sparsely, at lights placed near flowing water, although C. simplex has also been taken near a large lake.
bipartita
Distribution. Nicaragua.
carara
Distribution. Costa Rica.
cressae
Distribution. Venezuela.
flinti
Distribution. Costa Rica.
hamulifera (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, French Guiana, Paraguay, Uruguay.
ipixuna Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2013:448 [Type locality: Brazil, Amazonas, Ipixuna, Rio Liberdade, Comunidade São Vicente, 07°21'47"S, 71°52'07"W, el. 175 m;
Distribution. Brazil.
lodora
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua.
nelsonferreirai
Distribution. Brazil.
noite
Distribution. Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay.
panamensis
Distribution. Panama.
simplex
Distribution. Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua.
spinifera
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
tripartita
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
venezuelensis
Distribution. Costa Rica, Venezuela.
Genus Dicaminus Müller [1]
Dicaminus
Diaulus
ladislavii
Distribution. Brazil.
Genus Flintiella Angrisano [15]
Flintiella
The genus Flintiella, placed in the Stactobiinae, was established for a species from Uruguay and Argentina. Since then, additional species have been described throughout the tropical regions of the Neotropics. Both females and larvae were described by
alajuela Harris, Flint and Holzenthal, 2002b:66 [Type locality: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Rio Pizote, ca. 5 km N Dos Rios, 10.948°N, 85.291°W, el. 40 m;
Distribution. Costa Rica.
andreae
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
astilla Harris, Flint and Holzenthal, 2002b:69 [Type locality: Venezuela, Amazonas, Rio Cataniapo, 10 km S Puerto Ayacucho;
Distribution. Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela.
boraceia Harris, Flint and Holzenthal, 2002b:69 [Type locality: Brazil, São Paulo, Estacion Biologica Boracéia;
Distribution. Brazil.
carajas Santos,
Distribution. Brazil.
harma
Distribution. French Guiana.
harrisi Souza, Santos and Takiya, 2016b:341 [Type locality: Brazil, Piauí, Piracuruca, Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, Riacho Piedade, Pennsylvania trap, 04°06'34"S, 41°4'39"W, el. 169 m; CZMA; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
heredia Harris, Flint and Holzenthal, 2002b:77 [Type locality: Costa Rica, Heredia, Rio Bijagual on road to Magsasay, 10.408°N, 84.076°W, el. 140 m;
Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru.
leloga
Distribution. French Guiana.
manauara
Distribution. Brazil.
pallida Souza, Santos and Takiya, 2016b:341 [Type locality: Brazil, Maranhão, Carolina, Parque Nacional da Chapada das Mesas, Riacho Cancela, Malaise trap, 07°06'43.4"S, 47°17'16.6"W, el. 186 m; CZMA; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
panamensis Harris, Flint and Holzenthal, 2002b:79 [Type locality: Panama, Panama, Barro Colorado Island, Snyder-Molino trail;
Distribution. Panama.
pizotensis Harris, Flint and Holzenthal, 2002b:73 [Type locality: Costa Rica, Limon, Rio Telire and small tributaries SE Suretka, 9.554°N, 82.892°W, el. 48 m;
Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru.
tamaulipasa Harris, Flint and Holzenthal, 2002b:79 [Type locality: Mexico, Tamaulipas, Rio Frio at La Poza Azul, near Gomez Farias;
Distribution. Mexico.
yanamona Harris, Flint and Holzenthal, 2002b:79 [Type locality: Peru, Loreto, small stream near Explorama Lodge;
Distribution. Peru.
Genus Hydroptila Dalman [72]
Hydroptila
The genus Hydroptila (Hydroptilinae) is found around the world and contains more species than any other hydroptilid genus.
Larvae are well known although very few have been associated with species (
acuminata
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
ajax
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua, U.S.A.
aldricki
Distribution. Mexico.
ancistrion
Distribution. Jamaica.
angusta
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
antilliarum
Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia.
arctia
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
argentinica
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay.
bidens
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia.
brailovskyi
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico.
carara
Distribution. Costa Rica.
catamarcensis
Distribution. Argentina.
constricta
Distribution. Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Peru.
coscaroni
Distribution. Argentina.
cressae
Distribution. Venezuela.
cubana
—pseudomeralda
Distribution. Cuba.
curvata
Distribution. Costa Rica, Honduras.
denza
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua.
ditalea
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru.
dominicana
Distribution. Cuba, Dominican Republic.
felfela
Distribution. Mexico.
flinti
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
florestani Souza, Santos and Takiya, 2014b:640 [Type locality: Brazil, Piauí, Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, Riacho Piedade, 04°06'34"S, 41°43'39"W, el. 169 m; CZMA; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
furtiva
Distribution. Mexico.
grenadensis
—acutissima Botosaneanu, in
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador, Grenada, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela.
hamata
Distribution. Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.
helicina
Distribution. Colombia.
hoffmannae
Distribution. Mexico.
hossa
Distribution. Peru.
icona
Distribution. Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, U.S.A.
inornata
Distribution. Colombia.
karikatla
Distribution. Peru.
karima
Distribution. Peru.
lacandona
Distribution. Mexico.
longissima
Distribution. Honduras, Mexico.
marighellai Souza, Santos and Takiya, 2014b:640 [Type locality: Brazil, Ceará, Parque Nacional de Ubajara, Rio das Minas próximo ao teleférico, 03°48'58"S, 40°53'53"W, el. 420 m; CZMA; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
maritza
Distribution. Costa Rica.
martorelli
Distribution. Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico.
maza
Distribution. Costa Rica.
medinai
Distribution. Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico.
meralda
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua.
mexicana
Distribution. Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua.
misolha
Distribution. Belize, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua.
modica
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
narifer
Distribution. Colombia.
neoleonensis
Distribution. Mexico.
nusagandia
Distribution. Panama.
osa
Distribution. Costa Rica.
paradenza
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Mexico.
parhuzam
Distribution. Peru.
paschia
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua.
potosina
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
producta
Distribution. Brazil, Uruguay.
pulestoni
Distribution. Argentina, Chile, Uruguay.
rastrilla
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
rono
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
sarkos
Distribution. Peru.
sauca
Distribution. Argentina, Uruguay.
selvatica
Distribution. Cuba.
sicilicula
Distribution. Peru.
singri
Distribution. Costa Rica.
spada
Distribution. Colombia.
spangleri
Distribution. Guatemala.
spirula
Distribution. Mexico.
surinamensis
Distribution. Suriname.
tobaga Botosaneanu, in
Distribution. Tobago.
tulipa
Distribution. Peru.
unicuspis
Distribution. Colombia.
vazquezae
Distribution. Mexico.
venezuelensis
Distribution. Ecuador, Venezuela.
veracruzensis
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad, Venezuela.
zerbinae Souza, Santos and Takiya, 2014b:641 [Type locality: Brazil, Pernambuco, Vicência Cachoeira do Engenho Embú, 07°37'22"S, 35°22'51"W, el. 186 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
Genus Ithytrichia Eaton [2]
Ithytrichia
Ithytrichia is a genus of seven species placed in the Orthotrichiinae and occurring in Europe, North America, and South America.
Larvae of several European and North American species are known (
ferni
Distribution. Argentina.
mexicana
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
Genus Kumanskiella Harris and Flint [2]
Kumanskiella
Kumanskiella, endemic to the Greater Antilles and belonging to the Neotrichiinae, was established for a previously described species from Cuba and an undescribed species from Puerto Rico. The genus is still only known from these species and these islands.
Larvae are typical members of the Neotrichiinae and are distinguished on the basis of case structure and thoracic setation (
aliena (
Distribution. Cuba.
karenae
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
Genus Leucotrichia Mosely [44 + †1]
Leucotrichia
Leucotrichia is a moderately large genus, the type genus of the subfamily Leucotrichiinae. Species are found over most of the United States, Central and northern South America, the Greater Antilles, and the southernmost Lesser Antilles. A single species is known from Dominican amber, L. adela. The genus was recovered as monophyletic by Santos et al., (2016) after both including and removing a few enigmatic species from and to other genera.
Larvae and cases have been described for a number of species (
† adela
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
alibrachia (
Distribution. Brazil.
alisensis
Distribution. Argentina.
angelinae
Distribution. Venezuela.
ayura
Distribution. Colombia.
bicornuta
Distribution. Brazil.
botosaneanui
Distribution. Tobago, Trinidad.
brasiliana
Distribution. Brazil.
brochophora
Distribution. Colombia.
chiriquiensis
Distribution. Panama.
denticulata
Distribution. Mexico.
dianeae
Distribution. Costa Rica.
dinamica
Distribution. Mexico.
extraordinaria Bueno-Soria, Santiago-Fragoso, and Barba-Álvarez, 2001:145 [Type locality: Mexico, Tabasco, Municipio de Huimanguillo, Arroyo las Flores, Villa de Guadalupe 2a sección Los Chimalapas, km 5 Ruta Malpasito–Carlos A. Madrazo, 17°22'05"N, 93°36'25"W;
Distribution. Mexico.
fairchildi
—Leucotrichiini, case 2
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Panama, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela.
falsa (Santos, Takiya and Nessimian), 2013:448 [Type locality: Costa Rica, Puntarenas, La Gamba, Esquinas Lodge, river at waterfall trail, 08°41'05"N, 83°12'17"W, el. 70 m; INBIO; ♂; ♀; in Costatrichia]. —
Distribution. Costa Rica.
forrota
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru.
fulminea
Distribution. Ecuador.
gomezi
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
hispida
Distribution. Costa Rica.
imitator
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico.
inflaticornis Botosaneanu, in
Distribution. Trinidad.
inops
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
interrupta
Distribution. Colombia.
kateae
Distribution. Venezuela.
laposka
Distribution. Peru.
lerma
Distribution. Argentina.
limpia
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, U.S.A.
melleopicta
Distribution. Mexico, Venezuela.
mutica
Distribution. Colombia.
padera
Distribution. Colombia.
pectinata
Distribution. Ecuador.
pictipes (
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
repanda
Distribution. Venezuela.
rhomba
Distribution. Costa Rica.
riostoumae
Distribution. Ecuador.
sarita
Distribution. Costa Rica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, U.S.A.
sidneyi
Distribution. Venezuela.
tapantia
Distribution. Costa Rica.
termitiformis Botosaneanu, in
Distribution. Trinidad.
tritoven
Distribution. Guyana, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela.
tubifex
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico.
viridis
Distribution. El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama.
yungarum
Distribution. Argentina.
zopilote (
Distribution. Costa Rica.
Genus Mayatrichia Mosely [4]
Mayatrichia
This genus of neotrichiine hydroptilids is widespread across North and Central America. Three of the seven known species occur in the Neotropics, with one reaching as far south as Ecuador. Larvae and their cases were first described by
ayama
Distribution. Canada, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, U.S.A.
illobia
Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador.
rualda
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua.
tuscaloosa
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
Genus Mejicanotrichia Harris and Holzenthal [7]
Mejicanotrichia
This genus was established for a distinctive segregate of species from the polytypic genus Alisotrichia, originally noted by
blantoni (
Distribution. Mexico.
estaquillosa
—Alisotrichia species
Distribution. Mexico.
harrisi
Distribution. Mexico.
rara
Distribution. Mexico.
tamaza (
Distribution. Mexico.
tridentata (
Distribution. Mexico.
trifida (
Distribution. Guatemala.
Genus Metrichia Ross [129]
Metrichia
Argentitrichia
The genus Metrichia, placed in the Ochrotrichiinae, is among the most species diverse genera in the Hydroptilidae and also among all Neotropical caddisflies. A few species are known from the southwestern United States, but many more are recorded from Central and South America, and both the Greater and Lesser Antilles.
Larvae have been described for a number of species (
aberrans (
Distribution. Mexico.
acicula
Distribution. Costa Rica.
acuminata Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:8 [Type locality: Brazil, Ceará, Ubajara, Parque Nacional de Ubajara, Cachoeira do Gameleira, 03°50'21"S, 40°54'23"W, el. 880 m; CZMA; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
adamsae
Distribution. Peru
alajuela
Distribution. Costa Rica.
alhoma
Distribution. Peru.
amplitudinis
Distribution. Costa Rica.
ancora
Distribution. Costa Rica.
angulosa
Distribution. Costa Rica.
anisoscola (
Distribution. Colombia.
araguensis (
Distribution. Venezuela.
arenifera (
Distribution. Peru.
argentinica
Distribution. Argentina, Chile, Peru.
arizonensis (Flint), 1972:12 [Type locality: U.S.A., Arizona, Santa Cruz Co., Sycamore Canyon, Atascosa Mts.;
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
avon (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico.
azul Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:13 [Type locality: Brazil, Paraná, Céu Azul, Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, Rio Azul, 25°09;21"S, 53°47;44"W, el. 510 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
bidentata (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
biungulata (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
bola (
Distribution. Colombia.
bonita Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:15 [Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Rio Formosinho, 21°1'16"S, 56°26'47"W, el. 275 m; DZRJ; ♂; larva; biology].
Distribution. Brazil.
bostrychion
Distribution. Venezuela.
bracui Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:19 [Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Angra dos Reis, Rio Bracuí, 23°0'23"S, 44°29'15"W, el. 75 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
brevitas
Distribution. Panama.
bulbosa (
Distribution. Argentina.
cafetalera
Distribution. Cuba, Dominican Republic.
campana (
Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe.
caraca Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:20 [Type locality: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, RPPN Santuário do Caraça, Ribeirão, Caraça; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
carbetina (
Distribution. Guadeloupe, Martinique.
ceer (
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
circulatrix
Distribution. Mexico.
circuliforme Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b: 22 [Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia, Rio das Pedras, Cachoeira de Deus,. 22°25'0” S, 44°32'50"W, el. 689 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
continentalis (
Distribution. Panama.
crenula
Distribution. Mexico.
cuenca (
Distribution. Ecuador.
cuniapiru Angrisano, in Angrisano and Sanga 2005:114 [Type locality: Argentina, Misiones, Cuñá Pirú Provincial Park, Cuñá Pirú Stream; UNLP; ♂; ♀].
