Research Article |
Corresponding author: Jiichiro Yoshimoto ( jyoshimoto@uvg.edu.gt ) Academic editor: Martin Wiemers
© 2022 Jiichiro Yoshimoto, José Luis Salinas-Gutiérrez, Mercedes Barrios, Andrew D. Warren.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Yoshimoto J, Salinas-Gutiérrez JL, Barrios M, Warren AD (2022) An updated list of butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) of two Guatemalan seasonally dry forests. ZooKeys 1118: 21-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1118.85810
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Guatemala has a great diversity of butterflies, although there have been few intensive surveys on Lepidoptera in the country so far. We present an updated list of 218 species in 149 genera, 19 subfamilies, and six families of butterflies sampled at two seasonally dry forests in the Salamá and Motagua valleys in central and eastern Guatemala, by integrating new data from field surveys conducted in 2014–2021 into our previously published data (
Annotated list, dissimilarity, Hesperiidae, inventory, Mesoamerica, Neotropics, seasonality
Neotropical seasonally dry forests are rich in flora and fauna (
In Guatemala, approximately 400 species of Hesperiidae and nearly 700 species of the remaining families of Papilionoidea have been reported (
Here, we present an updated and integrated list of papilionoid species (including Hesperiidae;
This study was conducted at the Los Cerritos Municipal Park (hereafter, Los Cerritos; Fig.
The vegetation of both regions is characterized by an abundance of various aculeate plants such as cacti (Cactaceae). The most dominant species is a columnar cactus Stenocereus pruinosus (Otto) Buxb., with Pilosocereus leucocephalus (Poselg.) Byles & G. D. Rowley and Pereskia lychnidiflora DC., also being abundant at both sites. On the other hand, there exist some marked differences in flora and in forest landscape. Heloderma Reserve has a dense forest with many arboreal species such as Bucida macrostachya Standl. (Combretaceae), Lysiloma divaricatum (Jacq.) J. F. Macbr., Leucaena collinsii Britton & Rose (both Mimosaceae), and Bursera excelsa (Kunth) Engl. (Burseraceae), all of which can grow taller than the columnar cactus (
Field surveys were conducted on 21 days from July 2014 to August 2021 at Los Cerritos, and on 19 days from October 2017 to November 2021 at Heloderma Reserve. We collected adult butterflies with an insect net or photographed them in the daytime (09:00–17:00) at each site and in neighboring areas (a small garden at the foot of Los Cerritos and on a farm road adjacent to Heloderma Reserve). The individuals collected were mounted as voucher specimens and were deposited at the Colección de Artrópodos, Laboratorio de Entomología Sistemática, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala. All the individuals collected or photographed were identified to species or subspecies according to
The site-level estimated species richness was calculated by using the Chao II index (
By integrating our previous data (
Six of the species that were newly recorded in the present study at Los Cerritos or Heloderma Reserve a, b Heraclides rumiko Shiraiwa & Grishin, 2014 (Papilionidae) c Archaeoprepona demophon centralis (Fruhstorfer, 1905) d Caligo telamonius memnon (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) (both Nymphalidae) e Abaeis nicippe (Cramer, 1779) (Pieridae) f Leptotes cassius cassidula (Boisduval, 1870) (Lycaenidae) g Piruna aea (Dyar, 1912) (Hesperiidae) a–d, g Heloderma Reserve e, f Los Cerritos. Note that P. aea had already been collected and identified to genus (Piruna sp.1) by
We detected identification errors for 20 individuals (identified as 11 species in our previous studies) and determined them to represent 13 species in this study; ten individuals from Los Cerritos and ten from Heloderma Reserve have been determined to number eight and six different species, respectively, with one species, Cissia themis, shared between sites (Table
Butterfly species that were sampled at Los Cerritos and Heloderma Reserve (abbreviated as LC and HR, respectively) and were misidentified in
Family | Species | Sampling month, year, and site | |
---|---|---|---|
Correct identification | Previous identification | ||
Papilionidae | Heraclides rumiko Shiraiwa & Grishin, 2014 | Heraclides cresphontes (Cramer, 1777) A | Oct 2016 HR* |
Pieridae | Abaeis nicippe (Cramer, 1779) | Pyrisitia proterpia (Fabricius, 1775) A | Jul 2016 HR |
Lycaenidae | Strymon megarus (Godart, [1824]) | Strymon melinus franki W. D. Field, 1938 A | Oct 2016 HR |
Nymphalidae | Anthanassa tulcis (H. Bates, 1864) | Anthanassa dracaena phlegias (Godman, 1901) B | May 2011 LC |
