Scorpiops hardwickii Gervais, 1843.

India Himalaya.

China, Xizang, Lang County (29.02°N, 93.08°E).

2 males and 3 females, China, Xizang (Tibet), Linzhi City (Nyingchi City), Lang County (Nang County), Dongga Town (Tonga Town), 06/5/2017, Zhiyong Di leg, (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZLX17050601, 01–05).

(modified from Qi et al. 2005). Adult body length 35–45 mm. Base color uniformly brown. Patella of pedipalp with 17 (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et) external and 8–10 (usually nine) ventral trichobothria. Chelal trichobothria Eb₃ is located in proximal half of manus between trichobothria Dt and Db. Chela with four ventral trichobothria. Chela with an average length/width ratio of 2.3 in males (n = 2 adults) and 2.5 in females (n = 3 adults); pedipalp movable finger with ca. five ID, eight or nine IAD, 58–62 MD, and 7–9 OD present, chela fingers on adult males and females scalloped, usually more strongly in male. Pectinal teeth count 10–11 in males (n = 2 adults) and eight or nine in females (n = 3 adults), fulcra present. Pectinal with three marginal and six middle lamellae. Telson bulbous and granulate, annular ring absent.

Figures 1–4. 

Scorpiops atomatus from Lang County 1, 2 male (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZLX1705060101), dorsal and ventral views 3, 4 female (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZLX1705060102), dorsal and ventral views. Scale bars: 12.0 mm.

Figures 5–14. 

Scorpiops atomatus from Lang County 5, 6, 7, 11, 12 male (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZLX1705060101) 8, 9, 10, 13, 14 female (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZLX1705060102) 5, 8 carapace 6, 9 eyes and nearby area 7, 10 chelicera dorsal surface 11, 13 sternum, genital operculum, and pectines 12, 14 tergites. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Figures 15–24. 

Scorpiops atomatus from Lang County. 15–19 male (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZLX1705060101) 20–24 female (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZLX1705060102) 15, 20 telson, lateral surface 16, 21 femur dorsal surface 17–19, 22–24 patella dorsal, external, and ventral surfaces. Green dots showing trichobothrial patterns of pedipalps. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Figures 25–32. 

Scorpiops atomatus from Lang County 25–28, 32 male (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZLX1705060101) 29–31 female (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZLX1705060102) 25–27, 29–31 chela dorsal, external, and ventral surfaces 28 dentate margin of movable finger under UV light, showing rows of granules 32 right leg I retrolateral surface. Green dots showing trichobothrial patterns of pedipalps. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

(based on male specimen: Ar.-MHBU-ScXZLX1705060101).

Coloration (Figs 1, 2; after five years of preservation in alcohol): Carapace, reddish brown. Median and lateral ocular tubercles dark brown. Tergites and metasomal segments dark brown. Vesicle brown, with yellowish brown aculeus. Chelicerae yellow-brown, with black-brown fingers. Pedipalps dark brown. Legs brown. Tarsal claws yellowish brown. Sternum dark reddish brown. Genital operculum and sternites brown. Pectinal teeth yellowish.

Prosoma (Figs 5, 6): Entire surface of carapace with fine granules. Anterior median furrow broad and shallow; lateral furrow broad and flat; posterior median furrow deep. Median ocular tubercle high and smooth, with single shallow median furrow, situated anterior to center of carapace. Lateral ocular tubercle with some large granules, three pairs of lateral ocelli, posterior smallest; smooth oval area behind lateral ocular tubercle.

Mesosoma : Tergites densely covered with fine granules; tergites III–VI with median carina; tergite VII with two pairs of lateral carinae (outside lateral carinae degenerated) with large granules (Fig. 12). Pectinal teeth count 10/11, fulcra present (Fig. 11). Genital operculum subtriangular with genital protruding papillae (Fig. 11). Sternum pentagonal (Fig. 11). Sternite segments III–VI entirely smooth and shiny with few setae; segment VII with four ventral carinae and few setae.

Metasoma : Integument coarse with few setae. Metasoma segments II–V are longer than wide; segments I–V have 10-8-8-8-7 granular carinae. All dorsal carinae granular on segment I, and gradually become strongly serrated from II–IV; segment V carinae with smaller serration dorsally and larger serration ventrally. Vesicle coarse with few setae (Fig. 15).