Distribution. Argentina.
curta Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:24 [Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia, Rio das Pedras, 22°24'33"S, 44°33'08"W, el. 706 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
cuspidata (
Distribution. Colombia, Mexico.
decora
Distribution. Costa Rica.
difusa
Distribution. Panama.
diosa
Distribution. Peru.
disparilis (
Distribution. Argentina.
eltera
Distribution. French Guiana.
enigmatica
Distribution. Panama.
espera
Distribution. Cuba.
excisa (
Distribution. Cuba.
exclamationis (
Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe.
extragma
Distribution. Mexico.
farofa Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:24 [Type locality: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Jaboticatubas, Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó, Cachoeira da Farofa, 19°22'47"S, 43°34'36"W, el. 811 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
favus (Botosaneanu), in
Distribution. Trinidad.
florecita
Distribution. Mexico.
fontismoreaui (
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Haiti.
forceps Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:27 [Type locality: Brazil, Paraná, Céu Azul, Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, Rio Azul, 25°09'21"S, 53°47'44"W, el. 510 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
formosinha Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:28 [Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Rio Formosinho, 21°10'16"S, 56'26”47"W, el. 275 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
fugga
Distribution. Peru.
geminata (
Distribution. Tobago, Trinidad.
goiana Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:30 [Type locality: Brazil, Goiás, Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Rio Bartolomeu tributary, 14°07'25"S, 47°30'30"W, el. 1,165 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
gomboska
Distribution. Peru.
gordita
Distribution. Costa Rica.
haranga
Distribution. Peru.
helenae
Distribution. Peru.
itabaiana Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:32 [Type locality: Brazil, Sergipe, Areia Branca, Parque Nacional da Serra de Itabaiana, Rio dos Negros, 10°44'51"S, 37°20'24"W, el. 208 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
jorobada
Distribution. Mexico.
juana (
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
kocka
Distribution. Peru.
kumanskii jamaicae Botosaneanu, in
Distribution. Jamaica.
kumanskii kumanskii (
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Haiti.
lacuna (
Distribution. Mexico.
lemniscata (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
lenophora (
Distribution. Colombia.
longispina
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
longissima Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:34 [Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia, Rio Palmital, 22°25'34"S, 44°32'52"W, el. 637 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
longitudinis
Distribution. Mexico.
luna
Distribution. Costa Rica.
macrophallata (
Distribution. Colombia.
madicola (
Distribution. Guadeloupe, Martinique.
madre
Distribution. Peru
magna
Distribution. Costa Rica.
malada (
Distribution. Colombia, Peru.
mechuda
Distribution. Costa Rica.
meta
Distribution. Costa Rica.
minera
Distribution. Mexico.
munieca
Distribution. Cuba.
necopina
Distribution. Martinique.
neotropicalis
Distribution. Argentina, Chile, Peru.
nigritta (
Distribution. El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, U.S.A.
nowaczyki
Distribution. Panama.
pakitza
Distribution. Peru
palida
Distribution. Panama.
patagonica (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile, Peru.
peluda Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:35 [Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia, 1st order tributary of Rio Palmital, 22°25'40"S, 44°32'46"W, el. 584 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
penicillata (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama.
pernambucana Souza and Santos, in
Distribution. Brazil.
picuda
Distribution. Costa Rica.
pitu
Distribution. Argentina.
platigona (Botosaneanu), in
Distribution. Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela.
potosina
Distribution. Mexico.
prolata
Distribution. Costa Rica.
prolixa
Distribution. Mexico.
protrudens (
Distribution. Colombia.
pseudopatagonica
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
quadrata (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico.
rafaeli Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:37 [Type locality: Brazil, Ceará, Ubajara, Parque Nacional de Ubajara, Rio das Minas, 03°50'03"S, 40°54'18"W, el. 524; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
rawlinsi (
Distribution. Dominica, Martinique.
riva (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico.
rona (
Distribution. Colombia.
sacculifera (
Distribution. Colombia.
savegra
Distribution. Costa Rica.
sencilla
Distribution. Panama.
separata
Distribution. Costa Rica.
sesquipedalis
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
similis (
Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe.
simples Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:38 [Type locality: Brazil, Paraná, Céu Azul, Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, Rio Azul, 25°09'21"S, 53°47'44"W, el. 510 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
sonora
Distribution. Mexico.
spica
Distribution. Costa Rica.
squamigera (
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico.
talhada Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:40 [Type locality: Brazil, Alagoas, Quebrangulo, Reserva Biológica de Pedra Talhada, Rio Caranguejo, 09°15'26"S, 36°25'08"W, el. 550 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
temascalapensis
Distribution. Mexico.
tere Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:42 [Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Rio Paquequer, 22°27'25"S, 42°59'52"W, el. 1,100 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
thirysae
Distribution. Chile.
triangula
Distribution. Panama.
trigonella (
Distribution. Honduras, Mexico.
triquetra
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
trispinosa (
Distribution. Mexico.
truncata
Distribution. Costa Rica.
ubajara Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:43 [Type locality: Brazil, Ceará, Ubajara, Parque Nacional de Ubajara, Rio das Minas, 03°49'58"S, 40°53'53"W, el. 420 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
vulgaris Santos, Takiya and Nessimian, 2016b:45 [Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia, Rio Palmital, 22°25'34"S, 44°32'52"W, el. 637 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
warema (
Distribution. Suriname.
yalla (
Distribution. Jamaica.
yavesia
Distribution. Mexico.
Genus Neotrichia Morton [144]
Cyllene
Neotrichia
Microsiphon
Exitrichia
Dolotrichia
Guerrotrichia
Lorotrichia
Neotrichia of the Neotrichiinae is second only to Ochrotrichia in numbers of species among the Neotropical hydroptilids. In addition to being diverse in species, the genus is widely distributed across North, Central, and South America, and the West Indies.
Larvae were first described by
abbreviata
Distribution. Brazil, Uruguay
abbreviatoides
Distribution. Uruguay.
aequispina
Distribution. Uruguay.
alata
Distribution. Cuba, Jamaica.
alsa
Distribution. Peru.
alyshae Keth, in Keth,
Distribution. Mexico.
amplector
Distribution. Mexico.
amplio
Distribution. Belize.
anahua (
Distribution. Mexico.
angulata
Distribution. Uruguay.
arista
Distribution. Venezuela.
armata Botosaneanu, in
—species B
Distribution. Tobago, Trinidad.
baritu
Distribution. Argentina.
bellini
Distribution. Brazil.
bifida
Distribution. French Guiana, Suriname.
bifurcata Harris, in
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
bika
Distribution. French Guiana.
biuncifera
Distribution. Suriname.
botka
Distribution. French Guiana.
botonia
Distribution. Venezuela.
brevispina
Distribution. Argentina, Uruguay.
browni
Distribution. Brazil, Venezuela.
buenoi
Distribution. Mexico.
bullata
Distribution. French Guiana, Suriname, Uruguay.
cameria (
Distribution. Mexico.
canixa (
Distribution. Mexico, Panama, U.S.A.
caxima (
Distribution. Mexico.
cayada Harris, in
Distribution. Venezuela.
chana
Distribution. Uruguay.
charrua
Distribution. Argentina.
chihuahua
Distribution. Mexico.
chilensis
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
colmillosa
Distribution. Brazil, Venezuela.
colombiensis
Distribution. Colombia.
connori Keth, in Keth,
Distribution. Mexico.
contrerasi
Distribution. Mexico.
corniculans
Distribution. Dominica, Suriname.
cuernuda
Distribution. Venezuela.
delgadeza Harris, in
Distribution. Ecuador.
didii
Distribution. Brazil.
dientera
Distribution. Venezuela.
digitata (
Distribution. Mexico.
dikeros
Distribution. Argentina, Uruguay.
djalmasantosi
Distribution. Brazil.
dubitans (
Distribution. Brazil.
durior
Distribution. Brazil, Uruguay.
elongata
Distribution. Argentina.
eroga (
Distribution. Mexico.
esmalda (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua.
exicoma (
Distribution. Mexico.
falcifera
Distribution. Suriname.
farkoska
Distribution. French Guiana.
felkurta
Distribution. French Guiana.
feolai
Distribution. Brazil, Venezuela.
filifera
Distribution. Brazil, Uruguay.
flowersi
Distribution. Panama.
fogaka
Distribution. French Guiana.
garra
Distribution. Belize.
garrinchai
Distribution. Brazil.
gilmari
Distribution. Brazil.
gotera
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Peru.
hajla
Distribution. French Guiana.
heleios
Distribution. Jamaica.
hiaspa (
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua.
horgoska
Distribution. French Guiana.
interrupta
Distribution. Suriname.
iridescens
Distribution. Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia.
ismetla
Distribution. French Guiana.
jarochita
Distribution. Mexico.
juntada Harris, in
Distribution. Peru, Venezuela.
kampa
Distribution. Peru.
kampoka
Distribution. Peru.
kehelia
Distribution. Peru.
ketaguka
Distribution. French Guiana.
kurta
Distribution. Peru.
kurtika
Distribution. French Guiana.
kurtitva
Distribution. Peru.
labios Keth, in Keth,
Distribution. Mexico.
lacertina
Distribution. Guadeloupe, Martinique.
lefela
Distribution. French Guiana.
leonensis Keth, in Keth,
Distribution. Mexico.
lobata
Distribution. Suriname.
longissima
Distribution. Brazil.
lucrecia
Distribution. Uruguay.
malickyi Harris, in
Distribution. Panama.
manopla Keth, in Keth,
Distribution. Mexico.
margaritena Botosaneanu, in
Distribution. Venezuela.
maria
Distribution. Mexico.
mathisi
Distribution. Belize.
maya
Distribution. Belize.
mobilensis
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
napoensis Harris, in
Distribution. Ecuador.
negroensis
Distribution. Venezuela.
nesiotes
—intortigona
Distribution. Grenada, Trinidad.
niltonsantosi
Distribution. Brazil.
noteuna (
Distribution. Brazil, Uruguay.
novara (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
oldalia
Distribution. Peru.
olorina (
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
orejona
Distribution. Peru.
orlandoi
Distribution. Brazil.
ovona (
Distribution. Brazil.
oxima (
Distribution. Mexico.
palitla
Distribution. Mexico.
palma
Distribution. Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay.
pamelae
Distribution. Panama.
parabullata
Distribution. Panama.
parany
Distribution. Peru.
pelei
Distribution. Brazil.
pequenita
—Neotrichia sp. 1
Distribution. Barbados, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad.
picada
Distribution. Uruguay.
pinarenia
Distribution. Cuba.
proboscidea
Distribution. Suriname.
pulgara
Distribution. Belize.
riparia
Distribution. Peru.
rotundata
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
ruiteri Keth, in Keth,
Distribution. Mexico.
sala
Distribution. Argentina.
salada
Distribution. Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay.
sicilicula
Distribution. Brazil, Uruguay.
sokaga
Distribution. Peru.
soleaferrea , Botosaneanu, in
Distribution. Jamaica.
sucusaria
Distribution. Peru.
tauricornis
Distribution. Colombia, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Panama, St. Lucia, Tobago, Trinidad.
tertia (
Distribution. Brazil, Uruguay.
teutonia
Distribution. Brazil.
tirabuzona
Distribution. Peru.
tompa
Distribution. French Guiana.
tubulifera
Distribution. Argentina, Uruguay.
tuxtla
Distribution. Mexico.
unamas Botosaneanu, in
—species A
Distribution. Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela.
unispina
Distribution. Peru, Suriname.
vavai
Distribution. Brazil.
vekonyka
Distribution. French Guiana.
vibrans
—ranea (
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
villa
Distribution. French Guiana.
vissa
Distribution. Peru.
vonza
Distribution. French Guiana.
xicana (
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua.
yagua
Distribution. Peru.
yanomonoa
Distribution. Peru.
yavesia
Distribution. Mexico.
zagalloi
Distribution. Brazil.
zitoi
Distribution. Brazil.
Genus Nothotrichia Flint [5]
Nothotrichia
The larva of Nothotrichia shasta from California was described by
cautinensis
Distribution. Chile.
illiesi
Distribution. Chile.
munozi
Distribution. Costa Rica.
panama
Distribution. Panama.
tupi
Distribution. Brazil.
Genus Ochrotrichia Mosely [159 + †5]
Polytrichia
Ochrotrichia
This nominotypical genus of the Ochrotrichiinae is found across North, Central and South America, and the West Indies. Many new species have been described during the last decade or so, especially by J. Bueno-Soria and colleagues. The genus is the largest of the Neotropical Hydroptilidae, with 164 species, including five species known from Dominican amber (
Larvae have been associated for only a very few species, given the size of the genus (
abrelata
Distribution. Panama.
affinis
Distribution. Mexico.
alargada
Distribution. Mexico.
aldama (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Dominican Republic (in amber), Mexico, Panama.
† aliceae
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
amorfa
Distribution. Mexico.
angularis
Distribution. Mexico.
anomala
Distribution. Panama.
argentea Flint and Blickle, in
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
arranca (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico.
arriba
Distribution. Panama.
assita
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
atezcae
Distribution. Mexico.
attenuata
Distribution. Guatemala.
avicula
Distribution. Costa Rica.
avis
Distribution. Costa Rica.
ayaya
Distribution. Cuba.
balra
Distribution. French Guiana.
baorucoensis
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
bicaudata
Distribution. Panama.
bipartita
Distribution. Peru.
blanca
Distribution. Belize.
boquillas
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
bractea
Distribution. Mexico.
brayi
Distribution. Dominica, Guadaloupe.
† brodzinskyi
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
caatinga Souza, Santos and Takiya, 2014a:274 [Type locality: Brazil, Ceará, Ubajara, Parque Nacional de Ubajara, Rio Cafundó, acima da cachoeira, 3°50'13"S, 40°54'19"W, el. 874 m; CZMA; ♂]. —
Distribution. Brazil.
cachonera
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
caimita
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
calcarata
—Ochrotrichia (O.) n. sp. 3
Distribution. Peru.
caligula
Distribution. Jamaica.
campanilla
—Ochrotrichia (O.) n. sp. 4
Distribution. Peru.
canicula
Distribution. Mexico.
caramba
Distribution. Cuba.
catarina
Distribution. Mexico.
cavitectum Botosaneanu, in
Distribution. Jamaica.
† chaulioda
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
chiapa
Distribution. Mexico.
cieneguilla Harris, in
Distribution. Mexico.
citra
Distribution. Mexico.
compacta
Distribution. Mexico.
concha
Distribution. Brazil.
conformalis
Distribution. Costa Rica.
confusa (
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
constricta Souza, Santos and Takiya, 2014a:278 [Type locality: Brazil, Igrapiúna, Reserva Ecológica Michelin, Mata da Vila 5, 13°49'22.9"S, 39°12'6.5"W, el. 87 m; DZRJ; ♂]. —
Distribution. Brazil.
contrerasi Harris, in
Distribution. Mexico.
corneolus
Distribution. Panama.
crucecita
Distribution. Panama.
cruces
Distribution. Mexico.
csiga
Distribution. Peru.
curvata
Distribution. Panama.
cuspidatus
Distribution. Mexico.
dactylophora
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
delgada
Distribution. Mexico.
† denaia
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
† doehleri
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
dulce
Distribution. Costa Rica.
ecuatoriana
Distribution. Columbia, Ecuador, Peru.
escoba
Distribution. Guatemala.
eyipantla
Distribution. Mexico.
felipe
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
filiforma
Distribution. Costa Rica.
fioka
Distribution. Peru.
flagellata
Distribution. Panama, Mexico.
flexura
—Ochrotrichia (O.) n. sp. 8
Distribution. Peru.
flintiana
Distribution. Cuba.
glabra
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
gretae
Distribution. Mexico.
gurneyi
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
hamatilis
—Ochrotrichia (O.) n. sp. 6
Distribution. Peru.
harmas
Distribution. Peru.
hata
Distribution. French Guiana.
hondurenia
Distribution. Belize, Costa Rica.
igrapiuna Souza, Santos and Takiya, 2014a:279 [Type locality: Brazil, Igrapiúna, Reserva Ecológica Michelin, Mata da Vila 5, 13°49'22.9"S, 39°12'6.5"W, el. 87 m; DZRJ; ♂]. —
Distribution. Brazil.
ildria
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
indefinida
Distribution. Mexico.
ingloria
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
insularis
Distribution. Jamaica.
intermedia
Distribution. Guatemala.
intortilis
—Ochrotrichia (O.) n. sp. 1
Distribution. Peru.
involuta
Distribution. Mexico.
islena
Distribution. Cuba.
ixcateopana
Distribution. Mexico.
ixtlahuaca
Distribution. Mexico.
jolandae
Distribution. Costa Rica.
jonssoni
Distribution. French Guiana.
ketaga
Distribution. Peru.
ketarca
Distribution. Peru.
kettes
Distribution. Peru.
labafura
Distribution. French Guiana.
larimar
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
legeza
Distribution. Peru.
leona
Distribution. Mexico.
limeirai Souza, Santos and Takiya, 2014a:277 [Type locality: Brazil, Ceará, Ubajara, Parque Nacional de Ubajara, 3°50'31.7"S, 40°53'55"W; CZMA; ♂]. —
Distribution. Brazil.
limonensis
Distribution. Venezuela.
lobifera
Distribution. Jamaica.
logana (
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
longispina
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama, Peru.
lupita
Distribution. Panama.
machiguenga
—Ochrotrichia (O.) n. sp. 7
Distribution. Peru.
maga
Distribution. Peru.
manuensis
—Ochrotrichia (O.) n. sp. 5
Distribution. Brazil, Peru.
marica
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
maya
Distribution. Mexico.
maycoba
Distribution. Mexico.
membrana
Distribution. Costa Rica.
moselyi
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico.
nicaragua
Distribution. Nicaragua.
nimmoi
Distribution. Panama.
oblongata
Distribution. Trinidad, Venezuela.
obovata
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
obtecta
—Ochrotrichia (O.) n. sp. 2
Distribution. Peru.
okanoganensis
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
oldala
Distribution. French Guiana.
ostoroska
Distribution. Peru.
pacifica
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama.
palitla
Distribution. Mexico.
palmata
Distribution. Mexico.
panamensis
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.
paraldama
Distribution. Panama.
patulosa (
Distribution. Brazil.
pectinata
Distribution. Mexico.
pectinifera
Distribution. Mexico.
poblana
Distribution. Mexico.
ponta
Distribution. Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent.
pora
Distribution. Argentina.
priapo Souza, Santos and Takiya, 2014a:275 [Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Igrapiúna, Reserva Ecológica da Michelin, Mata da Vila 5, 13°49'22.6"S, 39°12'6.5"W, el. 87 m; DZRJ; ♂]. —
Distribution. Brazil.
pulgara
Distribution. Panama.
puposa
Distribution. Peru.
puyana
Distribution. Ecuador.
quasi
Distribution. Costa Rica.
quebrada
Distribution. Costa Rica.
quinealensis
Distribution. Costa Rica.
ramona
Distribution. Costa Rica.
raposa
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
regina
Distribution. Panama.
regiomontana
Distribution. Mexico.
rothi
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
seiba
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
serra
Distribution. Haiti.
serrana
Distribution. Mexico.
silva
Distribution. Costa Rica.
spina
Distribution. Mexico.
spinosissima
Distribution. Dominica, Martinique, Puerto Rico.
spinula
Distribution. Mexico.
spinulata
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
spinulosa
Distribution. Mexico.
spira
Distribution. Venezuela.
stylata (
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico, U.S.A.
tagala
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua.
tarsalis (
Distribution. Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.
tenanga (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Venezuela.
trinitatis
Distribution. Trinidad.
unica
Distribution. Colombia.
unicornia
Distribution. Mexico.
velascoi
Distribution. Mexico.
verda
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico.
vieja
Distribution. Costa Rica.
villarenia
Distribution. Cuba.
yanayacuana
Distribution. Ecuador.
yavesia
Distribution. Mexico.
yepachica Harris, in
Distribution. Mexico.
yetla
Distribution. Mexico.
zihuaquia
Distribution. Mexico.
