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Research Article
Exploring the diversity of Eupolyphaga Chopard, 1929 (Blattodea, Corydioidea): species delimitation based on morphology and molecular analysis
expand article infoWei Han, Lu Qiu§, Jing Zhu, Zong-Qing Wang, Yan-Li Che
‡ Southwest University, Chongqing, China
§ Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, China
Open Access

Abstract

Eupolyphaga Chopard, 1929 is a cockroach genus mainly endemic to China. In this study, the species diversity of this genus is further explored through morphology and molecular analysis. Four species are described new to science: Eupolyphaga miracidia Qiu, sp. nov., Eupolyphaga udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov., Eupolyphaga reducta Qiu, sp. nov., and Eupolyphaga simila Qiu, sp. nov. New knowledge on some known species is added, including new distribution records and characteristics of females. Forty-five COI sequences were newly sequenced and a molecular species delimitation analysis was performed using ABGD method. Eighteen molecular operational taxonomic units were obtained by ABGD analysis, which are nearly consistent with the results of morphological delimitation.

Keywords

ABGD, Corydiinae, DNA barcoding, new species, Polyphagini

Introduction

Eupolyphaga Chopard, 1929 is the largest genus of Corydioidea in China, including 20 species and two subspecies (Chopard 1929; Feng and Woo 1988; Woo and Feng 1992; Qiu et al. 2018). Sexual dimorphism is pronounced in Eupolyphaga species: the male adult is winged with its body narrowly oval, while the female adult is apterous with a sub-oval body. Although this genus is famous for having species with medicinal value, e.g., E. sinensis farmed in China as one kind of traditional Chinese medicine (Woo 1987), the taxonomic history of Eupolyphaga is rather brief. This genus was established by Chopard (1929) with Eupolyphaga sinensis as the type species, and a total of five species was included. After this, an additional two species from Yunnan were described (Feng and Woo 1988; Woo and Feng 1992). There was no further taxonomic work on this genus until Qiu et al. (2018), who made a revision to this genus and updated the total number of species to 20.

Species delimitation of the genus has been based on external morphological characters, male genitalia and some oothecae characters (Chopard 1929; Feng and Woo 1988; Woo and Feng 1992; Qiu et al. 2018). Qiu et al. (2018) pointed out that male genitalia played a limited role in species identification of Eupolyphaga, because most species do not show very clearly distinct features. As more specimens are collected, boundaries between some species become ambiguous. For example, a new species described below (SWU-B-CC-010023 to SWU-B-CC-010027) collected in Sichuan province is very similar to E. yunnanensis in males, while their females and oothecae have significant differences, we therefore consider them to belong to different species.

Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) (Puillandre et al. 2012) is now a common DNA-based delimitation method. So far, it has been successfully applied in many studies about cockroaches (e.g., Bai et al. 2018; Yang et al. 2019; Deng et al. 2020; He et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2021; Zhu et al. 2022), and this method combined with morphological characters can help us judge whether they are different species or not.

We recently obtained more Eupolyphaga material from various collecting sites in China. In this study, we use morphological characteristics combined with ABGD to delimit species. Four new species are established. Some descriptions of females and oothecae of known species, and some new distributional data are added to complement species descriptions and facilitate future identifications.

Materials and methods

Material

Specimens, including the voucher specimens (Table 1) studied in this article, are deposited at the Institute of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China (SWU).

Table 1.

Samples used in species delimitation.

