Holotype : China · male; Hubei Prov., Xiangyang City, Maqiao Town, roadside of Ganxigou; 480 m–600 m; 31°46.99'N, 110°55.06'E; 13 July 2017; Lu Qiu leg.; SWU-B-CC-010001.

Paratypes : China · 2 males & 2 females, same collection data as holotype; SWU-B-CC-010002 to SWU-B-CC-010005.

This species can be easily distinguished from other species by its small body size. It resembles E. hupingensis by its dark coloration and dense maculae on tegmina, but it can be distinguished from the latter by its small-sized body in both sexes (12.1–12.5 mm excluding tegmina and wings in males, 22.3–24.1 mm in females; Fig. 2A–D), small styli (Fig. 2J), slenderer genital hook (Fig. 2K), and the relatively separated spaces between the serrations of the ootheca (Fig. 2M, N).

Figure 2. 

Eupolyphaga miracidia Qiu, sp. nov. A male holotype, dorsal view B male holotype, ventral view C female paratype, dorsal view D female paratype, ventral view E pronotum, male holotype, dorsal view F head, male holotype, ventral view G pronotum, female paratype, dorsal view H head, female paratype, ventral view I supra-anal plate, male holotype, ventral view J subgenital plate, male holotype, ventral view K genitalia, male holotype, dorsal view L right phallomere, holotype, right-ventral view M the serration of oothecae N oothecae, lateral view O–R habitats of E. miracidia Qiu, sp. nov., in Maqiao Town, Xiangyang City, Hubei Province S living male T living female. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (A–D); 0.1 cm (E–L, N); 0.02 cm (M). Photographs O–T by LQ.

Male holotype. Measurements (mm). Overall length: 26.9; body length: 12.1; body width (tegmina not included): 9.8; tegmen length × width: 22.3 × 9.5; pronotum length × width: 7.4 × 4.4.

Coloration. Body blackish brown, covered with brown setae (Fig. 2A, B). Head black, ante-clypeus whitish, sub-transparent. Antenna brown. Pronotum dark-brown, anterior margin yellowish white. Tegmina sub-transparent, yellowish brown, with dark brown maculae. Wing light brown, with darkish brown maculae. Leg blackish brown, with coxa and trochanter slightly tawny. Abdomen blackish brown, slightly yellowish brown medially.

Head : Subrounded, almost hidden under pronotum. Interocular space moderate, about half of the distance between ocelli. Ocelli large, ocelli ridge protruded and curved, two dimples symmetrically situated below the ridge. Two yellowish brown semicircular pits each situated next to the inner side of antennal sockets. Clypeus distinct, labrum almost quadrate, posterior margin concave in the middle (Fig. 2F). Pronotum: Small, widest near the middle, anterior whitish margin narrow, gradually narrowing from the middle to lateral sides, boundary between the white and dark brown areas distinct (Fig. 2E). Tegmina and hind wings: Extending beyond the end of abdomen 12.1 mm, maculae on tegmina dense, fused. Legs: Slender, front femur type C₁, pulvilli moderate and tarsal claws simple, symmetrical, arolia large. Abdomen: Supra-anal plate transverse, pubescent, posterior margin prominent medially, paraprocts simple, cerci short (Fig. 2I). Subgenital plate asymmetrical, hind margin concave medially and densely setose, left side less prominent than right side. Styli small, the left one longer than the right one (Fig. 2J). Genitalia: L1 basally prolonged (Fig. 2K), genital hook (L3) slender, the hooked part roundly curved, apex sharp (Fig. 2K). Right phallomere small, R2 simple, broad, and concave in the middle (Fig. 2L).

Male paratypes. Similar to the holotype, no distinct differences.

Female paratypes. Body length: 22.3–24.1 mm, body width: 16.2–16.9 mm. Body uniformly dark reddish brown (Fig. 2C, D). Antennal sockets and ocelli pale yellow, ante-clypeus yellow. Labrum yellowish white, base and ends slightly lighter in color. Ocelli moderate in size, nearly triangular. Interocular space almost equal to distance between antennal sockets, and bigger than the distance between ocelli (Fig. 2H). Arolia and pullivi absent. Posterior margin of the supra-anal plate emarginated medially.

Nymph. Similar to the female, body darkish brown.

Ootheca. Reddish brown. The longitudinal lines distinct. Serrations on the keel large and curved, apex of serrations slightly truncated. Space between the serrations of the curved portion moderate (Fig. 2M). Respiratory canals well developed.

