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Research Article
A key to genera of Dikraneurini from China, with description of a new species of Cornicola Ohara & Hayashi (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae)
expand article infoYe Xu‡§, Christopher H. Dietrich|, Dao-Zheng Qin‡
‡ Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China
§ Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| University of Illinois, Champaign, United States of America

Corresponding author: Ye Xu ( yexu@jxau.edu.cn )

Corresponding author: Dao-Zheng Qin ( qindaozh0426@aliyun.com )

Academic editor: Mick Webb
© 2023 Ye Xu, Christopher H. Dietrich, Dao-Zheng Qin.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Xu Y, Dietrich CH, Qin D-Z (2023) A key to genera of Dikraneurini from China, with description of a new species of Cornicola Ohara & Hayashi (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae). ZooKeys 1145: 191-200. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1145.94800
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6369C4C6-5E14-4F6A-8682-C61A4812A426
Open Access

Abstract

The leafhopper genus Cornicola Ohara & Hayashi, previously recorded from Japan, is recorded from China for the first time and a new species, C. maculatus Xu, Dietrich & Qin, sp. nov., is described and illustrated, including its color polymorphism. This genus has male genitalia and hind wing venation similar to those found in Empoascini but it is more appropriately placed in Dikraneurini. A key to species of Cornicola is given together with a key to the genera of Dikraneurini from China.

Keywords

Auchenorrhyncha, distribution, Homoptera, leafhopper, morphology, polymorphism, taxonomy

Introduction

The tribe Dikraneurini is a diverse group and differs from other Typhlocybinae leafhoppers in lacking an appendix in the forewing and in usually having the hind wing submarginal vein complete and extended past vein RA or RP basad along the costal margin (Dietrich 2005). However, some genera included in this tribe either lack the hind wing submarginal vein (Typhlocybella Baker) or have this vein reduced or obsolete at the apex of the costal margin and thus resemble species of Empoascini (Viraktamath and Dietrich 2011; Dietrich 2013; Ohara and Hayashi 2022). One such genus in the latter category is Cornicola Ohara & Hayashi, 2022, with C. mizuki Ohara & Hyashi, from Japan, as its type species. In this paper, a second species of Cornicola is described as new from southwest China, together with a key to Chinese Dikraneurini genera. To date, Dikraneurini contain 74 genera and 497 valid species distributed throughout the world (Dmitriev et al. 2022) of which 25 genera and more than 60 species occur in China and have been studied by Matsumura (1931), Anufriev and Emeljanov (1988), Dworakowska (1972, 1979, 1993a), Chou and Ma (1981), Zhang and Chou (1988), Zhang (1990), Zhang and Kang (2007), Kang and Zhang (2012, 2013), Yang et al., (2012), Kang et al. (2013), Jiao and Yang (2015, 2020), Huang et al. (2018), Kang et al. (2018), Qin et al. (2020).

Materials and methods

The specimens examined in this study were preserved in 95% ethanol stored for three years resulting in loss of the original color; they are now deposited in the insect collection of Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois (INHS). Morphological terminology used in this work follows Xu et al. (2021).

Taxonomy

Family Cicadellidae Latreille, 1825

Subfamily Typhlocybinae Kirschbaum, 1868

Tribe Dikraneurini McAtee, 1926

Cornicola Ohara & Hayashi, 2022

Type species

Cornicola mizuki Ohara & Hayashi, 2022, by original designation.

Diagnosis

Cornicola is easily distinguishable from all other known Typhlocybinae in having the following combination of characters: (1) crown of head much narrower than pronotum and strongly elevated above anterior margin of pronotum (Figs 3, 6); (2) forewing with vein R2 and RM arising from r cell and MCu from m cell (Fig. 9); (3) hind wing with submarginal vein obsolete along costal margin and anal vein branched (Fig. 10); (4) male pygofer with dorsal margin almost straight, with short preapical fingerlike process, folded mesad subapically, ventral appendage absent (Figs 16, 17); and (5) subgenital plates fused in proximal 1/3, with lateral macrosetal row (Fig. 19).

Figures 1–15. 

Cornicola maculatus Xu, Dietrich & Qin sp. nov. 1, 2 Adults showing different body coloration 3 female adult, dorsal view 4 female adult, left lateral view 5, 8 face 6 male adult (abdomen removed), dorsal view 7 male adult (abdomen removed), left lateral view 9 forewing 10 hind wing 11 left femur and base of tibia, anterior view 12 left middle femur, anterior view 13 left hind femur apex and base of tibia, anterior view 14 distal part of hind tibia and tarsus, anterior view 15 sternal apodemes.