Species Abbreviation GenBank ID Collecting information Remark
E. sinensis EupoSineLN OP215845 Tongnai Village, Fuxin, Liaoning; 31 July 2016; Lu-Yu Wang nymph
EupoSineBJ OP215846 Mt. Xishan, Beijing; 28 April 2015; Bing-Qiang Wang male
EupoSineWH OP215847 Sushansi, Wuhan, Hubei; 16 August 2019; Chen-Liang Li male
E. hanae EupoHanaSM OP215848 Mt. Simianshan, Jiangjin, Chongqing; 31 August 2018; Lu Qiu male
EupoHanaDG OP215849 Daguan Town, Dujiangyan, Sichuan; 19 May 2015; Lu Qiu, Jing-Fei Han male
EupoHanaSN1 OP215850 Shehong, Suining, Sichuan; 8 May 2016; Lei Wang male
EupoHanaSN2 OP215851 ibid female
EupoHanaJY OP215852 Mt. Jinyunshan, Beibei, Chongqing; 22 August 2018; Lu Qiu male
EupoHanaGL OP215853 Jianzhu Township, Gulin, Sichuan; 1 February 2019; Lu Qiu female
E. hupingensis EupoHupiSM OP215854 Hupingshan Town, Shimen, Hunan; 21 May 2016; Hao Xu male
EupoHupiJZ OP215855 Jingzhai, Lu,an, Anhui; 2 August 2018; Yu-chen Zheng male
E. robusta EupoRobu1 OP215856 Maoxian, Sichuan; 6 August 2019; Lu Qiu, Wei Han, Huan-Yu Ren male, orange abdominal type
EupoRobu2 OP215857 ibid female
EupoRobu3 OP215858 Miancu Village, Maoxian, Sichuan; 7 August 2019; Zong-Qing Wang male, orange abdominal type
EupoRobu4 OP215859 Miancu Village, Maoxian, Sichuan; 7 August 2019; Wei Han, Huanyu Ren female
EupoRobu5 OP215860 Wenchuan, Sichuan; 7 August 2019; Wei Han, Huanyu Ren male, orange abdominal type
EupoRobu6 OP215861 Wenchuan, Sichuan; 7 August 2019; Zongqing Wang female
EupoRobu8 OP215862 Wenchuan, Sichuan; 7 August 2019; Wei Han, Huan-Yu Ren male, black abdominal type
EupoRobu7 OP215863 Miansi Town, Wenchuan, Sichuan; 29 May 2020; Jian-Yue Qiu male, black abdominal type
E. yunnanensis EupoYunnCB OP215864 Zayü, Tibet; 1 August 2014; Weiwei Zhang female
EupoYunnCY OP215865 Zayü, Tibet; 14 August 2015; Lu Qiu male
EupoYunnBO OP215866 Bomê, Tibet; 11 July 2016; Jian-Yue Qiu, Hao Xu male
EupoYunnTM2 OP215867 Tongmai Town, Bomê, Tibet; 13 August 2017; HaoXu, Jian-Yue Qiu male
EupoYunnTM3 OP215868 Tongmai Town, Bomê, Tibet; 11 August 2017; Hao Xu, Jian-Yue Qiu male
EupoYunnTM1 OP215869 Tongmai Town, Bomê, Tibet; 12 August 2017; Jian-Yue Qiu, Hao Xu male
E. fengi EupoFeng1 OP215870 Mt. Zixishan, Chuxiong, Yunnan; 7 July 2012; Dong Wang male
EupoFeng2 OP215871 ibid male
E. dongi EupoDong1 OP215872 Mt. Gaoligongshan, Baoshan, Yunnan; 13 April 2017; Zhi-Wei Dong male
EupoDong2 OP215873 Mt. Gaoligongshan, Baoshan, Yunnan; June 2020; Lu Qiu, Jin-Lin Liu nymph
E. wooi EupoWooi OP215874 Mt. Ailaoshan, Xinping, Yunnan; 11 May 2016; Lu Qiu female
E. xuorum EupoXuor1 OP215875 Caoke Township, Shimian, Sichuan; 25 August 2016; Hao Xu, Jian-Yue Qiu male
EupoXuor2 OP215876 ibid male
E. daweishana EupoDawe OP215877 Mt. Daweishan, Pinbian, Yunnan; 16 May 2016; Lu Qiu nymph
E. miracidia sp. nov. EupoMira OP215878 Maqiao Town, Xiangyang, Hubei; 13 July 2017; Lu Qiu male
E. nigrinotum EupoNigr1 OP215879 Mt. Jizushan, Bingchuan, Yunnan; 20 February 2016; Hao Xu, Jian-Yue Qiu male
EupoNigr3 OP215880 Mt. Jizushan, Bingchuan, Yunnan; 20 February 2016; Hao Xu, Jian-Yue Qiu female
EupoNigr2 OP215881 Mt. Jizushan, Bingchuan, Yunnan; 7 June 2019, local male
E. pilosa EupoPilo OP215882 Pantiange Township, Weixi, Yunnan; 21 August 2015; Lu Qiu male
E. simila sp. nov. EupoSimi1 OP215883 Miyaluo Town, Lixian, Sichuan; 6 October 2019; Lu Qiu, Hao Xu, Zhi-Teng Chen female
EupoSimi2 OP215884 ibid nymph
EupoSimi3 OP215885 ibid male
E. reducta sp. nov. EupoRedu OP215886 Wadi Township, Maoxian, Sichuan; 3 October 2019; Hao Xu, Zhi-Teng Chen, Lu Qiu nymph
E. udenostyla sp. nov. EupoUden1 OP215887 Keku Township, Wenchuan, Sichuan; 7 August 2019; Huan-Yu Ren, Wei Han female
EupoUden2 OP215888 ibid male
EupoUden3 OP215889 ibid male
Outgroup
Periplaneta americana PeriAmer HM386405 /
Eucorydia dasytoides EucuDasy LC480880 /
Diploptera punctata DiplPunc MF479156 /

Morphology

The morphological terminology follows Roth (2003), Klass (1997) and Li et al. (2018). Male genital segments of the examined specimens were macerated and heated in 10% NaOH solution for ~ 20 min to remove excess fat, then washed with deionized water, placed in glycerin jelly, and observed with a Motic K400 or Leica® M205A stereomicroscope. Habitus photographs of the specimens were taken using a Canon® EOS M5 digital camera+ mount adapter EF-EOS M plus a Laowa 100 mm F2.8 CA-Dreamer Macro 2 × lens (for Canon EF). Photographs of other characters were taken using a Leica® M205A stereomicroscope. All photographs mentioned above were optimized with Adobe Photoshop® CC 2019.

DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing

The hind legs or thoracic muscle were used for DNA extraction, and the other body parts were stored in 95% ethanol as voucher specimens. The extraction procedure was performed according to the Hipure Tissue DNA Mini Kit (Magen Bio-tech, Guangzhou) and the extracted total DNA was stored in a -20 °C environment. Fragments of COI were amplified using PCR; primers used for the amplifications are F: 5’-GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3’ and R: 5’-TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA-3’ (Folmer et al. 1994). PCR was performed in an Analytik Jena Easy Cycler with 25 μl volumes including 22 μL 3×Taq Master Mix, 1 μL of each primer (F and R, aforementioned), and 1 μL of DNA template. Amplification conditions were: initial denaturation at 98 °C for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles for 10 s at 98 °C, 10 s at 50 °C, 10 s at 72 °C, and a final extension of 5 min at 72 °C. Then the amplification effect was assessed by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gel, the amplification products corresponding to bright and clear bands were selected and sent to the Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) for sequencing in both directions.

Sequence processing and phylogenetic analyses

In total, 48 COI sequences were used for analysis (45 sequences representing Eupolyphaga species and three sequences representing outgroups downloaded from GenBank). All 45 newly acquired sequences are deposited in GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore) with accession numbers OP215845 to OP215889 (Table 1). Sequences were aligned by online MAFFT 7 (https://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/) (Katoh et al. 2019) using the Q-INS-i algorithm, then aligned and adjusted manually after translation into amino acid sequences using MEGA 11 (Kumar et al. 2016). A Kimura 2-parameter (Kimura 1980) distance model was used to quantify intraspecific and interspecific genetic divergence values. The maximum likelihood tree was constructed in IQ-TREE (Nguyen et al. 2015) with 1000 replicates for bootstrap values, after choosing optimal partitioning scheme and substitution models (COI_pos 1, TRN+G; COI_pos 2, GTR+G; COI_pos 3, GTR+G) in PartionFinder v.2.1.1 (Lanfear et al. 2017) with the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc).

We also conducted an ABGD analysis to confront its results to our morphologically defined species and thus further refine our species delimitation within the genus Eupolyphaga. ABGD analysis was performed using a web interface (https://bioinfo.mnhn.fr/abi/public/abgd/abgdweb.html); the default parameters were used except for the relative gap width set at 1.0 and using the Jukes-Cantor (JC69) model.

Results

Morphological delimitation of Eupolyphaga

Combining male and female external morphology, male genitalia, and some oothecae features, we identified 16 morphospecies (including four new species) of Eupolyphaga among 266 samples examined from China (Fig. 1A).

Figure 1. 

