Holotype. China • Hainan Island: ♀, Qiongzhong County, Limushan Town, Limushan National Forest Park: nearby stream, 186 m southeast Leige homestay, alt. 647 m, 19°10.50'N, 109°44.57'E, 19.XI.2020, Xiaoxiang Wu, Bin Deng & Zehua He leg., by light trap, cer1055.

Paratypes (2♀). China • Hainan Island: 1♀, same data as holotype; cer1055-1 • 1♀, Limushan National Forest Park: nearby small hydropower station on Limuling Mountain, alt. 666 m, 19°10.46'N, 109°44.58'E, 19.XI.2020, Xiaoxiang Wu, Bin Deng & Zehua He leg., by light trap, cer1056.

This species belongs to the maculipennis group based on the wing with dark spots proximad of r-m crossvein and at the apex of vein R₃, with dark streaks at the distal portion of longitudinal veins instead of spots, and a single spermatheca without diverticulum. This species can easily be distinguished from all other Alluaudomyia species by the coloration of the scutum, which is yellow and yellowish, without dark pigmentation, except for a dark longitudinal stripe at the base. In addition, its wing’s color pattern, with dark streaks on the distal portion of longitudinal veins and with five dark spots all covering the veins but no spots in cells, is also very diagnostic.

Female. Habitus (Fig. 1A) 1.28–1.42 mm (1.38, n = 3) in length.

Figure 1. 

Alluaudomyia flavinotum Wu & Li, sp. nov. A female, habitus in lateral view B thorax, dorsal view C head, dorsal view D maxillary palpi. Scale bars: 200 μm (A, B); 50 μm (C, D).

Head brown, except for the vertex yellowish-white, P/H 0.55–0.65 (0.61, n = 3). Eyes contiguous, bare. Antenna (Fig. 1C) brown with pedicel darker, flagellomeres 1–8 vasiform, pale at the base, distal 5 flagellomeres not considerably longer than basal flagellomeres, flagellum length 0.58–0.62 mm (0.60, n = 3), AR 0.74–0.81 (0.78, n = 3). Clypeus (Fig. 1D) brown with 3 pairs of setae. Palpus (Fig. 1D) brown with segments 1 and 2 slightly paler; third segment with a small, round, subapical pit, lengths 23–29 μm (26, n = 3), PR_III 1.61–1.85 (1.70, n = 3). Mandible with 13–15 teeth.

Thorax generally yellow with dorsum lighter yellow, dark brown ventrally. Scutum (Fig. 1B) yellow except for anterolateral and central area light yellow, suture dark in basal half. Scutellum yellowish with dark medial marking, with 2 large setae. Postscutellum dark brown with anterolateral area yellowish.

Wings (Fig. 2D) pale with indistinct veins; five distinct dark spots cover the apex of cell r₂, r-m crossvein, the midpoint of vein R₃ and M₂, and apical vein A; short dark streak covers veins M₁, M₂, CuA, and M₄ subapically and base of vein M₄; macrotrichia present along the radial vein, margin and apical 1/3 of the wing membrane; wing length 1.09–1.20 mm (1.13, n = 3), width 0.48–0.52 mm (0.49, n = 3), CR 0.64–0.66 (0.65, n = 3). Halter pale.

Figure 2. 

Alluaudomyia flavinotum Wu & Li, sp. nov. A thorax, lateral view B hind legs C midfemora D wing E sternite 8 F spermatheca. Scale bars: 500 μm (A); 200 μm (B–D); 50 μm (E, F).

Legs (Fig. 2A) bicolorous. Coxae and trochanters all brown; forefemur brown with a broad subapical pale ring, mid- and hind femur pale each with a dark apical ring; fore- and midtibiae dark brown at both ends, and broadly brown at middle in foretibia; hind tibia dark brown at distal end, and brown at middle; some specimens with an enlarged dark area at base of midfemur (Fig. 2C) and central area of hind femur and tibia (Fig. 2B); tarsi pale except for hind tarsomere 1 brown, fore- and midtarsomere 1 narrowly brown at the basal end. Hind tibial comb with 6–8 spines. Claws unequal for all legs, fore- and midclaws more slender. Tarsal ratio of foreleg TR_I 2.17–2.30 (2.23, n = 3), of midleg TR_II 2.97–3.13 (3.06, n = 3), of hind leg TR_III 2.96–3.16 (3.00, n = 3).