Nymphalidae | Chlosyne erodyle erodyle (H. Bates, 1864) | Chlosyne lacinia lacinia (Geyer, 1837) B | Oct 2011 LC, Jul 2012 LC |
Nymphalidae | Chlosyne rosita rosita A. Hall, 1924 | Chlosyne lacinia lacinia (Geyer, 1837) B | Sep 2011 LC |
Nymphalidae | Cissia similis (A. Butler, 1867) | Cissia pompilia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) B | May 2012 LC, Jun 2012 LC |
Nymphalidae | Cissia themis (A. Butler, 1867) | Cissia pompilia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) A, B | Aug 2011 LC, Aug 2016 HR**, Oct 2016 HR |
Hesperiidae | Urbanus viterboana (Ehrmann, 1907) | Urbanus proteus proteus (Linnaeus, 1758) B | Nov 2011 LC |
Hesperiidae | Heliopetes macaira macaira (Reakirt, [1867]) | Heliopyrgus domicella domicella (Erichson, [1849]) B | Jul 2012 LC |
Hesperiidae | Amblyscirtes elissa elissa Godman, 1900 | Piruna sp.1 A | Aug 2016 HR, Sep 2016 HR |
Hesperiidae | Copaeodes aurantiaca (Hewitson, 1868) | Ancyloxypha arene (W. H. Edwads, 1871) B | Mar 2011 LC |
Hesperiidae | Cymaenes trebius (Mabille, 1891) | Cymaenes tripunctus theogenis (Capronnier, 1874) A | Sep 2016 HR** |
One species of hairstreak (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) a Chalybs hassan (Stoll, 1790), one species of skipperling (Hesperiidae: Heteropterinae) b Piruna aea (Dyar, 1912), and three species of grass-skippers (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) c Amblyscirtes elissa elissa Godman, 1900 d Repens florus (Godman, 1900), and e Niconiades nikko Hayward, 1948. The three grass-skipper species were newly recorded for Guatemala. Dorsal and ventral views, respectively, are shown at the left and right in each photograph.
The following three skipper species (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) were recorded for the first time in Guatemala:
Eighty-six species were shared between Los Cerritos and Heloderma Reserve (Table
Family-level species composition also differed between the sites, and the magnitude of this difference varied among the six families (Table
Species richness for six families at Los Cerritos and Heloderma Reserve, and comparisons of species composition at the family level between the sites, based on the number of shared species and the Jaccard dissimilarity index.
Family | Total No. species | No. shared species | Jaccard index | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Los Cerritos | Heloderma Reserve | |||
Papilionidae | 7 | 4 | 2 | 0.778 |
Pieridae | 16 | 17 | 13 | 0.350 |
Lycaenidae | 31 | 12 | 7 | 0.806 |
Riodinidae | 10 | 9 | 3 | 0.813 |
Nymphalidae | 57 | 46 | 37 | 0.439 |
Hesperiidae | 45 | 51* | 24 | 0.662* |
Ninety-three species (42.7%) occurred in both dry and rainy seasons, whereas 103 (47.2%) appeared only in the rainy season and 22 species (10.1%) only in the dry season. The most frequently recorded species was Eurema daira eugenia (Wallengren, 1860) (Pieridae: Coliadinae), which was collected or observed throughout the year (Appendix
A total of 218 species were recorded at the two dry forest sites during our 10-year field surveys, which confirms the relatively high lepidopteran diversity of Guatemalan seasonally dry forests for the small areas that comprise the study sites (<70 ha each). The estimated species richness suggests that nearly a quarter of the species inhabiting each site have yet to been recorded. The number of the additional species yielded in the subsequent surveys was more than twice greater at Heloderma Reserve than at Los Cerritos. The proportion of newly recorded species was much higher in Lycaenidae and Riodinidae; seven lycaenid species were added to the list for Los Cerritos, and seven lycaenid and four riodinid species were added to that of Heloderma Reserve, which nearly doubled the species richness of each family at this site (six lycaenid and five riodinid species in
More than half of the species sampled at each site were shared between the sites, suggesting that species composition is partially and moderately similar between Los Cerritos and Heloderma Reserve. Importantly, between-site similarity greatly differed among the six families. Higher similarity in Pieridae (especially in Coliadinae) would likely be associated with the distribution and abundance of their host plants, considering that coliadine larvae mostly feed on fabaceous plants such as Senna (e.g.,
In Lycaenidae and Riodinidae, species composition largely differed between the sites; in particular, Theclinae had considerable differences in species richness and composition (Appendix
We recorded Amblyscirtes elissa elissa Godman, 1900, Repens florus (Godman, 1900), and Niconiades nikko Hayward, 1948 (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) for the first time in Guatemala (Fig.