Maximum Likelihood tree derived from COI sequences with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Bootstrap values are marked at nodes, the sexes of the specimens are given in brackets (“N” indicates nymphs). Red bar: results of morphological delimitation; blue bar: results of MOTUs estimated by ABGD.

Phylogenetic analysis and MOTUs estimation based on COI

In this study, we acquired 45 COI sequences of Eupolyphaga representing 16 morphospecies of Eupolyphaga. The maximum likelihood tree shows that, for each morphological species, all samples (including the different locality samples, different sex samples, and adult and nymphal samples) are monophyletic, although most of the nodes do not have high bootstrap values (Fig. 1).

Eighteen molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) were estimated by ABGD for the 45 samples (Fig. 1B), and 14 morphological species were well supported by the ABGD result; morphological assumptions and molecular results differ only for E. sinensis and E. hupingensis. The three samples of E. sinensis collected from three different localities (Beijing, Liaoning, and Wuhan) are estimated as two MOTUs. The two samples of E. hupingensis, collected from Hunan and Anhui provinces, were also divided into two MOTUs.

Systematics

Eupolyphaga miracidia Qiu, sp. nov.

Fig. 2

Type material

Holotype : China · male; Hubei Prov., Xiangyang City, Maqiao Town, roadside of Ganxigou; 480 m–600 m; 31°46.99'N, 110°55.06'E; 13 July 2017; Lu Qiu leg.; SWU-B-CC-010001.

Paratypes : China · 2 males & 2 females, same collection data as holotype; SWU-B-CC-010002 to SWU-B-CC-010005.

Diagnosis

This species can be easily distinguished from other species by its small body size. It resembles E. hupingensis by its dark coloration and dense maculae on tegmina, but it can be distinguished from the latter by its small-sized body in both sexes (12.1–12.5 mm excluding tegmina and wings in males, 22.3–24.1 mm in females; Fig. 2A–D), small styli (Fig. 2J), slenderer genital hook (Fig. 2K), and the relatively separated spaces between the serrations of the ootheca (Fig. 2M, N).

Figure 2. 

Eupolyphaga miracidia Qiu, sp. nov. A male holotype, dorsal view B male holotype, ventral view C female paratype, dorsal view D female paratype, ventral view E pronotum, male holotype, dorsal view F head, male holotype, ventral view G pronotum, female paratype, dorsal view H head, female paratype, ventral view I supra-anal plate, male holotype, ventral view J subgenital plate, male holotype, ventral view K genitalia, male holotype, dorsal view L right phallomere, holotype, right-ventral view M the serration of oothecae N oothecae, lateral view O–R habitats of E. miracidia Qiu, sp. nov., in Maqiao Town, Xiangyang City, Hubei Province S living male T living female. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (A–D); 0.1 cm (E–L, N); 0.02 cm (M). Photographs O–T by LQ.

Description

Male holotype. Measurements (mm). Overall length: 26.9; body length: 12.1; body width (tegmina not included): 9.8; tegmen length × width: 22.3 × 9.5; pronotum length × width: 7.4 × 4.4.

Coloration. Body blackish brown, covered with brown setae (Fig. 2A, B). Head black, ante-clypeus whitish, sub-transparent. Antenna brown. Pronotum dark-brown, anterior margin yellowish white. Tegmina sub-transparent, yellowish brown, with dark brown maculae. Wing light brown, with darkish brown maculae. Leg blackish brown, with coxa and trochanter slightly tawny. Abdomen blackish brown, slightly yellowish brown medially.

Head : Subrounded, almost hidden under pronotum. Interocular space moderate, about half of the distance between ocelli. Ocelli large, ocelli ridge protruded and curved, two dimples symmetrically situated below the ridge. Two yellowish brown semicircular pits each situated next to the inner side of antennal sockets. Clypeus distinct, labrum almost quadrate, posterior margin concave in the middle (Fig. 2F). Pronotum: Small, widest near the middle, anterior whitish margin narrow, gradually narrowing from the middle to lateral sides, boundary between the white and dark brown areas distinct (Fig. 2E). Tegmina and hind wings: Extending beyond the end of abdomen 12.1 mm, maculae on tegmina dense, fused. Legs: Slender, front femur type C1, pulvilli moderate and tarsal claws simple, symmetrical, arolia large. Abdomen: Supra-anal plate transverse, pubescent, posterior margin prominent medially, paraprocts simple, cerci short (Fig. 2I). Subgenital plate asymmetrical, hind margin concave medially and densely setose, left side less prominent than right side. Styli small, the left one longer than the right one (Fig. 2J). Genitalia: L1 basally prolonged (Fig. 2K), genital hook (L3) slender, the hooked part roundly curved, apex sharp (Fig. 2K). Right phallomere small, R2 simple, broad, and concave in the middle (Fig. 2L).

Male paratypes. Similar to the holotype, no distinct differences.

Female paratypes. Body length: 22.3–24.1 mm, body width: 16.2–16.9 mm. Body uniformly dark reddish brown (Fig. 2C, D). Antennal sockets and ocelli pale yellow, ante-clypeus yellow. Labrum yellowish white, base and ends slightly lighter in color. Ocelli moderate in size, nearly triangular. Interocular space almost equal to distance between antennal sockets, and bigger than the distance between ocelli (Fig. 2H). Arolia and pullivi absent. Posterior margin of the supra-anal plate emarginated medially.

Nymph. Similar to the female, body darkish brown.

Ootheca. Reddish brown. The longitudinal lines distinct. Serrations on the keel large and curved, apex of serrations slightly truncated. Space between the serrations of the curved portion moderate (Fig. 2M). Respiratory canals well developed.

Natural history

Found in dry earth under a cliff of the roadside (Fig. 2O–R).

Etymology

The species epithet miracidia is derived from Greek mirakos referring to it's small size.

Eupolyphaga udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov.

Figs 3, 4B, D, E–J

Type material

Holotype : China · male; Sichuan Prov., Aba Prefecture, Wenchuan County, Keku Township; 1555 m; 31°30.93'N, 103°34.27'E, 5 May 2019; Lu Qiu leg.; SWU-B-CC-010006.