Genus Orinocotrichia Harris, Flint and Holzenthal [3]
Orinocotrichia Harris, Flint and Holzenthal, 2002a:50 [Type species: Orinocotrichia calcariga Harris, Flint and Holzenthal, 2002a, original designation].
Orinocotrichia was erected for a single species from the Río Cataniapo, Venezuela. More than a decade later,
angelus Souza, Santos and Takiya, 2016b:338 [Type locality: Brazil, Maranhão, Carolina, Parque Nacional da Chapada das Mesas, Riacho Cancela, Malaise trap, 07°06'43.4"S, 47°17'16.6"W, el. 186 m; CZMA; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
calcariga Harris, Flint and Holzenthal, 2002a:51 [Type locality: Venezuela, T. F. Amazonas, Río Cataniapo, 10 km S Puerto Ayacucho;
Distribution. Venezuela.
tagola
Distribution. French Guiana.
Genus Orthotrichia Eaton [3]
Orthotrichia
In the Neotropics, this otherwise large, cosmopolitan genus is represented by only three species from the Greater Antilles, Nicaragua, and Peru. Otherwise, the genus is diverse in southeast Asia, Australia, and Africa.
Several species from outside the Neotropics are known in the larval stages (
aegerfasciella (
—americana
—dorsalis (
—brachiata
Distribution. Canada, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua, U.S.A.
cristata
Distribution. Canada, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Uruguay, U.S.A.
shimigaya
Distribution. Peru.
Genus Oxyethira Eaton [94]
Oxyethira
Lagenopsyche
Argyrobothrus
Loxotrichia
Dampfitrichia
Oxytrichia
Mesotrichia
Tanytrichia
Dactylotrichia
Kelleyella
This cosmopolitan and diverse genus of Hydroptilinae contains almost 100 species in the Neotropics alone. In the New World, Oxyethira species occur in North, Central and South America (including the Chilean Subregion), and the Greater and Lesser Antilles.
The distinctive larvae and their silken bottle-shaped cases are well known, but only for a few of the Neotropical species (
absona (unplaced)
Distribution. Colombia.
acegua (Dactylotrichia)
Distribution. Uruguay.
aculea (Dampfitrichia)
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
alaluz (Dampfitrichia)
Distribution. Cuba.
albaeaquae (Kelleyella)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
andina (Oxytrichia)
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
apinolada (Oxytrichia)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
arantala (Oxytrichia)
Distribution. Peru.
arctodactyla (Dactylotrichia)
Distribution. Venezuela.
argentinensis (incertae sedis)
Distribution. Argentina, Uruguay.
arizona (Dampfitrichia)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, U.S.A.
azteca (Loxotrichia) (
Distribution. Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela, U.S.A.
baritu (Dactylotrichia)
Distribution. Argentina.
bettyae (Tanytrichia)
Distribution. Brazil, Venezuela.
bicornuta (Tanytrichia)
Distribution. Brazil.
bidentata (Oxytrichia)
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
brasiliensis (incertae sedis)
Distribution. Brazil.
campesina (Dampfitrichia)
Distribution. Cuba.
circaverna (Dampfitrichia)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Curacao, Ecuador, Panama, Uruguay.
cirrifera (Dampfitrichia)
Distribution. Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico.
colombiensis (Tanytrichia)
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
copina (Loxotrichia)
Distribution. Argentina.
costaricensis (Dactylotrichia)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
cuernuda (Tanytrichia)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
culebra (Oxytrichia)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
dactylonedys (Dactylotrichia)
Distribution. Paraguay.
dalmeria (Loxotrichia) (
Distribution. Mexico.
desadorna (Oxytrichia)
Distribution. Mexico.
discaelata (Dampfitrichia)
Distribution. Brazil, Venezuela.
espinada (Tanytrichia)
Distribution. Brazil, Costa Rica.
florida (Dampfitrichia)
Distribution. Cuba, U.S.A.
garifosa (Dampfitrichia)
Distribution. Mexico.
geminata (Kelleyella)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
glasa (Argyrobothrus) (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Cuba, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A.
hilosa (Tanytrichia)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.
hozosa (unplaced)
Distribution. Peru.
hyalina (incertae sedis)
Distribution. Brazil.
inaequispina (Oxytrichia)
Distribution. Chile.
jamaicensis (Kelleyella)
Distribution. Jamaica.
janella (Loxotrichia)
—neglecta (Loxotrichia)
Distribution. Barbados [?], Costa Rica [?], Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique [?], Mexico, Panama [?], Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, U.S.A. [records from Central America likely O. tica].
kerek (Dactylotrichia)
Distribution. Peru.
lagunita (Dampfitrichia)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
longipenis (unplaced) Santos, Henriques-Oliveira and Nessimian, 2009:40 [Type locality: Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus, tributary to Rio Cuieiras, 02°42'25.1"S, 60°22'28.2"W;
Distribution. Brazil.
longispinosa (Dampfitrichia)
Distribution. Cuba, Jamaica[?].
longissima (Tanytrichia)
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
luanae (Tanytrichia) Santos, Henriques-Oliveira and Nessimian, 2009:37 [Type locality: Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus, tributary to Igarapé da Cachoeira, basin of Rio Cuieiras, 02°41'46.0"S, 60°17'42.7"W;
Distribution. Brazil.
macrosterna (Tanytrichia)
Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname.
maryae (Oxytrichia)
Distribution. Colombia.
matadero (Dactylotrichia)
Distribution. Ecuador.
maya (Dampfitrichia)
Distribution. Mexico, Panama, U.S.A.
merga (Tanytrichia)
Distribution. Brazil, Venezuela.
mirebalina (Dampfitrichia)
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica [?].
misionensis (Dactylotrichia)
Distribution. Argentina.
mocoi (unplaced)
Distribution. Argentina.
nyultka (Tanytrichia)
Distribution. French Guiana.
obscura (Oxytrichia)
Distribution. Suriname, Uruguay.
orellanai (Tanytrichia)
Distribution. Peru.
ortizorum (Kelleyella)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
parazteca (Loxotrichia)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador.
parce (Loxotrichia) (
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Trinidad, Venezuela, U.S.A.
paritentacula (Tanytrichia)
Distribution. Belize.
peruviana (unplaced)
Distribution. Brazil, Peru.
petei (Oxytrichia)
Distribution. Argentina.
picita (unplaced)
Distribution. Brazil, Peru, Venezuela.
poapi (unplaced)
Distribution. Argentina.
presilla (unplaced)
Distribution. Brazil, Peru.
puertoricensis (Loxotrichia)
—quelinda (Loxotrichia) (
Distribution. Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico.
quinquaginta (incertae sedis)
Distribution. Ecuador.
quiramae (Dactylotrichia)
Distribution. Venezuela.
rareza (unplaced)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
redunca (unplaced)
Distribution. Venezuela.
ritae (Loxotrichia)
Distribution. Uruguay.
santiagensis (Dactylotrichia)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
scaeodactyla (Dactylotrichia)
Distribution. Ecuador.
scopulina (Kelleyella)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
sencilla (Tanytrichia)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
sierruca (unplaced)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
simanka (unplaced)
Distribution. Ecuador.
simulatrix (Dampfitrichia)
—simulatrix cubana
—mirebalina
Distribution. Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A.
sinistra (unplaced) Santos, Henriques-Oliveira and Nessimian, 2009:40 [Type locality: Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus, Igarapé Arumã, tributary to Rio Cuieiras, 02°30'55.2"S, 60°15'44.4"W;
Distribution. Brazil.
spirogyrae (incertae sedis)
Distribution. Brazil.
spissa (incertae sedis)
Distribution. Brazil.
tamandua (unplaced)
Distribution. Argentina.
tega antillularum (Dampfitrichia)
—Orthotrichia sp.
Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe.
tega tega (Dampfitrichia)
Distribution. Cuba, Jamaica, Dominica, Haiti, Hispaniola.
teixeirai (Tanytrichia)
Distribution. Peru.
tica (Loxotrichia)
Distribution. Brazil, Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Trinidad, Venezuela.
torza (unplaced)
Distribution. French Guiana.
tuveva (Tanytrichia)
Distribution. French Guiana.
ulmeri (Dampfitrichia) (
Distribution. Argentina, Mexico, Uruguay, U.S.A.
unispina (Oxytrichia)
Distribution. Suriname.
vaina (unplaced)
Distribution. Peru.
vaza (Dampfitrichia)
Distribution. French Guiana.
vipera (Oxytrichia)
Distribution. Chile.
zilaba (Loxotrichia) (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay.
Genus Peltopsyche Müller [6]
Peltopsyche
Abtrichia
The genus was established on the basis of two species collected by Müller from the Province of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil. Only a few larval features and basal antennal segments of the males were figured. Santos et al. (2016) synonymized Abtrichia with Peltopsyche based on larvae, pupae, and pharate adults and matching the figures and features provided by Müller.
Larvae of P. antennata (as Abtrichia) have been described by
antennata (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
epara (Oláh and Flint), 2012:139 [Type locality: Argentina, Tucumán Province, South of Concepción;
Distribution. Argentina.
sieboldii
Distribution. Brazil.
squamosa (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
vegosa (Oláh and Flint), 2012:140 [Type locality: Paraguay, 2 km South, Cerro Cora;
Distribution. Brazil, Paraguay.
veva (
Distribution. French Guiana, Guyana.
Genus Ragatrichia Oláh and Johanson [5]
Ragatrichia
This is a recently described genus containing five species, two newly described and three others transferred from different genera: Metrichia dietzi Flint, 1974; Rhyacopsyche garuhape
angrisanae
Distribution. French Guiana.
dietzi (
Distribution. French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname.
garuhape (
Distribution. Argentina.
ragada
Distribution. French Guiana.
yatay (
Distribution. Argentina.
Genus Rhyacopsyche Müller [28]
Rhyacopsyche
Larvae of three species have been described: R. hagenii by
andina
Distribution. Colombia, Peru, Venezuela.
angra Santos,
Distribution. Brazil.
benwa
Distribution. Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru.
bulbosa
Distribution. Brazil.
bunkotala
Distribution. Ecuador.
chichotla
Distribution. Mexico.
colei
Distribution. Venezuela.
colombiana
Distribution. Colombia.
colubrinosa
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru.
diacantha Santos,
Distribution. Brazil.
dikrosa
Distribution. Brazil.
duplicispina
Distribution. Tobago.
flinti
Distribution. Venezuela.
hagenii
Distribution. Argentina; Brazil, Uruguay.
hajtoka
Distribution. Ecuador.
hasta
Distribution. Peru.
intraspira
Distribution. Peru.
jimena
Distribution. Colombia.
matthiasi
Distribution. Colombia.
mexicana (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua.
mutisi
Distribution. Colombia.
obliqua
Distribution. Mexico.
peruviana
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru.
rhamphisa
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru.
shorti
Distribution. Venezuela.
tanylobosa
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela.
torulosa
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala.
turrialbae
Distribution. Costa Rica.
Genus Scelobotrichia Harris and Bueno-Soria [3]
Scelobotrichia
The genus Scelobotrichia was erected for a small group of species from Mexico, similar to a species then considered to be an aberrant member of Alisotrichia. It was originally placed in the Stactobiinae (
contrerasi
Distribution. Mexico.
profunda
Distribution. Mexico.
quemada (
Distribution. Mexico.
Genus Taraxitrichia Flint and Harris [1]
Taraxitrichia
The genus Taraxitrichia was established for a single species of microcaddisfly collected near Puerto Ayacucho, Venezuela. The genus is one of four genera placed in the exclusively New World subfamily Neotrichiinae. The adults were taken at lights placed near clear, fast-flowing streams.
Pes and Hamanda (2003) described the immatures of an unknown species collected in streams located in an open area where the forest had been cleared for road construction near Manaus, Brazil. Larvae and pupae were only collected in association with freshwater sponges (genera Metania and Spongilla), and the sponge spicules were incorporated and could be identified in the larval cases (Pes and Hamanda 2003).
amazonensis
Distribution. Brazil (tentative), Venezuela.
Genus Tizatetrichia Harris, Flint and Holzenthal [1]
Tizatetrichia Harris, Flint and Holzenthal, 2002a:55 [Type species: Tizatetrichia costaricensis, original designation].
Tizatetrichia was established for a single species from the Río Tizate, Costa Rica. The genus was placed in the Stactobiinae and is most closely related to Bredinia (
costaricensis Harris, Flint and Holzenthal, 2002a:51 [Type locality: Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Río Tizate, 7.2 km NE Canãs Dulces, 10.773°N, 85.449°W, el. 275 m;
Distribution. Costa Rica.
Genus Tricholeiochiton Kloet and Hincks [1]
Leiochiton
Tricholeiochiton
This member of the subfamily Hydroptilinae occurs in Europe and southeast Asia (
Larvae of T. fagesii and several of the Australian species have been described (
neotropicalis
Distribution. Brazil.
Genus Tupiniquintrichia Santos, Nessimian and Takiya [2]
Tupiniquintrichia Santos, Nessimian and Takiya, 2016a:475 [Type species: Peltopsyche maclachlani
Tupiniquintrichia was proposed for two species, T. maclachlani and T. procera, transfferred from Peltopsyche and Leucotrichia, respectively. The genus has all the typical features of Leucotrichiinae, and is defined by several morphological synapomorphies as well as molecular data (
maclachlani (
Distribution. Brazil.
procera (
Distribution. Brazil.