Abdomen pale yellow. Sternite 8 (Fig. 2E) as long as broad, lateral margin strongly sclerotized, posterior margin separated medially forming two acute angles, with spike-like process at middle. Sternite 9 dark laterally. Single spermatheca (Fig. 2F) dark brown, round, measuring 67–76 μm (72, n = 3) by 66–75 μm (72, n = 3), neck absent.

Male. Unknown.

The name flavinotum refers to the yellow-colored scutum and scutellum.

China: Hainan Island: Qiongzhong County (Fig. 9).

The maculipennis group of China has been well studied, with 16 described species, and treated in the monographic work of Yu et al. (2005). Three new species were reported from China since that publication, including A. haiyingi Liu, Liu & Yu, 2011, A. duchangensis Liu & Yu, 2021, and A. ruijinensis Liu, Liu & Chen, 2021 (Liu et al. 2011, 2021a, 2021b). This new species runs to couplet 3 in the key to the maculipennis group by Yu et al. (2005). The new species resembles A. lucania Lee & Yu, 1997 in that couplet, differing in wing coloration pattern, which in A. lucania lacks a dark spot on the midpoint of R₃, and with dark spots covering the longitudinal veins, with dark streaks in A. flavinotum. Additionally, the spermatheca of A. lucania has an obvious neck and the scutum is dark brown. The wing color pattern of A. flavinotum also looks similar to A. typica Chaudhuri, Das Gupta & Chaudhuri, 1972 from India, and A. quinquepunctata Tokunaga, 1940 from Japan. The new species can be distinguished with A. typica by the presence of a spot on the midpoint of vein R₃ but with no dark spot in wing cell r₃, and by the coloration of the scutum. It can be distinguished with A. quinquepunctata by the presence dark streaks covering on the distal portion of longitudinal veins.

Holotype. China • Hainan Island: ♂, Qiongzhong County, Limushan National Forest Park: a valley 500 m away from Limu Temple, alt. 585 m, 19°9.10'N, 109°45.31'E, 21.XI.2020, Xiaoxiang Wu, Bin Deng & Zehua He leg., by light trap, cer1089.

Paratypes (4♂8♀). China • Hainan Island: 1♂, same data as the holotype, cer1089-1 • 1♀, Limushan National Forest Park: Management Committee East 610 m Mountain Rotten Wood, alt. 817 m, 19°10.61'N, 109°44.86'E, 19.XI.2020, Xiaoxiang Wu, Bin Deng & Zehua He leg., by light trap, cer1085 • 1♀, Village southeast 186 m by the stream, alt. 647 m, 19°10.46'N, 109°44.58'E, 19.XI.2020, Xiaoxiang Wu, Bin Deng & Zehua He leg., by light trap, cer1080 • 1♀, near mountain stream, 628 m east Limushan management building, alt. 817 m, 19°10.62'N, 109°44.87'E, 19.XI.2020, Xiaoxiang Wu, Bin Deng & Zehua He leg., by light trap, cer1081 • 1♀, nearby small hydropower station on Limuling Mountain, alt. 666 m, 19°10.46'N, 109°44.58'E, 19.XI.2020, Xiaoxiang Wu, Bin Deng & Zehua He leg., by light trap, cer1090 • 2♀, near a stream, 815 m northwest Xue’ershanfang hotel, alt. 686 m, 19°10.45'N, 109°43.95'E, 20.XI.2020, Xiaoxiang Wu, Bin Deng & Zehua He leg., by light trap, cer1082, cer1082-1 • 1♀, a valley, 5 km away from Limu Temple, alt. 582 m, 19°9.00'N, 109°45.20'E, 20.XI.2020, Xiaoxiang Wu, Bin Deng & Zehua He leg., by light trap, cer1079 • 1♀, near a valley, 500 m away from Limu Temple, alt. 585 m, 19°9.09'N, 109°45.31'E, 21.XI.2020, Xiaoxiang Wu, Bin Deng & Zehua He leg., by light trap, cer1084 • 3♂, near a valley, 4.2 km away from Limu Temple, alt. 567 m, 19°8.99'N, 109°45.22'E, 21.XI.2020, Xiaoxiang Wu, Bin Deng & Zehua He leg., by light trap, cer1100, cer1100-1, cer1100-2.