Paratypes : China · 3 males & 1 female, same collection data as holotype; SWU-B-CC-010007 to 010010 · 3 males, same collection data as holotype, but 7 August 2019; Huan-Yu Ren, Wei Han leg; SWU-B-CC-010011 to 010013 · 2 males & 4 females, Sichuan Prov., Wenchuan County, mountains behind the 5·12 Wenchuan Earthquake Memorial Museum; July–August 2019; Qi Li leg.; SWU-B-CC-010014 to 010019.

Diagnosis

This species is remarkable for the absence of styli and the short tegmina and strongly reduced anal fields of hind wings in male, which can easily distinguish the males of E. udenostyla from all other species. The serrations of ootheca are distinctly reduced.

Description

Male holotype: Body stout. Measurements (mm). Overall length: 23.5; body length: 19.7; body width (tegmina not included): 12.1; pronotum length × width: 17.1 × 9.4; tegmina length × width: 17.6 × 8.4.

Coloration. Body almost black, covered with black setae (Fig. 3A, B). Anterior margin of pronotum partially white (Fig. 3A).

Figure 3. 

Eupolyphaga udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov. A male holotype, dorsal view B male holotype, ventral view C female paratype, dorsal view D female paratype, ventral view E male head, ventral view F tegmen, ventral view G hind wing, ventral view H supra-anal plate, ventral view I subgenital plate, ventral view J left portion of subgenital plate, dorsal view K genitalia, dorsal view L right phallomere, right-ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (A–D); 0.2 cm E; 0.5 cm (F, G); 0.1 cm (H, I, K, L); 0.02 cm (J). Black arrows indicate the strongly reduced anal field and absence of styli.

Head : Ovoid, longer than wide. Vertex concealed under pronotum. Eyes small, slightly reduced. Interocular space wide but narrower than the distances between antennal sockets and between ocelli. Ocelli moderate, ocellar ridge distinct, with a row of setae on the upper edge (Fig. 3E). Antennae long, approximately equal to the length of the body (vertex to abdominal tip) (Fig. 4G). Ocellar ridge with two large pits below. Clypeus distinct, ante-clypeus almost quadrate, hind lateral angles obtusely rounded, posterior margin thin in the middle and slightly concave. Pronotum: Narrow, widest near the middle, anterior whitish margin narrow and short. Tegmina and hind wings: Shortened, only beyond the end of abdomen 3.8 mm. Apices of wings slightly exceed tegmina in resting position. Tegmen rounded apically (Fig. 3F). Hind wing short, oval, bluntly rounded apically, anal field strongly reduced (Fig. 3G). Legs: Slender, front femur type C1. Pulvilli moderate, tarsal claws simple and symmetrical, arolia large. Abdomen: Supra-anal plate narrowly transverse, pubescent, hind margin with an emargination medially, paraprocts simple, cerci short (Fig. 3H). Subgenital plate simple, posterior margin nearly straight, densely setose. Styli absent (Fig. 3I, J). Genitalia: L1 narrowed at base, genital hook (L3) stout basally, gradually tapered at distal half, the hook roundly curved, apex sharp (Fig. 3K).

Figure 4. 

A–D Characteristics and habitats of Eupolyphaga species from Minjiang River Basin A head of female E. robusta, ventral view B head of female Eupolyphaga udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov., ventral view C supra-anal plate of female E. robusta, dorsal view D supra-anal plate of female E. udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov., dorsal view E ootheca of E. udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov., lateral view F same, close-up view to show the serration G a living male E. udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov. H a living female E. udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov. I, J habitats of E. udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov., in Keku Township, Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province. Scale bars: 0.2 cm (E); 0.1 cm (F). Photographs G–J by LQ. White arrows indicate the ocelli.

Male paratypes: Similar to the holotype, no significant variation.

Female paratypes: Body length: 23.5–24.7 mm, body width: 17.5–18.1 mm. Body uniformly dark brown (Fig. 3C, D), ante-clypeus and base of labrum white. Eyes and ocelli small, with a pair of large dimples between antennal sockets (Fig. 3D). Distance between ocelli smaller than distance antennal sockets, and both smaller than interocular space (Fig. 4B). Arolia and pulvilli absent. Supra-anal plate straight at posterior margin, lateral portions somewhat angular, posterior margin with a wide hollow medially (Fig. 4D).

Nymph. Similar to the female, body uniformly black or dark brown.

Ootheca. Reddish brown. Serrations of keel small, blunt. Surface with elevated longitudinal lines, the width of ridge wider near the serrations (Fig. 4E, F).

Natural history

This new species is distributed in the Minjiang River Basin (Wenchuan County) (Fig. 4I, J). Individuals hide in the soil and are active during night (LQ, pers. obs.).

Etymology

uden- (Greek) + styla (Greek) indicate that the males of the new species have no styli.

Remarks

The absence of styli in males makes this new species morphologically remarkable in Eupolyphaga. Males of the species also have distinctly shortened tegmina and wings, and extremely reduced anal areas on hind wings. The ootheca has reduced serrations. The type locality of the new species is close to the one of Eupolyphaga robusta, they are sympatric, distributed in Minjiang River Basin. Males and ootheca of this new species are easily distinguished from E. robusta, but females may be confused because of their similar black and large body. However, females of this new species have reduced ocelli (Fig. 4B), which are obviously smaller than those of E. robusta (Fig. 4A). Also, the posterior margin of the supra-anal plate (Fig. 4D) in this new species is obviously straighter than that of E. robusta (Fig. 4C, D).

Eupolyphaga reducta Qiu, sp. nov.

Fig. 5

Type material

Holotype : China · male, Sichuan Prov., Maoxian County, Wadi Township, Shahuzhai Village; 1938 m; 31°53.20'N, 103°28.62'E; 3 October 2019; Hao Xu, Zhi-Teng Chen, Lu Qiu leg (the holotype was reared from nymph by LQ).; SWU-B-CC-010020.

Other specimens examined

1 male (an incompletely eclosed individual, unsuitable to be designated as a type specimen); SWU-B-CC-010021 · 1 female nymph, same collection data as holotype; SWU-B-CC-010022.

Diagnosis

This species is easily distinguished from its congeners by the reduced and stout tegmina and hind wings in male. In comparison with other species also possessing reduced tegmina and hind wings in males (e.g., E. everestiana reni and E. udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov.), this new species is obviously larger (24.7 mm without tegmina and wings in length), the tegmina with sparse macula only on distal half; while E. everestiana reni is small in size (18.0–18.5 mm without tegmina and hind wings in length) and with evenly distributed maculae on tegmina. E. udenostyla Qiu, sp. nov. (19.7 mm without tegmina and wings in length) is an almost unicolored black species with no styli in males.