Genus Zumatrichia Mosely [50]
Zumatrichia
Zumatrichia is a fairly large monophyletic genus of Leucotrichiinae with 50 species now known in the Neotropics (
Larvae have been described for Z. antilliensis, Z. anomaloptera, Z. multisetosa, and Z. notosa (
alarca
Distribution. Peru.
angulata
Distribution. Panama.
anomaloptera
Distribution. Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad.
antilliensis
Distribution. Colombia, Dominica, Ecuador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Panama, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Venezuela.
atmena Oláh and Flint, 2012:177 [Type locality: Venezuela, Aragua State, Cuyagua, Rio Grande;
Distribution. Venezuela.
attenuata
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
befela Oláh and Flint, 2012:179 [Type locality: Venezuela, Barinas State, Rio Santo Domingo, Barinas;
Distribution. Venezuela.
bevagota Oláh and Flint, 2012:180 [Type locality: Ecuador, Cotopaxi Province, Quevedo (36 km Northeast), el. 1100 m;
Distribution. Ecuador.
bifida
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
caudifera
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.
chiriquiensis
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
corosa Oláh and Flint, 2012:181 [Type locality: Ecuador, Cotopaxi Province, Quevedo (36 km Northeast), el. 1100 m;
Distribution. Ecuador.
dereka Oláh and Flint, 2012:183 [Type locality: Panama, San Blas Province, Rio Carti Grande, 2 km West Nusagandi;
Distribution. Panama.
diamphidia
Distribution. Costa Rica.
echinata
Distribution. Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua.
felfesa Oláh and Flint, 2012:184 [Type locality: Venezuela, Zulia State, Perijo El Tucuco, Mission el Tucuco, Rio El Tucuco, 0.5 km from Church;
Distribution. Venezuela.
fesuka Oláh and Flint, 2012:185 [Type locality: Ecuador, Napo Province, Pano, el. 580 m;
Distribution. Ecuador.
filosa
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua.
galtena
Distribution. Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.
gorba Oláh and Flint, 2012:187 [Type locality: Ecuador, Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Rio Chicana, 9 km North Yanzatza, el. 880 m;
Distribution. Ecuador.
gula Oláh and Flint, 2012:188 [Type locality: Venezuela, Barinas State, Rio Santo Domingo, Barinas;
Distribution. Venezuela.
haroma Oláh and Flint, 2012:189 [Type locality: Venezuela, Barinas State, Puente Parangula, 8 km South Barinitas;
Distribution. Venezuela.
kerekeda Oláh and Flint, 2012:191 [Type locality: Colombia, Rio Raposo;
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
kisgula Oláh and Flint, 2012:192 [Type locality: Ecuador, Napo Province, Lago Agrio (48 km West), Rio Aguarico;
Distribution. Ecuador.
kislaba Oláh and Flint, 2012:194 [Type locality: Ecuador, Pastaza Province, Puyo (3 km West);
Distribution. Ecuador.
koztesa Oláh and Flint, 2012:195 [Type locality: Venezuela, Aragua State, Parque Nacional Henri Pittier, Rio La Trilla, 22.5 km North of Rancho Grande on Road;
Distribution. Venezuela.
lapa Oláh and Flint, 2012:196 [Type locality: Ecuador, Pastaza Province, Puyo (27 km North), Estacion Fluviometrica;
Distribution. Ecuador.
lezarda
Distribution. Guadeloupe.
longispina
Distribution. Mexico.
marica
Distribution. Venezuela.
masa Oláh and Flint, 2012:198 [Type locality: Ecuador, Pastaza Province, Puyo;
Distribution. Ecuador.
maskara Oláh and Flint, 2012:199 [Type locality: Panama, San Blas Province, Rio Carti Grande, 2 km West Nusagandi;
Distribution. Panama.
maskoska Oláh and Flint, 2012:201 [Type locality: Venezuela, Zula State, Perijo El Tucuco, Mission El Tucuco, Rio El Tucuco, 0.5 km from Church;
Distribution. Venezuela.
multisetosa
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.
nelkula Oláh and Flint, 2012:202 [Type locality: Panama, San Blas Province, Rio Carti Grande, 2 km West Nusagandi;
Distribution. Panama.
palmara
Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru.
picigula Oláh and Flint, 2012:203 [Type locality: Ecuador, Napo Province, Rio Jondachi, el. 950 m, 30 km North Tena;
Distribution. Ecuador.
rhamphoides
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
saluda
Distribution. Panama.
sima Oláh and Flint, 2012:205 [Type locality: Ecuador, Pichincha Province, Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 14 km East;
Distribution. Ecuador.
sortetla Oláh and Flint, 2012:206 [Type locality: Panama, Darien Province, Rio Tuira at Rio Pucuro;
Distribution. Panama.
strobilina
Distribution. Costa Rica.
teapa
Distribution. Mexico.
teribe
Distribution. Panama.
tompagula Oláh and Flint, 2012:207 [Type locality: Colombia, Meta Department, Quebrada Blanca, 3 km West Restrepo;
Distribution. Colombia.
turuda Oláh and Flint, 2012:208 [Type locality: Panama, San Blas Province, Quebrada Pingadi, 9 km North Nusagandi;
Distribution. Panama.
tusa Oláh and Flint, 2012:210 [Type locality: Colombia, Choco Department, Rio Atrato, Yuto;
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
varrata
Distribution. Peru.
vieja
Distribution. Costa Rica.
zegla
Distribution. Panama.
Family Kokiriidae
This is a small family of 6 genera and 15 species occurring in the Australasian and Neotropical regions. Two New World species, including the immature stages of one, are known. Members of the family in Australia and New Zealand construct tubular cases of sand grains, which are somewhat dorsoventrally flattened (
Genus Pangullia Navás [2]
Pangullia
Rhynchopsyche
The two species in this genus, described 75 years apart, are limited to Chile. The immature stages of the newly described species are known (
faziana
—fusca (
Distribution. Chile.
nea
Distribution. Chile.
Family Lepidostomatidae
This family of about 500 described species is predominately Holarctic, Afrotropical, and Oriental in distribution.
Larvae feed on decaying organic matter and are more often than not associated with springs and quiet waters of small streams in mountainous area.
Genus Lepidostoma Rambur [28]
Lepidostoma
Nosopus
Olemira
Eremopsyche
Atomyiodes
Phanopsyche
Neodinarthrum
Lepidostoma is one of the two currently recognized lepidostomatid genera in the Western Hemisphere, and the sole genus with Neotropical representation. Most of the approximately 80 New World species occur in the western and eastern mountains of the United States and Canada. Twenty-eight species are now known from Mexico and Central America.
The Neotropical species are confined to small forest streams generally above 1000 m, and seem to be locally endemic. Additional collecting will likely reveal more new species. They frequent the quiet shallows where leaf litter accumulates and are presumed to be detritivorous. As reported by
aztecum
Distribution. Mexico.
bakeri
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico, U.S.A.
catarina Bueno-Soria, Santiago-Fragoso, and Barba-Álvarez, 2001:153 [Type locality: Mexico, Oacaxa, Sta Catarina La Chatao, 17°15'58"N, 96°28'15"W, el. 2160 m;
Distribution. Mexico.
chiriquiense
Distribution. Panama.
dafila Bueno-Soria and Contreras, 1986:209 [Type locality: Mexico, Oaxaca, Finca Pacifica, Mpio. de Pluma Hidalgo;
Distribution. Mexico.
delongi
Distribution. Mexico.
denningi
Distribution. Mexico.
ectopium
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
frontale (
Distribution. Mexico.
griseum (
Distribution. Canada, Panama, U.S.A.
heveli
Distribution. Guatemala.
ibarrai Bueno-Soria, Santiago-Fragoso, and Barba-Álvarez, 2004:481 [Type locality: Mexico, Oaxaca, Santa María Yavesia, 17°13'36"N, 96°25'35"W, el. 1920 m;
Distribution. Mexico.
ixtlahuaca Bueno-Soria, Santiago-Fragoso, and Barba-Álvarez, 2001:156 [Type locality: Mexico, Hidalgo, Ixtlahuaco, el. 1320 m;
Distribution. Mexico.
knulli
—leechi
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
lacinatum
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
leonilae Bueno-Soria and Contreras, 1986:209 [Type locality: Mexico, Nuevo León, Santiago, Potrero Redondo;
Distribution. Mexico.
mexicanum (
—bispinosa (
—alexanderi
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, U.S.A.
oaxacense Bueno-Soria and Contreras, 1986:208 [Type locality: Mexico, Oaxaca, Carretera No. 175, Portillo del Rayo;
Distribution. Mexico.
pluviale (
—rhino
—veleda
Distribution. Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.
polylepidum
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
quila
Distribution. Mexico.
rectangulare
Distribution. Mexico.
reimoseri
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
steinhauseri
Distribution. El Salvador, Nicaragua.
talamancense
Distribution. Costa Rica.
tapanti
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
textor Bueno-Soria, Santiago-Fragoso, and Barba-Álvarez, 2006:249 [replacement name for Lepidostoma weaveri Bueno-Soria, Santiago-Fragoso, and Barba-Álvarez, 2004:481, preoccupied by Lepidostoma weaveri
Distribution. Mexico.
xolotl
Distribution. Mexico.
Family Leptoceridae
The Leptoceridae, or long-horned caddisflies, are cosmopolitan in distribution and many of the approximately 1,800 species and 47 genera are found in warmer regions. The family is now divided into four subfamilies (
Larvae of many genera are well known (
Genus Achoropsyche Holzenthal [1]
Achoropsyche
This monotypic genus, endemic to the Neotropics, was erected for a single, widespread South American species (
duodecimpunctata (
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela.
Genus Amazonatolica Holzenthal and Pes [1]
Amazonatolica
This is another monotypic genus endemic to the Neotropics. Its single species, A. hamadae, is known only from around the region of Manaus, Brazil, but it is likely more widespread.
hamadae
Distribution. Brazil.
Genus Amphoropsyche Holzenthal [16]
Amphoropsyche
The 16 species and subspecies of the endemic South American genus Amphoropsyche, established for the Dominican species Brachysetodes insularis Flint by
Adults and larvae frequent small forest streams in mountainous areas. Little is known of the larval biology.
aragua
Distribution. Venezuela.
ayura
Distribution. Colombia.
cauca
Distribution. Colombia.
choco
Distribution. Colombia.
flinti
Distribution. Colombia.
insularis (
Distribution. Dominica, Guadalupe, Martinique.
janstockiana
Distribution. Saint Vincent, Mustique [?].
napo
Distribution. Ecuador.
quebrada
Distribution. Colombia.
real
Distribution. Ecuador
refugia
Distribution. Venezuela.
spinifera
Distribution. Bolivia, Peru.
stellata
Distribution. Colombia.
tandayapa
Distribution. Ecuador.
woodruffi multispinosa Botosaneanu, in
Distribution. Trinidad.
woodruffi woodruffi
Distribution. Grenada, Venezuela.
Genus Atanatolica Mosely [20]
Atanatolica
This is yet another endemic Neotropical leptocerid genus, one of four endemic genera in the subfamily Grumichellinae endemic to tropical America. Most of the 20 Neotropical species in the genus were described by
acuminata
Distribution. Ecuador.
aurea
Distribution. Colombia.
bonita
Distribution. Brazil.
botosaneanui
Distribution. Venezuela.
brasiliana (
Distribution. Brazil.
caldas
Distribution. Colombia.
choco
Distribution. Colombia.
cotopaxi
Distribution. Ecuador.
dominicana
Distribution. Dominica, Guadelupe, Martinique.
flinti
Distribution. Brazil.
manabi
Distribution. Ecuador.
moselyi Denning and Holzenthal, in
Distribution. Costa Rica.
muyupampa
Distribution. Bolivia.
nigra
Distribution. Colombia.
nivea
Distribution. Colombia.
nordestina
Distribution. Brazil.
panamensis
Distribution. Panama.
penai
Distribution. Bolivia.
quechua
Distribution. Peru.
zongo
Distribution. Bolivia.
Genus Brachysetodes Schmid [10]
Brachysetodes
This is yet another endemic Neotropical genus of 10 species, but the only one restricted to the Chilean Subregion and the only leptocerine widely occurring in that Subregion.
bifidus
Distribution. Chile.
bifurcatus
Distribution. Chile.
extensus
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
forcipatus
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
major
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
nublensis
Distribution. Chile.
quadrifidus
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
spinosus
Distribution. Chile.
trifidus
Distribution. Chile.
tripartitus
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Grumichella Müller [13]
Grumichella
Leptocellodes
Grumichella is another member of the subfamily Grumichellinae endemic to and widely distributed over tropical South America (
Larvae live on rocks in fast flowing streams in montane areas and have various behavioral and morphological adaptations for maintaining their hold in currents (
aequiunguis
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay.
blahniki Calor and Holzenthal, in
Distribution. Peru.
boraceia Calor and Holzenthal, in
Distribution. Brazil.
cressae Calor and Holzenthal, in
Distribution. Venezuela.
flaveola (
—poujadi (
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela.
jureia Calor and Holzenthal, in
Distribution. Brazil.
leccii Calor and Holzenthal, in
Distribution. Brazil.
muelleri Calor and Holzenthal, in
Distribution. Brazil.
paprockii Calor and Holzenthal, in
Distribution. Brazil.
parati Calor and Holzenthal, in
Distribution. Brazil.
pulchella (
Distribution. Colombia.
rostrata
Distribution. Brazil.
trujilloi Calor and Holzenthal, in
Distribution. Venezuela.
Genus Hudsonema Mosely [1]
Hudsonema
Condocerus
Five species are now known in this genus, two from Australia, two from New Zealand, and one, H. flaminii, from Chilean South America.
flaminii (
—discolor (
—fazi (
—pirioni (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Mystacides Berthold [1]
Mystacides
Mystacides occurs in the Holarctic and Oriental regions. The three Nearctic species are well known in both their adult and immature stages (
Larvae are found in shallow marginal areas of lakes and ponds or in the slowly moving parts of streams. They are omnivorous, feeding on plant detritus as well as other arthropods (
alafimbriata
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
Genus Nectopsyche Müller [49]
Nectopsyche
Leptocella
Brethesella
This genus of some 56 described species is restricted to the New World. Species occur from Canada south through the United States, Mexico, and Central and South America, to Argentina and Chile. Many new species await description and many more certainly occur in nature. A revision of the entire genus is sorely needed, the only one being that of
Larvae are well known for both the Nearctic (
acutiloba
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, Suriname.
adusta
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
argentata
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela.
aureofasciata
Distribution. Venezuela.
aureovittata
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay.
bella (
Distribution. Brazil.
brethesi (
Distribution. Argentina, Uruguay.
bruchi (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay.
brunneofascia
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
cana (
Distribution. Venezuela.
candida (Hagan), 1861:280 [Type locality: U.S.A., Florida;
Distribution. Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.
cubana (
Distribution. Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico [?].
diminuta (
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, Suriname.
dorsalis (
—serrei (
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A, Venezuela.
exophthalma
Distribution. Costa Rica.
flavofasciata (
—decorata (
—sparsa (
—ditata (
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Peru.
fulva (
Distribution. Chile.
fuscomaculata
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay.
gemma (
—festiva (
—genuosa (
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela [records from Mexico, Central America, and northern South America likely N. gemmoides or N. ortizi].
gemmoides
—cupreosquamosa Botosaneanu, in
Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad, Venezuela.
globigona Botosaneanu, in
Distribution. Jamaica.
gracilis (
—exilis (
—intervena (
Distribution. Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, U.S.A.
jenseni (
—mixta (
—lucipeta (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
lahontanensis
Distribution. Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.
lewisi (
Distribution. Jamaica.
maculipennis
Distribution. Paraguay, Peru.
modesta (
Distribution. Brazil.
monticola
Distribution. Costa Rica.
muelleri (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
muhni (
—fulvocapilla (
—pretiosella (
—bridarollia (
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.
multilineata
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela.
navasi Holzenthal, in
Distribution. Brazil, Chile.
nigricapilla (
—ornata (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay.
onyx
Distribution. Costa Rica.
ortizi
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Guyana, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.
padrenavasi Holzenthal, in
Distribution. Bolivia.
pantosticta
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
pavida (
Distribution. Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A.
punctata (
—fenestrata (
—spegazzinia (
—ambitiosa (
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.
quatuorguttata (
Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, Paraguay, Peru.
separata (
—graphica (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay.
spiloma (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, U.S.A.
splendida (
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela.
stigmatica (
—aeola (
—vakaca (
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
taleola
Distribution. Peru, Suriname.
tapanti
Distribution. Costa Rica.
thallina (
Distribution. Paraguay.
tuanis
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
utleyorum
Distribution. Costa Rica.
Genus Neoathripsodes Holzenthal [2]
Neoathripsodes
The genus now contains two species, both endemic to the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil. The immature stages are unknown and nothing is known of the biology of the species.
anomalus
Distribution. Brazil.
holzenthali Dias,
Distribution. Brazil.
Genus Notalina Mosely [11]
Notalina
Neonotalina
brasiliana
Distribution. Brazil.
cipo
Distribution. Brazil.
froehlichi Calor and Holzenthal, in
Distribution. Brazil.
goianensis
Distribution. Brazil.
hamiltoni
Distribution. Brazil.
jordanensis Henriques-Oliveira, Speis, and Dumas, 2012:131 [Type locality: Brazil, São Paulo, Campos do Jordão, Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão, afluente do Córrego Galharada, 22°41'30"S, 45°27'36"W, el. 1600 m;
Distribution. Brazil.
matthiasi
Distribution. Colombia.
morsei
Distribution. Brazil.
nanay
Distribution. Peru.
paulista Calor and Holzenthal, in Calor, Holzenthal, and Amorim, 2006:39 [Type locality: Brazil, São Paulo, Cachoeira do Paredão, Lajeado, Serra da Bocaina, 22°43'32"S, 044°37'16"W, el. 1550 m;
Distribution. Brazil.
roraima
Distribution. Venezuela.