Pedipalps : Integument with smooth granules and few setae. Femur with all dorsointernal, dorsoexternal, external, ventroexternal, ventrointernal carinae granulated, and internal carinae crenulated (Fig. 16). Patella with large granules on dorsointernal, dorsoexternal, ventrointernal, ventroexternal, and external carinae; two spinoid granules present on internal surface (Figs 17–19). Trichobothrial pattern C, neobothriotaxic (Vachon, 1974); patella with 17 external trichobothria (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et), 8 (right) and 9 (left) ventral trichobothria (Figs 18, 19). Chela with four ventral trichobothria, all carinae are granular and coalesced except the dorsal secondary, subdigital, dorsal internal, interomedian, and ventromedian carinae vestigial, movable and fixed fingers with scalloped margins, single pronounced lobe in movable finger, and a corresponding notch in fixed finger (Figs 25–28).

Legs : Integument coarse with few setae, except ventral aspects of coxae, trochanters, femurs, and patellae smooth. Trochanter dorsally with few granules. Femur dorsally densely granular. Patella dorsally densely granular, with dorsoexternal granular carinae. Tibiae without spurs (Fig. 32). Basitarsus with setae, spurs, and two lateral pedal spurs (Fig. 32). Tarsus ventrally with single row of spinules (Fig. 32). Tarsal ungues curved and hook-like (Fig. 32).

Chelicerae (Fig. 7): Integument smooth, dorsally with an irregular pattern, ventrally with long hairs. Fixed finger of chelicera with three large triangular teeth on inner margin. Ventral of movable finger with five teeth on inner margin. Dorsal of movable finger with three teeth on inner margin.

Figures of adult females are provided (Figs 3, 4, 8–10, 13, 14, 20–24, 29–31). Number (left/right) of trichobothria on the ventral surface of the pedipalp patellae: females with 9/9 (n = 2) and 10/9 (n = 1), males with 8/9 (n = 1) and 8/8 (n = 1). Number of pectinal teeth: females with 9/9 (n = 2) and 8/8 (n = 1), males with 10/11 (n = 1) and 11/11 (n = 1). Chela with an average length/width ratio of 2.3 in males (n = 2) and 2.5 in females (n = 3), male pedipalp chela fingers more strongly curved than females. All measurements are provided in Table 1. Holotype (male, not examined; Qi et al. 2005): patella with 17 external and nine ventral trichobothria, pectinal teeth count 11/11; paratype (female): some of the segments are slightly bulkier than that of the male, pectinal teeth count 9/9.

China (Xizang) (Fig. 97).

Body size is an important feature in distinguishing between the Scorpiops species. In China, S. atomatus (Xizang), Scorpiops jendeki Kovařík, 2000 (Yunnan), Scorpiops lhasa Di & Zhu, 2009 (Xizang), and Scorpiops taxkorgan Lourenço, 2018 (Xinjiang) are undoubtedly small species. In this work, we tried to separate the small-type species: usually < 50 mm, such as S. atomatus; the medium-sized species, usually 50–70 mm, such as S. pococki and S. langxian; and the larger species, usually > 70 mm, including S. luridus and S. ingens Yin, Zhang, Pan, Li & Di, 2015.

Di et al. (2011) thought that S. atomatus should be excluded from the S. hardwickii complex previously proposed by Kovařík and Ahmed (2009) due to the following reasons: (i) pectinal teeth count is 9–11 in S. atomatus and 4–8 in S. hardwickii; (ii) ventral trichobothria on patella are nine in S. atomatus and 6–8 in S. hardwickii; (iii) fulcra are present in S. atomatus but absent in S. hardwickii. In addition, S. atomatus has clearly thinner chela than S. pococki and S. langxian.

The most important morphological difference is that the body length of S. tibetanus holotype is 60.4 mm, and Kovařík (2000) recorded S. tibetanus as 50–65 mm; although there may be different measurement methods used by different authors, it suggested S. tibetanus significantly longer than S. atomatus. Here, we reaffirm the validity of S. atomatus based on newly collected materials.

China, Xizang, Tsangpo Valley, Chaksam Ferry.

1 male and 1 female, China, Xizang, Lasa City (Lhasa City), Qushui County (Chushur County), Caina Town (Saena Town), 20/7/2019, Zhiyong Di leg, (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZQS1907200101, Ar.-MHBU-ScXZQS1907200102); 1 male and 2 females, China, Xizang, Shannan City (Lhoka City), Jiacha County (Gyaca County), Jiacha Town (Gyaca Town), 12/8/2021, Zhiyong Di leg, (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZJC21081206, 01–03).