The new species belongs to the parva group based on its wing which has a single conspicuous dark spot at the apex of vein R₃, two spermathecae without diverticula, and parameres with detached basal arms. The coloration of the wings and legs is quite similar to species of the parva group, but the males of this new species can easily be distinguished by the recurved gonostylus. The female of A. reflexuralis is very distinctive with the spermatheca having a rough surface near the neck, which is otherwise present only in A. brevis Wirth & Delfinado, 1964. These two species can be distinguished by four setae on the scutellum of A. reflexuralis.

Female. Habitus (Fig. 3A) 1.17–1.40 mm (1.38, n = 8) in length.

Figure 3. 

Alluaudomyia reflexuralis Wu & Li, sp. nov. A female, habitus in lateral view B male, habitus in lateral view C thorax of female, dorsal view D abdomen of female, dorsal view E abdomen of male, dorsal view. Scale bars: 500 μm (A, B); 200 μm (C–E).

Head brown, P/H 0.58–0.68 (0.65, n = 8). Eyes contiguous, bare. Antenna brown with darker pedicel, flagellomeres moderately long and tapering, flagellum length 0.51–0.59 mm (0.55, n = 8), AR 1.01–1.11 (1.07, n = 8). Clypeus brown with 4–6 setae. Palpus brown with segments 1–3 slightly paler; third palpal segment with a small, round sensory pit distally, length 31–37 μm (33, n = 8), PR_III 2.32–2.53 (2.40, n = 8). Mandible with 8–11 teeth.

Thorax brown mottled dorsally, dark brown ventally. Scutum (Fig. 3C) dark brown with yellow anterolateral and central markings. Scutellum yellowish with dark marking at the middle, bearing 4 large setae. Postscutellum dark brown.

Wings (Fig. 4A) with a conspicuous dark spot over the apex of vein R₃ and a slim dark marking over vein R₁; all veins slightly infuscated, excepting pale r-m crossvein, part of vein R, and vein R₃; wing length 0.87–0.97 mm (0.90, n = 8), width 0.36–0.41 mm (0.39, n = 8), CR 0.52–0.56 (0.54, n = 8); macrotrichia rather sparse, present along the radial vein, margin and about apical 1/4 of wing membrane. Halter white.

Figure 4. 

Alluaudomyia reflexuralis Wu & Li, sp. nov. A wing of female B spermathecae C wing of male D thorax of female, lateral view E mid tibia of female. Scale bars: 200 μm (A, C, E); 20 μm (B); 500 μm (D).

Legs (Fig. 4D) dark brown with pale rings. Coxae and trochanters all brown, of foreleg slightly paler; all femora brown, each with a subapical pale ring, hind femur pale at base; tibiae pale at basal and subapical part, broadly brown at middle, and narrowly dark brown apically, dark area of some specimens with an additional pale marking medially or the basal pale on midtibia (Fig. 4E); tarsi yellow or yellowish except for hind tarsomere 1 dark brown. Hind tibial comb with 6–7 spines; fore- and midclaws subequal, hind claws very unequal. Tarsal ratio of foreleg TR_I 1.81–2.00 (1.90, n = 8), of midleg TR_II 2.21–2.55 (2.35, n = 8), of hind leg TR_III 2.37–2.82 (2.63, n = 8).

Abdomen (Fig. 3D). Tergites 1–5 pale with brown markings. Sternite 8 moderately sclerotized, posterior margin with a pair of broad and short triangular processes. Sternite 9 brown, strongly narrowing from lateral side to the middle part (Fig. 5B). Two spermathecae (Fig. 4B) subequal, measuring 51–60 μm (55, n = 8) by 44–49 μm (47, n = 8) and 47–49 μm (48, n = 8) by 38–44 μm (41, n = 8), pear-shaped, with short, sclerotized neck, and surface with small hyaline markings near neck.

Male. Habitus (Fig. 3B) 1.33–1.70 mm (1.52, n = 5) in length. Generally similar to female, differing as follows:

Antenna with pedicel dark brown, flagellomeres 1–10 pale brown, plumose hairs yellowish-brown, flagellomere 13 slightly shorter than flagellomere 12. Clypeus with 4 setae. Teeth absent. Wing (Fig. 4C) slim and slightly longer than in females, length 0.97–1.08 mm (0.94, n = 5), width 0.30–0.37 mm (0.33, n = 5), CR 0.46–0.48 (0.47, n = 5), and with a single conspicuous spot at the apex of cell r₂. The banding pattern of legs (Fig. 5A) is similar to female but much lighter in color, all legs with two rows of spine-like setae. Abdomen (Fig. 3E) pale, tergites 4 and 5 with brown markings; tergites 1–5 with one long seta at each side, and tergites 6–8 with two.