Four individuals of Piruna aea (Dyar, 1912) (two in the previous survey and two in the subsequent one: Figs
We are grateful to Robert K. Robbins and Arturo Arellano Covarrubias for verifying some of our identifications of Theclinae and Riodinidae, respectively. We also thank Daniel Ariano Sánchez and María Renée Álvarez for providing us useful information on the fauna, flora, and geography of Guatemalan dry forests, Asociación Zootropic for permitting us to use the scientific station of Heloderma Reserve during our field surveys, Gilberto Salazar and Erick López for their logistic assistance at Heloderma Reserve, Edwin Reyes for helping us with butterfly sampling at Heloderma Reserve, and Fundación de Defensa del Medio Ambiente de Baja Verapaz (FUNDEMABV) for allowing us to conduct entomological surveys continuously at Los Cerritos. The authors have no support to report.
Butterfly species observed in 2011–2021 at two dry forests in Guatemala: Los Cerritos Municipal Park and Heloderma Natural Reserve, based on our previous studies (
Family | Months when observed | ||
---|---|---|---|
Subfamily | Los Cerritos | Heloderma Reserve | |
Species and subspecies | |||
Papilionidae | |||
Papilioninae | |||
1 | Neographium epidaus epidaus (E. Doubleday, 1846) PH, A | Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Nov | – |
2 | Neographium philolaus philolaus (Boisduval, 1836) PH, A | Jun, Sep | Mar, Apr, May, Jun |
3 | Battus polydamas polydamas (Linnaeus, 1758) PH, A | Mar, Jul, Aug, Sep, Dec | – |
4 | Parides photinus (E. Doubleday, 1844) | – | Sep |
5 | Heraclides erostratus erostratus (Westwood, 1847) A, Y | May, Oct | – |
6 | Heraclides thoas autocles (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906) PH, A | Feb, Mar, Apr, Jun, Aug, Nov | – |
7 | Heraclides ornythion ornythion (Boisduval, 1836) PH | – | May, Jun |
8 | Heraclides rumiko Shiraiwa & Grishin, 2014 MI, PH | Jul | Oct’16MI, Dec |
9 | Papilio polyxenes asterius Stoll, 1782 PH | Mar, Apr, May, Nov | – |
Pieridae | |||
Coliadinae | |||
10 | Kricogonia lyside (Godart, 1819) PH, A | Mar | Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Nov, Dec |
11 | Eurema daira eugenia (Wallengren, 1860) PH, A, Y | Jan, Feb, Aug, Nov | Jan, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Dec |
12 | Eurema boisduvaliana (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865) PH, A | Feb, Oct, Nov | Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov |
13 | Abaeis nicippe (Cramer, 1779) MI, PH | Nov | Jul’16MI |
14 | Pyrisitia proterpia (Fabricius, 1775) PH, A | May, Jun, Jul, Oct, Dec | Feb, Apr May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov |
15 | Pyrisitia dina westwoodi (Boisduval, 1836) PH, A | – | Jan, Feb, Jun, Oct, Nov, Dec |
16 | Pyrisitia nise nelphe (R. Felder, 1869) PH, A, Y | Jun, Jul, Aug, Nov | Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec |
17 | Zerene cesonia cesonia (Stoll, 1790) PH, Y | Jun, Aug | Jun, Jul |
