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Short Communication
Two new species of Diphya Nicolet, 1849 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) from Southwest China
expand article infoJianshuang Zhang‡, Qi Zhang§, Feiyang Long§, Hao Yu§‡, Yin Yi‡
‡ Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
§ Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, China

Corresponding author: Hao Yu ( insect1986@126.com )

Corresponding author: Yin Yi ( gzklppdr@gznu.edu.cn )

Academic editor: Yuri Marusik
© 2022 Jianshuang Zhang, Qi Zhang, Feiyang Long, Hao Yu, Yin Yi.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Zhang J, Zhang Q, Long F, Yu H, Yi Y (2022) Two new species of Diphya Nicolet, 1849 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) from Southwest China. ZooKeys 1124: 131-145. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1124.86828
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:04963C99-5599-440F-BA11-8C1F257A9E17
Open Access

Abstract

Two new species of tetragnathid spiders from Guizhou and Sichuang provinces of China are described: Diphya guiyang J. Zhang & H. Yu, sp. nov. (♂♀) and Diphya weimiani J. Zhang & H. Yu, sp. nov. (♀). Detailed descriptions, diagnoses, and photographs are provided for these two species, as well as a key and a distribution map for Chinese Diphya species. DNA barcodes (a partial fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene, COI) of both new species were obtained for species delimitation, matching of different sexes, and future use in molecular studies.

Keywords

DNA barcoding, identification key, morphology, taxonomy, tetragnathid

Introduction

Diphya Nicolet, 1849 is a small spider genus with an unusual distribution, it is disjunctively distributed in South America, southern Africa, and East Asia (Marusik et al. 2017; Omelko et al. 2020; World Spider Catalog 2022). Diphya currently includes 18 described species, with seven species recorded from Asia, six of which are known from China (Omelko et al. 2020; World Spider Catalog 2022).

The genus has been revised both regionally and on a worldwide scale (Tanikawa 1995; Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga 2011; Marusik 2017; Omelko et al. 2020). However, debate is ongoing on the genus’s limit and subfamily placement (Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga 2011; Marusik et al. 2017; Omelko et al. 2020). Marusik et al. (2017) have expressed doubts about the monophyly of the genus and thought that African, Asian, and South Neotropical species may in the future be considered to belong to separate genera. Despite of the dispute about the limits of this genus, most Diphya species have been well studied, especially several new species described in recent years. These species have been described in detail, alongside high-quality illustrations, to allow easy species recognition (Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga 2011; Yu et al. 2014; Marusik 2017; Marusik and Omelko 2017a, b; Omelko et al. 2020).

While examining spiders recently collected from Guizhou and Sichuan provinces, southwestern China, we have found some Diphya specimens that belong to two undescribed species. With that, the total number of Diphya species in China reaches nine species, five known by both sexes. This makes China the country with the most Diphya species. The goal of this paper is to provide detailed descriptions, illustrations, and diagnosis of these two new species: D. guiyang J. Zhang & H. Yu, sp. nov. and D. weimiani J. Zhang & H. Yu, sp. nov. The DNA barcodes of these two species were obtained to confirm matching of the sexes (for D. guiyang sp. nov.) and future use in molecular studies. Additionally, an identification key and a distribution map for Chinese Diphya species are given.

Materials and methods

Specimens in this study were collected by beating vegetation. The type specimens are deposited in the Museum of Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, China (MGEU; Hao Yu curator). Specimens were preserved in 95% alcohol and examined using an Olympus SZX7 stereomicroscope. Left male palps were examined and illustrated after dissection. Epigynes were removed and cleared in a warm 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. The vulvae were imaged after being embedded in Arabic gum. Images were captured with a Canon EOS 70D digital camera (20.2 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus CX41 compound microscope and assembled using Helicon Focus v. 6.80 image-stacking software. All measurements were obtained using an Olympus SZX7 stereomicroscope and are given in millimetres. Eye diameters were measured at the widest part. The total body length does not include the chelicerae or spinnerets. Leg lengths are given as total length (femur, patella+tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). The terminology used in the text and figure legends follows Marusik (2017), Marusik et al. (2017), and Omelko et al. (2020).