Found in dry earth under a cliff of the roadside (Fig. 2O–R).

The species epithet miracidia is derived from Greek mirakos referring to it's small size.

Holotype : China · male; Sichuan Prov., Aba Prefecture, Wenchuan County, Keku Township; 1555 m; 31°30.93'N, 103°34.27'E, 5 May 2019; Lu Qiu leg.; SWU-B-CC-010006.

Paratypes : China · 3 males & 1 female, same collection data as holotype; SWU-B-CC-010007 to 010010 · 3 males, same collection data as holotype, but 7 August 2019; Huan-Yu Ren, Wei Han leg; SWU-B-CC-010011 to 010013 · 2 males & 4 females, Sichuan Prov., Wenchuan County, mountains behind the 5·12 Wenchuan Earthquake Memorial Museum; July–August 2019; Qi Li leg.; SWU-B-CC-010014 to 010019.

This species is remarkable for the absence of styli and the short tegmina and strongly reduced anal fields of hind wings in male, which can easily distinguish the males of E. udenostyla from all other species. The serrations of ootheca are distinctly reduced.

Male holotype: Body stout. Measurements (mm). Overall length: 23.5; body length: 19.7; body width (tegmina not included): 12.1; pronotum length × width: 17.1 × 9.4; tegmina length × width: 17.6 × 8.4.

Coloration. Body almost black, covered with black setae (Fig. 3A, B). Anterior margin of pronotum partially white (Fig. 3A).

Figure 3. 

Eupolyphaga udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov. A male holotype, dorsal view B male holotype, ventral view C female paratype, dorsal view D female paratype, ventral view E male head, ventral view F tegmen, ventral view G hind wing, ventral view H supra-anal plate, ventral view I subgenital plate, ventral view J left portion of subgenital plate, dorsal view K genitalia, dorsal view L right phallomere, right-ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (A–D); 0.2 cm E; 0.5 cm (F, G); 0.1 cm (H, I, K, L); 0.02 cm (J). Black arrows indicate the strongly reduced anal field and absence of styli.

Head : Ovoid, longer than wide. Vertex concealed under pronotum. Eyes small, slightly reduced. Interocular space wide but narrower than the distances between antennal sockets and between ocelli. Ocelli moderate, ocellar ridge distinct, with a row of setae on the upper edge (Fig. 3E). Antennae long, approximately equal to the length of the body (vertex to abdominal tip) (Fig. 4G). Ocellar ridge with two large pits below. Clypeus distinct, ante-clypeus almost quadrate, hind lateral angles obtusely rounded, posterior margin thin in the middle and slightly concave. Pronotum: Narrow, widest near the middle, anterior whitish margin narrow and short. Tegmina and hind wings: Shortened, only beyond the end of abdomen 3.8 mm. Apices of wings slightly exceed tegmina in resting position. Tegmen rounded apically (Fig. 3F). Hind wing short, oval, bluntly rounded apically, anal field strongly reduced (Fig. 3G). Legs: Slender, front femur type C₁. Pulvilli moderate, tarsal claws simple and symmetrical, arolia large. Abdomen: Supra-anal plate narrowly transverse, pubescent, hind margin with an emargination medially, paraprocts simple, cerci short (Fig. 3H). Subgenital plate simple, posterior margin nearly straight, densely setose. Styli absent (Fig. 3I, J). Genitalia: L1 narrowed at base, genital hook (L3) stout basally, gradually tapered at distal half, the hook roundly curved, apex sharp (Fig. 3K).

Figure 4. 

A–D Characteristics and habitats of Eupolyphaga species from Minjiang River Basin A head of female E. robusta, ventral view B head of female Eupolyphaga udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov., ventral view C supra-anal plate of female E. robusta, dorsal view D supra-anal plate of female E. udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov., dorsal view E ootheca of E. udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov., lateral view F same, close-up view to show the serration G a living male E. udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov. H a living female E. udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov. I, J habitats of E. udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov., in Keku Township, Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province. Scale bars: 0.2 cm (E); 0.1 cm (F). Photographs G–J by LQ. White arrows indicate the ocelli.

Male paratypes: Similar to the holotype, no significant variation.

