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Research Article
The first record of the millipede genus Streptogonopus Attems, 1914 from Vietnam, with description of a new species (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae)
expand article infoDuc-Anh Duc Nguyen‡, Kuem-Hee Jang§, Ui-Wook Hwang§
‡ Institute og Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi, Vietnam
§ Teachers College Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea, South

Corresponding author: Duc-Anh Nguyen ( ducanh410@yahoo.com )

Academic editor: Robert Mesibov
© 2016 Duc-Anh Nguyen, Kuem-Hee Jang, Ui-Wook Hwang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Nguyen AD, Jang K-H, Hwang U-W (2016) The first record of the millipede genus Streptogonopus Attems, 1914 from Vietnam, with description of a new species (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). ZooKeys 601: 111-118. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.601.9165
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A47D45B4-2E4D-404D-AAFE-99A9DF98ED35
Open Access

Abstract

This paper describes a new species of the millipede genus Streptogonopus Attems, 1914, S. montanus sp. n. from Vietnam, the first record of Streptogonopus in Vietnam. The new species is characterised by the solenophore completely sheathing the solenomere, both coiled twice, and the solenophore with a small spine at its middle. The species was found at ca. 1,800–2,100 m on Ngoc Linh Mountain. This first record for the genus in the Indochina peninsula has expanded its distributional range to the easternmost part of Southeast Asian mainland. An identification key to Streptogonopus species is also provided.

Keywords

Millipede, Paradoxosomatidae , first record, new species, Vietnam

Introduction

The genus Streptogonopus Attems, 1914 was created for three species, Strongylosoma contortipes Attems, 1898, Strongylosoma jerdani Pocock, 1892 and Strongylosoma phipsoni Pocock, 1892 (Attems 1914). Later, Attems (1929) specified the diagnostic characters for the genus Streptogonopus, and synonymised Streptogonopus contortipes (Attems, 1898) under Streptogonopus phipsoni (Pocock, 1892). Attems (1936) added a new species, Streptogonopus nitens Attems, 1936 from Bombay Presidency, India. Soon after that, Attems (1937) revised the genus, and listed three species, S. phipsoni, S. jerdani and S. nitens in his major revision of the family Strongylosomidae.

Jeekel (1956) referred Strongylosoma neglectum Silvestri, 1895 to this genus, and described another new species, Streptogonopus aethiopicus Jeekel, 1956 from Eritrea. He later synonymised S. aethiopicus with S. neglectus (Jeekel 2004). Golovatch (2000) reported the first occurrence of the genus in Thailand with a new species, S. degerboelae Golovatch, 2000. Another species, S. jeekeli Golovatch, 2009, was described from China, but recently re-assigned to the genus Hedinomorpha Verhoeff, 1933 (Golovatch 2009, 2013). Shelley (2014) and Golovatch (2015) recently reported the occurrence of the species, S. phipsoni, from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.

Currently, the genus Streptogonopus Attems, 1914 comprises only five valid species: S. neglectus from Eritrea; S. phipsoni from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal; S. jerdani, S. nitens, both from India; S. degerboelae, from Thailand. This work provides the first record of the genus in Vietnam with the description of a new species.

Materials and methods

Material examined was collected from the Ngoc Linh Mountain, the second highest mountain in Vietnam (ca. 2,600 m a.s.l.). All material was preserved in ethanol 80% and is housed in the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Gonopods were removed for morphological examination. Only the left gonopod of holotype was coated with gold for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using an ABT 32 scanning electron microscope. Line drawings were made using an Olympus microscope SZX10. Digital images were taken using a camera Infinity3 Lumenera attached to a Leica M205C stereomicroscope and stacked using the software I-Solutions.

Taxonomy

Family Paradoxosomatidae Daday, 1889
Tribe Xanthodesmini Jeekel, 1968

Streptogonopus Attems, 1914

Streptogonopus Attems, 1914: 219; Attems 1929: 271; Attems 1931: 113; Attems 1936: 215-216; Attems 1937: 146-147; Jeekel 1956: 76; Jeekel 1968: 84, 111; Golovatch 2000: 218; Jeekel 2004: 15-16; Golovatch 2009: 4; Nguyen and Sierwald 2013: 1315.