The abbreviations used in the text are: A = atrium; AER = anterior eye row; ALE = anterior lateral eye; AME = anterior median eye; C = conductor; Cd = copulatory duct; Co = copulatory opening; Cy = cymbium; Dp = dorsal process; Em B = basal portion of embolus; Em T = terminal portion of embolus; Fd = fertilisation duct; Ip = intermediate process; Lp = lateral pocket; MOQ = median ocular quadrangle; MOQA = MOQ anterior width; MOQL = length of MOQ; MOQP = MOQ posterior width; Pc = paracymbium; PLE = posterior lateral eye; PME = posterior median eye; RER = posterior eye row; R = receptacle; Ra = anterior chamber of receptacle; Rp = posterior chamber of receptacle; Sb = septal base; Se = septum; Ss = septal stem; St = subtegulum; Te = tegulum; Vp = ventral process.

The distribution map was generated with ArcGIS v. 10.5 (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.). Due to lack of locality coordinates in previous publications, locality coordinates for all known species are derived from ArcGIS, except for D. qianica and D. tanasevitchi, which were copied from the original publications (see Zhu et al. 2003: 57; Zhang et al. 2003: 407).

To obtain the DNA barcodes, a partial fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was amplified and sequenced for four specimens, using the primers LCO1490 (5′-GGTCAACAAATCATCATAAA-GATATTGG-3′) and C1-N-2776 (5′-GGATAATCAGAATANCGNCGAGG-3′). For additional information on extraction, amplification, and sequencing procedures, see Wheeler et al. (2016). Sequences were trimmed to 651 bp. All sequences were analysed using BLAST and are deposited in GenBank. The accession numbers are provided in Table 1.

Table 1.
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Voucher specimen information (sequence length 651bp).

Speices Voucher code Sex GenBank accession number
D. guiyang sp. nov. MGEU-TET-21-001 (YHTET001) ♂ OP476467
MGEU-TET-21-002 (YHTET002) ♀ OP476466
MGEU-TET-21-003 (YHTET003) ♂ OP476465
D. weimiani sp. nov. MGEU-TET-22-001 (YHTET004) ♀ OP476468

Taxonomy

Family Tetragnathidae Menge, 1866

Subfamily Diphyainae Simon, 1894

Diphya Nicolet, 1849

Type species

Diphya macrophthalma Nicolet, 1849.

Diagnosis

For details see Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga (2011) and Marusik et al. (2017).

Description

The genus is well described by Tanikawa (1995) and Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga (2011).

Composition and distribution

For details see WSC (2022).

Comments

Although the debate on the limit of this genus remains open, a review of the genus Diphya is not within the scope of this work. Consequently, the present study follows WSC (2022) and Omelko et al. (2020) and temporarily places both new species in Diphya sensu lato for the lack of a better solution.

Key to Diphya species occurring in China

1 Males 2
– Females 5
2 Paracymbium simple and unbranched; embolus slender, distinctly longer than tegulum width, whip-shaped 3
– Paracymbium complex, with at least 3 processes (or outgrowths); embolus short and stout, shorter than tegulum width, embolar tip C-shaped, laminar or blade-shaped (Fig. 1A, B, D) 4
3 Paracymbium thumb-like, slightly longer than wide; the middle part of embolus close to tegulum D. okumae
– Paracymbium distinctly longer than wide, >-shaped; the middle part of embolus well separated from tegulum D. tanasevitchi
4 Paracymbium with 4 processes; embolar tip C-shaped, thick and heavily sclerotized, apex relatively sharp D. wulingensis
– Paracymbium with 3 processes (Fig. 1A, B, D); embolar tip blade-shape, hyaline, apex relatively wide (Fig. 2B–E) D. guiyang sp. nov.
5 Epigynal atrium (or called fovea) distinct, lack of septum (Fig. 5A, C, E) 6
– Epigynal atrium indistinct, divided or covered by septum (Fig. 3A, C, E) 7
6 Epigynal atrium located at anterior part of epigynal plate; copulatory ducts short and simple, not longer than epigyne length, not convoluted D. okumae
– Epigynal atrium located posteriorly; copulatory ducts long, longer than epigyne length, strongly convoluted (Fig. 5A–E) D. weimiani sp. nov.
7 Septal stem narrow, less than 1/2 of septal base 8
– Septal stem relatively wide, not less than 1/2 of septal base (Fig. 3A, C, E) 10
8 Receptacles not subdivided D. tanasevitchi
– Receptacles subdivided in 2 chambers 9
9 Receptacles separated by 4 diameters D. wulingensis
– Receptacles separated by no more than 1 diameter D. qianica
10 Epigynal plate anteriorly with a V-shaped depression, septal base narrower than septal stem D. songi
– Epigynal plate anteriorly without depression, septal base wider than septal stem (Fig. 3A, C, E) 11
11 Septum T-shaped, with a wide head (anterior part of septum); septal base short, about 1/3 of septum length (Fig. 3A, C, E); abdomen dorsally with 5 pairs of irregularly shaped black marks (Fig. 4D) D. guiyang sp. nov.
– Septum shaped like outline of a vase, lack head; septal base large, about 4/5 of septum length abdomen dorsally only with 2 pairs of muscular depressions D. taiwanica