Female paratypes: Body length: 23.5–24.7 mm, body width: 17.5–18.1 mm. Body uniformly dark brown (Fig. 3C, D), ante-clypeus and base of labrum white. Eyes and ocelli small, with a pair of large dimples between antennal sockets (Fig. 3D). Distance between ocelli smaller than distance antennal sockets, and both smaller than interocular space (Fig. 4B). Arolia and pulvilli absent. Supra-anal plate straight at posterior margin, lateral portions somewhat angular, posterior margin with a wide hollow medially (Fig. 4D).

Nymph. Similar to the female, body uniformly black or dark brown.

Ootheca. Reddish brown. Serrations of keel small, blunt. Surface with elevated longitudinal lines, the width of ridge wider near the serrations (Fig. 4E, F).

This new species is distributed in the Minjiang River Basin (Wenchuan County) (Fig. 4I, J). Individuals hide in the soil and are active during night (LQ, pers. obs.).

uden- (Greek) + styla (Greek) indicate that the males of the new species have no styli.

The absence of styli in males makes this new species morphologically remarkable in Eupolyphaga. Males of the species also have distinctly shortened tegmina and wings, and extremely reduced anal areas on hind wings. The ootheca has reduced serrations. The type locality of the new species is close to the one of Eupolyphaga robusta, they are sympatric, distributed in Minjiang River Basin. Males and ootheca of this new species are easily distinguished from E. robusta, but females may be confused because of their similar black and large body. However, females of this new species have reduced ocelli (Fig. 4B), which are obviously smaller than those of E. robusta (Fig. 4A). Also, the posterior margin of the supra-anal plate (Fig. 4D) in this new species is obviously straighter than that of E. robusta (Fig. 4C, D).

Holotype : China · male, Sichuan Prov., Maoxian County, Wadi Township, Shahuzhai Village; 1938 m; 31°53.20'N, 103°28.62'E; 3 October 2019; Hao Xu, Zhi-Teng Chen, Lu Qiu leg (the holotype was reared from nymph by LQ).; SWU-B-CC-010020.

1 male (an incompletely eclosed individual, unsuitable to be designated as a type specimen); SWU-B-CC-010021 · 1 female nymph, same collection data as holotype; SWU-B-CC-010022.

This species is easily distinguished from its congeners by the reduced and stout tegmina and hind wings in male. In comparison with other species also possessing reduced tegmina and hind wings in males (e.g., E. everestiana reni and E. udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov.), this new species is obviously larger (24.7 mm without tegmina and wings in length), the tegmina with sparse macula only on distal half; while E. everestiana reni is small in size (18.0–18.5 mm without tegmina and hind wings in length) and with evenly distributed maculae on tegmina. E. udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov. (19.7 mm without tegmina and wings in length) is an almost unicolored black species with no styli in males.

Male holotype: Body short and broad (Fig. 5A, B). Measurements (mm): Overall length: 29.5; body length: 24.7; body width (tegmina not included): 13.4; pronotum length × width: 12.5 × 6.9; tegmina length × width: 22.5 × 9.3.

Figure 5. 

Eupolyphaga reducta Qiu, sp. nov., male holotype A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, ventral view C pronotum, male holotype, dorsal view D head, male holotype, ventral view E supra-anal plate, ventral view F subgenital plate, ventral view G genitalia, dorsal view H right phallomere, right-ventral view I–J the living holotype after moulting K habitat of E. reducta Qiu, sp. nov., in Shahuzhai Village, Maoxian County, Sichuan Province L Dr. Zhi-Teng Chen and Dr. Hao Xu collecting this species. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (A, B); 0.2 cm (C, D); 0.1 cm (E–H). Photographs I–L by LQ.

Coloration. Body yellowish brown. Pronotum brown, anterior margin yellow (Fig. 5C). Space between vertex to the ocelli black, face fulvous with blackish brown spots. Antennae yellowish brown, ante-clypeus yellow, hind-clypeus brown. Labial palpi and maxillary palpi yellowish brown (Fig. 5D). Tegmina and hind wings yellowish brown, maculae brown. Legs and abdomen brown.