Adult body length 50–57 mm. Base color uniformly reddish black. Patella of pedipalp with 17 (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et) external and 6–8 (usually seven) ventral trichobothria. Chelal trichobothria Eb₃ is located in proximal half of manus between trichobothria Dt and Db. Chela with four ventral trichobothria. Chela with an average length/width ratio of 2.0 in both sexes, pedipalp movable finger with ca. four or five ID, 10–25 IAD, 45–62 MD, and eight or nine OD present, chela fingers on adult males and females scalloped, usually more strongly in males. Pectinal teeth count 4–7, fulcra absent. Pectinal with two marginal and one middle lamellae. Telson bulbous and granulate, annular ring present.

(based on male specimen: Ar.-MHBU-ScXZQS1907200101).

Coloration (Figs 33, 34; after three years of preservation in alcohol): Carapace reddish black. Median and lateral ocular tubercles dark brown. Tergites and metasomal segments dark brown. Vesicle dark brown, with dark brown aculeus. Chelicerae unevenly dark brown and fingers uniformly dark reddish. Pedipalps dark reddish brown. Legs dark brown. Tarsal claws brown. Sternum reddish brown. Genital operculum and sternites brown. Pectinal teeth light brown.

Prosoma (Figs 37, 38): Integument coarse, carapace with dense, fine granules; anterior median furrow broad and deep; lateral furrow broad; posterior median furrow broad and deep. Median eyes situated anteriorly compared to center of carapace; three pairs of lateral ocelli with posterior-most the smallest. Median ocular tubercle with granules and median furrow. Lateral ocular tubercle with some coarse granules around lateral eyes.

Mesosoma : Tergites densely covered with fine granules, tergites II–VII with median carina barely visible at first and gradually becomes distinct; tergite VII with two pairs of lateral carinae with large granules present only on posterior half (Fig. 44). Pectinal teeth count 7/7, fulcra absent (Fig. 43). Genital operculum subtriangular with genital papillae protruding (Fig. 43). Sternum pentagonal (Fig. 43). Sternite segments III–VI entirely smooth and shiny with few setae; segment VII with four ventral carinae and few setae.

Metasoma : Integument coarse, segments II–V longer than wide; segments I–V with respectively 10-8-8-8-8 granular carinae; segment V with pair of vestigial lateral carinae; all ventral carinae crenulated, gradually becoming more strongly crenulated. Vesicle with dense granules and few setae (Fig. 47).

Pedipalps : Integument smooth with smooth granules and few setae. Femur with dorsointernal, dorsoexternal, external, ventroexternal, ventrointernal carinae granulated, and internal carinae crenulated (Fig. 48). Patella with large granules on dorsointernal, dorsoexternal, ventrointernal, ventroexternal, and smooth external carinae; two spinoid granules present on internal surface (Figs 49–51). Trichobothrial pattern C, neobothriotaxic (Vachon, 1974); patella with 17 external trichobothria (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et), 4 (right, dysplastic) and 7 (left) ventral trichobothria (Figs 50, 51). Chela with granules forming the indistinct reticulated pattern, ventral with four trichobothria, all carinae are granular and coalesced except the subdigital, dorsal internal, interomedian, and ventromedian carinae vestigial; movable and fixed fingers with scalloped margins, a pronounced lobe in movable finger and corresponding notch in fixed finger (Figs 57–60).

Figures 33–36. 

Scorpiops tibetanus from Qushui County 33, 34 male (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZQS1907200101), dorsal and ventral views 35, 36 female (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZQS1907200102), dorsal and ventral views. Scale bars: 12.0 mm.

Figures 37–46. 

Scorpiops tibetanus from Qushui County 37, 38, 39, 43, 44 male (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZQS1907200101) 40, 41, 42, 45, 46 female (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZQS1907200102) 37, 40 carapace 38, 41 eyes and nearby area 39, 42 chelicera dorsal surface 43, 45 sternum, genital operculum and pectines 44, 46 tergites. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Figures 47–56. 