Description

Male holotype: Body short and broad (Fig. 5A, B). Measurements (mm): Overall length: 29.5; body length: 24.7; body width (tegmina not included): 13.4; pronotum length × width: 12.5 × 6.9; tegmina length × width: 22.5 × 9.3.

Figure 5. 

Eupolyphaga reducta Qiu, sp. nov., male holotype A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, ventral view C pronotum, male holotype, dorsal view D head, male holotype, ventral view E supra-anal plate, ventral view F subgenital plate, ventral view G genitalia, dorsal view H right phallomere, right-ventral view I–J the living holotype after moulting K habitat of E. reducta Qiu, sp. nov., in Shahuzhai Village, Maoxian County, Sichuan Province L Dr. Zhi-Teng Chen and Dr. Hao Xu collecting this species. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (A, B); 0.2 cm (C, D); 0.1 cm (E–H). Photographs I–L by LQ.

Coloration. Body yellowish brown. Pronotum brown, anterior margin yellow (Fig. 5C). Space between vertex to the ocelli black, face fulvous with blackish brown spots. Antennae yellowish brown, ante-clypeus yellow, hind-clypeus brown. Labial palpi and maxillary palpi yellowish brown (Fig. 5D). Tegmina and hind wings yellowish brown, maculae brown. Legs and abdomen brown.

Head : Interocular space narrow, obviously narrower than the distance between antennal sockets, and slightly narrower than the distance between ocelli. Ocelli large, ocellar ridge short, straight, covered with yellowish brown setae. Clypeus small (Fig. 5D). Pronotum: Widely transverse, the widest point near the middle, anterior yellowish margin wide, the boundary between the yellowish and the brownish portion fused. Surface with short pubescence (Fig. 5C). Tegmina and hind wings: Reduced and robust, exceeding the end of abdomen 4.4 mm. The apices of hind wings exceed tegmina obviously when at resting position (Fig. 5I). Tegmina translucent, yellowish brown, irregularly with several maculae apically, shoulders of tegmina wide, margins rounded. Wings translucent, light yellowish brown, almost no maculae. Legs: Slender, front femur type C1, arolia large, tarsal claws simple and symmetrical. Abdomen: Supra-anal plate transversely broad, convex in the middle, cerci short (Fig. 5E). Subgenital plate slightly asymmetrical, right portion larger than left, styli short (Fig. 5F). Genitalia: Well sclerotized (Fig. 5G, H). L1 slender, anteriorly prominently protruded, with a long protuberance on the left side and two well-developed protrusions on the posterior margin, L2 more developed on the right side, L3 curved, with a more rounded curvature, processa distale (pda) and processa apicale (paa) well developed, long and sturdy. Right phallomere relatively larger, R2 divided into two chunks, outer chunk larger than the inner one.

Female and ootheca: Unknown.

Nymph: Similar to the male in color, yellowish brown.

Natural history

This new species is distributed in the Heishui River Basin (Maoxian County to Heishui County). Nymphs of this new species live beneath the withered grass at the edge of a soil slope (Hao Xu, Lu Qiu, pers. obs.; Fig. 5K, L).

Etymology

The species epithet is from the Latin reductus indicating its reduced tegmina and wings.

Eupolyphaga simila Qiu, sp. nov.

Figs 6, 7

Type material

Holotype : China · male; Sichuan Prov., Lixian County, Miyaluo Town, Siboguo Village; 2944 m; 31°41.58'N, 102°44.80'E; 6 October 2019; Hao Xu, Lu Qiu, Zhi-Teng Chen leg.; SWU-B-CC-010023.

Paratypes : 2 males, same collection data as holotype; SWU-B-CC-010024 to 010025.

Other material examined

2 nymphs & 4 oothecae, same collection data as holotype; SWU-B-CC-010026 to 010027.

Diagnosis

The male of this new species resembles Eupolyphaga yunnanensis in external morphology. However, the male of E. simila Qiu sp. nov. has a darker abdomen (Fig. 6B) than E. yunnanensis. The female and nymph of this new species have dense black markings on their bodies (Fig. 7G, H), while E. yunnanensis is without black markings. The serrations of ootheca are bluntly rounded in this new species (Fig. 7A, B) while they are triangular in E. yunnanensis (Qiu et al. 2018).

Figure 6. 

Eupolyphaga simila Qiu, sp. nov., male holotype A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, ventral view C pronotum, dorsal view D head, ventral view E supra-anal plate, ventral view F subgenital plate (right stylus missing), ventral view G genitalia, dorsal view H right phallomere, right-ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (A, B); 0.2 cm (C, D); 0.1 cm (E–H).

Figure 7. 

Eupolyphaga simila Qiu, sp. nov. A ootheca, lateral view B serrations of ootheca C, D habitats of Eupolyphaga simila, Siboguo Village, Lixian County, Sichuan Province E, F the living holotype after emergence G the ventral side of a nymph H the ventral side of a female. Scale bars: 0.1 cm (A); 0.01 cm (B). Photographs C–H by LQ.

Description

Male holotype: Measurements (mm). Overall length: 28.9; body length: 16.2; body width (tegmina not included): 9.4; pronotum length × width: 8.3 × 5.1; tegmina length × width: 26.3 × 9.0.

Coloration. Body fulvous (Fig. 6A, B). Vertex to the space between ocelli blackish brown, ocellar ridge slightly lighter in color, the rest of the face yellow. Antennae and labrum yellow-brown (Fig. 6D). Pronotum brown, except for the yellow anterior margin (Fig. 6C). Tegmina fawn with scattered and unequal-sized maculae. Wings nearly transparent, with sparsely small maculae terminally. Legs fulvous. Abdomen darkish brown, with a yellow vertical line in the middle (Fig. 6A, B).