18 | Anteos maerula (Fabricius, 1775) PH, A | Jun, Sep, Nov | May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct |
19 | Anteos clorinde (Godart, [1824]) PH, A | Apr, Jun | Jun, Aug |
20 | Phoebis sennae marcellina (Cramer, 1777) PH, A | Feb, Mar, Apr, Jun, Jul, Nov | Mar, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep |
21 | Phoebis philea philea (Linnaeus, 1763) A, Y | May | Jul |
22 | Phoebis argante ssp. A | May | Jul |
23 | Aphrissa statira statira (Cramer, 1777) A | Oct | – |
Pierinae | |||
24 | Hesperocharis crocea crocea H. Bates, 1866 | Mar, Aug | – |
25 | Ascia monuste monuste (Linnaeus, 1764) PH, A, Y | Feb, Jun | Jun |
26 | Ganyra josephina josepha (Salvin & Godman, 1868) PH, A | – | Jan, Oct |
27 | Leptophobia aripa elodia (Boisduval, 1836) Y | Jan | – |
28 | Itaballia demophile centralis Joicey & Talbot, 1928 | – | Jan |
29 | Glutophrissa drusilla tenuis (Lamas, 1981) A | – | Jun, Aug |
Lycaenidae | |||
Theclinae | |||
30 | Evenus regalis (Cramer, 1775) A | Sep | – |
31 | Atlides gaumeri (Godman 1901) | Aug | – |
32 | Atlides carpasia (Hewitson, 1868) A | Aug | – |
33 | Rekoa zebina (Hewitson, 1869) | Jun, Sep | – |
34 | Rekoa stagira (Hewitson, 1867) A | Aug | – |
35 | Arawacus sito (Boisduval, 1836) A, Y | Aug | – |
36 | Arawacus jada (Hewitson, 1867) A | Jul | – |
37 | Kolana lyde (Godman & Salvin, 1887) A | Sep | – |
38 | Chlorostrymon simaethis sarita (Skinner, 1895) A | Nov | – |
39 | Cyanophrys herodotus (Fabricius, 1793) A | Aug | – |
40 | Cyanophrys miserabilis (Clench, 1946) | – | Oct |
41 | Electrostrymon hugon (Godart, [1824]) | – | Jul |
42 | Kisutam syllis (Godman & Salvin, 1887) A | – | Oct |
43 | Calycopis clarina (Hewitson, 1874) | Jun | – |
44 | Calycopis isobeon (A. Butler & H. Druce, 1872) | Aug, Sep | – |
45 | Strymon melinus franki W. D. Field, 1938 | Aug, Sep | – |
46 | Strymon rufofusca (Hewitson, 1877) PH | Jul, Nov | Jan, Aug, Oct, Nov, Dec |
47 | Strymon bebrycia (Hewitson, 1868) PH | Jun, Aug | – |
48 | Strymon yojoa (Reakirt, [1867]) A | Jul | – |
49 | Strymon cestri (Reakirt, [1867]) A | Aug | – |
50 | Strymon bazochii bazochii (Godart, [1824]) A | Jul | – |
51 | Strymon istapa istapa (Reakirt, [1867]) | Aug, Nov | – |
52 | Strymon megarus (Godart, [1824]) MI, PH | – | Jan, Jul, Oct’16MI, Dec |
53 | Strymon ziba (Hewitson, 1868) | Jul | – |
54 | Ministrymon azia (Hewitson, 1873) A | Jun | Jul |
55 | Ostrinotes keila (Hewitson, 1869) A, Y | Aug | – |
56 | Panthiades bitias (Cramer, 1777) A | Jun | – |
57 | Michaelus hecate (Godman & Salvin, 1887) | Sep | – |
58 | Erora gabina (Godman & Salvin, 1887) | May, Jun, Aug, Oct | – |
59 | Chalybs hassan (Stoll, 1790) | Aug, Sep, Nov | Jul |
Polyommatinae | |||
60 | Celastrina echo gozora (Boisduval, 1870) Y | Nov | – |
61 | Leptotes cassius cassidula (Boisduval, 1870) PH, A, Y | Jun, Dec | Sep, Oct |
62 | Cupido comyntas texana (F. Chermock, 1945) PH, A, Y | Sep, Nov | Oct, Nov, Dec |
63 | Hemiargus ceraunus astenidas (Lucas, 1857) A | Mar, Jul, Nov | Feb, Jun, Dec |
