Research Article |
Corresponding author: Anh D. Nguyen ( ducanh410@yahoo.com ) Academic editor: Pavel Stoev
© 2022 Mai Kuroda, Katsuyuki Eguchi, Emiko Oguri, Anh D. Nguyen.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Kuroda M, Eguchi K, Oguri E, Nguyen AD (2022) Two new cave Hyleoglomeris species (Glomerida, Glomeridae) from northern Vietnam. ZooKeys 1108: 161-174. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1108.85423
|
Two new glomerid species from caves in Cao Bang Province, Northern Vietnam, namely, Hyleoglomeris halang Kuroda, Nguyen & Eguchi, sp. nov. and Hyleoglomeris alba Nguyen, Kuroda & Eguchi, sp. nov., are described. The former is characterized by a distinct body color pattern; telopods with a large, quadrate, medially concave, sparsely setose, central syncoxital lobe; and syncoxital horns approximately 1.5–2.0 times as long as the lobe. The latter is distinguished by its completely troglobiotic form without eyes, an unpigmented body, and a roundly triangular syncoxital lobe of telopods. An identification key is also provided for the cave glomerids of Vietnam.
Biodiversity, millipede, new species, taxonomy, troglobiont
Currently, 23 glomerid species in six genera (Annameris Verhoeff, 1915, Hyleoglomeris Verhoeff, 1910, Hyperglomeris Silvestri, 1917, Peplomeris Silvestri, 1917, Rhopalomeris Verhoeff, 1906, and Tonkinomeris Nguyen, Sierwald & Marek, 2019) have been recorded and described from Vietnam (
Of the six genera, Hyleoglomeris is a rich-species genus, not only in Vietnam (12 species;
During our field expeditions in northern Vietnam, glomerid specimens that could not be assigned to the named species were discovered and collected. They were both collected from caves and described in this paper.
Specimens were collected manually and directly preserved in 85%–90% ethanol and examined under an Olympus SZX16 microscope. Telopods were dissected for morphological examination and photographed. Colored images were taken using a Nikon SMZ800N microscope and NIS-Element BR v. 5.20.00 and stacked using Helicon Focus v. 7.0. Images were assembled into plates using Photoshop CS6. Terminology follows
Total DNA was extracted using Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kits. A 680-bp fragment of the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI), was amplified and sequenced using a pair of universal primers, LCO1490 and HCO2198 (
The holotype, paratypes, and DNA vouchers were preserved in 90% ethanol and deposited at the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR), Hanoi, Vietnam.
Order GLOMERIDA
Family GLOMERIDAE Leach, 1815
Subfamily Doderiinae Slivestri, 1904
Genus Hyleoglomeris Verhoeff, 1910
Holotype. Vietnam: male, Cao Bang Province, Ha Lang District, Duc Quang commune, Quang Hoai village, Nguom Hang cave, 22.7208N, 106.6692E, 10 Oct 2020, coll. AD Nguyen, VD Dang & VT Mai (IEBR-Myr 898H). Paratypes. Vietnam: 1 male, 1 female; Cao Bang Province, Ha Lang District, Duc Quang commune, Quang Hoai village, Nguom Hang cave, 22.7208N, 106.6692E, 10 Oct 2020, coll. AD Nguyen, VD Dang & VT Mai (IEBR-Myr 898P); 1 male, 1 female; Cao Bang Province, Ha Lang District, Duc Quang commune, Quang Hoai village, Nguom Hang cave, 22.7208N, 106.6692E, 15 March 2022, coll. AD Nguyen & DD Nguyen (IEBR-Myr 926).
The species differs from its congeners in having a distinct body color pattern of white with oval-black spots on terga 4 and 5 and tadpole-shaped black bands on the thoracic shield and terga 6–9; telopods with a large, square/rectangular, slightly concave medially, sparsely setose, central syncoxital lobe; and syncoxital horns ~ 1.5 × as long as the lobe.
The new species can be keyed out at the 26th node in
The new species is named after the Ha Lang District where the types were found. Noun in apposition.
Body length 6 mm, width of the second segment ca. 3.5 mm. Coloration shown as in Figs
Head. Ocelli 6+1; lenses convex, black contrasting against to a pale blackish background of the head. Tömösváry’s organs transverse and strongly horseshoe-shaped, ~ 2 × as wide and long. Antennae clavate apically; antennomere 6 large, ~ 2.5 × longer than wide; antennal tip with four large, apical sensory cones.
Collum semi-circular, with a very large marbled white spot in the center and two transverse striae; the other parts of the collum pale black. The thoracic shield has a narrow hyposchism, not reaching the caudal margin, with 12 superficial transverse striae, eight of which cross the dorsum.
Leg-pair 17 strongly reduced, 4-segmented with a high, regularly rounded, outer coxal lobe (Figs
Telopods (Figs
Hyleoglomeris halang Kuroda, Nguyen & Eguchi, sp. nov., holotype A leg-pair 17 B syncoxital lobe and syncoxital horns, posterior view C left telopod, posterior view D left telopod, anterior view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: syl = syncoxital lobe, syh = syncoxital horn, pref = prefemur, fe = femur, pret = prefemoral trichostele, fet = femoral trichostele, dpf = distomesal process of femur, ti = tibia, dpt = distolateral process of tibia, ta = tarsus.
