Research Article |
Corresponding author: Junli Yao ( rjuneyao@outlook.com ) Academic editor: Jose Fernandez-Triana
© 2022 Junli Yao, Cornelis van Achterberg, Salmah Yaakop, Khuat Dang Long, Michael J. Sharkey, Eric G. Chapman.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Yao J, van Achterberg C, Yaakop S, Long KD, Sharkey MJ, Chapman EG (2022) A new genus Anamalysia van Achterberg (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae), six new species, and two new combinations from India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. ZooKeys 1126: 131-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1126.90916
|
A new genus of the tribe Alysiini (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae) is described with specimens from India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, and six new species are described: Anamalysia idiastimorpha sp. nov. (type species), A. knekosoma sp. nov., A. mellipes sp. nov., A. transversator sp. nov., A. vandervechti sp. nov., and A. vanhengstumi sp. nov.. We transfer one species from Coelalysia to Anamalysia: A. urbana (Papp, 1967) comb. nov. from Singapore and one species from Alysiasta to Anamalysia: A. triangulum (Fischer, 2006) comb. nov. from Malaysia, Laos, Indonesia and Vietnam. A key to the genus of Anamalysia is included.
Alysiini, identification, key, new combination, Oriental, South Asia, taxonomy
Alysiini (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae) is a large tribe with 76 genera and over 1565 valid species (
Specimens from Thailand were collected using a Malaise trap in Nakhon Si Thammarat (Namtok Yong National Park) and Doi Chiangdao (the third highest peak in Thailand). Specimens were preserved in 95% ethyl alcohol and then dehydrated using hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) as described in
For the identification of the subfamily Braconidae, see
Photographs for species plates were produced using a JVC digital camera mounted on a Leica MZ16 microscope and Auto-Montage stacking software. Photos were slightly processed (cropped and background modified) in Photoshop.
COI sequences of A. knekosoma sp. nov. and A. transversator sp. nov. are deposited in GenBank. For protocols of DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing, see
Anamalysia idiastimorpha van Achterberg, sp. nov.
From “Anamala (or Anaimala) Hills” (the type locality) and the generic name Alysia Latreille, 1804. Anamala or Anaimalai Mountains, also known as the Elephant Mountains, are a range of mountains in the southern Western Ghats of central Kerala (India). Gender: feminine.
Fourth antennal segment 1.1–1.4 times longer than third segment; clypeus rectangularly narrowed ventrally, triangular in dorsal view and with acute ventral apex (Figs
Anamalysia idiastimorpha sp. nov., ♀, holotype A wings B head, anterior aspect C mesosoma, dorsal aspect D hind leg E head dorsal aspect F outer hind claw G basal antennal segments H mandible full sight on second tooth I first metasomal tergite dorsal aspect J antenna K habitus lateral aspect L ovipositor and its sheath. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, D, J–L); 1.4 mm (B, C, E, I); 3.0 mm (F, G); 4.0 mm (H).
Alysiasta Wharton, 1980 sensu
Unknown.
Oriental.
The shape of the clypeus is similar to that of the Afrotropical genus Coelalysia Cameron, 1911, but Coelalysia lacks a complete groove between the antennal socket and the eye, has the dorsope absent or small, the face is largely smooth and strongly transverse, vein M+CU of the hind wing is distinctly shorter than vein 1-M and vein CU1b of fore wing is about as long as vein 3-CU1 or longer, scutellar sulcus about half as long as scutellum, middle tooth of mandible long and mesosternal sulcus narrowly crenulate posteriorly. Coelalysia urbana (Papp, 1967) is excluded from the genus Coelalysia and fits well in Anamalysia, together with Alysiasta triangulum Fischer, 2006 (comb. nov.) and might be the senior synonym of the latter.