Diphya guiyang J. Zhang & H. Yu, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/D5FB012F-6152-4ADC-8619-1A3F2B874600
Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 7

Material examined

Holotype. ♂ (MGEU-TET-21-001, YHTET001), China: Guizhou Province: Guiyang City: Nanming District, Guiyang Forest Park, 26.55°N, 106.75°E, ca 1165 m, 10 August 2021, H. Yu et al. leg., hand picking on shrubs. Paratypes: 1♂ 1♀ (MGEU-TET-21-002–003, YHTET002–003), same data as holotype.

Other material examined

1♂ 2♀, same data as holotype.

Diagnosis

The male of D. guiyang sp. nov. resembles that of D. wulingensis Yu, Zhang & Omelko, 2014 in having a similar complex paracymbium with several processes (other species have simple unbranched paracymbium and cymbial process) but can be distinguished from it by the different shape, locations, and number of paracymbial processes and by the different shape and degree of sclerotization of the embolus. In D. guiyang sp. nov., the paracymbium has 3 processes (vs 4), the intermediate process (Ip) is thumb-like and originates from the distal end of the paracymbium, close to tibia (Fig. 1A, B, D) (vs papilliform and located at the proximal margin of the paracymbium, well-separated from tibia); the embolar tip (Em T) is blade-shaped, hyaline, and with a relatively wide apex (Fig. 2B–E). (vs C-shaped, thick, heavily sclerotized, and with the apex relatively sharp; Yu et al. 2014: 31, figs 5, 10, 12; Marusik et al. 2017: 143, figs 13–15, 17). The female of D. guiyang sp. nov. also resembles that of D. wulingensis in having a similarly shaped vulva, but can be separated by having the septal base (Sb) relatively narrow (less than 1/3 of the epigynal plate width) (vs wide, about ½ of the plate width) (cf. Fig. 3A, C, E and Marusik et al. 2017: 143, figs 10, 11), and by the kidney-shaped posterior chamber of receptacle (Rp), which is distinctly larger than the anterior chamber (Ap) (vs both Ap and Rp nearly globular and Ap slightly larger than Rp) (cf. Fig. 3B, D and Yu et al. 2014: 31, figs 4, 9). In addition, the two species can be reliably separated by the abdominal pattern: dorsum of the abdomen centrally with a distinct symmetrical pattern in D. guiyang sp. nov. (Fig. 4A, D), vs without pattern centrally and only with black marks on both sides (Yu et al. 2014: 31, figs 1, 2; Marusik et al. 2017: 143, figs 1, 2, 5).

Figure 1. 

Male palp of the holotype of Diphya guiyang sp. nov. A ventral view B dorsal view C prolateral view D retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor; Cy = cymbium; Dp = dorsal process; Em B = basal portion of embolus; Em T = terminal portion of embolus; Ip = intermediate process; Pc = paracymbium; St = subtegulum; Te = tegulum; Vp = ventral process. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Figure 2. 