Head : Interocular space narrow, obviously narrower than the distance between antennal sockets, and slightly narrower than the distance between ocelli. Ocelli large, ocellar ridge short, straight, covered with yellowish brown setae. Clypeus small (Fig. 5D). Pronotum: Widely transverse, the widest point near the middle, anterior yellowish margin wide, the boundary between the yellowish and the brownish portion fused. Surface with short pubescence (Fig. 5C). Tegmina and hind wings: Reduced and robust, exceeding the end of abdomen 4.4 mm. The apices of hind wings exceed tegmina obviously when at resting position (Fig. 5I). Tegmina translucent, yellowish brown, irregularly with several maculae apically, shoulders of tegmina wide, margins rounded. Wings translucent, light yellowish brown, almost no maculae. Legs: Slender, front femur type C₁, arolia large, tarsal claws simple and symmetrical. Abdomen: Supra-anal plate transversely broad, convex in the middle, cerci short (Fig. 5E). Subgenital plate slightly asymmetrical, right portion larger than left, styli short (Fig. 5F). Genitalia: Well sclerotized (Fig. 5G, H). L1 slender, anteriorly prominently protruded, with a long protuberance on the left side and two well-developed protrusions on the posterior margin, L2 more developed on the right side, L3 curved, with a more rounded curvature, processa distale (pda) and processa apicale (paa) well developed, long and sturdy. Right phallomere relatively larger, R2 divided into two chunks, outer chunk larger than the inner one.

Female and ootheca: Unknown.

Nymph: Similar to the male in color, yellowish brown.

This new species is distributed in the Heishui River Basin (Maoxian County to Heishui County). Nymphs of this new species live beneath the withered grass at the edge of a soil slope (Hao Xu, Lu Qiu, pers. obs.; Fig. 5K, L).

The species epithet is from the Latin reductus indicating its reduced tegmina and wings.

Holotype : China · male; Sichuan Prov., Lixian County, Miyaluo Town, Siboguo Village; 2944 m; 31°41.58'N, 102°44.80'E; 6 October 2019; Hao Xu, Lu Qiu, Zhi-Teng Chen leg.; SWU-B-CC-010023.

Paratypes : 2 males, same collection data as holotype; SWU-B-CC-010024 to 010025.

2 nymphs & 4 oothecae, same collection data as holotype; SWU-B-CC-010026 to 010027.

The male of this new species resembles Eupolyphaga yunnanensis in external morphology. However, the male of E. simila Qiu sp. nov. has a darker abdomen (Fig. 6B) than E. yunnanensis. The female and nymph of this new species have dense black markings on their bodies (Fig. 7G, H), while E. yunnanensis is without black markings. The serrations of ootheca are bluntly rounded in this new species (Fig. 7A, B) while they are triangular in E. yunnanensis (Qiu et al. 2018).

Figure 6. 

Eupolyphaga simila Qiu, sp. nov., male holotype A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, ventral view C pronotum, dorsal view D head, ventral view E supra-anal plate, ventral view F subgenital plate (right stylus missing), ventral view G genitalia, dorsal view H right phallomere, right-ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (A, B); 0.2 cm (C, D); 0.1 cm (E–H).

Figure 7. 

Eupolyphaga simila Qiu, sp. nov. A ootheca, lateral view B serrations of ootheca C, D habitats of Eupolyphaga simila, Siboguo Village, Lixian County, Sichuan Province E, F the living holotype after emergence G the ventral side of a nymph H the ventral side of a female. Scale bars: 0.1 cm (A); 0.01 cm (B). Photographs C–H by LQ.

Male holotype: Measurements (mm). Overall length: 28.9; body length: 16.2; body width (tegmina not included): 9.4; pronotum length × width: 8.3 × 5.1; tegmina length × width: 26.3 × 9.0.

Coloration. Body fulvous (Fig. 6A, B). Vertex to the space between ocelli blackish brown, ocellar ridge slightly lighter in color, the rest of the face yellow. Antennae and labrum yellow-brown (Fig. 6D). Pronotum brown, except for the yellow anterior margin (Fig. 6C). Tegmina fawn with scattered and unequal-sized maculae. Wings nearly transparent, with sparsely small maculae terminally. Legs fulvous. Abdomen darkish brown, with a yellow vertical line in the middle (Fig. 6A, B).