1 | Vein SR1 of fore wing about 0.8 times as long as vein 3-SR (Fig. |
A. vandervechti van Achterberg, sp. nov. |
– | Vein SR1 of fore wing 2.0–2.8 times as long as vein 3-SR (Figs |
2 |
2 | Eye in dorsal view 4.2–4.4 times as long as temple and temple narrowed behind eyes (Fig. |
A. mellipes van Achterberg & Yaakop, sp. nov. |
– | Eye in dorsal view 1.1–2.6 times as long as temple and temple parallel-sided or widened behind eyes (Figs |
3 |
3 | Eye in dorsal view 1.1 times longer than temple (Fig. |
A. vanhengstumi van Achterberg & Long, sp. nov. |
– | Eye in dorsal view 1.6–2.6 times as long as temple (Figs |
4 |
4 | Vein r-m of fore wing subvertical (Fig. |
A. idiastimorpha van Achterberg, sp. nov. |
– | Vein r-m of fore wing distinctly inclivous (Figs |
5 |
5 | Width of head 2.1–2.4 times medial length (Figs |
6 |
– | Width of head 1.7–1.9 times medial length; vein m-cu of fore wing less postfurcal (Fig. |
7 |
6 | Eye in dorsal view 3.0 times as long as temple (Fig. |
A. transversator van Achterberg & Yao, sp. nov. |
– | Eye in dorsal view 2.0 times as long as temple (Fig. |
A. knekosoma Yao & van Achterberg, sp. nov. |
7 | Length of setose part of ovipositor sheath about 0.44 times as long as fore wing; hind tibia and tarsus yellowish brown, slightly infuscated; mesosoma brown or reddish brown; vein SR1 of fore wing about 2.2 times as long as vein 3-SR (fig. 25 in |
A. urbana (Papp, 1967) comb. nov. |
– | Length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.37–0.38 times as long as fore wing; hind tibia (except ivory base) and base of tarsus dark brown or infuscate; mesosoma black or dark chestnut brown; vein SR1 of fore wing 2.3–2.4 times as long as vein 3-SR (Fig. |
A. triangulum (Fischer, 2006) comb. nov. |
Holotype , ♀ (RMNH), South India, Anaimalai Hills, Cinchona [plantation?], 3500 ft, v.1964, P. Susai Nathan.
Non-type : 1 ♀ (RMNH), India, Kerala, 9–17 km W. Pormudi, 5.xi.1984, B.180, K. Ghorpade.
Holotype , ♀, length of body 5.5 mm, length of fore wing 5.0 mm.
Head. Width of head twice its median length, sparsely setose; antenna incomplete, 22+, segments densely setose, length of third segment 0.9 times as long as fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 3.0 and 4.6 times their width, respectively (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height; pronotum dorsally with large deep and round dorsope; side of pronotum with some coarsely crenulate antero-medially, posteriorly finely crenulate and remainder smooth; epicnemial area dorsally punctulate, medially crenulate and ventrally punctate; precoxal sulcus absent posteriorly, remainder very wide and coarsely crenulate; remainder of mesopleuron smooth; episternal scrobe linear; pleural sulcus finely crenulate, but ventrally more coarsely crenulate (Fig.
Wings. Pterostigma subelliptical (Fig.
Legs. Outer side of hind coxa finely punctate and densely setose, dorsally smooth; middle coxa strongly protruding forwards ventrally, less so of hind coxa; tarsal claws moderately robust; length of femur, tibia, and basitarsus of hind leg 3.7, 11.7, and 7.5 times their width, respectively; hind tibia and basitarsus rather short and adpressed bristly setose (Fig.
Metasoma. Length of first tergite equal to its apical width, its surface regularly costate-striate, its dorsal carinae complete (Fig.
Colour. Black; scapus, pedicellus, and tegulae more or less chestnut brown; palpi pale yellowish; metasoma (except black first tergite and dark parts of second and third tergites) and apically femur and tibia of fore leg brownish yellow; remainder of antenna (as far as present) and of legs, mandible, second tergite dorsally and middle of third tergite, ovipositor sheath, pterostigma (but apex paler brown), and most veins dark brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate.