Genus Oecetis McLachlan [55]
Oecetis
Oecetina
Pseudosetodes
Oecetinella
This is a large cosmopolitan genus of over 500 described species. The 55 described Neotropical species occur throughout the Brazilian Subregion, but the genus is absent from the Chilean Subregion. Species level taxonomy of the genus generally is well founded and based upon distinct differences in male genitalia. However, in certain species groups, for example the avara group, new, cryptic species have been discoverd and described (e.g.,
Two species previously recorded from the area covered by this catalog no longer have confirmed records in the region. As discussed by
Larvae of the North American species are well known (
acanthostema
Distribution. Brazil.
acciptrina
Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama.
agosta
Distribution. Mexico.
amazonica (
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela.
angelae Henriques-Oliveira, Dumas, and Nessimian, 2014:274 [Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Ladário, Pantanal, Rio Paraguai floodplain, lake near Pousada Porto Vitória Régia, 19°01'10.00"S, 57°33'02.10"W, el. 91 m; DZRJ; ♂]. —
Distribution. Brazil.
angularis
Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala.
arizonica
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
bilobosa
Distribution. Suriname.
campana
Distribution. Bolivia, Ecuador.
carlibanezae Rueda Martín, Gibon, and Molina, 2011:23 [Type locality: Bolivia, Béni, Lake Belen, near Trinidad, 14°27'29"S, 64°51'41"W;
Distribution. Bolivia.
chipiriri Rueda Martín, Gibon, and Molina, 2011:23 [Type locality: Bolivia: Cochabamba: Small tributary of the Río Espiritu Santo, Chipiriri, near Villa Tunari, 16°50'45"S, 65°25'33"W;
Distribution. Bolivia.
cinerascens (
—fumosa (
—floridana (
Distribution. Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.
clavicornia
Distribution. Brazil.
connata
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, Suriname.
constricta
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad, Venezuela.
danielae Henriques-Oliveira, Dumas, and Nessimian, 2014:276 [Type locality: Brazil, Amazonas, Barcelos, Rio Aracá, Comunidade Bacuquara, 00°00'55.11"N, 63°10'38.75"W, el. 52 m; DZRJ; ♂]. —
Distribution. Brazil.
doesburgi
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
dominguezi Rueda Martín, Gibon, and Molina, 2011:25 [Type locality: Bolivia, Béni, Lake Colorada, near Trinidad, 14°48'21"S, 64°58'41"W;
Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil.
elata
Distribution. Mexico.
excisa
—mutila
—castilleja
—muhnia
—apicata
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela.
falicia Denning, in
Distribution. Panama.
fibra Chen and Morse, 2012, in
Distribution. Brazil.
froehlichi
Distribution. Brazil.
furcata
Distribution. Brazil.
haitises
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
iara Henriques-Oliveira, Dumas, and Nessimian, 2014:277 [Type locality: Brazil, Paraná, Foz do Iguaçu, Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, Rio São João, 25°37'13.50"S, 54°28'35.90"W, el. 178 m; DZRJ; ♂]. —
Distribution. Brazil.
iguazu
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay.
inconspicua (
—flaveolata (
—micans (
—sagitta (
—parvula (
—flavida (
—inornata (
—apicalis (
—antillana (
Distribution. Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, U.S.A., Venezuela.
inflata
Distribution. Suriname.
knutsoni
Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guadeloupe, Panama, Peru, Venezuela.
maritza
Distribution. Costa Rica.
marquesi
Distribution. Mexico.
martinae
Distribution. Brazil.
maspeluda
Distribution. Cuba.
metlacensis
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico.
mexicana
Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela.
oberdorffi Rueda Martín, Gibon, and Molina, 2011:29 [Type locality: Bolivia, Bella Vista, Lake Granja, 13°15'50"S, 63°42'33"W;
Distribution. Bolivia.
paranensis
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru.
patula
Distribution. Guatemala, Nicaragua.
peruviana (
Distribution. Peru.
pratti
Distribution. Grenada, Dominica, Puerto Rico.
prolongata
Distribution. Venezuela.
protrusa
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.
pseudoamazonica Rueda Martín, Gibon, and Molina, 2011:31 [Type locality: Bolivia, Lake Colorada, near Trinidad, 14°48'21"S, 64°58'41"W;
Distribution. Bolivia, Venezuela.
pseudoinconspicua
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama.
punctata (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico.
punctipennis (
—parishi (
—bridarollina
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.
rafaeli
Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil.
scoparia
Distribution. Suriname.
silviae
Distribution. Mexico.
sordida
—disjuncta
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
traini Rueda Martín, Gibon, and Molina, 2011:33 [Type locality: Bolivia, Lake Bay, Río Manuripi basin;
Distribution. Bolivia.
tumida
Distribution. Costa Rica.
uncata
Distribution. Costa Rica.
verrucula
Distribution. Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua.
Genus Osflintia Calor and Holzenthal [1]
Osflintia
The genus is known only from the male holotype from Peru, but a second male specimen was collected recently in the country (L.E. Rázuri Gonzales, personal communication). While the other life history stages are unknown, it is a typical member of the subfamily Grumichellinae. The genus was sister to Atanatolica in the phylogeny proposed by
manu
Distribution. Peru.
Genus Setodes Rambur [1 + †2]
Setodes
This is a large genus found on all continents except South and Central America and from west of the Great Plains in North America.
The immature stages are found in cool, running water where they burrow in sand, often in the lee of large rocks in the stream. The larvae are omnivorous, feeding on both filamentous algae and small animals that wander within capturing distance (
anomalus
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
† aureoinclusa
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
† resinacapta
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
Genus Triaenodes McLachlan [26]
Triaenodes
The genus Triaenodes is a large, cosmopolitan group of leptocerine caddisflies that is especially diverse in the Old World tropics. In the Neotropics, 26 species occur from southern Mexico to Peru. All except one, T. frontalis Banks a Nearctic species reaching northern Baja California, belong to a morphologically distinct subgroup within the genus. Of the Latin American species, only T. columbicus Ulmer strays from the group pattern as its genitalia resemble those of Old World species. Its type, with the abdomen now lost, was probably mislabelled. Triaenodes tardus Milne was listed in the checklist by
The larval and pupal stages of the Costa Rican species T. tico were described by
abruptus
Distribution. Colombia.
acanthus
Distribution. Mexico.
anomalus
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.
chirripo
Distribution. Costa Rica.
clauseni
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.
columbicus
Distribution. Colombia.
cuyotenango
Distribution. Guatemala.
delicatus
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
flintorum
Distribution. Mexico.
frontalis
Distribution. Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.
guadaloupe
Distribution. Panama.
hodgesi
Distribution. Ecuador.
hornitos
Distribution. Panama.
kilambe
Distribution. Nicaragua.
mexicanus
Distribution. Mexico.
moncho
Distribution. Costa Rica.
morai
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
nicaraguensis
Distribution. Nicaragua.
oaxacensis
Distribution. Mexico.
peruanus
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.
tajo
Distribution. Costa Rica.
talamanca
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
tapanti
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
tico
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
tuxtlensis
Distribution. Mexico.
woldai
Distribution. Panama.
Genus Triplectides Kolenati [16]
Triplectides
Tetracentron
This primarily southern hemisphere genus contains about 80 species, making it the largest in its subfamily.
The larvae are easily recognized by their cases, which are often constructed of a hollowed-out twig or a discarded case of another trichopteran, and have been described a number of times (
chilensis
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
cipo
Distribution. Brazil.
colombicus
Distribution. Colombia.
egleri
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, Suriname.
flintorum
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname.
gracilis (
—princeps (
—ramulorus (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Suriname.
itatiaia
Distribution. Brazil.
jaffuelli
—monotona
—robustus
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
misionensis
Distribution. Brazil, Argentina.
neblinus
Distribution. Venezuela.
neotropicus
Distribution. Brazil, Venezuela.
nevadus
Distribution. Peru, Venezuela.
nigripennis
—multipunctatus
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
qosqo
Distribution. Peru.
tepui
Distribution. Venezuela.
ultimus
Distribution. Brazil.
Family Limnephilidae
This large family of some 1000 species is one of the dominant families in the northern regions and high elevations of North America and Eurasia. None are knowv from tropical Africa, and no more than a couple from Australia. In Mexico and the mountains of Central America, as far south as Panama, several species occur, but these are clearly part of a temperate, western North American cordilleran fauna. In South America several endemic genera and species occur, all members of the subfamily Dicosmoecinae, but most of these are restricted to the high Andes of Boliva, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru or to Patagonia, where several dozen species occur. None occur in the topical lowlands. These species are perhaps persistent representatives of an ancient trans-Antarctic fauna, a distributional pattern typical of the austral South American caddisfly fauna as a whole. The occurrence of a species in southeastern Brazil is notable. In total, 10 genera and 51 species are currently known from Mexico and the Neotropics and all but 3 genera and 19 species are primarily restricted to the southern cone of the South American landmass.
Genus Anomalocosmoecus Schmid [4]
Anomalocosmoecus
This South American endemic genus of four species was originally established for A. blancasi Schmid from Lake Titicaca. A second species, A. illiesi (Marlier), is known from high elevations in the Andes of Peru, Ecuador, and southern Colombia. The third and fourth species, A. argentinica Flint and A. subtropicalis (Schmid), are known from Argentina and Peru, respectively, although the identity of the latter species in questionable.
Immature stages of A. illiesi were described by
argentinicus
Distribution. Argentina.
blancasi
Distribution. Bolivia/Peru [Lake Titicaca].
illiesi (
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.
subtropicalis (
Distribution. Peru.
Genus Antarctoecia Ulmer [2]
Antarctoecia
This genus, now of two species, is known with certainly only from elevations of 4500–5000 meters in the provinces of Jujuy and Catamarca, Argentina, and from southeastern Brazil.
brasiliensis
Distribution. Brazil.
nordenskioeldii (
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia [?].
Genus Austrocosmoecus Schmid [1]
Austrocosmoecus
The single species in this genus is widespread and common in small mountain streams in the Andes from the Straits of Magellan north to south-central Chile and adjacent Argentina.
Larval cases are variable, but usually made of plant matter (
hirsutus
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Clistoronia Banks [1]
Clistoronia
This genus contains four species distributed over the western North American cordillera, from Alaska to Durango, Mexico. Larvae of C. magnifica were described by
graniculata (Denning), in
Distribution. Mexico.
Genus Hesperophylax Banks [2]
Hesperophylax
Larvae build slightly curved and tapered cases of rock fragments, and are usually associated with depositional areas in running waters. They seem to be broadly omnivorous, feeding on both plant and animal material. The larvae of H. mexicanus occured among aquatic plants in a small spring-fed stream at 2,820 m elevation in the mountains south of Mexico City (
magnus
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
mexico
Distribution. Mexico.
Genus Limnephilus Leach [13]
Limnephilus
This large genus of over 150 species occurs throughout the Holarctic Region, with outliers extending southwardly in the higher elevation of Mexico and Central America to central Costa Rica. The approximately 100 North American species were reviewed by
The larvae of many species have been described from Europe, northern Asia, and North America (
baja
Distribution. Mexico.
biparta Denning, in
Distribution. Mexico.
ctenifer
Distribution. Mexico.
discolor (
Distribution. Mexico.
frijole
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
hamifer
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
lithus (
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
maya
Distribution. Costa Rica[?], Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.
mexicanus
Distribution. Mexico.
pollux
Distribution. Mexico.
rothi
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
solidus (
—toussianti
Distribution. Haiti[?], Mexico.
tulatus
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
Genus Metacosmoecus Schmid [1]
Metacosmoecus
The single species in this genus is known from central Chile where it is infrequently encountered. Larvae burrow in sandy deposits in small streams, but are also known to burrow into accumulations of sand and silt beneath moss growing on vertical rock surfaces. Cases are made of small rock fragments (
nigrofasciatus
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Monocosmoecus Ulmer [6]
Monocosmoecus
Isocentropus
Nolga
Monocosmoecus contains six species. Species occur widely from Tierra del Fuego through Patagonia to the province of Coquimbo, Chile. Larvae of three species have been described: M. obtusus by
aberrans
Distribution. Argentina.
hyadesi (
—branchiatus (
—lutzinus (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
minor
Distribution. Chile.
obtusus
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
pulcher
—olens
—pulcherrimus
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
vanderweeli
—truncatus (
—calceatus (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Platycosmoecus Schmid [1]
Beaumontia Schmid, 1958 [Type species: Beaumontia beaumonti
Platycosmoecus
This is yet another monotypic genus known only from the Chilean Subregion. The single species is large and distinctive and known from Ñuble south to Magallanes in Chile and adjacent Argentina. The larval stage occurs in small, fast-flowing mountain streams in the Nothofagus forest. They live among growths of mosses from which they build their cases (
beaumonti (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Verger Navás [20]
Verger
Nostrafilla
Magellomyia
Australomyia
This is the largest dicosmoecine genus in the Neotropics, containing 20 described species. They are distributed from Tierra del Fuego, north into north central Chile and Argentina.
The larvae are generally found in lentic waters or backwaters of rivers and streams. Some species are known to inhabit vernal pools (
affinis (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
appendiculatus (
—patagonica (
—setipes (
—meridionalis (
—stigmata
—chilensis (
—moesta (
—extrema (
—lonquimaya (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
armatus (
Distribution. Chile.
bispinus (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
bruchinus (
Distribution. Argentina.
capillatus (
—australis (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
curtior (
Distribution. Chile.
fuscovittatus (
Distribution. Chile.
impluviatus
Distribution. Chile.
kuscheli (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
lutzi (
—pirioni (
—latchani (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
masafuera (
Distribution. Chile.
michaelseni (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
modestus (
Distribution. Chile.
obliquus (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
porteri (
—masatierra (
Distribution. Chile.
quadrispinus (
Distribution. Chile.
spinosus (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
stenopterus (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
vespersus (
—limnophilus (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Family Odontoceridae
This is a small family of approximately 14 genera and about 120 species species. Species occur in all faunal regions except the Afrotropical, but there is no great diversity of species in any region, expect perhaps of Marilia in South America. Only three genera occur in the Neotropics, the well-known Marilia, with 43 species, and the monotypic genera Anastomoneura and Barypenthus from Brazil.
Larvae are found in springs and small to medium sized streams. Shallow marginal pools or areas of moderate flow seem to be the preferred microhabitat. A few are associated with waterfalls. Larvae of some genera are known to burrow into sandy substrates. Larvae are omnivorous, feeding on vascular plants, algae, and other arthropods. Cases are constructed of sand grains or other mineral fragments and are heavily reinforced with silken mortar.
Genus Anastomoneura Huamantinco and Nessimian [1]
Anastomoneura
A single species, A. guahybae, was described from material collected at high elevation (1860–1900 m) in the Itatiaia mountain range in the Serra da Mantiqueira, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The genus can be distinguished from other odontocerine genera by characters of the wing venation and genitalia (
guahybae
Distribution. Brazil.
Genus Barypenthus Burmeister [1]
Barypenthus
Musarna
Barypenthus is another endemic monotypic Neotropical genus from southeastern Brazil.
The immature stages were described by
concolor
—aperiens (
—chysopus
—claudens (
—ferrugineus
—interclusus (
—rufipes
Distribution. Brazil.
Genus Marilia Müller [43]
Marilia
Most of the species diversity in Marilia occurs in the Neotropics, including the Greater Antilles, but species are also known from North America, the Orient, and Australia. Species appear to be rather local in occurrence, but this may reflect inadequate collecting, rather than a natural phenomenon.
Larvae have been described a number of times (
aiuruoca
Distribution. Brazil.
alata
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Suriname.
albicornis (
Distribution. Brazil.
amnicola
Distribution. Jamaica.
baumanni
Distribution. Mexico.
biloba
Distribution. Suriname.
cinerea
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia.
crea
Distribution. Costa Rica.
eleutheria
Distribution. Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay.
elongata
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Peru.
fasiculata
Distribution. Brazil, Nicaragua.
flexuosa
—fusca (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, U.S.A.
flinti
Distribution. Mexico.
furthi
Distribution. Mexico.
gigas
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
gracilis
Distribution. Haiti.
guaira
Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, Venezuela.
holzenthali
Distribution. Belize.
huamantincoae
Distribution. Brazil.
humerosa
Distribution. Argentina.
infundibulum
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
kingsolveri
Distribution. Costa Rica.
lateralis
Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, Uruguay.
major
Distribution. Brazil.
mathisi
Distribution. Costa Rica.
mexicana (
Distribution. Mexico.
microps
Distribution. Colombia.
minor
Distribution. Brazil.
misionensis
Distribution. Argentina.
modesta
Distribution. Colombia.
morsei
Distribution. Guatemala.
nigrescens
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
nobsca
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico; U.S.A.
salta
Distribution. Argentina.
scudderi
Distribution. Cuba.
sioli
Distribution. Brazil.
spangleri
Distribution. Guatemala.
spinosula
Distribution. Trinidad.
triangularis
Distribution. Paraguay.
truncata
Distribution. Brazil, Paraguay.
valga
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
williammerrilli
Distribution. Costa Rica.
wrighti
Distribution. Cuba.