Notes

Ohara and Hayashi (2022) recognized that Cornicola is related to Igutettix Matsumura, 1932 and therefore placed the genus in Dikraneurini; and also compared the genus to Vilbasteana Anufriev, 1970, Koreoneura Hossain & Kwon, 2021 and Sweta Viraktamath & Dietrich, 2011. However, the hind wing venation of Cornicola differs from the above-mentioned genera and instead resembles that of the Southeast Asian dikraneurine genera Rakta Dietrich, 2013 and Albodikra Dietrich, 2013 in having the submarginal vein obsolete or reduced apically along the costal margin of the hind wing (Fig. 10; fig. 2b, d in Dietrich 2013) and thus resembling that of Empoascini. Cornicola differs from these two genera in having an anteclypeus only slightly convex in both sexes (Figs 5, 8) (strongly swollen and broad in males of Rakta and Albodikra). Despite a strong resemblance of the hind wing venation of the new genus to the common pattern in Empoascini and some additional similarities in the male genitalia (e.g., elongate style), Cornicola is clearly more closely related to Dikraneurini and may represent a transitional form between Dikraneurini and Empoascini.

Figures 16–24. 

Cornicola maculatus Xu, Dietrich & Qin sp. nov. 16 male genital capsule, left lateral view 17 male pygofer, dorsal view 18 anal tube, left lateral view 19 subgenital plates 20 connective, lateral view 21 connective, dorsal view 22 style 23 aedeagus, left lateral view 24 aedeagus, ventral view.

Distribution

Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku) and China (Chongqing).

Key to species of Cornicola Ohara & Hayashi (males)

1 Male 2S apodemes extended nearly to posterior margin of segment V; aedeagus with shaft not widened at apex in lateral view, distal processes not forked at base, evenly curved in posterior view Cornicola mizuki Ohara & Hayashi
– Male 2S apodemes reaching to end of segment IV (Fig. 15); aedeagus with shaft apex widened in lateral view (Fig. 23) distal processes forked near base, longer fork bent at acute angle in posterior view (Fig. 24) Cornicola maculatus Xu, Dietrich & Qin, sp. nov.

Cornicola maculatus Xu, Dietrich & Qin, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/8BADF99F-7AA7-45AA-B06D-484E0D6565D0
Figs 1–15, 16–24

Type materials

Holotype. ♂ (INHS) S.W. China, Chongqing Jinyan Shan, 29.829630°N, 106.376380°E, 872 m, 10 Sep. 2016, CH Dietrich, sweep roadside, CN-16-08. Paratypes. 4♂5♀(INHS) same data as holotype.

Description

Body length: male 3.1–3.5 mm, female 3.2–3.5 mm.

Adults of this species are polymorphic with two color forms, one being mostly white (Figs 6, 7) and other with extensive reddish-brown coloration (Figs 3, 4) in both males and females (Figs 1–8). Reddish-brown morph (Figs 1, 3–5): Crown beige, with two small black oval patches and two irregular whitish patches surrounding dark red coronal suture, frontoclypeus with lateral dark brown band in lower half extending to base of antenna, lorum orange to dark (Figs 1, 3, 5). Eyes dark, ocelli irregularity with whitish spots (Figs 1, 3–5). Pronotum mostly orange red, with two small oval patches behind eyes, mesonotum with suborbicular spots, otherwise whitish except heart-shaped black patch medially in scutellum (Figs 1, 3–5). Forewing orange to reddish, veins brown; hind wing hyaline, veins white (Figs 1, 3, 4, 9). Front and middle legs almost hyaline, whitish except tarsus brown, hind legs brown (Fig. 1). White morph (Figs 2, 6–8): white overall with black spots and maculate, as in reddish-brown morph.

Basal sternal abdominal apodemes parallel sided, reaching end of segment IV (Fig. 15). Male pygofer almost triangular in lateral view, dorsal margin with fingerlike process arising near distal third of dorsal margin and extended posterad, not reaching apex; distal lobe bearing 6 or 7 microsetae, ventral margin with 8 or 9 feeble microsetae, dorsal bridge occupying more than one-third length of pygofer (Figs 16, 17). Anal tube gradually narrowed apically (Fig. 18). Subgenital plate longer than pygofer lobe in lateral view, broad basally, fused in basal two-thirds, tapered distally, apex rounded and strongly narrowing, with sparse scattered microsetae, 6–8 macrosetae arranged in single row along each dorsolateral margin near midlength (Fig. 19). Connective widest medially with subapical angular projection in lateral view, apical margin emarginate medially (Figs 20, 21). Style apodeme much shorter than apophysis, preapical lobe absent, without conspicuous setae, slightly broadened preapically, apex smooth, slightly broadened then tapered to hooklike tip, curved laterad (Fig. 22). Aedeagus with shaft broad at base, narrowed near middle and with broad dorsal distal lobe in lateral view; pair of slender distal processes extended laterad from adjacent gonopore, each with short dorsomedially directed spine and elbow-like bend near midlength with distal part curved dorsomesad in posterior view and anterodorsad in lateral view (Figs 23, 24).