Variation. The specimen from Kerala is very similar but has the pterostigma narrower, third antennal segment comparatively slender (3.5 times longer than wide and about as wide as fourth segment) and vein m-cu of hind wing unsclerotised. It has 46 antennal segments, 1.8 times as long as fore wing and its apical half completely black; length of fore wing 4.2 mm and of body 4.6 mm; eye in dorsal view 1.7 times as long as temple; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.37 times fore wing.
South India (Anamalai Hills).
Named after the generic name Idiasta Foerster,1863 because of its morphological similarity.
Holotype , ♀ (QSBG), Thailand, Chiang Mai, Doi Chiangdao NP Headquarters 19°24.3'N, 98°55.3'E, 491 m, Malaise trap 16–23.xi.2007, S. Jugsu & A. Watwanich leg. T5713, GenBank accession number MG912777 (COI).
Holotype , ♀, length of body 5.0 mm, length of fore wing 4.6 mm.
Head. Width of head 2.4 times its median length, sparsely setose and strongly shiny; antenna complete (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height; pronotum dorsally with large deep and round dorsope; side of pronotum with some coarse crenulate anteriorly, posteriorly finely crenulate and remainder smooth (Fig.
Wings. Pterostigma subelliptical, its posterior margin hardly curved; vein r issued distinctly behind middle of pterostigma and distinctly oblique; r:3-SR:SR1 = 7:22:50; 1-SR+M rather sinuate; SR1 straight, slightly curved posteriorly; cu-a short and oblique, strongly postfurcal; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 38:36:19, vein r-m of fore wing distinctly inclivous; m-cu slightly postfurcal, slightly converging to 1-M posteriorly; first subdiscal cell 5.0 times as long as wide; 3- CU1:CU1b = 3.2 and 3-CU1 oblique. Hind wing: M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 83:53:45; m-cu distinctly developed and interstitial (Fig.
Legs. Outer side of hind coxa largely smooth, punctulate and moderately setose, dorsally shiny and smooth; middle coxa strongly protruding forwards ventrally, hind coxa gradually narrowed; tarsal claws moderately robust; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.9, 10.0, and 6.9 times their width, respectively; middle tibia and basitarsus rather short and adpressed setose (Fig.
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, its surface regularly costate-striate, its dorsal carinae complete and united submedially (Fig.
Colour. Black; head and first tergite apically chestnut brown; scapus, pedicellus, and mandible apically brownish yellow; tegulae brown, but dorsal half brownish yellow; fore leg light brown (except coxa brownish yellow with yellow spot basally, trochanter, trochantellus with dark yellow spot apically, tibia basally and tarsus apically darkened yellow); middle leg light chestnut brown (but coxa brown with dark yellow spot basally, trochanter, trochantellus with dark yellow spot apically, tarsus apically light brown); hind leg chestnut brown as head (but coxa with brown spot basally, trochanter, trochantellus similar as middle leg, tarsus apically light brown); palpi pale yellowish; remainder of antenna, mandible basally, ovipositor sheath dark brown, metasoma (except blackish first tergite) yellowish brown dorsally, apical segment and metasoma ventrally and laterally yellow (Fig.
Thailand.
Named after the mainly conspicuously yellow metasoma of the holotype; “knekos” is Greek for yellow and “soma” is Greek for body.
Holotype
, ♀ (RMNH), Malaysia, SW Sabah, near Long Pa Sia (West), c. 1050 m, 25.xi–8.xii.1987, Mal. trap 3, C. v. Achterberg, RMNH’87, DNA voucher number “94”. Paratypes (5 ♀): 1 ♀ (
Holotype , ♀, length of body 3.6 mm, length of fore wing 3.1 mm.
Head. Width of head 1.7 times its median length, sparsely setose and strongly shiny; antenna incomplete, 24+, segments densely setose, length of third segment 0.9 times as long as fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 4.0 and 4.3 times their width, respectively (Fig.
Anamalysia mellipes sp. nov., ♀, holotype A fore wing B head, dorsal aspect C mandible, full sight on first tooth D outer hind claw E basal antennal segments F first metasomal tergite, dorsal aspect G mandible, full sight on third tooth H clypeus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, B); 1.5 mm (C, E–G); 2.5 mm (D, H).