Family Philopotamidae
This cosmopolitan family is rich in species, especially in tropical regions, where many new species have been described. The generic classification has undergone several reassessments such that 19 are now recognized, in three subfamilies, Chimarrinae, Philopotaminae, and Rossodinae (
Larvae of a number of genera are well known from many parts of the world (e.g.,
Genus Alterosa Blahnik [39]
Alterosa
This genus of 39 species represents a remarkable radiation of diversity in the mountains of southeastern and southern Brazil. Each small mountain valley seems to hold an endemic species.
affinis
Distribution. Brazil.
amadoi Dumas, Calor and Nessimian, 2013:3 [Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Camacan, RPPN Serra Bonita, riacho 1, trilha nova, 15°23'35"S, 39°33'50"W, ca 770 m;
Distribution. Brazil.
bandeira
Distribution. Brazil.
beckeri
Distribution. Brazil.
bilanceolata
Distribution. Brazil.
bocainae
Distribution. Brazil.
boraceiae
Distribution. Brazil.
caissara
Distribution. Brazil.
caparaonensis
Distribution. Brazil.
capixaba
Distribution. Brazil.
castroalvesi Dumas, Calor and Nessimian, 2013:5 [Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Camacan, Serra Bonita, Córrego das Torres, 15°23'01"S, 39°34'19"W, ca 860 m;
Distribution. Brazil.
catarinae
Distribution. Brazil.
caymmii Dumas, Calor and Nessimian, 2013:7 [Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Varzedo, Serra da Jibóia, Reserva Jequitibá, 12°52'21.5"S, 39°28'56.5"W, ca 400 m;
Distribution. Brazil.
escova
Distribution. Brazil.
falcata
Distribution. Brazil.
fimbriata
Distribution. Brazil.
flinti
Distribution. Brazil.
fluminensis
Distribution. Brazil.
graciosa
Distribution. Brazil.
guapimirim
Distribution. Brazil.
holzenthali
Distribution. Brazil.
inappendiculata
Distribution. Brazil.
intervales
Distribution. Brazil.
itatiaiae
Distribution. Brazil.
jordaensis
Distribution. Brazil.
marinonii (
Distribution. Brazil.
morato
Distribution. Brazil.
nessimiani
Distribution. Brazil.
orgaosensis
Distribution. Brazil.
paprockii
Distribution. Brazil.
paranaensis
Distribution. Brazil.
polyacinata Barcelos-Silva, Dumas and Pes, 2015:596 [Type locality: Brazil, Espírito Santo, Fundão, Hotel Fazenda Monte Sião, 19°56'02.0"S 40°24'45.0"W; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
ruschii
Distribution. Brazil.
sanctaeteresae
Distribution. Brazil.
sanctipauli (
Distribution. Brazil.
schadrackorum
Distribution. Brazil.
spiesae
Distribution. Brazil.
tripuiensis
Distribution. Brazil.
truncata
Distribution. Brazil.
Genus Chimarra Stephens [256 + †6]
Chimarra
Curgia
Chimarrhodes
Chimarrita
Otarrha
Four subgenera are known from the Netropics, Chimarra, Curgia, Chimarrita, and Otarrha, the latter three being endemic to the region, although Curgia has species that extend into the southwestern United States. The phylogenetic relationships among its species have been investigated by
The larval stage has been described for species from most regions of the world (
acinaciformis (Curgia)
Distribution. Ecuador.
acula (Curgia)
Distribution. Peru.
acuta (Chimarra)
—boneti (Chimarra)
Distribution. Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua.
adamsae (Chimarra)
Distribution. Brazil, Peru.
adella (Chimarra)
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
adelphe (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.
akantha (Chimarrita)
Distribution. Brazil.
alata (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua.
albomaculata (Curgia)
—luquillo
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
altmani (Chimarra)
Distribution. Panama.
amazonia (Otarrha)
Distribution. Peru.
amica (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
angularis (incertae sedis)
Distribution. Guyana, Venezuela.
angustipennis (Chimarra)
—siva
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, U.S.A., Venezuela.
anticheira (Chimarrita)
Distribution. Brazil.
antigua (Chimarra)
Distribution. Mexico.
antilliana (Chimarra)
Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia.
argentella (Curgia)
Distribution. Jamaica.
argentinica (Chimarra)
—armata
—canosa
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Peru.
arima (Chimarra)
Distribution. Trinidad.
atilanoi (Chimarra)
Distribution. Mexico.
aurantibasis (Curgia)
Distribution. Cuba.
aureopunctata (Curgia)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.
aurivittata (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela.
aviceps (Curgia)
Distribution. Peru.
banksi (Curgia) (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.
barinas (Otarrha)
Distribution. Venezuela.
barinita (Curgia)
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
barrettae (Curgia) (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.
beameri (Chimarra)
—calva
Distribution. Belize, Mexico, U.S.A.
beckeri (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil.
belizensis (Chimarra)
Distribution. Belize.
bicolor (Chimarra) (
—xesta
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua.
bicoloroides (Chimarra)
Distribution. Mexico.
bidens (Chimarra)
—caribea surinamensis
Distribution. Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela.
bidentata (Chimarra)
Distribution. Peru.
bisectilis (Curgia)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
blepharophera (Curgia)
Distribution. Mexico.
boraceia (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil.
braconoides (Curgia) (
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Haiti.
brasiliana (Curgia)
—parva (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay.
burmeisteri (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil.
butleri (Chimarra)
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
calori (Chimarra)
Distribution. Brazil.
camella (Chimarrita)
Distribution. Brazil.
camposae (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil.
camura (Chimarrita)
Distribution. Brazil.
canoaba (Curgia)
Distribution. Venezuela.
caribea caribea (Chimarra)
Distribution. Grenada, Mustique, Nicaragua, Panama, Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela (Isla Margarita).
caribea tobaga
Distribution. Tobago.
carolae (Curgia)
Distribution. Venezuela.
cascada (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
cauca (Chimarra)
Distribution. Colombia.
centralis (Curgia)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama.
centrispina (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil.
chela (Chimarrita)
Distribution. Brazil, Venezuela.
chimalapa (Chimarra) Bueno-Soria, Santiago-Fragoso, and Barba-Álvarez, 2001:149 [Type locality: Mexico, Tabasco, Municipio de Huimanguillo, Arroyo las Flores, Villa de Guadalupe 2a Sección Los Chimalapas, km 5 Ruta Malpasito-Carlos A. Madrazo, 17°22'05"N, 93°36'25"W;
Distribution. Mexico.
chocoensis (Chimarra)
Distribution. Colombia.
chrysosoma (Curgia)
Distribution. Bolivia, Peru.
cipoensis (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil.
cirrifera (Curgia)
Distribution. Venezuela.
claviloba (Curgia)
Distribution. Suriname.
coheni (Chimarra)
Distribution. Ecuador.
colmillo (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
conica (Curgia)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
consimilis (Curgia)
Distribution. Peru.
cornuta (Chimarra)
Distribution. Mexico.
costaricensis (Curgia)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
creagra (Chimarra)
Distribution. Ecuador, Venezuela.
crena (Chimarra)
Distribution. Mexico.
cressae (Chimarra)
Distribution. Venezuela.
cubanorum (Otarrha)
Distribution. Cuba.
cultellata (Curgia)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela.
curfmani (Chimarra)
Distribution. Mexico.
curvipenis (Chimarra)
Distribution. Brazil.
darlingtoni (Otarrha)
Distribution. Cuba.
decimlobata (Chimarra)
Distribution. Colombia.
dentosa (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.
desirae (Chimarra)
Distribution. Colombia.
diakis (Otarrha)
Distribution. Brazil.
diannae (Otarrha)
Distribution. St. Lucia.
diaphora (Otarrha)
Distribution. Venezuela.
didyma (Curgia)
Distribution. Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela.
distermina (Curgia)
Distribution. Bolivia.
dolabrifera (Chimarra)
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru.
† dommeli (incertae sedis)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
dominicana (Otarrha)
Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique.
donamariae (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil, Peru.
duckworthi (Chimarra)
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela.
dudosa (Chimarra)
Distribution. Panama.
elia (Chimarra)
—barranca
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, U.S.A.
embia (Chimarra)
—rizona
—spicula
—stellula
Distribution. El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua.
emima (Chimarra)
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela.
ensifera (Curgia)
Distribution. Venezuela.
erectiloba (Curgia)
Distribution. Peru.
espinosa (Chimarra)
Distribution. Mexico.
fernandezi (Curgia)
Distribution. Venezuela.
fimbriata (Curgia)
Distribution. Suriname.
fittkaui (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana.
flinti (Chimarra)
Distribution. Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela.
forcipata (Chimarrita)
Distribution. Venezuela.
froehlichi (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil.
garciai (Otarrha)
Distribution. Cuba.
geranoides (Curgia)
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
gibba (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua.
gilvimacula (Curgia)
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Haiti.
gondela (Chimarra)
Distribution. Suriname, Venezuela.
guanacasteca (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
guapa (Otarrha)
Distribution. Cuba.
guatemalensis (Chimarra)
Distribution. Guatemala, Nicaragua.
guyanensis (Curgia)
Distribution. Guyana.
haesitationis (Chimarra)
Distribution. Guadeloupe.
hairouna (Chimarra)
Distribution. St. Vincent.
heligma (Chimarrita)
Distribution. Brazil.
heppneri (Chimarrita)
Distribution. Peru.
hyoeides (Curgia)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay.
immaculata (Curgia)
Distribution. Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela.
inchoata (Chimarra)
Distribution. Venezuela.
incipiens (Otarrha)
Distribution. Venezuela.
inflata (Chimarra)
Distribution. Ecuador.
irwini (Curgia)
Distribution. Venezuela.
izabala (Chimarra)
Distribution. Belize, Guatemala.
jamaicensis (Otarrha)
Distribution. Jamaica.
janzeni (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
jemima (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
jugescens (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil.
juliae (Curgia)
Distribution. Venezuela.
koki (Otarrha)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
kontilos (Chimarrita)
Distribution. Brazil.
laguna (Curgia)
—brustia
—alamosa
Distribution. Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua.
langleyae (Chimarra)
Distribution. Ecuador.
lata (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
latiforceps (Chimarra)
Distribution. Brazil.
limon (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
lobata (Curgia)
Distribution. Panama.
lojaensis (Curgia)
Distribution. Ecuador.
longiterga (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama.
macara (Curgia)
Distribution. Ecuador.
machadoi (Otarrha)
Distribution. Brazil.
machaerophora (Otarrha)
Distribution. Jamaica.
majuscula (Chimarrita)
Distribution. Brazil.
maldonadoi (incertae sedis)
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
margaritae (Curgia)
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
maritza (Curgia)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
medioloba (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil, Venezuela.
merengue (incertae sedis)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
mesodonta (Chimarrita) Vilaniro and Calor, 2015b:123 [Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Santa Teresinha, Pedra Branca, Serra da Jibóia, 12°51'016"S, 39°28'48"W, el. 679 m; ♂; ♀; rosalesi Group].
Distribution. Brazil.
mexicana (Curgia) (
—mexicana (
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico.
minca (Curgia)
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
minga (Curgia)
Distribution. Venezuela.
moesta (Curgia)
—alayoi
Distribution. Cuba.
morio (Curgia)
—martinmoselyi
Distribution. Brazil.
munozi (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
mycterophora (Curgia)
Distribution. Bolivia, Peru.
nasuta (Curgia)
Distribution. Mexico.
neblina (Chimarrita)
Distribution. Venezuela.
neofimbriata (Curgia)
Distribution. Guyana, Suriname.
nicehuh (Chimarra)
Distribution. Venezuela.
oaxaca (Chimarra)
Distribution. Mexico.
obscura (Chimarra) (
—plutonis (
—lucia
Distribution. Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.
odonta (Otarrha)
Distribution. Brazil.
onchyrhina (Chimarra)
Distribution. Venezuela.
onima (Chimarra)
Distribution. Colombia.
ortiziana (Chimarra)
Distribution. Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico.
otuzcoensis (Curgia)
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru.
ovalis (Chimarra)
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico.
pablito (Curgia)
—spangleri Trivette ms.,
Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama.
† palaedominicana (incertae sedis)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
† palaenova (incertae sedis)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
paracreagra (Chimarra)
Distribution. Ecuador.
parana (Curgia)
—punctulata (Curgia)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
paraortiziana (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
parene (Otarrha)
Distribution. Peru.
paria (Curgia)
Distribution. Venezuela.
parilis (Otarrha)
Distribution. Peru.
particeps (Otarrha)
Distribution. Peru.
patosa (Otarrha)
Distribution. Peru.
paucispina (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil.
peineta (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama.
pelaezi (Chimarra)
Distribution. Mexico.
persimilis (Curgia)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru.
peruana (Otarrha)
Distribution. Peru.
peruviana (Curgia)
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru.
petersorum (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil.
petricola (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil.
peytoni (Curgia)
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
phthanorossi (Otarrha)
Distribution. Colombia.
picea (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
piliferosa (Curgia)
Distribution. Bolivia, Peru.
piraya (Curgia)
Distribution. Argentina.
platyrhina (Chimarra)
Distribution. Venezuela.
plaumanni (Curgia)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
pollex (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.
poolei (Chimarra)
Distribution. Venezuela.
potosi (Chimarra)
Distribution. Mexico.
primula (Chimarra)
—volenta (Chimarra)
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
prolata (Chimarrita)
Distribution. Ecuador.
protuberans (Chimarra)
Distribution. Peru.
puertoricensis (Otarrha)
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
pulchra (Curgia)
—fraterna
Distribution. Cuba.
pumila (Chimarra) (
Distribution. Ecuador.
purisca (Curgia)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
pusilla (Chimarrita)
Distribution. Venezuela.
puya (Curgia)
Distribution. Ecuador.
pylaea (Chimarra)
Distribution. Mexico.
quadratiterga (Chimarra)
Distribution. Ecuador.
quadrifurcata (Otarrha)
Distribution. Guadeloupe.
quaternaria (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil.
quina (Curgia)
Distribution. Cuba.
quitacalzon (Chimarra)
Distribution. Peru.
rafita (Chimarra)
Distribution. Ecuador.
redonda (Otarrha)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
† resinae (incertae sedis)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
retrorsa (Otarrha)
Distribution. Suriname.
rhamphodes (Chimarra)
Distribution. Peru.
ridleyi (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, U.S.A.
rosalesi (Chimarrita)
Distribution. Venezuela.
rossi (Otarrha)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.
sarophora (Curgia)
Distribution. Nicaragua, Panama.
schiza (Chimarra)
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
scopula (Curgia)
Distribution. Suriname, Venezuela.
scopuloides (Curgia)
—catarinensis (Curgia)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Suriname.
securigera (Curgia)
Distribution. Venezuela.
sensillata (Otarrha)
Distribution. Venezuela.
septemlobata (Otarrha)
Distribution. Colombia.
septifera (Otarrha)
Distribution. Suriname.
setosa (Chimarra)
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua.
simpliciforma (Chimarrita)
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela.
solisi (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
soroa (Otarrha)
Distribution. Cuba.
spangleri (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad.
spatulata (Curgia)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.
spinulifera baoruco (Otarrha)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
spinulifera galalcha (Otarrha)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
spinulifera spinulifera (Otarrha)
Distribution. Haiti.
straminea (Curgia)
Distribution. Venezuela.
strongyla (Chimarra)
Distribution. Ecuador.
† succini (incertae sedis)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
sunima (Chimarra)
Distribution. Colombia.
tachuela (Otarrha)
Distribution. Venezuela.
tamba (Curgia)
Distribution. Peru.
tapanti (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
teresae (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil.
texana (Curgia)
—betteni
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
tortuosa (Chimarrita)
Distribution. Brazil.
truncatiloba (Curgia)
Distribution. Suriname.
tucuna (Curgia)
Distribution. Brazil.
uara (Chimarra)
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela.
usitatissima (incertae sedis)
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
utahensis (Chimarra) Ross, 1938:134 [Type locality: United States, Utah, Gandy;
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
utra (Chimarra)
Distribution. Ecuador.
villalobosi (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.
virgencita (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
† weitschati (incertae sedis)
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
wilcuma (Chimarra)
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
wilsoni (Curgia)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
woldai (Chimarra)
Distribution. Panama.
xingu (Chimarrita)
Distribution. Brazil.
xus (Chimarra)
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador.
yanura (Chimarra)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
ypsilon (Curgia)
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay.
zamora (Chimarra)
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru.