Scorpiops tibetanus from Qushui County 47–51 male (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZQS1907200101) 52–56 female (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZQS1907200102) 47, 52 telson, lateral surface 48, 53 femur dorsal surface 49–51, 54–56 patella dorsal, external, and ventral surfaces. Green dots showing trichobothrial patterns of pedipalps (the white dots representing dysplasia caused trichobothrial absence). Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Figures 57–64. 

Scorpiops tibetanus from Qushui County and Jiacha County 57–59, 64 male (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZQS1907200101) 61–63 female (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZQS1907200102) 60 male (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZJC2108120601, from Jiacha County) 57–59, 61–63 dorsal, external, and ventral surfaces of chela 60 dentate margin of movable finger under UV light, showing rows of granules 64 right leg I retrolateral surface. Green dots showing trichobothrial patterns of pedipalps. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Legs : Integument coarse with few setae. Trochanter dorsal surface with few granules. Femur dorsal surface densely granular. Patella dorsal surface densely granular, with dorsoexternal and dorsal granular carinae. Tibiae without spurs (Fig. 64). Basitarsus with more setae, spurs, and two lateral pedal spurs (Fig. 64). Tarsus ventrally with single row of spinules (Fig. 64). Tarsal ungues curved and hook-like (Fig. 64).

Chelicerae (Fig. 39): Dorsally with irregular pattern, ventrally with long hairs. Fixed finger of chelicera with three large triangular teeth on inner margin; ventral of movable finger with five teeth on inner margin, dorsal of movable finger with four teeth on inner margin.

Figures of adult females are provided (Figs 35, 36, 40–42, 45, 46, 52–56, 61–63). Number (left/right) of trichobothria on the ventral surface of the pedipalp patellae: females with 8/8 (n = 1), 7/7 (n = 1), and 6/6 (n = 1), males with ?/7 (n = 1) and 7/7 (n = 1). Number of pectinal teeth: females with 5/4 (n = 2) and 6/5 (n = 1), males with 7/7 (n = 2). Chela with an average length/width ratio of 2.0 in males (n = 2) and 2.0 in females (n = 3), male pedipalp chela fingers stronger curved than females. The measurements are provided in Table 1. Holotype (male, not examined; Kovařík, 2000): body length 60.4 mm, patella with eight ventral trichobothria, pectinal teeth count seven or eight. Holotype (male) of S. pococki (= S. tibetanus): patella with 17 external and eight ventral trichobothria, pectinal teeth count 8/7; paratype (female) of S. pococki (= S. tibetanus): pectinal teeth count 6/6, telson is smaller than that of male in Qi et al. (2005).

China (Xizang) (Fig. 97).

Hirst (1911) erected S. tibetanus based on a male specimen from “Tsangpo Valley, Chaksam Ferry”, for which the species information is brief, and no figures provided.

The type locality is therefore the most crucial information on the species. Followed the Internet and literature information for “Chaksam Ferry”: “Chaksam” means “iron bridge”, located in Dagar village and under the Quwori Mountain, Qushui County. It was created by the famous bridge designer, Tangdongjiebu, and is the first cable bridge across the Brahmaputra River, completed in 1420 or 1430. “Chaksam Ferry” subsequently became a famous place, also called “Qushui Ferry” or “Daga Ferry” in ancient times (Fig. 97). However, with the disappearance of the “iron bridge” and the construction of Qushui Bridge (Qushuidaqiao) near where the ancient “iron bridge” used to be in 1966, “Chaksam Ferry” has now been replaced by Qushui Bridge and is the probable type locality of S. tibetanus.

In recent years, we found S. atomatus distributed near the “iron bridge”, and found S. pococki 28 km away from this “iron bridge” (Fig. 97).

The list of taxa included in the S. hardwickii “complex” proposed by Kovařík and Ahmed (2009) included S. tibetanus. Kovařík (2000) examined the holotype (male) of S. tibetanus and recorded some important information: “length 60.4 mm, ventral trichobothria on the patella number 8, and pectinal teeth number 7 or 8”. Kovařík (2000) concluded that the characters of S. tibetanus were “length 50–65 mm, ventral trichobothria on the patella number 7–10 (usually 9, in one young of 37 specimens, 7 on one side), pectinal teeth number 5–11”. In his revision, the new localities of S. tibetanus included Lhasa, Shigatse, and Kambu batsi. Kovařík et al. (2020) proposed S. pococki as a junior synonym of S. tibetanus and provided figures of S. tibetanus (one male identified as “S. pococki” and donated by Di).