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; pronotum dorsally with large deep and round dorsope; side of pronotum with some coarse crenulae anteriorly and medially, posteriorly finely crenulate and remainder smooth; epicnemial area dorsally smooth, medially crenulate and ventrally punctate-rugose; precoxal sulcus widely crenulate anteriorly, narrowed after its middle and absent posteriorly; remainder of mesopleuron smooth; episternal scrobe round, deep; pleural sulcus coarsely crenulate; mesosternal sulcus coarsely crenulate, rather wide posteriorly; metapleuron largely smooth, with some rugae ventrally; notauli complete, deep, narrow, and smooth; mesoscutum strongly shiny and largely glabrous, but with some long setae near notauli and lateral carina and medial lobe protuberant; mesoscutum without a separate medio-posterior depression; axilla rather setose and lateral carina moderately protuberant; scutellar sulcus deep, with one carina and no punctures, 0.4 times as long as scutellum; scutellum rather convex in lateral view; metanotum distinctly lamelliform protruding posteriorly in lateral view; surface of propodeum largely smooth anteriorly, except for a short median carina, medially with wide triangular areolate area and posteriorly reticulate; propodeal spiracle round, small and submedially at propodeum.
Wings. Pterostigma subelliptical (Fig.
Legs. Outer side of hind coxa largely smooth, punctulate and moderately setose, dorsally shiny and smooth; middle coxa strongly protruding forwards ventrally, hind coxa gradually narrowed; tarsal claws moderately robust (Fig.
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.4 times its apical width, its surface regularly costate-striate, its dorsal carinae nearly complete and united submedially (Fig.
Colour. Dark chestnut brown; scapus, pedicellus, and tegulae more or less brown; palpi pale yellowish; metasoma (except first tergite and base of second tergite), remainder of antenna (as far as present), mandible, coxae (but paler apically) and ovipositor sheath brown; two basal segments of hind tarsus darkened; remainder of legs brownish yellow; pterostigma and most veins pale brown; wing membrane subhyaline.
Variation. Length of fore wing 2.8–3.1 mm and of body 3.3–3.6 mm; antenna of ♀ with 36 (1) segments, 1.9 times as long as fore wing and seven or eight apical segments white or ivory; vein SR1 of fore wing 2.5–3.1 times vein 3-SR; length of first tergite 1.4–1.5 times its apical width; eye in dorsal view 4.2–4.4 times as long as temple; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.32–0.35 times fore wing.
Malaysia (East Malaysia: Sabah; West Malaysia: Johor, Pahang, Sembilan).
Named after its largely brownish yellow legs; “mel, mellis” is Latin for honey, and “pes, pedus” is Latin for leg.
Holotype , ♀ (QSBG), Thailand, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP TV aerial, 8°14.3'N, 99°48.3'E, 952 m, Malaise trap, 26.i–2.ii.2009, Paiboon leg. T4307, Genbank accession number MG912720 (COI).
Holotype , ♀, length of body 3.5 mm, length of fore wing 3.6 mm.
Head. Width of head 2.1 times its median length, sparsely setose and strongly shiny; antenna incomplete, 26+, however, longer than body (Fig.
Anamalysia transversator sp. nov., ♀, holotype A habitus, lateral aspect B head anterior aspect and mesosoma ventrally C mandible full sight on first tooth D mesosoma full sight on propodeum and first tergite dorsally E head and mesosoma dorsal aspect F mesosoma lateral aspect G wings H metasoma dorsal aspect I propodeum and metasoma lateral aspect.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times its height; pronotum dorsally with large deep and round dorsope (Fig.
Wings. Pterostigma subelliptical (Fig.
Legs. Outer side of hind coxa largely smooth, punctulate and moderately setose, dorsally shiny and smooth; middle coxa strongly protruding forwards ventrally, hind coxa gradually narrowed; tarsal claws moderately robust; length of femur, tibia, and basitarsus of hind leg 4.3, 10.0, and 8.7 times their width, respectively; middle tibia and basitarsus rather short and adpressed setose (Fig.