Head . Round, longer than wide. Interocular space narrower than the distances between antennal sockets and ocelli. Ocelli bulged, ocellar ridge pubescent (Fig. 6D). Pronotum. Transversely elliptical, with anterior margin raised medially, and slightly truncated, the widest point located near the middle, and the posterior margin slightly arched. Boundary between anterior yellowish margin and the brownish portion fused (Fig. 6C). Tegmina and hind wings. Tegmina slender, beyond the end of abdomen 13 mm. Wings transparent. Legs. Slender and hairy, arolia large. Abdomen. Posterior margin of supra-anal plate protruded posteriorly, with a median shallow concavity (Fig. 6E). Subgenital plate slightly asymmetrical, media widely concaved, styli long (Fig. 6F). Genitalia. Genital hook (L3) roundly curved, with a sharp apex. R2 divided into two asymmetrical chunks, slightly quadrate (Fig. 6G, H).

Male paratype: Body length 29.1 mm including tegmina and hind wings, no significant differences from the holotype.

Nymph. Yellowish brown, dorsal surface black-brown to pale yellow-brown, with many black maculae. Vertex with a black strip between eyes, the space between ocelli with some black spots. Hind-clypeus black. Legs darkish brown to light yellowish brown, coxa with some black maculae. Abdomen yellow, with dark margins (Fig. 7G).

Ootheca. Light reddish brown. Surface with longitudinal lines. Serrations of the keel small and bluntly rounded. Respiratory canals absent (Fig. 7A, B).

This new species can be found in dry soil under cliffs along the roadside (Fig. 7C, D).

The species epithet is from similis (Latin) indicating this species is similar to Eupolyphaga yunnanensis.

Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, all living females of the new species were uncared-for in the lab during the research time. Thus, no female specimens survived for further study, but LQ has taken a photograph of a female in the wild (Fig. 7H), which provides a chance to compare the coloration with the female of E. yunnanensis. We also distinguished E. simila Qiu sp. nov. from E. yunnanensis by using DNA barcoding; the genetic divergence of the two species being 13.86–14.82%, and the ABGD analysis also supports the establishment of this new species.

“North China”.

China · 2 males; Hubei Prov., Xiangyang City, Xianshan Mountain; July 2020; Mao Ye leg; SWU-B-CC-010028 to 010029 · 1 male; Hubei Prov., Wuhan City, Huangling District, Sushan Temple; 16 August 2019; Chen-Liang Li leg.; SWU-B-CC-010030.

China (Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Tianjin, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Ningxia, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei (new record), Hunan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan).

This species is newly recorded from Hubei Province. This is the most widely distributed Eupolyphaga species in China, but in general it is more common in Northern China than in the south. The distribution of this species in south China needs to be further surveyed in the future. The ventral abdomen of this species in males is usually uniformly yellowish white, while a specimen from Wuhan City has dark brown markings on the legs and abdomen (Fig. 8B, F). By sequencing the COI genes of both individuals from Wuhan and northern China (Beijing and Liaoning), we found that the genetic distances between the individuals from Wuhan and north China reached 8.81% (Beijing) to 9.54% (Liaoning); the ABGD analysis treats the Wuhan individual as a separated MOTU from individuals from northern China. Currently only one specimen is available from Wuhan. Therefore, we tentatively regard this variation as an intraspecific difference.

Figure 8. 

Eupolyphaga sinensis, male from Sushan Temple, Wuhan City, Hubei Province A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, ventral view C a living male D head, ventral view E pronotum, dorsal view F legs and abdomen (showing dark brown markings), ventral view G supra-anal plate, ventral view H subgenital plate, ventral view I genitalia, dorsal view J right phallomere, right-ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (A, B); 0.2 cm (D–J). Photographs C by Chen-Liang Li.

“Sichuan Prov., Chengdu City, Dujiangyan Prefectural-Level City, Daguan Town, Puzhao Temple; 770 m.”

China · 2 males, 1 female, 10 nymphs, 4 oothecae; Sichuan Prov., Luzhou City, Gulin County, Jianzhu Township, Daheidong Scenic Area, Xiazhai; 899 m; 28°03.50'N, 105°34.70'E, 1 February 2019, Lu Qiu leg.; SWU-B-CC-010031 to 010043 · 1 male, Sichuan Prov., Aba Prefecture, Wenchuan County, Yingxiu Town; 1000 m; 17 September 1983; Xue-Zhong Zhang leg.; SWU-B-CC-010044 · 2 males, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Mountain, Dawopu; 31 August 2018; Lu Qiu leg.; SWU-B-CC-010045 to 010046 · 1 male, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Mountain; 22 October 2006, Wei-Wei Zhang leg.; SWU-B-CC-010047 · 1 male, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Mountain; August 2018; De-Yao Zhou leg.; SWU-B-CC-010048.