Syncoxital horns can be 2.0 × longer than the syncoxital lobe, each horn directed ventromesad. Two trichosteles are almost of the same in length.
The COI barcode data (679 bp fragment of the COI) for the paratype was uploaded to GenBank under the accession numbers ON704753 and ON704754. The new species shares 86.98% and 85.89% of its identity with Hyleoglomeris lobus Nguyen, Sierwald & Marek, 2019 (MT749402) and Hyleoglomeris hoanglien Nguyen, Eguchi & Hwang, 2019 (MH248038), respectively.
This species is not a true cave inhabitant. However, it was discovered in the cave entrance (Fig.
Holotype. Vietnam: male; Cao Bang Province, Tra Linh District, Quoc Toan commune, Thang Hen lake, Ky Rang cave, 22.7650N, 106.2911E, 2 Nov. 2021, leg. AD Nguyen (IEBR-Myr 919). Paratypes. Vietnam: 2 females, Cao Bang Province, Tra Linh District, Quoc Toan commune, Thang Hen lake, Ky Rang cave, 22.7650N, 106.2911E, 12 Oct. 2020, leg. AD Nguyen, VT Mai & VD Dang (IEBR-Myr 917); 1 male, Cao Bang Province, Tra Linh District, Quoc Toan commune, Thang Hen lake, Ky Rang cave, 22.7650N, 106.2911E, 17 March 2022, leg. AD Nguyen & DD Nguyen (IEBR-Myr 928).
The species can be recognized by a completely troglobiotic form with no eyes, an unpigmented body, and a roundly triangular syncoxital lobe.
According to
From the Latin alba, meaning white. It was used to emphasize the unpigmented body of the new species.
Body length 4.38 mm, width of the second segment ~ 2.02 mm. Color entirely white, unpigmented (Figs
Collum semicircular, with a trace of a transverse oval spot in the center and two distinctly transverse striae (Fig.
Leg-pair 17 (Figs
Telopods (Figs
Hyleoglomeris alba Nguyen, Kuroda & Eguchi, sp. nov., holotype A leg-pair 17 B leg-pair 18 C syncoxital lobe and syncoxital horns D left telopod, anterior view E subposterior view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: syl = syncoxital lobe, syh = syncoxital horn, pref = prefemur, fe = femur, pret = prefemoral trichostele, fet = femoral trichostele, dpf = distomesal process of femur, ti = tibia, dpt = distolateral process of tibia, ta = tarsus.
We failed to amplify the COI fragments of this species.
The species was collected from the totally dark region in the cave. The completely unpigmented body without ocelli, and with long, slender antennae suggest that this species is a true troglobiont. These characters were also mentioned in
1 | Prefemoral and femoral trichosteles of telopods absent or rudimentary. Leg-pair 18 3-segmented | Hyperglomeris depigmentata |
– | Prefemoral and femoral trichosteles of telopods present, well-developed. Leg-pair 18 4-segmented | 2 |
2 | Leg-pair 17 3-segmented. Body pattern peculiar, annulated | Hyleoglomeris colorata |
– | Leg-pair 17 4-segmented. Body pattern with some dark spots or entirely unpigmented | 3 |
3 | Body with dark spots | Hyleoglomeris halang sp. nov. |
– | Body coloration completely white or unpigmented | 4 |
4 | Ocelli completely absent. Syncoxital lobe of telopods roundly triangular | Hyleoglomeris alba sp. nov. |
– | Ocelli present, sometime poorly visible. Syncoxital lobe of telopods differently shaped but not triangular | 5 |
5 | Body size small, up to 6 mm long. Syncoxital lobe subquadrate; horn tip with a minute, elongate lobule with a flagelloid filament | Hyleoglomeris spelaea |
– | Body size larger, 8.5–10 mm. Syncoxital lobe slightly concave or roundly subtrapeziform | 6 |
6 | Body length 9–10 mm. Syncoxital lobe slightly concave, broadly subtrapeziform; lateral horns simple, unarmed | Hyleoglomeris cavernicola |
– | Body length 8.5 mm. Syncoxital lobe rounded subtrapeziform; lateral horns each crowned with an apical setoid | Hyleoglomeris speophila |
The northeastern part of the present Indochinese peninsula was covered with a shallow sea from the Late Devonian to the Early Triassic periods (370–220 mya), forming limestone strata. Subsequently, the limestone strata were uplifted by the influence of the Himalayan orogeny after the Late Mesozoic era, which has been eroded by wind and rain for a long time (
The Cao Bang Province is located in a karst region of northern Vietnam and supports hundreds of caves varying in size and environmental parameters (
This research is financially supported by Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR-VAST) under the project IEBR.ĐT.01-22, Asahi Glass Foundation (Leader: Katsuyuki Eguchi; FY2017–FY2020) and Tokyo Metropolitan University Fund for TMU Strategic Research (Leader: Prof. Noriaki Murakami; FY2020–FY2022). We also thank Dang Van Dong, Mai Van Thai, and Nguyen Dac Dai from IEBR for their help in fieldwork.