Male palpal bulb of the holotype of Diphya guiyang sp. nov. A ventral view B dorsal view C prolateral view D retrolateral view E anterior view. Abbreviations: C = conductor; Em B = basal portion of embolus; Em T = terminal portion of embolus; St = subtegulum; Te = tegulum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Figure 3. 

Diphya guiyang sp. nov. A–E female paratype and male holotype, epigyne A, B macerated epigyne, ventral and dorsal C, D epigyne, macerated and embedded in Arabic gum, ventral and dorsal E intact epigyne F, G ventral view frontal view of prosoma F male G female. Abbreviations: Cd = copulatory duct; Fd = fertilisation duct; Ra = anterior chamber of receptacle; Rp = posterior chamber of receptacle; Sb = septal base; Se = septum (dashed line in C showing margin of septum); Sh = septal head; Ss = septal stem. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–E); 1 mm (F, G).

Figure 4. 

Diphya guiyang sp. nov. A–C habitus of the male holotype D–F female paratype A, D dorsal view B, E ventral view C, F lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Etymology

The species name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.

Description

Male. Holotype (Figs 3F, 4A–C): total length 4.18; carapace 2.04 long, 1.48 wide; abdomen 2.14 long, 1.46 wide. Carapace dark brown, slightly lighter between PER and cervical groove. Clypeus dark brown, distinctly higher than AME diameter. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.07, ALE 0.14, PME 0.15, PLE 0.14, AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.08, PME–PME 0.16, PME–PLE 0.20, MOQL 0.66, MOQA 0.22, MOQP 0.48. Chelicerae light brown, with 3 promarginal and 4 retromarginal teeth. Sternum coloured the same as carapace, 0.76 long, 0.85 wide.

Abdomen dorsally dark with 5 pairs of spots (anterior pair circular, 2nd pair comma-shaped and largest, posterior 3 pairs represented by 6 short transverse bands), surrounded by line consisting of small white spots. Lateral sides whitish. Ventrally with irregularly shaped black pattern.

Legs uniformly yellowish. Leg measurements: I 8.90 (2.31, 2.62, 2.80, 1.17), II 7.56 (2.12, 2.30, 2.19, 0.95), III 6.70 (1.99, 2.06, 1.78, 0.87), IV – (1.87, 1.83, –, –).

Palp (Figs 1A–D, 2A–E): paracymbium (Pc) complex, with 3 processes: both ventral process (Vp) and intermediate process (Ip) large, thumb-like, dorsal process (Dp) relatively small, tooth-shaped; Vp originating from 1/3 to 1/4 proximal part of cymbium, slightly curved, apex pointing distally; Ip originating from base of cymbium, apex pointing ventrally; Dp originating from ca 2/5 proximal part of cymbium, slightly curved, apex pointing retrolaterlly. Cymbium concave prolaterally. Subtegulum (St) large, hiding tegulum in retrolateral view; tegulum (Te) circular; sperm duct indistinct in ventral view. Conductor (C) laminar and hyaline, slightly smaller than tegulum, originating from dorsal-retrolateral portion of tegulum. Embolus (Em) slightly shorter than conductor, twisted around axis; embolar base (Em B) relatively sclerotized; embolar tip (Em T) blade-shaped, apex as wide as Em B and pointing ventrally.

Female (paraype: MGEU-TET-21-002) (Figs 3G, 4D–F). Total length 4.48; carapace 1.99 long, 1.53 wide; abdomen 2.49 long, 1.55 wide. Carapace uniformly red-brown, cervical groove and radial grooves distinct. Clypeus orange, distinctly higher than AME diameter. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.24, PME 0.26, PLE 0.19; AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.08, PME–PME 0.08, PME–PLE 0.06. MOQL 0.81, MOQA 0.24, MOQP 0.58. Chelicerae light orange, with 3 promarginal and 4 retromarginal teeth. Sternum 0.88 long, 0.87 wide, slightly darker than carapace. Abdomen basically yellowish white, dorsum centrally with indistinct, broken lengthwise band, reaching posterior half; with 2 pairs of muscular depressions located at two sides of lengthwise band; with 5 pairs of irregularly shaped black marks (frontal pair of marks largest), running longitudinally extending ca 4/5 of abdomen length. Lateral sides whitish. Ventrally yellowish white, without distinct pattern.