This species is mainly distributed in Sichuan, Chongqing. We obtained COI sequences of this species from various localities (Simianshan Mountain and Jinyunshan Mountain in Chongqing, Shehong, Dujiangyan and Gulin in Sichuan). Genetic distances ranged from 2.02–6.12% between samples from these localities (Suppl. material 1).

“Sichuan Prov., Aba Prefecture, Wenchuan County; 1100 m.”

China · 2 males, 1 female, 1 nymph, 6 oothecae; Sichuan Prov., Aba Prefecture, Maoxian County, Nanxin Town, Miancu Village; 1518 m; 31°35.73'N, 103°44.97'E; 7 August 2019; Zong-Qing Wang, Lu Qiu, Wei Han, Huan-Yu Ren leg.; SWU-B-CC-010049 to 010052 · 1 nymph, 1 ootheca; Sichuan Prov., Aba Prefecture, Maoxian County, Nanxin Town, Miancu Village; 1503 m; 31°35.77'N, 103°45.00'E; 2 October 2019; Lu Qiu, Hao Xu, Zhi-Teng Chen leg.; SWU-B-CC-010053 · 1 male, 1 female, 10 oothecae; Sichuan Prov., Aba Prefecture, Maoxian County, Xiaomiao Mountain; 1650 m; 31°40.85'N, 103°51.33'E; 6 August 2019; Lu Qiu, Wei Han, Huan-Yu Ren leg.; SWU-B-CC-010054 to 010055 · 1 male, 1 female, 1 nymph, 4 oothecae; Sichuan Prov., Aba Prefecture, 013 Township road near Wenchuan County; 1473 m; 31°28.63'N, 103°35.90'E; Zong-Qing Wang, Lu Qiu, Wei Han, Huan-Yu Ren leg.; SWU-B-CC-010056 to 010057 · 2 males, 6 females, 2 oothecae; Sichuan Prov., Aba Prefecture, Wenchuan County, Miansi Town; 29 March 2020; Jian-Yue Qiu leg.; SWU-B-CC-010058 to 010065.

Male: Tegmina almost black, with a few white maculae, some individuals have more and larger maculae that are randomly distributed on tegmina. Abdomen orange or black, if black, the terminal two segments dimly yellowish.

Female: Body length 29.1–32.5 mm, body width 20.5–22.5 mm. Body uniformly black (Fig. 9C, D). Antennal sockets, ocelli, ante-clypeus white. The base and end of labrum white, the middle black. Ocelli small, nearly triangular. Distance between ocelli smaller than distance between antennal sockets, interocular space wide. Pullivi and arolia absent. Hind margin of supra-anal plate protruded, medially with a large incision (Fig. 9C, D).

Figure 9. 

Eupolyphaga robusta from Minjiang River basin A male, dorsal view B male, ventral view C female, dorsal view D female, ventral view E–G habitats of Eupolyphaga robusta, Maoxian County, Sichuan Province H the variation of the abdominal coloration in males I ootheca, lateral view J serrations of ootheca. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (A–D); 0.1 cm (I); 0.01 cm (J). Photographs E–H by LQ.

Nymph: Similar to female, blackish brown.

Ootheca: Yellowish brown. Surface with shallow longitudinal lines. Serrations on the keel large and curved, compactly arranged. Respiratory canals indistinct (Fig. 9I, J).

This species is distributed in the Minjiang River basin of Sichuan, which is a typical arid river valley. It can be found in multiple habitats, such as in soil, under abandoned bricks or rocks, or inside dead wood.

This species was originally described based on a single male specimen collected in 1983. The holotype is dark brown, the last two segments of abdomen are yellowish white, and its vertex has a small yellowish spot. During two expeditions in Minjiang River basin in 2019, we obtained numerous specimens of this species. We found that the fresh samples of the males are black rather than dark brown. The maculae on tegmina show some variation, most male individuals are black, with sparse whitish maculae, but there are individuals with larger maculae. We also found that most of the newly collected individuals differ from the holotype by the coloration of abdomen. Most males have a uniformly orange abdomen, while the specimens from Miansi Town have the same abdominal color as the holotype, i.e., the apical two segments of abdomen are yellowish, the remaining portions are black. Among the newly collected male specimens, no individual was found with a yellow spot at vertex, which indicates the yellow spot at vertex in the holotype may be a variation or aberration.