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.0 times its apical width, its surface regularly costate-striate, its dorsal carinae nearly complete and united submedially (Fig.
Colour. Black; head and first tergite chestnut brown; remainder of metasoma yellow; scapus, pedicellus, mandible apically, tegulae, and middle and hind legs (except tibia and tarsus brown, three apical tarsus lightened) brownish yellow; palpi pale yellowish; fore leg yellow (but apical tarsus more or less brown); remainder of antenna (as far as present), mandible basally and ovipositor sheath dark brown; pterostigma and most veins brown; wing membrane subhyaline.
Thailand.
Named after the comparatively transverse head in dorsal view (Fig.
Alysiasta triangulum Fischer, 2006: 612–613.
Holotype
, ♀ (
2 ♀ (
Length of the hind femur of the holotype is four times its width, not five times as indicated in the original description; length of the first metasomal tergite 1.1 times its apical width (Fig.
Anamalysia triangulum (Fischer), ♀, holotype A fore wing B ovipositor and its sheath C detail of vein m-cu of hind wing D mandible full sight on first tooth E mandible full sight on third tooth F clypeus G first metasomal tergite dorsal aspect. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A–C); 1.5 mm (D, E); 1.8 mm (F); 1.2 mm (G).
Malaysia (West), Laos, Indonesia, Vietnam. The latter two are new country records for this species.
Phaenocarpa urbana Papp, 1967: 152–154.
Coelalysia urbana; Fischer, 1988: 116–118 (redescription).
Singapore.
The two existing descriptions are rather confusing. In the original description the first tergite is 1.1 times longer than its apical width, but according to the redescription by
Holotype , ♂ (RMNH), Museum Leiden, [Indonesia], N.O. Sumatra, Deli, Sibolangit, 4.i.1955, J. v. d. Vecht.
Holotype , ♂, length of body 4.1 mm, length of fore wing 3.5 mm.
Head. Width of head 1.9 times its median length, largely glabrous dorsally; antenna incomplete, with short adpressed setae and six basal strongly shiny, length of third segment 0.8 times as long as fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 4.7 and 6.0 times their width, respectively (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; pronotum with medium-sized pronope; antescutal depression absent; side of pronotum largely crenulate medially; epicnemial area distinctly crenulate; precoxal sulcus complete, wide and coarsely crenulate; remainder of mesopleuron smooth; episternal scrobe large, deep, and round; pleural sulcus largely smooth dorsally and distinctly crenulate ventrally; mesosternal sulcus wide and coarsely crenulate posteriorly and narrowed anteriorly; metapleuron coarsely reticulate; notauli complete, deeply impressed, rather narrow but distinctly crenulate; medio-posterior depression absent; mesoscutum smooth, glabrous, and its lateral carina interrupted in front of tegulae; scutellar sulcus deep, about twice as wide as long, with one carina, 0.3 times as long as scutellum; scutellum convex, smooth except a few punctures; metanotum with complete median carina but not protruding dorsally; propodeum smooth antero-laterally, reticulate medially and areolate posteriorly, with wide irregular pentagonal areola medially (Fig.
Wings. Pterostigma elongate subtriangular, its posterior margin straight or slightly convex; vein r issued near middle of pterostigma and oblique; only known species with basal half of 1-R1 distinctly widened; r:3-SR:SR1 = 8:41:34; 1-SR+M narrow and straight; SR1 straight; cu-a medium-sized, postfurcal; 1-CU1:2-CU1 = 1:11; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 19:41:14; m-cu postfurcal and slightly curved, subparallel to 1-M; 3-CU1 slightly shorter than CU1b and widened (Fig.
Legs. Hind coxa smooth and baso-ventrally wide rectangular and not protruding; fore tarsal claws rather robust (other missing); length of femur, tibia, and basitarsus of hind leg 5.5, 12.2, and 10.4 times their width, respectively; hind tibia and basitarsus with rather long setae, hind tibia densely setose, comb at inner apex of tibia absent; fore tarsus 1.5 times as long as fore tibia.