Notes

This new species differs from Cornicola mizuki by the characters noted in the key.

Distribution

China (Chongqing).

Etymology

The species name is derived from the Latin words ‘maculatus’, referring to the black spots on the crown and thorax.

Key to genera of Chinese Dikraneurini

1 Subgenital plates fused basally (Fig. 19) 2
– Subgenital plates separate 6
2 Hind wing with submarginal vein obsolete along costal margin (Fig. 10) Cornicola Ohara & Hayashi, 2022
– Hind wing with submarginal vein complete, extending along costal margin, around apex 3
3 Hind wing with MP and CuA fused for short distance Karachiota Ahmed, 1969
– Hind wing with MP and CuA separate, connected by a short cross-vein (Fig. 10) 4
4 Forewing with veins R2 and RM confluent preapically Motschulskyia Kirkaldy, 1905
– Forewing with veins R2 and RM separate, connected by a cross-vein 5
5 Connective about twice longer than wide Cuanta Dworakowska, 1993
– Connective nearly as long as wide Platfusa Dworakowska, 1993
6 Hind wing with veins R and RA free, connected by a cross-vein Urvana Dworakowska, 1993
– Hind wing with veins R and RA confluent distally 7
7 Forewing with veins R2, RM and MCu confluent preapically 8
– Forewing with veins R2 and MCu separate preapically 9
8 Male pygofer with dense setae distally; 2S apodemes surpassing segment III Flatseta Jiao & Yang, 2015
– Male pygofer without dense setae distally; 2S apodemes not reaching segment III Takagioma Thapa, 1989
9 Pygofer ventral appendage present Golwala Dworakowska, 1993
– Pygofer ventral appendage absent 10
10 Style moderately long and thin, longer than subgenital plate Uniformus Jiao & Yang, 2020
– Style shorter than subgenital plate 11
11 Forewing with vein MCu reduced, not extending to wing margin 12
– Forewing with vein MCu complete 13
12 Subgenital plates triangular, narrowed apicad Naratettix Matsumura, 1931
– Subgenital plates nearly oblong, truncated apicad Dicraneurula Vilbaste, 1968
13 Connective absent Forcipata DeLong & Caldwell, 1942
– Connective present 14
14 Connective immovably attached or fused with base of aedeagus 15
– Connective movably articulated with base of aedeagus 16
15 Male pygofer with upper appendage, without articulated caudal sclerite; subgenital plate with few macrosetae Togaricrania Matsumura, 1931
– Male pygofer without upper appendage, with articulated caudal sclerite; subgenital plate without macrosetae Trifida Thapa & Sohi, 1986
16 Forewing with vein R2 and RM confluent preapically 17
– Forewing with veins R2 and RM separate, connected by cross-vein 21
17 Aedeagus with pair of processes on shaft 18
– Aedeagus without processes 20
18 Subgenital plate with more than eight macrosetae, arranged roughly in two rows Michalowskiya Dworakowska, 1972
– Subgenital plate with fewer than five macrosetae, arranged in single row 19
19 Male pygofer nearly rectangular, without process; subgenital plate with few basal setae Iniesta Dworakowska, 1993
– Male pygofer variable in shape, with process; subgenital plate without basal setae Anaka Dworakowska & Viraktamath, 1975
20 Aedeagus with gonopore apical, with circle of unpigmented cuticular outgrowths; male 2S apodemes surpassing segment V Uzeldikra Dworakowska, 1971
– Aedeagus with gonopore not as above; male 2S apodemes surpassing segment IV Igutettix Matsumura, 1932
21 Subgenital plates not surpassing pygofer lobe 22
– Subgenital plates surpassing pygofer lobe 23
22 Style with well-developed preapical lobe Dikraneura Hardy, 1850
– Style without preapical lobe Ayubiana Ahmed, 1969
23 Aedeagus with dorsal apodeme absent Riyavaroa Dworakowska, 1993
– Aedeagus with dorsal apodeme present 24
24 Aedeagus with paired shafts Notus Fieber, 1866
– Aedeagus with single shaft 25
25 Male pygofer triangular; aedeagus without processes Wagneriala Anufriev, 1970
– Male pygofer nearly round; aedeagus with few processes Erythria Fieber, 1866

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Dr Dmitry A. Dmitriev (Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, USA) and C. A. Viraktamath (Department of Entomology University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore) for reading the manuscript and providing critical comments and suggestions. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32160121), and National Foreign Experts Project of Jiangxi Province (no. G2021022002), One belt one road (no. DL2022022001L) and U.S. NSF grant DEB-1639601.

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