Head . Round, longer than wide. Interocular space narrower than the distances between antennal sockets and ocelli. Ocelli bulged, ocellar ridge pubescent (Fig. 6D). Pronotum. Transversely elliptical, with anterior margin raised medially, and slightly truncated, the widest point located near the middle, and the posterior margin slightly arched. Boundary between anterior yellowish margin and the brownish portion fused (Fig. 6C). Tegmina and hind wings. Tegmina slender, beyond the end of abdomen 13 mm. Wings transparent. Legs. Slender and hairy, arolia large. Abdomen. Posterior margin of supra-anal plate protruded posteriorly, with a median shallow concavity (Fig. 6E). Subgenital plate slightly asymmetrical, media widely concaved, styli long (Fig. 6F). Genitalia. Genital hook (L3) roundly curved, with a sharp apex. R2 divided into two asymmetrical chunks, slightly quadrate (Fig. 6G, H).

Male paratype: Body length 29.1 mm including tegmina and hind wings, no significant differences from the holotype.

Nymph. Yellowish brown, dorsal surface black-brown to pale yellow-brown, with many black maculae. Vertex with a black strip between eyes, the space between ocelli with some black spots. Hind-clypeus black. Legs darkish brown to light yellowish brown, coxa with some black maculae. Abdomen yellow, with dark margins (Fig. 7G).

Ootheca. Light reddish brown. Surface with longitudinal lines. Serrations of the keel small and bluntly rounded. Respiratory canals absent (Fig. 7A, B).

Natural history

This new species can be found in dry soil under cliffs along the roadside (Fig. 7C, D).

Etymology

The species epithet is from similis (Latin) indicating this species is similar to Eupolyphaga yunnanensis.

Remarks

Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, all living females of the new species were uncared-for in the lab during the research time. Thus, no female specimens survived for further study, but LQ has taken a photograph of a female in the wild (Fig. 7H), which provides a chance to compare the coloration with the female of E. yunnanensis. We also distinguished E. simila Qiu sp. nov. from E. yunnanensis by using DNA barcoding; the genetic divergence of the two species being 13.86–14.82%, and the ABGD analysis also supports the establishment of this new species.

Eupolyphaga sinensis (Walker, 1868)

Fig. 8

Polyphaga sinensis Walker, 1868: 14.

Homoeogamia sinensis Saussure, 1869: 282; Hollier et al. 2020: 347. Synonymized by Qiu et al. (2018).

Heterogamia sinensis: Dohrn 1888: 132.

Heterogamia dohrniana Saussure, 1893: 309; Hollier et al. 2020: 345.

Polyphaga limbata Kirby, 1903: 379.

Eupolyphaga sinensis: Chopard 1929: 262; Qiu et al. 2018: 5 (revision); Qiu et al. 2019: 11 (checklist).

Type locality

“North China”.

New material examined

China · 2 males; Hubei Prov., Xiangyang City, Xianshan Mountain; July 2020; Mao Ye leg; SWU-B-CC-010028 to 010029 · 1 male; Hubei Prov., Wuhan City, Huangling District, Sushan Temple; 16 August 2019; Chen-Liang Li leg.; SWU-B-CC-010030.

Distribution

China (Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Tianjin, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Ningxia, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei (new record), Hunan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan).

Remarks

This species is newly recorded from Hubei Province. This is the most widely distributed Eupolyphaga species in China, but in general it is more common in Northern China than in the south. The distribution of this species in south China needs to be further surveyed in the future. The ventral abdomen of this species in males is usually uniformly yellowish white, while a specimen from Wuhan City has dark brown markings on the legs and abdomen (Fig. 8B, F). By sequencing the COI genes of both individuals from Wuhan and northern China (Beijing and Liaoning), we found that the genetic distances between the individuals from Wuhan and north China reached 8.81% (Beijing) to 9.54% (Liaoning); the ABGD analysis treats the Wuhan individual as a separated MOTU from individuals from northern China. Currently only one specimen is available from Wuhan. Therefore, we tentatively regard this variation as an intraspecific difference.

Figure 8. 

Eupolyphaga sinensis, male from Sushan Temple, Wuhan City, Hubei Province A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, ventral view C a living male D head, ventral view E pronotum, dorsal view F legs and abdomen (showing dark brown markings), ventral view G supra-anal plate, ventral view H subgenital plate, ventral view I genitalia, dorsal view J right phallomere, right-ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (A, B); 0.2 cm (D–J). Photographs C by Chen-Liang Li.

Eupolyphaga hanae Qiu, Che & Wang, 2018

Eupolyphaga hanae Qiu, Che & Wang., 2018: 16; Qiu et al. 2019: 11 (catalogue).

Type locality

“Sichuan Prov., Chengdu City, Dujiangyan Prefectural-Level City, Daguan Town, Puzhao Temple; 770 m.”

New material examined

China · 2 males, 1 female, 10 nymphs, 4 oothecae; Sichuan Prov., Luzhou City, Gulin County, Jianzhu Township, Daheidong Scenic Area, Xiazhai; 899 m; 28°03.50'N, 105°34.70'E, 1 February 2019, Lu Qiu leg.; SWU-B-CC-010031 to 010043 · 1 male, Sichuan Prov., Aba Prefecture, Wenchuan County, Yingxiu Town; 1000 m; 17 September 1983; Xue-Zhong Zhang leg.; SWU-B-CC-010044 · 2 males, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Mountain, Dawopu; 31 August 2018; Lu Qiu leg.; SWU-B-CC-010045 to 010046 · 1 male, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Mountain; 22 October 2006, Wei-Wei Zhang leg.; SWU-B-CC-010047 · 1 male, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Mountain; August 2018; De-Yao Zhou leg.; SWU-B-CC-010048.

Remarks

This species is mainly distributed in Sichuan, Chongqing. We obtained COI sequences of this species from various localities (Simianshan Mountain and Jinyunshan Mountain in Chongqing, Shehong, Dujiangyan and Gulin in Sichuan). Genetic distances ranged from 2.02–6.12% between samples from these localities (Suppl. material 1).

Eupolyphaga robusta Qiu, Che & Wang, 2018

Figs 4A, C, 9

Eupolyphaga robusta Qiu, Che & Wang., 2018: 19; Qiu et al. 2019: 11 (catalogue).

Type locality

“Sichuan Prov., Aba Prefecture, Wenchuan County; 1100 m.”