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 2.4 times its apical width, its surface longitudinally costate, its dorsal carinae nearly complete (Fig.
Colour. Blackish chestnut brown; scapus, pedicellus, mandible, legs (but middle and hind coxae, hind tibia, except basally, and hind tarsus dark brown) yellowish brown; palpi (but basally brownish), basal fifth of fore and middle tibiae, and basal 0.4 of hind tibia whitish or pale yellowish; tegulae, remainder of antenna, pterostigma and veins more or less dark brown; wing membrane faintly brownish.
Indonesia (Sumatra).
Named after the collector of the holotype, the hymenopterist Prof. Dr Jacobus van der Vecht (1906–1992) for his excellent contributions to our knowledge of Hymenoptera (
Holotype , ♂ (RMNH), “Alysi. 070”, VN [= Vietnam], Ha Giang, Vi Xuyen, Cao Bo Rung TS, 400 m, 10.v.2007, K.D. Long.
Holotype , ♂, length of body 3.9 mm, length of fore wing 3.3 mm.
Head. Width of head 2.4 times its median length, deeply depressed medially and largely glabrous dorsally; antenna incomplete, with 29+ segments, setae short and adpressed and seven basal segments strongly shiny, length of third segment 0.9 times as long as fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 3.9 and 4.6 times their width, respectively (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.7 times its height; pronotum with large pronope; antescutal depression absent; side of pronotum largely crenulate medially (except subposteriorly) and posteriorly; epicnemial area with few crenulae; precoxal sulcus absent posteriorly, wide and coarsely crenulate (Fig.
Anamalysia vanhengstumi sp. nov., ♂, holotype A wings B head, anterior aspect C mesosoma, lateral aspect D head and mesosoma, dorsal aspect E head, dorsal aspect F propodeum and first metasomal tergite, dorsal aspect G mandible, full sight on first tooth H mandible, with full sight on third tooth I hind leg.
Wings. Pterostigma elongate subtriangular, its posterior margin straight or slightly convex; vein r issued from basal 0.6 of pterostigma and oblique; 1-R1 narrow; r:3-SR:SR1 = 5:22:42; 1- SR+M narrow and nearly straight; SR1 straight; cu-a medium-sized, postfurcal; 1-CU1:2-CU1 = 1:11; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 20:22:9; r-m weakly inclivous; m-cu subinterstitial and slightly curved, converging to 1-M; 3-CU1 much longer than CU1b and narrow (Fig.
Legs. Hind coxa smooth, baso-ventrally rounded, and not protruding; tarsal claws rather robust; length of femur, tibia, and basitarsus of hind leg 4.2, 11.0, and 9.0 times their width, respectively; hind tibia and basitarsus with numerous rather long setae dorsally; hind tibia densely setose and comb at inner apex of tibia absent; fore tarsus 1.4 times as long as fore tibia (Fig.
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.4 times its apical width, its surface longitudinally costate, its dorsal carinae united submedially (Fig.
Colour. Black; scapus, pedicellus, mandible, and legs yellow; remainder of antenna dark brown; temple and vertex and metasoma laterally (except first tergite) chestnut brown; palpi ivory; tegulae mainly yellowish brown; pterostigma and most veins brown; wing membrane faintly infuscated.
Northern Vietnam.
Named after the former director of the National Museum of Natural History (Naturalis) Ronald van Hengstum (1952–2007), who tragically died after a short swim in the North Sea near The Hague. He visited Vietnam during one of the RMNH-IEBR expeditions and was strongly in favour of cooperation with our Vietnamese counterparts.
We thank the staff at Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden in Chiang Mai, Thailand (QSBG), for sorting the many hundreds of samples and the QSBG staff for operating Malaise traps and other collection devices. We give a special thanks to Chaweewan Hutacharern for managing the TIGER project in Thailand. We are grateful to Dr Dicky Yu (Ottawa) for making literature available for this study and for creating the Taxapad database, to Dr Frederique Bakker (Leiden) and Prof. Dr Robert Wharton (College Station) for access to the RMNH and