Legs uniformly yellowish. Measurements of legs: I 8.06 (2.11, 2.60 2.25, 1.10), II 7.22 (2.09, 2.24, 1.93, 0.96), III 4.62 (1.42, 1.44, 1.14, 0.62), IV 6.15 (1.93, 1.99, 1.56, 0.67).

Epigyne (Fig. 3A–E). Plate distinctly wider than long. Septum (Se) T-shaped, consisting of a transverse head (Sh), a narrow stem (Ss) and nose-shaped base (Sb); septal head wide, about 2/3 of the epigynal plate width; septal stem (Ss) slightly narrower than septal base, about twice longer that septal base length; septal base (Sb) shaped like a nose, nearly as wide as long. Copulatory openings indistinct, located in rebordered groove of lateral margins of septum. Copulatory ducts (Cd) diverging posteriorly, running along with lateral margin of septum. Receptacle subdivided in 2 chambers; anterior chamber (Ra) globular, relatively small, widely separated by ca 2.7 diameters; posterior chamber (Rp) kidney-shaped, distinctly larger than anterior chamber, 1.5 times longer than wide, separated by ca 1.3 widths. Fertilization ducts (Fd) acicular, membranous, located on posterior-interlateral surface of Rp.

Distribution

Known only from the Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China (Fig. 7).

Diphya weimiani J. Zhang & H. Yu, sp. nov.

https://zoobank.org/F79B3587-2128-4D61-BA1F-9AD6BA99A094
Figs 5, 6, 7

Material examined

Holotype. ♀ (MGEU-TET-22-001, YHTET004), CHINA: Sichuan Province: Yaan City: Lushan County, Longmen Town, Longmen Mountain, 30.23°N, 103.02°E, ca 885 m, 14 May 2022, M. Wei leg. Paratype: 1♀ (MGEU-TET-22-002), Guizhou Province: Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture: Leishan County, Leigong Mountain, 26.38°N, 108.20°E, ca 1965 m, 27 July 2021, Y.C. Lin and M. Wei leg.

Diagnosis

The new species is easily distinguished from other congeners except D. albula (Paik, 1983) (Seo 2005: 49, figs 1, 2), D. macrophthalma Nicolet, 1849 (Marusik and Omelko 2017b: 25, 26, 30), and D. okumae Tanikawa, 1995 (Tanikawa 1995: 102, fig. 12; Zhu et al. 2003: 56, fig. 22) by the atrium distinct, and by lack of septum (vs atrium indistinct, divided or covered by septum; septum with variable shapes but distinct in all other Diphya species, such as D. guiyang sp. nov.; Fig. 3A, C, E), but differ from the latter three by the atrium located posteriorly (Fig. 5A, C, E) (vs located anteriorly), the copulatory ducts strongly entwined (Fig. 5B, D) (vs not entwined), and by the receptacles not subdivided (Fig. 5B, D) (vs receptacles subdivided in 2 chambers).

Figure 5. 

Diphya weimiani sp. nov., female holotype, epigyne (A–E) and frontal view of prosoma (F). A, B macerated epigyne, ventral and dorsal C, D epigyne, macerated and embedded in Arabic gum, ventral and dorsal E intact epigyne, ventral view F female. Abbreviations: A = atrium; Cd = copulatory duct (dashed line in Fig. 5D showing schematic course of copulatory duct, dorsal); Co = copulatory opening; Fd = fertilisation duct; Lp = lateral pocket; R = receptacle. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–E); 1 mm (F).

Etymology

The specific name is a patronym after Mian Wei (Chengdu City, China), the collector of the type material.

Description

Female. Holotype (Figs 5F, 6A–C): total length 3.79; carapace 1.57 long, 1.55 wide; abdomen 2.22 long, 1.55 wide.

Figure 6. 