New material examined

China · 2 males, 1 female, 1 nymph, 6 oothecae; Sichuan Prov., Aba Prefecture, Maoxian County, Nanxin Town, Miancu Village; 1518 m; 31°35.73'N, 103°44.97'E; 7 August 2019; Zong-Qing Wang, Lu Qiu, Wei Han, Huan-Yu Ren leg.; SWU-B-CC-010049 to 010052 · 1 nymph, 1 ootheca; Sichuan Prov., Aba Prefecture, Maoxian County, Nanxin Town, Miancu Village; 1503 m; 31°35.77'N, 103°45.00'E; 2 October 2019; Lu Qiu, Hao Xu, Zhi-Teng Chen leg.; SWU-B-CC-010053 · 1 male, 1 female, 10 oothecae; Sichuan Prov., Aba Prefecture, Maoxian County, Xiaomiao Mountain; 1650 m; 31°40.85'N, 103°51.33'E; 6 August 2019; Lu Qiu, Wei Han, Huan-Yu Ren leg.; SWU-B-CC-010054 to 010055 · 1 male, 1 female, 1 nymph, 4 oothecae; Sichuan Prov., Aba Prefecture, 013 Township road near Wenchuan County; 1473 m; 31°28.63'N, 103°35.90'E; Zong-Qing Wang, Lu Qiu, Wei Han, Huan-Yu Ren leg.; SWU-B-CC-010056 to 010057 · 2 males, 6 females, 2 oothecae; Sichuan Prov., Aba Prefecture, Wenchuan County, Miansi Town; 29 March 2020; Jian-Yue Qiu leg.; SWU-B-CC-010058 to 010065.

Supplementary description

Male: Tegmina almost black, with a few white maculae, some individuals have more and larger maculae that are randomly distributed on tegmina. Abdomen orange or black, if black, the terminal two segments dimly yellowish.

Female: Body length 29.1–32.5 mm, body width 20.5–22.5 mm. Body uniformly black (Fig. 9C, D). Antennal sockets, ocelli, ante-clypeus white. The base and end of labrum white, the middle black. Ocelli small, nearly triangular. Distance between ocelli smaller than distance between antennal sockets, interocular space wide. Pullivi and arolia absent. Hind margin of supra-anal plate protruded, medially with a large incision (Fig. 9C, D).

Figure 9. 

Eupolyphaga robusta from Minjiang River basin A male, dorsal view B male, ventral view C female, dorsal view D female, ventral view E–G habitats of Eupolyphaga robusta, Maoxian County, Sichuan Province H the variation of the abdominal coloration in males I ootheca, lateral view J serrations of ootheca. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (A–D); 0.1 cm (I); 0.01 cm (J). Photographs E–H by LQ.

Nymph: Similar to female, blackish brown.

Ootheca: Yellowish brown. Surface with shallow longitudinal lines. Serrations on the keel large and curved, compactly arranged. Respiratory canals indistinct (Fig. 9I, J).

Natural history

This species is distributed in the Minjiang River basin of Sichuan, which is a typical arid river valley. It can be found in multiple habitats, such as in soil, under abandoned bricks or rocks, or inside dead wood.

Remarks

This species was originally described based on a single male specimen collected in 1983. The holotype is dark brown, the last two segments of abdomen are yellowish white, and its vertex has a small yellowish spot. During two expeditions in Minjiang River basin in 2019, we obtained numerous specimens of this species. We found that the fresh samples of the males are black rather than dark brown. The maculae on tegmina show some variation, most male individuals are black, with sparse whitish maculae, but there are individuals with larger maculae. We also found that most of the newly collected individuals differ from the holotype by the coloration of abdomen. Most males have a uniformly orange abdomen, while the specimens from Miansi Town have the same abdominal color as the holotype, i.e., the apical two segments of abdomen are yellowish, the remaining portions are black. Among the newly collected male specimens, no individual was found with a yellow spot at vertex, which indicates the yellow spot at vertex in the holotype may be a variation or aberration.

We sequenced the COI marker from eight samples and found that the genetic distances between samples from Miansi Town (male with black abdomen) and samples from other localities (males with orange abdomens) are somewhat distant (3.29–3.57%), while the genetic distances between samples with orange abdomen are much lower (0.15–0.47%) (Suppl. material 1).

Eupolyphaga hupingensis Qiu, Che & Wang, 2018

Figs 10A–D, 11

Eupolyphaga hupingensis Qiu, Che & Wang., 2018: 18; Qiu et al. 2019: 11 (catalogue).

Type locality

“China: Hunan: Daling Village, Hupingshan Town, Shimen County”, 444 m.

New material examined

China · 1 male, 2 females, 1 ootheca; Hunan Prov., Zhangjiajie City, Sangzhi County, Badagongshan Nature Reserve, Tianpingshan Mountain; 1400 m; 29°46.99'N, 110°05.44'E; 30–31 July 2019; Hao Xu, Jian-Yue Qiu leg.; SWU-B-CC-010066 to 010068 · 1 male; Anhui Prov., Jinzhai County, Mazongling; 580 m; 2 August 2018, Yu-Chen Zheng leg.; SWU-B-CC-010069.

Supplementary description

Female: Body length 32.3–41.0 mm, body width 21.5–23.7 mm. Body uniformly dark reddish brown. Antennal sockets, ocelli, ante-clypeus, and labrum white. Ocelli large. Distance between ocelli almost equal to interocular space, and slightly narrower than distance between antennal sockets. Arolia and pulvilli absent. Posterior margin of supra-anal plate protruded, medially with a large incision (Fig. 10A, B).

Figure 10. 

Eupolyphaga hupingensis from Mt. Badagongshan, Hunan Province (A–D) and Eupolyphaga dongi from Mt. Gaoligongshan, Baoshan City, Yunnan Province (E–H). A female, dorsal view B female, ventral view C ootheca, lateral view D serrations of ootheca E female, dorsal view F female, ventral view G ootheca, lateral view H serrations of ootheca. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (A, B, E, F); 0.2 cm (C, G); 0.05 cm (D, H).

Nymph. Similar to female, blackish brown.

Ootheca. Reddish brown. Longitudinal lines distinct and evenly arranged (Fig. 10C). Serrations of keel large, strongly curved, the space between the nearest two serrations compact, each serration with weak respiratory canals (Fig. 10D).

Distribution

China: Hunan, Anhui (new record).

Remarks

The individual from Jinzhai County (North Anhui) is almost morphologically identical to other specimens of E. hupingensis, only the color of its clypeus and labrum, abdomen and legs are lighter than those of holotype (Fig. 11B, C), and styli are slender (Fig. 11F). However, the COI genetic distance between individuals from Jinzhai and Shimen County (North Hunan) reached 8.21%. Because only one specimen is available from Jinzhai, we temporarily regard it as intraspecific variation and look forward to obtaining more samples for further investigation.