Figure 5. 

Alluaudomyia reflexuralis Wu & Li, sp. nov. A thorax of male, lateral view B sternites 8 and 9 of female, ventral view C male genitalia, ventral view D male genitalia with parameres and aedeagus removed, ventral view E aedeagus, ventral view F parameres, ventral view. Scale bars: 500 μm (A); 50 μm (B–D); 20 μm (E, F).

Male genitalia as Fig. 5C–F. Sternite 9 with very shallow caudomedial excavation. Tergite 9 short and broad, posterior margin almost truncated, with small apicolateral projections, cerci with scattered setae. Gonocoxite stout, bearing distinct short setae and sparse long setae; gonostylus slender, slightly recurved and pointed apically, surface smooth with sparse indistinct setae in line and two distinct subapical setae. Aedeagus (Fig. 5E) arched, basal arch low; distomedian process medium length, apex pointed, and strongly reflexed ventrally. Parameres (Fig. 5F) separate, each one with a detached basal arm broad, medial portion nearly straight, semi-embraced and tube-like, distal portion strongly curved, tapering, and pointed apically.

The name reflexuralis refers to the slightly recurved gonostylus; to be treated as an adjective.

Both the new species and the following described new species A. limu belong to the parva group, which is recorded from China for the first time. All specimens of A. reflexuralis were collected from the rainforest of Hainan Island from 567 to 817 m. The color patterns of the wings, legs of A. reflexuralis resemble that of A. limu, but the new species can easily be discriminated by the male and female genitalia. It is difficult to associate males with females for these two species just by morphological characters. DNA barcodes helped to correctly associate both sexes for these two species.

Holotype. China • Hainan Island: ♀, Qiongzhong County, Limushan Town, Limushan National Forest Park: near a stream, 815 m northwest Xue’ershanfang hotel, alt. 686 m, 19°10.45'N, 109°43.95'E, 20.XI.2020, Xiaoxiang Wu, Bin Deng & Zehua He leg., by light trap, cer1077.

Paratypes (1♂4♀). China • Hainan Island: 2♀, Limushan National Forest Park: nearby stream, 186 m southeast Leige homestay, alt. 647 m, 19°10.50'N, 109°44.57'E, 20.XI.2020, Xiaoxiang Wu, Bin Deng & Zehua He leg., by light trap, cer1076, cer1076-1 • 1♂, near mountain stream, 628 m east Limushan management building, Limushan National Forest Park, alt. 817 m, 19°10.62'N, 109°44.87'E, 20.XI.2020, Xiaoxiang Wu, Bin Deng & Zehua He leg., by light trap, cer1097 [thorax missing] • 1♀, board road, 109 m south Badao, alt. 546 m, 19°4.99'N, 109°7.41'E, 21.V.2021; Xiaoxiang Wu, Bin Deng & Zehua He leg., by light trap, cer1131 • 1♀, Changjiang County, Qicha Town, Bawangling national natural reserve: Chicken coop near Yajia hotel, alt. 470 m, 19°5.10'N, 109°7.40'E, 21.V.2021; Xiaoxiang Wu, Bin Deng & Zehua He leg., by light trap, cer1138.

The new species belongs to the parva group, as proposed for A. reflexuralis. The color pattern of A. limu mostly resembles that of A. reflexuralis but can be distinguished by its straight and apical blunted gonostylus, interior forked distomedian process of aedeagus, and straight posterior margin of sternite 9 in males and the smooth surface of the spermatheca in females.

Female. Habitus (Fig. 6A) 1.26–1.49 mm (1.36, n = 5) in length.

Figure 6. 

Alluaudomyia limu Wu & Li, sp. nov. A female, habitus in lateral view B male, habitus in lateral view C thorax of female, dorsal view D thorax of male, dorsal view. Scale bars: 500 μm (A, B); 200 μm (C, D).

Head brown, P/H 0.51–0.61 (0.57, n = 5). Eyes contiguous, bare. Antenna brownish with slightly darker pedicel, proximal flagellomeres elongate and tapering, flagellum length 0.58–0.69 mm, AR 1.02–1.10 (1.06, n = 5). Clypeus brown with 4–6 setae. Palpus brown with segments 1–3 paler; third palpal segment with a small round proximal sensory pit, length 31–37 μm (33, n = 8), PR_III 2.18–2.36 (2.28, n = 5). Mandible with 10–12 teeth.