During several surveys in Shigatse and the surrounding counties, we found S. lourencoi sp. nov. and S. luridus. The body length of S. lourencoi sp. nov. is no more than 50 mm, while S. luridus is a distinctive species. Scorpiops pococki (from Chaksam Ferry 28 km away) has the diagnosis as followed: fulcra absent, body length ~ 55 mm, the ventral trichobothria on the patella number seven or eight, and the pectinal teeth number 4–7. Scorpiops pococki fits the characteristics of S. tibetanus, and we agree that S. pococki is a synonym of S. tibetanus.

Male holotype, China, Xizang, Rikaze City (Shigatse City), 26/7/2021, Zhiyong Di leg, (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107260101); 3 male and 3 female paratypes (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZRKZ21072601, 02–06; Ar.-MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107270501), same location data as holotype.

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. differs from all other species in the genus based on the following combination of characters: reddish black color, length 45–50 mm; patella of pedipalp with 17 (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et) external and eight or nine (usually nine) ventral trichobothria. Chelal trichobothria Eb₃ located in proximal half of manus between trichobothria Dt and Db, chela with four ventral trichobothria; chela with an average length/width ratio of 1.9 in males (n = 4 adults) and 2.4 in females (n = 3 adults); pedipalp movable finger with ca. four or five ID, 10–14 IAD, 44–45 MD, and seven or eight OD present; pedipalp chelal fingers on adult males and females scalloped, usually more strongly in male. Pectinal teeth count 8–11 (usually 10) in four males and seven or eight (usually seven) in three females, fulcra present; pectinal with three marginal and five or six middle lamellae. Telson bulbous and granulate, annular ring present.

Patronym in honor of Prof. Wilson R. Lourenço, who significantly contributed to scorpion research.

(based on holotype: Ar.-MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107260101).

Coloration (Figs 65, 66; after one year of preservation in alcohol): Carapace, dark red-brown. Median and lateral ocular tubercles dark brown. Tergites and metasomal segments dark red-brown to dark brown. Vesicle dark brown, with brown aculeus. Chelicerae dark brown; with the fingers dark brown and gradually lighter toward the tip. Pedipalps dark red-brown. Legs dark brown. Tarsal claws yellowish brown. Sternum, genital operculum, and sternites yellowish brown. Pectinal teeth yellowish.

Prosoma (Figs 69, 70): Carapace with dense, coarse granules; shallow anterior median furrow; broad and flat lateral furrow; posterior median furrow broad and deep. Median ocular tubercle high and coarse, with a shallow median furrow, median eyes situated anteriorly compared to center of carapace; three pairs of lateral ocelli, posterior smallest, some large granules near lateral ocelli, and presence of smooth oval area behind the lateral ocular tubercle.

Mesosoma : Integument coarse. Tergites sparsely covered with large coarse granules, posterior part of tergites with larger granules; tergites III–VI with a median carina; tergite VII with two pairs of lateral carinae (outside lateral carinae degenerated) (Fig. 76). Sternum quinquangular with few setae (Fig. 75). Genital operculum subtriangular with genital papillae protruding (Fig. 75). Pectinal teeth count 8/9, fulcra present (Fig. 75). Sternites, segments III–VI are smooth and shiny with few setae, segment VII with four smooth carinae of big granules and few setae.

Metasoma : Integument coarse with few setae. Segments II–V longer than wide; segments I–V with respectively 10-8-8-8-7 granular carinae, segments II–IV all dorsal carinae gradually become strongly serrated; segment V carinae with smaller granules dorsally and larger serration ventrally. Vesicle with few setae and granules (Fig. 79).

Pedipalps : Integument with smooth granules and few setae, especially the granules are larger on dorsal and external surfaces of chelae. Femur with external, dorsointernal, dorsoexternal, ventrointernal, ventroexternalcarinae granulated, and internal carinae crenulated (Fig. 80). Patella with dorsointernal, ventrointernal, ventroexternal, and external carinae with smooth granules; two spinoid granules present on the internal aspect, the ventral internal spinoid granule being much larger than the dorsointernal one (Figs 81–83). Trichobothrial pattern C, neobothriotaxic (Vachon, 1974); patella with 17 external trichobothria (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et), 9 (right) and 9 (left) ventral trichobothria (Figs 82, 83). Chela very thick, with four ventral trichobothria, all carinae are granular and coalesced except the dorsal secondary, subdigital, dorsal internal, interomedian, and ventromedian carinae vestigial; fingers scalloped, with a pronounced lobe in the movable finger and a corresponding notch in the fixed finger (Figs 89–92).