Genus Chimarrhodella Lestage [12]
Chimarrhodella
Protarra
Loxinum
This genus is limited to the Neotropical Region, where it is found along the western mountains from Peru to Costa Rica, and eastward into Venezuela and the island of Tobago. Twelve species have been discovered up to now. The immature stages are unknown. Adults are generally taken by net in the day, but a few will also come sparingly to light at night. They are found near small mountain streams in heavily forested areas.
aequatoria (
Distribution. Ecuador.
costaricensis
Distribution. Costa Rica.
flinti
Distribution. Venezuela.
galeata (
—sagittoides (
Distribution. Bolivia, Peru.
nigra Flint, 1981:10 [Type locality: Venezuela, Aragua, Dos Riitos, 6 km N Rancho Grande;
Distribution. Venezuela.
ornata
Distribution. Ecuador.
paria
Distribution. Venezuela.
peruviana (
Distribution. Colombia, Peru, Venezuela.
pilcopata
Distribution. Peru.
tapanti
Distribution. Costa Rica.
tobagoensis
Distribution. Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela.
ulmeri (
Distribution. Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Venezuela.
Genus Sortosa Navás [20]
Sortosa
The larvae of a number of the former subgenera of Dolophilodes have been described (
angulata (
Distribution. Chile.
appendiculata (
Distribution. Chile.
bifida (
Distribution. Chile.
bispinosa (
Distribution. Chile.
chilensis (
—fusca
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
duplex (
Distribution. Chile.
dupliplex (
Distribution. Chile.
edwardi
Distribution. Chile.
elongata (
Distribution. Chile.
elongatoides (
Distribution. Chile.
flavipunctata
Distribution. Chile.
michelbacheri
Distribution. Chile.
paxillifera (
Distribution. Chile.
pectinifera
Distribution. Chile.
prolixa (
Distribution. Chile.
scopula (
Distribution. Chile.
spectabilis (
Distribution. Chile.
spinifera
Distribution. Chile.
spinosella (
Distribution. Chile.
ventricosta (
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Wormaldia McLachlan [50]
Wormaldia
The genus is widespread over the Northern Hemisphere, and in the New World occurs in the eastern and western mountains of North America, south through Mexico into Peru and Bolivia, and including some of the Lesser Antillean islands; it is also represented in Baltic amber. In total the genus has close to 200 species; it is especially diverse in Asia and South America.
Larvae of several species from Europe and North America have been described (
alicia Bueno-Soria, Santiago-Fragoso and Barba-Álvarez, 2004:483 [Type locality: Mexico, Tabasco, Municipio de Huimanguillo Arroyo las Flores Villa de Guadalupe 2nd seccíon Los Chimalapas, km 5 Ruta Malpasito-Carlos A. Madrazo, 17°22'05"N, 93°36'25"W;
Distribution. Mexico.
andrea
Distribution. Ecuador.
anhelitus
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama.
araujoi
Distribution. Ecuador.
arizonensis (
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
aymara
Distribution. Bolivia.
barbai
Distribution. Mexico.
bolivari
Distribution. Venezuela.
boteroi
Distribution. Colombia.
buenorum
Distribution. Mexico.
calderonae
Distribution. Mexico.
chrismark
Distribution. Panama.
contrerasi
Distribution. Panama.
cornuta
Distribution. Mexico.
dachiardiorum
Distribution. Colombia.
dampfi Ross and King, in
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua.
dorsata Ross and King, in
Distribution. Mexico.
eberhardi
Distribution. Panama.
endonima Ross and King, in
Distribution. Mexico.
esperonis Ross and King, in
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico.
flinti
Distribution. Bolivia, Panama.
francovilla
Distribution. Panama.
fredycarol
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
gallardoi
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
gonzalezae
Distribution. Venezuela.
hedamafera
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
imberti
Distribution. Costa Rica.
inca
Distribution. Peru.
insignis (
—ostina
Distribution. Peru.
isela
Distribution. Mexico.
juarox
Distribution. Costa Rica.
lauglo
Distribution. Panama.
luma
Distribution. Mexico.
machadorum
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
maesi
Distribution. Nicaragua.
matagalpa
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua.
menchuae
Distribution. Guatemala.
monsonorum
Distribution. Costa Rica.
navarroae
Distribution. Mexico.
palma
Distribution. Colombia.
paprockevi
Distribution. Costa Rica.
planae Ross and King, in
—arcopa Denning, in
Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, St. Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela, U.S.A.
prolixa
Distribution. Colombia.
saboriorum
Distribution. Panama.
tarasca
Distribution. Mexico.
tocajoma
Distribution. Costa Rica.
trondi
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
tupacamara
Distribution. Bolivia.
zunigae
Distribution. Colombia.
zunigarceorum
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
Family Philorheithridae
The family is represented in the New World by two genera and six species endemic to southern Chile and adjacent Argentina. Seven other genera and 24 species are found on Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand in the Australasian region, and from Madagascar, representing a Gondwanian distributional pattern. However, the discovery of a fossil philorheithrid from Transbaikalia in Russia suggests a former global distribution of the family (
Larvae of the Australian forms build stout cases of mineral matter and are predatory (
Genus Mystacopsyche Schmid [2]
Mystacopsyche
Two species of this endemic Chilean genus are known. Adults are commonly swept from vegetation beside second and third order streams and also come to lights at night. No information is published on their immature stages.
longipilosa
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
ochracea
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Psilopsyche Ulmer [4]
Psilopsyche
The genus now contains four species, endemic to southern Chile and adjacent Argentina. The adults come commonly to lights placed close to most types of flowing water. The immature stages are undescribed.
chillana
Distribution. Chile.
granda
Distribution. Chile.
kolbiana
—ruiziana
—blanchardi
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
molinai
—macqueeni
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Family Polycentropodidae
This is a large and diverse family well represented in all biogeographic regions of the world. The family has undergone two recent major phylogenetic assessments and changes to classification (
The larvae all construct silken retreats, usually open at both ends and with a surrounding trap net of silken strands (
Genus Cernotina Ross [68 + †1]
Cernotina
The genus is found only in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, but it is in South America where the greatest diversity of species occurs. The larvae of a North American species were associated and described by
abbreviata
Distribution. Brazil.
acalyptra
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
aestheticella
Distribution. Peru.
anhanguera Camargos, Barcelos-Silva and Pes in
Distribution. Brazil.
antonina Holzenthal and Almeida, 2003:23 [Type locality: Brazil, Paraná, Atonina, Reserva de Sapitanduva, 25°28'S, 48°50'W, el. 60 m;
Distribution. Brazil.
artiguensis
Distribution. Uruguay.
aruma
Distribution. Brazil.
astera
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua, U.S.A.
attenuata
Distribution. Brazil.
bibrachiata
Distribution. Brazil, Peru.
bispicata Camargos, Barcelos-Silva and Pes in
Distribution. Brazil.
cacha
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
cadeti
Distribution. St. Lucia.
calcea
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua, U.S.A.
caliginosa
Distribution. Jamaica.
carbonelli
Distribution. Uruguay.
chelifera
Distribution. Argentina.
chiapaneca
Distribution. Mexico.
cingulata
Distribution. Brazil.
compressa
Distribution. Brazil.
cygnea
Distribution. Brazil, Peru.
cystophora
Distribution. Brazil.
danieli
—Cernotina sp.
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
declinata
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
decumbens
Distribution. Brazil.
depressa
Distribution. Suriname.
ecotura
Distribution. Brazil.
encrypta
Distribution. Brazil.
falcata Camargos, Barcelos-Silva and Pes in
Distribution. Brazil.
fallaciosa
Distribution. Argentina, Uruguay.
filiformis
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
flexuosa
Distribution. Brazil.
harrisi
Distribution. Peru.
hastilis
Distribution. Tobago.
intersecta
Distribution. Suriname.
lanceolata Barcelos-Silva, Camargos and Pes in
Distribution. Brazil.
laticula
Distribution. Mexico.
lazzarii Holzenthal and Almeida, 2003:24 [Type locality: Brazil, Paraná, município de Corbélia, Rio Novo headwaters, 24°53.886'S, 53°14.895'W, el. 700 m;
Distribution. Brazil.
lobisomem
Distribution. Brazil.
longispina Barcelos-Silva, Camargos and Pes in
Distribution. Brazil.
longissima
Distribution. Suriname.
lutea
Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique.
mandeba
Distribution. Suriname, Tobago, Trinidad.
mastelleri
—Subfamily Polycentropodinae species
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
medioloba
Distribution. Argentina.
nigridentata
Distribution. Peru.
obliqua
Distribution. Brazil.
odonta
Distribution. Brazil.
pallida
Distribution. Nicaragua, U.S.A.
perpendicularis
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Suriname, Uruguay.
pesae
Distribution. Brazil.
† pulchra
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
puri
Distribution. Brazil.
riosanjuanensis
Distribution. Nicaragua.
sexspinosa
Distribution. Brazil, Uruguay.
sinosa
Distribution. Mexico.
sinuosa Barcelos-Silva, Camargos and Pes in
Distribution. Brazil.
spinigera
Distribution. Brazil, Uruguay.
spinosior
Distribution. Brazil, Venezuela.
stannardi
Distribution. Mexico.
subapicalis
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
taeniata
Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua.
trispina
Distribution. Brazil.
uara
Distribution. Brazil, Suriname.
uncifera
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.
unguiculata
Distribution. Brazil.
verna
Distribution. Argentina, Uruguay.
verticalis
Distribution. Brazil.
zanclana
Distribution. Belize, Mexico.
Genus Cyrnellus Banks [10]
Cyrnellus
Like Cernotina, Cyrnellus is distributed widely across North, Central, and South America, but it is lacking in the Antilles. One species, Cyrnellus fraternus (Banks), is known from the northern United States to Argentina making it one of the most widely distributed New World caddisflies.
The larvae of C. fraternus were described by
arotron
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
bifidus
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
collaris
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Uruguay.
fraternus (
—minimus
—marginalis (
—zernyi
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Uruguay, U.S.A., Venezuela.
mammillatus
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay.
misionensis
Distribution. Argentina.
rianus
Distribution. Argentina, Uruguay.
risi (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Suriname, Uruguay.
ulmeri
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Uruguay.
zapateriensis
Distribution. Nicaragua.
Genus Nyctiophylax Brauer [4]
Nyctiophylax
This is a rather heterogenous assemblage of species occuring in most regions of the World, but it is unlikely that these are all congeneric, considering the great differences in genitalic morphology seen among the species. In fact, the monophyly of the genus was not supported in a recent phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters (
The larvae of several North American species have been described (
elongatus
Distribution. Suriname.
muhnianus
Distribution. Argentina.
neotropicalis
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Suriname, Uruguay.
tacuarembo
Distribution. Uruguay.
Genus Polycentropus Curtis [105]
Polycentropus
Placocentropus
Until recently, North American and European workers classified this cosmopolitan genus differently.
The larvae of many species from Europe, North America and the West Indies have been described (
acanthogaster
Distribution. Panama.
acinaciformis
Distribution. Brazil.
aguyje
Distribution. Argentina.
alatus
Distribution. Mexico.
aliciae Barba-Álvarez and Bueno-Soria, 2005:663 [Type locality: Mexico, Veracruz, Río Jamapa, 5 krn NE Coscomatepec;
Distribution. Mexico.
altmani
—macrostylus (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela.
amphirhamphus
Distribution. Brazil.
ancistrus
Distribution. Brazil.
ariensis
Distribution. Mexico.
arizonensis
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
aspinosus
Distribution. Chile.
aztecus
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
azulus
Distribution. Mexico.
bartolus
Distribution. Mexico.
bellus
Distribution. Mexico.
biappendiculatus
Distribution. Suriname, Venezuela.
bonus
Distribution. Belize, Mexico.
boraceia
Distribution. Brazil.
brevicornutus
Distribution. Brazil.
caaete
Distribution. Brazil.
cachoeira
Distribution. Brazil.
carioca
Distribution. Brazil.
carolae
Distribution. Brazil.
casicus Denning,
Distribution. Mexico.
ceciliae
Distribution. Colombia.
cheliceratus
Distribution. Brazil.
chilensis
Distribution. Chile.
cipoensis
Distribution. Brazil.
clarus
Distribution. Mexico.
connatus
Distribution. Venezuela.
costaricensis
Distribution. Costa Rica.
cressae
Distribution. Venezuela.
criollo
Distribution. Cuba.
cuspidatus
Distribution. Ecuador, Peru.
dentoides
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
dianae Barba-Álvarez and Bueno-Soria, 2005:666 [Type locality: Mexico, Nuevo León, Mpio. Zaragoza, El Salto;
Distribution. Mexico.
digitus
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
domingensis
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
doronca
Distribution. Mexico.
encera Denning and Sykora, in
Distribution. Mexico.
exsertus
Distribution. Ecuador.
fasthi
Distribution. Costa Rica.
fluminensis
Distribution. Brazil.
fortispinus
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
fortunus
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
froehlichi
Distribution. Brazil.
galharada
Distribution. Brazil.
garfio
Distribution. Costa Rica.
gertschi
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
giovannae Barba-Álvarez and Bueno-Soria, 2005:668 [Type locality: Mexico, Oaxaca, route 175, La Esperanza, ca Valle Nacional;
Distribution. Mexico.
graciosa
Distribution. Brazil.
guatemalensis
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua.
halidus
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
hamiferus
Distribution. El Salvador.
hamiltoni
Distribution. Nicaragua.
holzenthali
Distribution. Nicaragua, Mexico.
ibarrai Barba-Álvarez and Bueno-Soria, 2005:666 [Type locality: Mexico, Hidalgo, Hixtlahuaco, Hotel Campestre Conchita, 20°53.025'N, 98°42.140'W, el. 1400 m;
Distribution. Mexico.
insularis
Distribution. Dominica, Grenada, Martinique.
inusitatus
Distribution. Brazil.
itatiaia
Distribution. Brazil.
jamaicensis
Distribution. Jamaica.
jeldesi
—species 2
—“sp. A”
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
joergenseni
—colombiensis
—anomalus
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela.
lingulatus
Distribution. Panama.
longispinosus
Distribution. Bolivia.
marcanoi
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
mathisi
Distribution. Cuba.
mayanus
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua.
meridiensis
Distribution. Venezuela
mexicanus (
Distribution. Mexico.
minero
Distribution. Brazil.
mixteco Barba-Álvarez and Bueno-Soria, 2005:665 [Type locality: Mexico, Oaxaca, La Esperanza, route 175, ca. Valle Nacional;
Distribution. Mexico.
neblinensis
Distribution. Venezuela.
nebulosus
Distribution. Costa Rica.
nigriceps
—rosarius
—species 1
Distribution. Cuba.
obtusus (
Distribution. Chile.
palmitus
Distribution. Mexico.
paprockii
Distribution. Brazil.
pedernales
—sp. B
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
phraterus
Distribution. Costa Rica.
picana
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
quadriappendiculatus
Distribution. Chile.
quadricuspidis
Distribution. Ecuador.
quadrispinosus
Distribution. Chile.
rosalysae
Distribution. Brazil.
santateresae
Distribution. Brazil.
sarandi
Distribution. Uruguay.
silex
Distribution. Ecuador.
soniae
Distribution. Brazil.
spicatus
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
surinamensis
Distribution. Suriname.
tripui
Distribution. Brazil.
tuberculatus
Distribution. Chile.
turquino
Distribution. Cuba.
unispinus
Distribution. Colombia.
urubici Holzenthal and Almeida, 2003:26 [Type locality: Brazil, Paraná, Telêmaco Borba, Reserva Samuel Klabin, 24°17'S, 50°37'W, el. 750 m; UFPR; ♂]. —
Distribution. Brazil.
valdiviensis
Distribution. Chile.
vanderpooli
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
veracruzensis
Distribution. Mexico.
verruculus
Distribution. Brazil.
virginiae
Distribution. Brazil.
volcanus
Distribution. Costa Rica.
zanclus
Distribution. Guatemala, Nicaragua.
zaneta
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
zurqui
Distribution. Costa Rica.
Genus Polyplectropus Ulmer [96]
Polyplectropus
Ecnomodes
Cordillopsyche
Ecnomodellina
As currently defined, this genus has representatives in Africa, the Orient, and as far south as New Zealand as well as the American tropics.