64 | Hemiargus hanno hanno (Stoll, 1790) PH, A | – | Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct |
65 | Echinargus isola (Reakirt, [1867]) | Feb, Dec | Jun, Dec |
Riodinidae | |||
Riodininae | |||
66 | Rhetus arcius castigatus Stichel, 1909 A | Sep | – |
67 | Calephelis spp. PH, 1 | Jan, May, Jul, Aug, Oct, Nov, Dec | Jan, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec |
68 | Lasaia sula sula Staudinger, 1888 PH | – | Jun, Oct |
69 | Lasaia maria maria Clench, 1972 | – | Jun, Jul, Oct |
70 | Melanis pixe pixe (Boisduval, 1836) A | Feb, Sep, Nov, Dec | – |
71 | Anteros carausius carausius Westwood, 1851 A | Aug, Nov | Sep, Nov |
72 | Calydna sturnula (Geyer, 1837) PH | Aug, Sep, Oct | – |
73 | Emesis mandana furor A. Butler & H. Druce, 1872 A | Aug | – |
74 | Emesis tenedia C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 A, Y, 2 | Jul | – |
75 | Emesis lupina lupina Godman & Salvin, 1886 2 | Oct | – |
76 | Curvie emesia (Hewitson, 1867) PH, A, 3 | – | Jun, Oct |
77 | Thisbe lycorias (Hewitson, [1853]) A | Jun, Jul, Oct, Nov | – |
78 | Juditha caucana (Stichel, 1911) | – | Oct |
79 | Synargis mycone (Hewitson, 1865) A | Mar, Jun, Jul | Jul |
80 | Hypophylla zeurippa Boisduval, 1836 | – | Jan |
81 | Theope virgilius (Fabricius, 1793) A | – | Feb, Nov |
Nymphalidae | |||
Libytheinae | |||
82 | Libytheana carinenta mexicana Michener, 1943 PH, A, Y | Jul | Jun, Aug, Sep |
Danainae | |||
83 | Lycorea halia atergatis E. Doubleday [1847] * PH, A, Y | – | May, Sep |
84 | Danaus eresimus montezuma Talbot, 1943 PH, A | Aug, Nov, Dec | Jun, Aug, Sep |
85 | Danaus gilippus thersippus (H. Bates, 1863) A | – | Mar |
86 | Mechanitis lysimnia utemaia Reakirt, 1866 PH, A, Y | – | May, Aug, Oct |
87 | Mechanitis polymnia lycidice H. Bates, 1864 PH, A, Y | Sep | Sep, Oct |
88 | Dircenna klugii klugii (Geyer, 1837) Y | Sep, Oct, Nov | – |
Heliconiinae | |||
89 | Agraulis vanillae incarnata (N. Riley, 1926) PH, A | Jun, Jul, Nov | Aug |
90 | Dione moneta poeyii A. Butler, 1873 Y | Jun, Nov | – |
91 | Dione juno huascuma (Reakirt, 1866) PH, A | Feb, Mar, Dec | Jul |
92 | Dryas iulia moderata (N. Riley, 1926) PH, A, Y | Aug | Aug, Sep, Oct |
93 | Eueides isabella eva (Fabricius, 1793) A | Nov | – |
94 | Heliconius charithonia vazquezae W. Comstock & F. Brown, 1950 A, Y | Jul | Jul, Oct |
95 | Euptoieta hegesia meridiania Stichel, 1938 PH, A, Y | Jun, Jul, Sep | Jun, Jul |
Limenitidinae | |||
96 | Adelpha paroeca paroeca (H. Bates, 1864) Y | Oct, Nov | – |
97 | Adelpha iphicleola iphicleola (H. Bates, 1864) PH | Aug | Jun, Jul, Sep, Oct |
98 | Adelpha melanthe (H. Bates, 1864) A | Aug, Sep | – |
Biblidinae | |||
99 | Biblis hyperia aganisa Boisduval, 1836 PH, A | Jul, Dec | Sep |
100 | Mestra amymone (Ménétriés, 1857) A | May, Jun, Jul | Mar, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec |
101 | Catonephele mexicana Jenkins & R.G. Maza, 1985 A | Sep, Oct, Nov | – |
102 | Eunica monima (Stoll, 1782) PH | Jun, Aug | Mar, Jun, Jul, Aug, Oct, Dec |