We sequenced the COI marker from eight samples and found that the genetic distances between samples from Miansi Town (male with black abdomen) and samples from other localities (males with orange abdomens) are somewhat distant (3.29–3.57%), while the genetic distances between samples with orange abdomen are much lower (0.15–0.47%) (Suppl. material 1).

“China: Hunan: Daling Village, Hupingshan Town, Shimen County”, 444 m.

China · 1 male, 2 females, 1 ootheca; Hunan Prov., Zhangjiajie City, Sangzhi County, Badagongshan Nature Reserve, Tianpingshan Mountain; 1400 m; 29°46.99'N, 110°05.44'E; 30–31 July 2019; Hao Xu, Jian-Yue Qiu leg.; SWU-B-CC-010066 to 010068 · 1 male; Anhui Prov., Jinzhai County, Mazongling; 580 m; 2 August 2018, Yu-Chen Zheng leg.; SWU-B-CC-010069.

Female: Body length 32.3–41.0 mm, body width 21.5–23.7 mm. Body uniformly dark reddish brown. Antennal sockets, ocelli, ante-clypeus, and labrum white. Ocelli large. Distance between ocelli almost equal to interocular space, and slightly narrower than distance between antennal sockets. Arolia and pulvilli absent. Posterior margin of supra-anal plate protruded, medially with a large incision (Fig. 10A, B).

Figure 10. 

Eupolyphaga hupingensis from Mt. Badagongshan, Hunan Province (A–D) and Eupolyphaga dongi from Mt. Gaoligongshan, Baoshan City, Yunnan Province (E–H). A female, dorsal view B female, ventral view C ootheca, lateral view D serrations of ootheca E female, dorsal view F female, ventral view G ootheca, lateral view H serrations of ootheca. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (A, B, E, F); 0.2 cm (C, G); 0.05 cm (D, H).

Nymph. Similar to female, blackish brown.

Ootheca. Reddish brown. Longitudinal lines distinct and evenly arranged (Fig. 10C). Serrations of keel large, strongly curved, the space between the nearest two serrations compact, each serration with weak respiratory canals (Fig. 10D).

China: Hunan, Anhui (new record).

The individual from Jinzhai County (North Anhui) is almost morphologically identical to other specimens of E. hupingensis, only the color of its clypeus and labrum, abdomen and legs are lighter than those of holotype (Fig. 11B, C), and styli are slender (Fig. 11F). However, the COI genetic distance between individuals from Jinzhai and Shimen County (North Hunan) reached 8.21%. Because only one specimen is available from Jinzhai, we temporarily regard it as intraspecific variation and look forward to obtaining more samples for further investigation.

Figure 11. 

Eupolyphaga hupingensis, male from Mazongling, Jinzhai County, Anhui Province A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, ventral view C head, ventral view D tegmen, ventral view E supra-anal plate, ventral view F subgenital plate, ventral view G genitalia, dorsal view H right phallomere, right-ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (A, B, D); 0.2 cm (C, G, H); 0.1 cm (E, F).

“Yunnan Prov., Baoshan City, Longyang District, Nankang Village; 1980 m.”

China · 1 male; Yunnan Prov., Baoshan City, Mt. Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, Baihualing; 13 April 2017; Zhi-Wei Dong leg.; SWU-B-CC-010070 · 2 females, 1 nymph, 8 oothecae; Yunnan Prov., Baoshan City, Mt. Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, Baihualing; 20–21 June 2020; Lu Qiu, Jin-Lin Liu leg.; SWU-B-CC-010071 to 010073.

Female: Body length 20.1–21.2 mm, body width 14.6–14.9 mm. Body dark brown, with small fuzzy markings (Fig. 10E). Face with a large black spot, vertex and antennal sockets forming a pale-colored frame enclosing the large black spot. Ocelli degraded and not distinct. Tibial spines reddish brown, pulvilli present, arolia absent. Abdomen with some inconspicuous pale-colored markings and a pale-colored midline. The posterior edge of the supra-anal plate protruded, median emargination small. Posterior margin of subgenital plate wide, with an inconspicuous central shallow concavity (Fig. 10E, F).

Nymphs: Similar to female.

Ootheca: Reddish brown. Surface with obvious longitudinal lines (Fig. 10G). Serrations short and thick, nearly triangular, terminus blunt, without respiratory canals (Fig. 10H).

This species can be found in dry soil under huge rocks in the forest of Baihualing.