The larvae of a species, probably P. charlesi (described as Genus C,
adamsae
Distribution. Peru.
alatespinus
Distribution. Brazil.
alienus
Distribution. Bolivia, Mexico.
alleni (
Distribution. Brazil, Costa Rica.
amazonicus
Distribution. Venezuela.
anchorus
Distribution. Brazil.
andinensis
Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia.
annulicornis
Distribution. Brazil.
auriplicatus
Distribution. Brazil.
banksianus
Distribution. Brazil.
beccus
Distribution. Venezuela.
beutelspacheri
Distribution. Mexico.
blahniki
Distribution. Venezuela.
bolivianus
Distribution. Bolivia.
brachyscolus
Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, Suriname.
brasilensis
Distribution. Brazil.
bravoae
Distribution. Belize, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua.
brborichorum
Distribution. Ecuador.
bredini
Distribution. Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia.
buchwaldi (
Distribution. Ecuador.
canastra Rocha, Dumas, and Nessimian, 2016a:392 [Type locality: Brazil, Minas Gerais, São Roque de Minas, Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, Cachoeira Capão Forro (confluência dos rios do Peixe e Rolador), 20°15'10.0"S, 46°24'24.0"W, el. 936 m; DZRJ; ♂].
Distribution. Brazil.
carolae
Distribution. Mexico.
charlesi (
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A.
clauseni
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
colombianus
Distribution. Colombia.
corniculatus
Distribution. Peru.
costalis (
Distribution. Colombia.
cressae
Distribution. Venezuela.
cuzcoensis
Distribution. Peru.
deltoides (
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
denticulus
Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua.
dubitatus
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
ecuadoriensis
Distribution. Bolivia, Ecuador.
elongatus (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
exilis
Distribution. Costa Rica.
flavicornis
Distribution. Brazil, Uruguay.
flintorum
Distribution. Venezuela.
fuscatus
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
gaesum
Distribution. Brazil.
guyanae
Distribution. Guyana, Venezuela.
hamatus
Distribution. Belize, Mexico.
hamulus
Distribution. Argentina.
herrerai Bueno-Soria and Hamilton, in
Distribution. Mexico.
hollyae
Distribution. Brazil.
holzenthali
Distribution. Nicaragua.
hymenochilus
Distribution. Costa Rica.
hystricosus
Distribution. Brazil.
inarmatus
Distribution. Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Suriname.
insularis
Distribution. Panama.
juliae
Distribution. Brazil.
kanukarum
Distribution. Guyana.
kingsolveri
Distribution. Belize, Guatemala, Mexico.
kylistos
Distribution. Costa Rica.
laminatus (
Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela.
maculatus
Distribution. Venezuela.
maesi
Distribution. Nicaragua, Panama.
manuensis
Distribution. Peru.
matatlanticus
Distribution. Brazil.
mathisi
Distribution. Panama.
mignonae
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
minensium
Distribution. Brazil.
misolja
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
narifer
Distribution. Suriname.
nayaritensis
Distribution. Mexico.
nicaraguensis
Distribution. Nicaragua.
novafriburgensis
Distribution. Brazil.
oaxaquensis
Distribution. Mexico, Peru.
panamensis
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
paradelphae
Distribution. Costa Rica.
paysandu
Distribution. Uruguay.
perpendicularis
Distribution. Costa Rica.
peruvianus
Distribution. Peru.
petrae
Distribution. Brazil.
pratherae
Distribution. Brazil.
profaupar Holzenthal and Almeida, 2003:26 [Type locality: Brazil, Santa Catarina, Morro da lgreja, Urubici, Cachoeira Véu da Noiva, 28°04.595'S, 49°3l.090'W, el. 1300 m;
Distribution. Brazil.
pugiunculatus Botosaneanu, in Botosaneanu and Alkin-Koo, 1993:31 [Type locality: Trinidad, Northern Range, stream just below Blue Basin Waterfall; ZMUA; ♂; ♀]. —
Distribution. Tobago, Trinidad.
puyoensis
Distribution. Ecuador.
recurvatus (
Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela.
robacki (
Distribution. Peru.
robertsonae
Distribution. Bolivia.
rodmani
Distribution. Brazil.
rondoniensis
Distribution. Brazil.
santiago (
—proditus
Distribution. Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A.
spiculifer
Distribution. Brazil.
squalus
Distribution. Mexico.
thilus (
Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua.
tragularius
Distribution. Brazil.
trilobatus
Distribution. Venezuela.
tripunctatum
Distribution. Peru.
ulmeriana
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay.
venezolanus
Distribution. Venezuela.
woldai
Distribution. Panama.
yolandae
Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.
zamoranoensis
Distribution. Honduras.
zaragozai
Distribution. Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.
zuliae
Distribution. Venezuela.
Family Pseudoneureclipsidae
The status of this family and its two included genera, Antillopsyche and Pseudoneureclipsis, has been equivocal. It was long considered a subfamily of Polycentropodidae, but
Genus Antillopsyche Banks [4 + †4]
Antillopsyche
The genus is known from the Greater Antillean islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico, and is well represented in amber from the Dominican Republic and Mexico (
The larvae and pupae of A. tubicola were described by
† auricula
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
aycara
Distribution. Cuba.
demma
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
† digitus
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
† mexicana Wichard, Solórzano-Kraemer and Luer, 2006:43 [Type locality: Mexico; IHNEC; ♂; in amber].
Distribution. Mexico.
† oliveri
Distribution. Dominican Republic.
tubicola
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
wrighti
Distribution. Cuba.
Family Psychomyiidae
The family is widely distributed in most regions of the world, but notably lacking in the Neotropical region; two species in the family occur in Nearctic Mexico, while the other New World species are exclusively North American. Nine genera occur in total, with most species diversity occurring in the Oriental region.
The immature stages of most genera have been described (
Genus Tinodes Curtis [2]
Tinodes
This is a very wide-ranging genus of more than 200 species from the Palearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical and western Nearctic regions. The genus is only known from western North America in the New World, where two species also occur in Baja California, Mexico.
The immature stages construct long silken tubes mixed with mineral fragments. These tubes extend for several centimeters over the rock surface. The immature stages are found in flowing water, often on hygropetric surfaces.
powelli
Distribution. Mexico.
provo
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
Family Rhyacophilidae
This is a family primarily of the Northern Hemisphere, occurring as far south as the Atlas Mountains in northern Africa, Java in Indonesia, and northern Mexico. In addition to the type genus, it contains Himalopsyche from Asia and western North America, Philocrena from the Caucasas, and Fansipangana from Vietnam. Rhyacophila contains ca. 700 described species, Himalopsyche has ca. 50 species, and Philocrena and Fansipangana each have only a single species.
The larvae of all genera, except Fansipangana, and many species from various regions of the world, have been described (
Genus Rhyacophila Pictet [1]
Rhyacophila
This is the dominant genus of the family, and, as is the whole family, primarily distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Within these northern regions it is a very common and diverse group. In his classic monograph
The larvae of many species are known, and they are quite diverse in appearance. They are, however, all free-living, and with the exception of a few, predators on other small aquatic organisms (
rayneri
Distribution. Mexico, USA.
Family Sericostomatidae
Many of the Southern Hemisphere genera once placed in the Sericostomatidae have been transferred to other families (
The larvae build tubular cases of sand grains or silk alone. They inhabit streams and lakes, where the larvae often burrow in sandy substrates. Larvae are detritivores.
Genus Chiloecia Navás [1]
Chiloecia
This obscure genus is known only from the original description. Its type is presumably lost, but the illustrations in the original description suggest that the genus is close to Parasericostoma.
lacustris
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Grumicha Müller [1]
Grumicha
Dicentropus
The single known species, Grumicha grumicha, occurs in southeastern Brazil and adjacent Argentina. The larval stage and case have been described a few times (
Larvae build slender, smooth, shiny cases entirely of darkened silk (
grumicha (
—flavipes (
Distribution. Argentina, Brazil.
Genus Gumaga Tsuda [1]
Gumaga
Gumaga occurs in Japan and the western United States. A total of six species are known. Only G. griseola occurs in Mexico, in Baja California.
Larvae were described by
griseola (
—assimilis
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
Genus Myotrichia Schmid [1]
Myotrichia
A single species is known in the genus. The immature stages and biology were described and discussed by
murina
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Genus Notidobiella Schmid [6]
Notidobiella
Six species are known in the genus, three endemic to Chile and the others from Brazil (north and southeast regions) and Ecuador. The Neotropical species of Sericostomatidae, including those in the genus Notidobiella, appear to be members of a southern Gondwana fauna (
The immature stages of N. chacayana were described by
amazoniana
Distribution. Brazil.
brasiliana
Distribution. Brazil.
chacayana
Distribution. Chile.
ecuadorensis
Distribution. Ecuador.
inermis
Distribution. Chile.
parallelipipeda
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Parasericostoma Schmid [10]
Chrysostoma
Parasericostoma
Ten species are known in the genus, making it the largest member of the family in the Neotropics. None of the species has been reported to occur outside of Chile and adjacent Argentina.
The larva and pupa of P. laterale were described by
abruptum
Distribution. Chile.
acutum
Distribution. Chile.
corniculatum
Distribution. Chile.
cristatum
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
dinocephalum
Distribution. Chile.
drepanigerum
Distribution. Chile.
laterale
Distribution. Chile.
ovale (
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
peniai (
Distribution. Chile.
rufum
Distribution. Chile.
Family Stenopsychidae
The stenopsychids are a family of only three known genera: Stenopsyche, of ca. 90 species, widely distributed throughout Asia and also with single known examples from Africa and Baltic amber, Stenopsychodes of nine Australian species, and Pseudostenopsyche, with two or three Chilean species (
Larvae of several species of Stenopsyche have been described and their biology is well known (
Genus Pseudostenopsyche Döhler [3]
Pseudostenopsyche
Rhyncorheithrus
This is the single, known representative of the family in the Neotropical Region. It contains two species at a minimum, the probability being that P. sugens is the female of one of the other species, known only from males. The immature stages and biology of the genus are unknown.
davisorum
Distribution. Chile.
gracilis (
Distribution. Chile.
sugens
Distribution. Chile.
Family Tasimiidae
This is a small family of four genera and only nine species. Charadropsyche and Trichovespula, each with a single species, are known from Chile, whereas Tasiagma and Tasimia, with one and five species, respectively, are reported from eastern Australia and Tasmania.
The immature stages of Charadropsyche and Trichovespula are described (
Genus Charadropsyche Flint [1]
Charadropsyche
A single species occurs in the Chilean Subregion of the South American continent. The larva, pupa, and case have been described (
penicillata
Distribution. Chile.
Genus Trichovespula Schmid [1]
Trichovespula
This is the second monotypic tasimiid genus from the Chilean subregion. It differs from the other known genera in the family in that the male palps are reduced to three segments.
The larva, pupa, and case were described by
macrocera
Distribution. Argentina, Chile.
Family Xiphocentronidae
This family occurs primarily in the tropical regions of the world, where the highest diversity of species occurs in the Oriental and Neotropical regions (
Larvae and pupae of Xiphocentron messapus were described by
Genus Cnodocentron Schmid [6]
Cnodocentron
Caenocentron
The genus was divided into two subgenera when it was established, with the nominotypical subgenus containing six species, all from the Oriental region. The subgenus Caenocentron was established for the New World species and now contains seven species, six of them occurring in the Neotropics and one in the United States (Cnodocentron yavapai).
The larva, pupa, and biology of Cnodocentron yavapai from Arizona were described by
galesus (Caenocentron)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
ideolus (Caenocentron)
Distribution. Mexico.
immaculatum (Caenocentron)
Distribution. Colombia.
lausus (Caenocentron)
Distribution. Nicaragua.
pallas (Caenocentron)
Distribution. Panama.
trilineatum (Caenocentron) (
Distribution. Mexico.
Genus Machairocentron Schmid [6]
Machairocentron
The genus contains six described species, all from the Neotropics. The immature stages of the genus were described by
ascanius
Distribution. Panama.
echinatum (
—carmentis
Distribution. Venezuela.
falciforme Pes and Hamada in
Distribution. Brazil.
lucumon
Distribution. Mexico.
tarpeia
Distribution. Mexico.
teucrus
Distribution. Panama.
Genus Xiphocentron Brauer [46 + †1]
Xiphocentron
Antillotrichia
Sphagocentron
Glyphocentron
Rhamphocentron
Xirocentron
This genus currently contains 43 species, divided among five subgenera. It is limited exclusively to the New World, where it is found from the southwestern United States, south to west-central Argentina, and both the Greater and Lesser Antilles. The only known fossil species was described by
The larvae and pupae of three species have been described: X. messapus (
albolineatum (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent.
alcmeon (Glyphocentron)
Distribution. Guatemala.
alecto (Rhamphocentron)
Distribution. Mexico.
asilas (Xiphocentron)
Distribution. Mexico.
aureum (Xiphocentron)
Distribution. Mexico, Panama.
bilimekii (Xiphocentron)
Distribution. Mexico.
borinquensis (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Puerto Rico.
caenina (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Argentina.
† chiapasi (Xiphocentron) Wichard, Solórzano-Kraemer and Luer, 2006:46 [Type locality: Mexico; Collection Poinar; ♂; in amber].
Distribution. Mexico.
cubanum caimitense (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Cuba.
cubanum cubanum (Antillotrichia) (
Distribution. Cuba.
cubanum orientale (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Cuba.
cuyensis (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Argentina.
erato (Rhamphocentron)
Distribution. Mexico.
euryale (Glyphocentron)
Distribution. Costa Rica.
evandrus (Sphagocentron)
Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama.
fuscum (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe, St Lucia.
haitiense (Antillotrichia) (
Distribution. Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico.
ilionea (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Brazil.
insulare (Antillotrichia) (
—trinitatis (
—nisus (Xirocentron)
Distribution. Trinidad.
julus (Sphagocentron)
Distribution. Mexico.
kamakan (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Brazil.
lavinia (Rhamphocentron)
Distribution. Guatemala, Mexico.
lobiferum (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Grenada.
maiteae (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Brazil.
messapus (Rhamphocentron)
Distribution. Mexico, U.S.A.
mexico (Rhamphocentron)
Distribution. Mexico.
mezencius (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Mexico.
mnesteus (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela.
moncho (Antillotrichia) Muñoz and
Distribution. Costa Rica.
nesidion (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Jamaica.
numanus (Rhamphocentron)
Distribution. Mexico.
parentum (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Martinique.
pintada (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Argentina.
piscicaudum (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Tobago, Venezuela.
polemon (Xiphocentron)
Distribution. Mexico.
prolixum (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Trinidad.
regulare (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Colombia.
rhamnes (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Mexico.
saltuum (unplaced) (
Distribution. Brazil.
sclerothrix (Antillotrichia) Pes and Hamada in
Distribution. Brazil.
serestus (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Mexico.
steffeni (Antillotrichia) (
Distribution. Brazil.
stenotum (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Tobago.
sturmi (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Colombia.
surinamense (Antillotrichia)
Distribution. Suriname.
tarquon (Xiphocentron)
Distribution. Mexico.
Trichoptera, incertae sedis
Genus Eutonella Müller [1]
Eutonella
The systematic position of this genus, for which only a figure of a pupal mandible is known, is not certain. As discussed in
peltopsychodes
Distribution. Brazil.
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank the many Trichoptera workers who provided us with citations and copies of their publications during the preparation of this catalog. We also acknowledge their outstanding accomplishments toward the discovery and description of the Neotropical caddisfly fauna, including the descriptions of over 1000 new species since 1999. Dr. John C. Morse and Dr. Patina Mendez, managers of the Trichoptera World Checklist and Trichoptera Literature Database, respectively, are especially acknowleded for their contributions and support. Shannon Farrell and Amy Gmur, University of Minnesota Natural Resources Library, provided invaluable assistance to obtain needed literature. Our colleagues and students, including Dr. Robin E. Thomson, Dr. Roger J. Blahnik, Jolanda Huisman, Luis Ernesto Rázuri Gonzales, Lucas Marcos de Camargos, and Dr. John Luhman, assisted by offering comments on the catalog, checking accuracy of entries and citations, translating papers, and correcting general errors. Dr. Allan Santos and Dr. Blahnik provided very thorough and critical reviews of the manuscript. Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr., and Dr. Steven C. Harris, co-authors of the 1999 version of this work, and Dr. Brian J. Armitage, editor of the work, are gratefully acknowledged for their contributions to that effort and for their continuing contributions to our knowledge of the Neotropical caddisfles. This work was supported by the Minnesota Agricuture Experimant Station projects AES 017-17 and AES 017-29. ARC was supported by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq process 243238/2014), Brazil. This support is gratefully acknowledged.
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