Type species

Strongylosoma contortipes Attems, 1898, by original designation.

Diagnosis

Jeekel (2004) stated that the genus can be recognised by the paraterga being small or completely reduced; the gonopod femorite erect, narrow at the base and widening abruptly; demarcation between femorite and postfemoral region present; the solenomere and solenophore twisted one or two times; and the solenomere completely sheathed by solenophore.

Remarks

The genus can be separated into two small groups based on the absence or presence of paraterga. The former group contains S. jerdani and S. degerboelae, the latter comprises S. neglectus, S. phipsoni, and S. nitens.

Streptogonopus montanus sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/DD5ECD19-5548-4BF2-964D-E59BB69ADFE1
Figs 1, 2, 3

Material examined

Holotype: 1 male (IEBR-Myr 131H) Vietnam, Kon Tum Prov., Ngoc Linh Mts. (107°58'30"E; 15°04'09"N), primary forest, 1,900 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, 29 March – 4 April 2006, leg. Nguyen A.D.

Paratypes: 1 female (IEBR-Myr 131P) same data as holotype; 1 male (IEBR-Myr 145) same locality, but 1,900–2,100 m a.s.l., 21 March–9 April 2006; 2 males, 1 juvenile (IEBR-Myr 132) same locality, but 1,800 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, 20–26 March 2006, all leg. Nguyen A.D.

Diagnosis

This species is recognised by the gonopod femorite grooved mesally, slightly curved and expanded distally, without processes; solenophore and solenomere coiled twice, equal in length. Solenophore with a small spine at ½ its length.

Etymology

“montanus”, an adjective to emphasise that the species has been found in a mountainous region.

Description

Length 26.7–28.2 mm (male) and 30 mm (female). Width of midbody pro- and metazonae 2.3–2.5 mm (male), 2.8 mm (female) and 2.7–2.9 mm (male), 3.1 mm (female), respectively.

Coloration (Fig. 1A–B, D): body generally castaneous or reddish brown, except legs, antenna and sterna somewhat brownish yellow.

Figure 1. 

Streptogonopus montanus sp. n., holotype; anterior segments, lateral view (A), dorsal view (B), ventral view (C); posterior segments, dorsal view (D), ventral view (E); telson, ventral view (F); sternal processes between coxae of legpair 4, subventral view (G). Scale bar = 1 mm. For abbreviations see text.

Head subequal to collum in width; clypeolabrum modestly setose. Epicranial suture distinct. Antennae slender and long, reaching the end of segment 4 when stretched posteriorly. Antennomere 2=3=4=5=6>1>7 in length.

Collum (Fig. 1B) somewhat narrower than segment 2 in width. Surface dull and weakly wrinkled, with three rows of 4+4, 4+4 and 2+2 setae. Transverse sulcus absent. Axial line thin and evident. Paraterga modestly developed, subtriangular with broadly rounded anterior corner.

In width, segment 3<4<2=5–16, thereafter gradually tapering towards telson (Figs 1B, 1D). Prozonae shagreened. Metaterga dull, somewhat rugose with short longitudinal wrinkles, and with a row of 3+3 setae near anterior margin and a row of 3(4)+3(4) small knobs near posterior margin. Transverse sulcus starting present on metatergum 5, rather broad, not reaching base of paraterga, neither striolate nor beaded at bottom. Constriction between pro- and metazonae wide, striolate at bottom. Pleura with dense microgranulation. Pleurosternal carinae well developed on segments 2–7, reduced as a small caudal denticle on segments 8–14, then missing on subsequent segments.

Paraterga (pa) (Fig. 1A–B, D) modestly developed, wing-shaped, set lower than metatergal surface. Caudolateral corner pointed, spiniform on caudal segments. Paraterga surpassing posterior contour of metaterga, but not reaching next metaterga. Calluses very small, somewhat wanting on poreless paraterga, with a long seta laterally. Ozopores (oz) located near caudolateral corner of paraterga 5, 7, 9–10, 12–13, 15–19.