Thorax dark brown, yellowish brown laterally. Scutum dark brown with anterolateral areas and both sides of suture slightly paler (Fig. 6C). Scutellum yellowish, dark medially, with 4 setae. Postscutellum dark brown.

Wings (Fig. 7A) with a single conspicuous dark spot over apex of vein R₃, vein infuscated except for r-m crossvein and part of veins R and R₃ whitish; wing length 1.16–1.22 mm (1.07, n = 5), width 0.46–0.56 mm (0.53, n = 5), CR 0.52–0.56 (0.53, n = 5). Halter white.

Figure 7. 

Alluaudomyia limu Wu & Li, sp. nov. A wing of female B thorax of female, lateral view C female abdomen, lateral view D sternite 9, ventral view E spermathecae. Scale bars: 200 μm (A, C); 500 μm (B); 50 μm (D, E).

Legs (Fig. 7B) most in brown with pale rings. Coxae and trochanters all brown, of coxae slightly paler; fore- and midfemur brown, each with a subapical pale ring; hind femur pale at base and with a subapical pale ring; all tibiae brown with basal and subapical pale rings, and pale rings on hind tibia wider and more distinct; fore- and midtarsi pale brown, hind tarsomere 1 brown, other tarsomeres of hind tarsi yellowish. Hind tibial comb with 6–8 spines; claws unequal, fore- and midclaws much slender than hind claws. Tarsal ratio of foreleg TR_I 1.92–2.11 (2.01, n = 5), of midleg TR_II 2.24–2.38 (2.32, n = 5), of hind leg TR_III 2.58–2.72 (2.72, n = 5).

Abdomen (Fig. 7C). Tergites with brownish markings. Sternite 9 (Fig. 7D) heavily sclerotized, divided medially, each piece narrowing to rod shape at middle, broad at both ends, with a distinct projection at the internal end. Two suborbicular spermathecae (Fig. 7E) unequal in size, measuring 50–62 μm (57, n = 5) by 44–54 μm (51, n = 5) and 43–52 μm (49, n = 5) by 41–48 μm (46, n = 5), with obvious neck.

Male. Habitus (Fig. 6B) 2.00 mm in length.

Generally similar to female, differing as follows:

Antenna with pedicel dark brown, flagellomeres 1–10 pale brown, plumose hairs yellowish-brown, flagellomeres 11–13 brown. Teeth absent. Wing with a single spot covering apex of cell r₂, with a few setae at margin. Scutum as in female but a shade darker (Fig. 6D). Legs (Fig. 6B) coloration similar to but much paler than females; foreleg more or less yellow-brown, with basal and subapical narrow pale rings of femur and tibia; mid- and hind leg pale with distal dark ends of femur and tibia. Abdomen pale, except tergites 4 and 5 with brown markings.

Male genitalia (Fig. 8A–D). Tergite 9 broad at the base, tapering apically but not pointed; cerci 1/2 as long as gonocoxite, oblong, setose. Sternite 9 moderately short, about 2 times longer than broad; both anterior and posterior margins almost straight. Gonocoxite stout with distinct short setae and sparse long setae. Gonostylus stout, nearly straight and blunt apically. Aedeagus (Fig. 8C) arched; basal arch low, with sclerotized anterior margin; two processes forked, protruding from base of distomedian process, tapering to pointed tip. Parameres (Fig. 8D) separate, each one with a broad, detached basal arm, medial portion semi-embraced, tube-like, distal portion strongly curved and tapering into a pointed apex.

Figure 8. 

Alluaudomyia limu Wu & Li, sp. nov. A male genitalia, ventral view B male genitalia with parameres and aedeagus removed, ventral view C aedeagus, ventral view D parameres, ventral view. Scale bars: 50 μm (A, B); 20 μm (C, D).

The species is named for Limu, the mother lord of the Li ethnic minority on Hainan Island.

China: Hainan Island: Qiongzhong and Changjiang County (Fig. 9).

Figure 9. 

Geographical distribution of the three new species on Hainan Island. Hainan Island is also shown in the inset in the context of southern China.

All specimens of A. limu were collected from the rainforest of Hainan Island at altitudes of 567–817 m. Males and females were associated based on DNA barcodes.