Legs : Integument coarse with few setae except ventral aspects of coxae, trochanters, femurs, and patellae smooth. Trochanter dorsal with few granules and few setae. Femur dorsal with few granules. Patella internally with a dentate carina. Tibiae without spurs (Fig. 96). Basitarsus with spurs and two lateral pedal spurs (Fig. 96). Tarsus ventrally with a row of spinules (Fig. 96). Tarsal ungues curved and hook-like (Fig. 96).

Chelicerae (Fig. 71): Integument smooth and shiny, dorsal with irregular pattern, ventrally with long hairs. Fixed finger of chelicera with three large triangular teeth on inner margin; ventral of movable finger with six teeth on inner margin, dorsal of movable finger with four teeth on inner margin.

Feature figures of adult females are provided (Figs 67, 68, 72–74, 77, 78, 84–88, 93–95). Number (left/right) of trichobothria on the ventral surface of the pedipalp patellae: females with 9/9 (n = 2) and 8/9 (n = 1), males with 9/9 (n = 4). Number of pectinal teeth: females with 7/7 (n = 2) and 7/8 (n = 1), males with 8/9 (n = 1), 10/10 (n = 2), and 10/11 (n = 1). Chela with an average length/width ratio of 1.9 in males (n = 4) and 2.4 in females (n = 3), male pedipalp chela fingers stronger curved than females, lobe and corresponding notch reduced in females. Measurements provided in Table 1. One female specimen (mistakenly identified as S. tibetanus in Di et al. (2013); not examined): body length 45.2 mm, patella with nine ventral trichobothria, pectinal teeth count 7/7.

Found under stones in dry mountain boscage in Shigatse City, ~ 3889 m elevation.

Rikaze City, Xizang, China (Fig. 97).

Scorpiops atomatus is similar to the new species, but can be readily distinguished based on the following combination of characters: (i) the pectinal teeth count 8–11 (with 10–11 (usually 11) in males and eight or nine (usually nine) in females) in S. atomatus, while there are 7–11 (with 8–11 (usually 10) in males and seven or eight (usually seven) in females) in S. lourencoi sp. nov. (ii) length of adults 40–45 mm in S. atomatus, while the length of adults 45–50 mm in S. lourencoi sp. nov. (iii) chela with an average length/width ratio of 2.3 in males (n = 2 adults) and 2.5 in females (n = 3 adults) in S. atomatus, while 1.9 in males (n= 4 adults) and 2.4 in females (n = 3 adults) in S. lourencoi sp. nov. (iv) chela surface with small granules in S. atomatus, while large granules in S. lourencoi sp. nov.

Figures 65–68. 

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. from Rikaze City 65, 66 male (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107260101), dorsal and ventral views 67, 68 female (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107260102), dorsal and ventral views. Scale bars: 12.0 mm.

Figures 69–78. 

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. from Rikaze City 69, 70, 71, 75, 76 male (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107260101) 72, 73, 74, 77, 78 female (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107260102) 69, 77 carapace 70, 73 eyes and nearby area 71, 74 chelicera dorsal surface 75, 77 sternum, genital operculum, and pectines 76, 78 tergites. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Figures 79–88. 

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. from Rikaze City 79–83 male (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107260101) 84–88 female (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107260102) 79, 84 telson, lateral surface 80, 85 femur dorsal surface 81–83, 86–88 patella dorsal, external, and ventral surfaces. Green dots showing trichobothrial patterns of pedipalps. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Figures 89–96. 

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. from Rikaze City 89–92, 96 male (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107260101) 93–95 female (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107260102) 89–91, 93–95 chela dorsal, external, and ventral surfaces 92 dentate margin of movable finger under UV light, showing rows of granules 96 right leg I retrolateral surface. Green dots showing trichobothrial patterns of pedipalps. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Figure 97. 

Distribution of S. atomatus (circle and diamond), S. tibetanus (pentagon and square), S. lourencoi sp. nov. (triangle), and the location of Qushui Bridge and Chaksam Ferry (star) in Xizang, China.