Epiproct (ep) (Fig. 1D, E–F) long, but broadly truncated, with four spinnerets at tip. Hypoproct (hp) roundly triangular, with two separated, distolateral, setiferous knobs.

Sterna (Figs 1C, 1E) moderately setose, without modifications except sternum 5 with two independent setiferous projections between coxae of legpair 4 (Fig. 1G).

Legs (Figs 1A–E) thin and slender, about 1.3 times as long as midbody height. Prefemora not swollen. Femora without modification. Tarsal brushes present only on pre-gonopodal legs.

Gonopods relatively simple (Figs 2–3). Coxite long, subcylindrical; distoventral part sparsely setose. Prefemorite (pref) densely setose, separated laterally from femorite by transverse sulcus. Femorite (fe) grooved mesally, slightly curved and expanded distad, with distolateral processes (dp); demarcated laterally from the postfemoral region (= solenophore) by an oblique sulcus. Solenophore (sph) and solenomere (sl) coiled more or less twice, equal in length. Solenophore with a small spine (sp) at half its length. Seminal groove (sg) running mesodorsad entirely mesally on femorite before entering the flagelliform solenomere.

Figure 2. 

Streptogonopus montanus sp. n., holotype, left gonopod, mesal view (A), subventral view (B). For abbreviations see text.

Figure 3. 

Streptogonopus montanus sp. n., holotype, left gonopod, ventral view (A), dorsal view (B), lateral view (C). Scale bar = 1 mm. For abbreviations see text.

Remarks

This new species could be assigned to the second group characterised by modestly developed paraterga. However, it differs from three its congeners, S. neglectus, S. phipsoni, and S. nitens in solenomere and solenophore being equal in length and strongly coiled twice and the solenophore having a small spine at its middle.

Key to species of the genus Streptogonopus Attems, 1914

(based on the keys compiled by Jeekel (1956) and Attems (1936))

1 Paraterga strongly reduced, even totally missing 2
– Paraterga poorly to modestly developed 3
2 Body coloration yellowish. Body surface wrinkled and dull. India S. jerdani
– Body coloration marble brown. Body surface smooth and somewhat shining. Thailand S. degerboelae
3 Midbody width large, more than 2 mm. Asia 4
– Midbody width small, less than 2 mm. Africa (Eritrea) S. neglectus
4 Solenophore and solenomere strongly coiled twice; solenophore with a small spine at its middle. Vietnam S. montanus sp. n.
– Solenophore and solenomere not coiled twice; solenophore without a small spine at its middle. South Asia 5
5 Pleurosternal carinae caudally sharp and dentiform S. phipsoni
– Pleurosternal carinae caudally rounded and lobiform S. nitens

Discussion

The genus is known to occur in Eritrea, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Thailand (Nguyen and Sierwald 2013; Shelley 2014; Golovatch 2015). The discovery of a new species in Vietnam has expanded the distribution range of the genus Streptogonopus to the easternmost part of the Southeast Asian mainland. However, there is still a gap in the distribution with no records reported from Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia (Nguyen and Sierwald 2013; Likhitrakarn et al. 2014, 2015).

The new species was found at a high elevation (ca. 1,800–2,100 m a.s.l.) on Ngoc Linh Mountain (Kon Tum Province), the second highest mountain, in Vietnam and is thus unlikely to be an introduction due to human activities. The relatively few records for the genus indicates that there are likely to be more Streptogonopus species awaiting discovery in Indochina and its adjacent regions.

Being located in the Burmese-Indochinese Biodiversity Hotspot (Sterling et al. 2006), Vietnam is known to have a rich fauna including millipedes. The discovery of the millipede genus Streptogonopus in Vietnam indicates that the Vietnamese millipede fauna may be richer at genus level than previously suspected.

Acknowledgements

The first author thanks the Vietnamese-Russian Joint Tropical Center (Vietnam Ministry of Defense) for organizing the field surveys in Ngoc Linh Mountain, and Dr. Nicholas Porch (Deakin University, Australia) for kindly correcting and improving the English. This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 106-NN.05-2015.22, and the National Research Foundation of Korea for the fellowship to Korea granted to A.D. Nguyen. Two reviewers are acknowledged for their invaluable comments which improved the paper.

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