103 | Eunica tatila tatila (Herrich-Schäffer, [1855]) A | Jun | – |
104 | Hamadryas atlantis atlantis (H. Bates, 1864) PH | Sep | Jun, Jul, Nov |
105 | Hamadryas februa ferentina (Godart, [1824]) PH, A | Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Nov, Dec | Feb, Jul, Oct |
106 | Hamadryas glauconome glauconome (H. Bates, 1864) PH | Jan, Jul, Oct, Nov, Dec | Jan, Feb, Mar, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct |
107 | Hamadryas guatemalena guatemalena (H. Bates, 1864) PH, A | May, Jun, Jul | Jul |
108 | Bolboneura sylphis sylphis (H. Bates, 1864) PH | Jul, Aug, Sep | Mar, Jun, Jul, Sep, Oct |
109 | Epiphile adrasta adrasta Hewitson, 1861 Y | Aug, Oct | – |
110 | Temenis laothoe hondurensis Fruhstorfer, 1907 A | – | Oct |
111 | Dynamine dyonis Geyer, 1837 A | Jul, Aug, Oct, Nov, Dec | – |
112 | Dynamine postverta mexicana R.F. d’Almeida, 1952 PH, A | Jun, Jul, Oct, Nov | Sep, Oct |
113 | Dynamine theseus (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861) A | Aug, Sep, Oct | – |
114 | Diaethria astala astala (Guérin-Méneville, [1844]) A, Y | May, Jul, Oct, Nov | Oct |
Cyrestinae | |||
115 | Marpesia petreus ssp. A, Y | Jul, Sep | Jun |
Nymphalinae | |||
116 | Historis odius dious Lamas, 1995 PH, A | Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep | Jul |
117 | Smyrna blomfildia datis Fruhstorfer, 1908 PH, A, Y | Jul | May, Nov |
118 | Anartia fatima fatima (Fabricius, 1793) PH, A, Y | May | Jun, Sep, Oct |
119 | Siproeta epaphus epaphus (Latreille, [1813]) A, Y | Sep | Sep |
120 | Siproeta stelenes biplagiata (Fruhstorfer, 1907) PH, A, Y | Jul, Sep | Jun, Aug, Sep, Oct |
121 | Junonia evarete (Cramer, 1779) PH, A | Jun, Jul, Aug | Jan, Jul, Oct |
122 | Chlosyne janais janais (Drury, 1782) A | Jun, Aug | – |
123 | Chlosyne erodyle erodyle (H. Bates, 1864) MI | Jul’12MI, Jul’19, Oct’11MI, Oct’17 | – |
124 | Chlosyne rosita rosita A. Hall, 1924 MI | Sep’11MI | Jun, Jul, Sep |
125 | Chlosyne theona theona (Ménétriés, 1855) PH | Apr, Jun, Sep | Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep |
126 | Chlosyne lacinia lacinia (Geyer, 1837) PH, A, Y | Mar, Jun, Jul, Aug, Nov | Jun, Jul, Aug |
127 | Chlosyne melanarge (H. Bates, 1864) PH | – | Aug, Sep, Oct |
128 | Microtia elva horni Rebel, 1906 PH | Jun, Jul, Aug, Nov | Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov |
129 | Anthanassa tulcis (H. Bates, 1864) MI, A | May’11MI | Jun, Sep, Dec |
130 | Anthanassa ptolyca ptolyca (H. Bates, 1864) Y | Aug | Dec |
131 | Tegosa guatemalena (H. Bates, 1864) A | Feb, Nov | – |
Charaxinae | |||
132 | Zaretis ellops (Ménétriés, 1855) A | Jul, Sep, Nov | – |
133 | Anaea aidea (Guérin-Méneville, [1844]) PH, A | May, Nov | Jun, Aug, Oct, Nov |
134 | Fountainea glycerium glycerium (E. Doubleday, [1849]) PH | Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov | – |
135 | Archaeoprepona demophon centralis (Fruhstorfer, 1905) * PH, A | – | Jul |
Satyrinae | |||
136 | Morpho helenor ssp.* A | – | Sep |