Habitus of the female holotype of Diphya weimiani sp. nov. A dorsal view B ventral view C lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Carapace red-brown, marginally slightly darker. Clypeus light orange, distinctly higher than AME diameter. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.16, PME 0.15, PLE 0.16, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.07, PME–PME 0.12, PME–PLE 0.16, MOQL 0.57, MOQA 0.20, MOQP 0.45. Chelicerae light orange, with 3 promarginal and 4 retromarginal teeth. Sternum coloured as carapace, 0.80 long, 0.68 wide.

Abdomen dorsally uniformly yellowish white, dorsum with two pairs of inconspicuous muscle depressions; laterally with lengthwise reticular pattern; ventrally white with no distinct pattern.

Legs uniformly red-brown. Leg measurements: I 5.58 (1.47, 1.85, 1.46, 0.80), II 5.10 (1.43, 1.65, 1.31, 0.71), III 3.36 (1.03, 1.03, 0.81, 0.49), IV 1.38 (1.44, 1.27, 1.14, 0.53).

Epigyne (Fig. 5A–E). Plate distinctly wider than long, with an atrium located posteriorly, receptacles and copulatory ducts indistinctly visible through integument. Atrium (A) shaped like an equilateral triangle, with rebordered margin, about 1/2 epigyne length and 1/3 epigyne width. Lateral pocket (Lp) located anteriorly to atrium, more or less comma-shaped, heavily sclerotized. Copulatory openings (Co) indistinct, located at basolateral atrial borders. Copulatory ducts (Cd) strongly entwined, loop twice before connecting to receptacles. Receptacles (R) oval or balloon-shaped, not subdivided, relatively large, ca 1.3 times longer than wide, surface smooth; two receptacles close together. Fertilization ducts (Fd) acicular, membranous, located on posterior surface of receptacles.

Male. Unknown.

Comments

According to WSC (2022), only two species of Diphya are known only from males: D. bicolor Vellard, 1926 from Brazil, and D. leroyorum Omelko, Marusik & Lyle, 2020 from South Africa. However, neither could be matched with D. weimiani sp. nov. due to the long distance between their type localities (China is tens of thousands of kilometres from Brazil and South Africa).

Distribution

Known from the Mount Longmen Mountain (Sichuan Province), and Mount Leigong Mountain (Guizhou Province), China (Fig. 7).

Figure 7. 

Distribution records of the Diphya species in China. D. guiyang sp. nov. (scarlet circle: Guizhou Province, Guiyan City), D. weimiani sp. nov. (yellow circle: 1. Sichuan Province, Mount Longmen; 2. Guizhou Province, Mount Leigong), D. okumae Tanikawa, 1995 (carmine circle: 1. Hennan Province, Xinyang City; 2. Hennan Province, Neixiang County; 3. Hubei Province, Hefeng County), D. qianica Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 (greent circle: Guizhou Province, Mount Fanjing), D. songi Wu & Yang, 2010 (orange circle: Yunnan Province, Mount Canshan), D. taiwanica Tanikawa, 1995 (light blue circle: 1. Taiwan Province, Mount Pahsien-shan; 2. Taiwan Province, Mount Alishan); D. tanasevitchi (Zhang, Zhang & Yu, 2003) (lilac circle: 1. Hebei Province, Mount Wuling; 2. Hebei Province, Pingshan County; 3. Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Delong County; 4. Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Jingyuan County), D. wulingensis Yu, Zhang & Omelko, 2014 (dark blue circle: Hebei Province, Mount Wuling).

Acknowledgements

We thank Mikhail M. Omelko (Vladivostok, Russia), Feng Zhang (Baoding, China), and an anonymous reviewer for providing constructive comments on the manuscript. We are especially grateful to Yuri M. Marusik (Magadan, Russia), the subject editor. This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province (J [2020] 1Y081), the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC-32060113/31702006), the Project of Biodiversity Survey and Assessment in Guiyang (GZZC-2021-018), the Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Karst Science Research Center of Guizhou province (grant no. U1812401), Guizhou Education University Academic Discipline Project (2019YLPYXKB01), and Guizhou provincial first-class major (biological science) project (Education department of Guizhou province [2019] 46).

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