Figure 11. 

Eupolyphaga hupingensis, male from Mazongling, Jinzhai County, Anhui Province A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, ventral view C head, ventral view D tegmen, ventral view E supra-anal plate, ventral view F subgenital plate, ventral view G genitalia, dorsal view H right phallomere, right-ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (A, B, D); 0.2 cm (C, G, H); 0.1 cm (E, F).

Eupolyphaga dongi Qiu, Che & Wang, 2018

Fig. 10E–H

Eupolyphaga dongi Qiu, Che & Wang, 2018: 52; Qiu et al. 2019: 11 (checklist).

Type locality

“Yunnan Prov., Baoshan City, Longyang District, Nankang Village; 1980 m.”

New material examined

China · 1 male; Yunnan Prov., Baoshan City, Mt. Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, Baihualing; 13 April 2017; Zhi-Wei Dong leg.; SWU-B-CC-010070 · 2 females, 1 nymph, 8 oothecae; Yunnan Prov., Baoshan City, Mt. Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, Baihualing; 20–21 June 2020; Lu Qiu, Jin-Lin Liu leg.; SWU-B-CC-010071 to 010073.

Supplemental description

Female: Body length 20.1–21.2 mm, body width 14.6–14.9 mm. Body dark brown, with small fuzzy markings (Fig. 10E). Face with a large black spot, vertex and antennal sockets forming a pale-colored frame enclosing the large black spot. Ocelli degraded and not distinct. Tibial spines reddish brown, pulvilli present, arolia absent. Abdomen with some inconspicuous pale-colored markings and a pale-colored midline. The posterior edge of the supra-anal plate protruded, median emargination small. Posterior margin of subgenital plate wide, with an inconspicuous central shallow concavity (Fig. 10E, F).

Nymphs: Similar to female.

Ootheca: Reddish brown. Surface with obvious longitudinal lines (Fig. 10G). Serrations short and thick, nearly triangular, terminus blunt, without respiratory canals (Fig. 10H).

Natural history

This species can be found in dry soil under huge rocks in the forest of Baihualing.

Discussion

In recent years, ABGD has been successfully applied in the species delimitation of some Blattodea genera (e.g., Cryptocercus, Bai et al. 2018; Ectobiidae, Che et al. 2017; Margattea, He et al. 2021; Anaplecta, Deng et al. 2020, Zhu et al. 2022). So far, species of Corydioidea have rarely been studied by molecular species delimitation methods (Trotter et al. 2017). In this study, the ABGD method was used in support of morphological species delimitation of Eupolyphaga, and the results were consistent except for E. sinensis and E. hupingensis.

Samples of E. sinensis from three different localities (Beijing, Liaoning, and Wuhan) were divided into two MOTUs. Compared to the genetic distance between individuals from Beijing and Liaoning (4.76%), the individual from Wuhan was significantly more genetically distant from the first two (8.81% and 9.54%, respectively) (Suppl. material 1). Although the color of the abdomen and legs of the Wuhan individual (Fig. 8A–C) differs from those of other E. sinensis, its other characteristics (including male genitalia) exactly coincide with those characteristics of E. sinensis. For E. hupingensis, which was also divided into two MOTUs by the ABGD method, the genetic distance between Anhui and Hunan samples reached 8.21%. However, the dense maculae on the tegmina, the brown-black but slightly yellow abdomen on the last two segments (Fig. 11A, B, D) and the robust L3 (Fig. 11G) suggest that these two MOTUs belong to the same species. Alternatively, the delimitation results of ABGD of these two species (E. sinensis and E. hupingensis) could suggest that there may be cryptic species. Since only one male sample from Wuhan and Jinzhai were collected, we temporarily regard them as intraspecific variation and reserve for obtaining more samples for more in-depth research.

Not all species have as unusually large intraspecific genetic distances as E. sinensis and E. hupingensis. For E. hanae, E. yunnanensis, and E. robusta, samples from different geographic populations were not significantly different morphologically, and their genetic distances (E. hanae, 2.02%–6.12%; E. yunnanensis, 0.30%–2.01%; E. robusta, 0.15%–3.57%, Suppl. material 1) were much lower than that with E. sinensis and E. hupingensis.

The genus Eupolyphaga is widely distributed in China, especially in the mountainous regions of Western China. It is still under-researched due to its secretive habits, which make it not easily detected in the natural environment. The low dispersal ability and the habit of inhabiting only in specific micro-habitats may lead to their long-term geographical isolation (Qiu et al. 2018), and their homogeneous habitat (dry soil and humus) is hardly affected by external environment changes. These two facts may lead to genotypic divergence over phenotypic divergence, and ultimately cause relatively large genetic distances between species without much change in external morphology. We speculate there are still a large number of undiscovered species, and a more extensive field survey of the vast unexplored mountainous areas in Western China is still needed. In the future, studies of this genus can be more comprehensive by incorporating female external genitalia and other characters.

Acknowledgements

We sincerely thank Yu-Chen Zheng (China Agricultural University), Wei-Wei Zhang, Dong Wang (Chongqing), Bing-Qiang Wang (Beijing), De-Yao Zhou (Shanghai), Hao Xu, Jian-Yue Qiu (Mianyang Normal University), Zhi-Teng Chen (Jiangsu University of Science and Technology), Mao Ye (Xiangyang, Hubei), Chen-Liang Li (Wuhan, Hubei), Lu-Yu Wang, Jin-Lin Liu, Huan-Yu Ren (SWU), Qi Li (Chengdu, Sichuan), and Lei Wang (Suining, Sichuan) for their efforts in specimen collecting. We thank Dr. John Richard Schrock for proofreading the draft. We also cordially thank Dr. Frédéric Legendre, Dr. Tobias Kovacs, and an anonymous reviewer for their numerous comments and revisionary suggestions. This study is supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (Nos. 32070468, 31872271).

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Supplementary material

Supplementary material 1 

Table S1

Author: Wei Han, Lu Qiu, Jing Zhu, Zong-Qing Wang, Yan-Li Che

Data type: Genetic distance.

Explanation note: Genetic distances between COI gene of 45 Eupolyphaga species.

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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