137 | Caligo telamonius memnon (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) * PH, A | – | Oct |
138 | Manataria hercyna maculata (Hopffer, 1874) A, Y | – | Jun |
139 | Cissia similis (A. Butler, 1867) MI, PH, A | May’12MI, Jun’12MI, Oct, Nov | Jan, Feb, Apr, May, Jun, Oct, Nov, Dec |
140 | Cissia themis (A. Butler, 1867) MI, PH | Jul, Aug’11MI | Feb, Jun, Jul, Aug’16MI, Oct’16MI, Dec |
141 | Cyllopsis gemma freemani (D. Stallings & J. Turner, 1947) | Sep, Nov | – |
142 | Cyllopsis hedemanni hedemanni R. Felder, 1869 Y | Feb | – |
143 | Cyllopsis hilaria (Godman, 1901) | Sep, Nov | – |
144 | Cyllopsis pephredo (Godman, 1901) Y | Jun, Nov | – |
145 | Euptychia fetna A. Butler, 1870 | Aug, Sep | – |
146 | Hermeuptychia hermes (Fabricius, 1775) A, Y, 4 | Jul | Jan, Feb, Sep, Oct |
147 | Taygetis thamyra (Cramer, 1779) PH | Nov | Jun, Oct |
Hesperiidae | |||
Eudaminae | |||
148 | Phocides polybius lilea (Reakirt, [1867]) A | Nov | – |
149 | Phocides urania urania (Westwood, 1852) | Aug | – |
150 | Proteides mercurius mercurius (Fabricius, 1787) PH, A | Jun | Jun, Sep |
151 | Epargyreus exadeus cruza Evans, 1952 A, Y | Feb, Mar, Apr, Jun, Jul | Aug |
152 | Polygonus leo arizonensis (Skinner, 1911) | Jul | Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct |
153 | Chioides albofasciatus (Hewitson, 1867) A | Jun | – |
154 | Chioides zilpa (A. Butler, 1872) A | Jan, Mar | – |
155 | Typhedanus undulatus (Hewitson, 1867) A | Feb, Mar, May | – |
156 | Typhedanus ampyx (Godman & Salvin, 1893) A | – | Oct |
157 | Polythrix asine (Hewitson, 1867) PH, A, 5 | – | Jan, Dec |
158 | Polythrix octomaculata (Sepp, [1844]) A | – | May |
159 | Cephise aelius (Plötz, 1880) | – | Oct |
160 | Codatractus alcaeus alcaeus (Hewitson, 1867) | Mar, May | – |
161 | Codatractus melon (Godman & Salvin, 1893) | – | Jun, Jul |
162 | Urbanus viterboana (Ehrmann, 1907) MI, A, Y | Sep, Nov’11MI | Sep, Oct |
163 | Urbanus esmeraldus (A. Butler, 1877) A, Y | Aug, Sep | Jun |
164 | Urbanus dorantes dorantes (Stoll, 1790) PH, A | May, Jul, Aug, Dec | Apr, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov |
165 | Urbanus procne (Plötz, 1881) PH, A, Y | May, Jul, Nov | – |
166 | Urbanus doryssus doryssus (Swainson, 1831) A | Jul | – |
167 | Astraptes fulgerator azul (Reakirt, [1867]) A, Y, 6 | Oct, Nov | – |
168 | Astraptes alector hopfferi (Plötz, 1881) A | Sep | Jan |
169 | Astraptes anaphus annetta Evans, 1952 PH, A, Y | Jun, Oct | Jul |
170 | Achalarus toxeus (Plötz, 1882) A | – | Mar, Apr, Oct |
171 | Achalarus albociliatus albociliatus (Mabille, 1877) A | Feb, Mar | Oct, Nov |
172 | Cabares potrillo potrillo (Lucas, 1857) A, Y | – | Jun, Jul, Aug, Oct, Nov |
173 | Cogia cajeta eluina Godman & Salvin, 1894 | May, Jun | – |
Pyrginae | |||
174 | Mysoria affinis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) | – | Oct |
175 | Celaenorrhinus fritzgaertneri (Bailey, 1880) PH | Feb, Aug | Mar, Jun |
176 | Noctuana stator (Godman, 1899) PH, A, Y | Feb, Mar, May, Jul, Sep | – |
177 | Bolla evippe (Godman & Salvin, 1896) | Mar | – |
(177) | Bolla sp. 7 | – | Oct 7 |
178 | Staphylus ascalaphus (Staudinger, 1876) Y | May | Jan, Sep |
179 | Staphylus azteca (Scudder, 1872) | – | Feb, Aug, Nov |
180 | Gorgythion vox Evans, 1953 A, Y | – | Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct |
181 | Mylon salvia Evans, 1953 | Nov | – |
182 | Mylon pelopidas (Fabricius, 1793) A | – | May, Jun |
183 | Grais stigmaticus stigmaticus (Mabille, 1883) PH | – | Jan, Jun, Jul |
184 | Timochares trifasciata trifasciata (Hewitson, 1868) A | – | Jan |
185 | Chiomara georgina georgina (Reakirt, 1868) | Jan, Jul, Sep, Nov | Aug |
186 | Erynnis funeralis (Scudder & Burgess, 1870) | Aug | Jun |
187 | Eantis tamenund (W. H. Edwards, 1871) PH | Feb, Jul, Aug, Nov, Dec | – |
188 | Atarnes sallei (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) A | Jul | – |
189 | Carrhenes fuscescens fuscescens (Mabille, 1891) | – | Jun |
190 | Antigonus erosus (Hübner, [1812]) PH, A | Mar, Oct | Feb, Mar, Jun, Aug, Oct |
191 | Antigonus corrosus Mabille, 1878 A, Y | – | Sep |
192 | Zopyrion sandace Godman & Salvin, 1896 | Mar, Aug | Jan, Apr, May, Jun, Sep, Dec |
193 | Pyrgus oileus (Linnaeus, 1767) PH, A, Y | Apr | Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Dec |
194 | Pyrgus orcus (Stoll, 1780) | – | Jun |
195 | Heliopyrgus domicella domicella (Erichson, [1849]) | Sep | Sep, Oct, Nov |
196 | Heliopetes laviana laviana (Hewitson, 1868) A | – | Feb |
197 | Heliopetes macaira macaira (Reakirt, [1867]) MI, A | Jul’12MI, Nov | Oct |
198 | Heliopetes alana (Reakirt, 1868) A, Y | Jul | – |
Heteropterinae | |||
199 | Piruna aea (Dyar, 1912) PH | – | Jun 8, Jul, Sep 8, Oct |
Hesperiinae | |||
200 | Perichares adela (Hewitson, 1867) A | Aug, Sep | Oct |
201 | Copaeodes aurantiaca (Hewitson, 1868) MI | Mar’11MI | – |
202 | Panoquina lucas (Fabricius, 1793) A | Jan | |
203 | Zenis jebus hemizona (Dyar, 1918) | Jan | – |
204 | Synapte shiva Evans, 1955 | Aug | Jun, Dec |
205 | Synapte syraces (Godman, 1901) | – | Sep |
206 | Callimormus saturnus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) A | – | Oct |
207 | Amblyscirtes elissa elissa Godman, 1900 NR , MI | – | Jun, Aug’16MI, Sep’16MI |
208 | Amblyscirtes tolteca tolteca Scudder, 1872 A | Jun, Jul | May |
209 | Methionopsis ina (Plötz, 1882) A | – | Jan, Oct, Nov |
210 | Repens florus (Godman, 1900) NR | – | Oct |
211 | Cymaenes trebius (Mabille, 1891) MI, A | Aug | Sep’16MI |
212 | Lerema liris Evans, 1955 | – | Jul, Sep |
213 | Niconiades nikko Hayward, 1948 NR | Nov | – |
214 | Vettius fantasos (Cramer, 1780) A, Y | Aug, Sep, Oct | Jan, Oct |
215 | Hylephila phyleus phyleus (Drury, 1773) A | Aug | – |
216 | Polites vibex praeceps (Scudder, 1872) A | Mar, Apr | – |
217 | Pompeius pompeius (Latreille, [1824]) A, Y | – | Jun |
218 | Atrytonopsis ovinia (Hewitson, 1866) PH | Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, Oct | Oct, Dec |