Research Article |
Corresponding author: Ilya S. Turbanov ( turba13@mail.ru ) Academic editor: Jason Dunlop
© 2022 Vasiliy B. Kolesnikov, Jana Christophoryová, Andrey A. Przhiboro, Ilya S. Turbanov.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Kolesnikov VB, Christophoryová J, Przhiboro AA, Turbanov IS (2022) The pseudoscorpions of the Caucasian Sphagnum bogs: part I. Description of Neobisium (Neobisium) adjaricum sp. nov. and redescription of the holotype of N. (N.) vilcekii Krumpál, 1983 (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Neobisiidae). ZooKeys 1100: 165-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1100.81910
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A new species of pseudoscorpions, Neobisium (Neobisium) adjaricum sp. nov., is described and diagnosed. It was collected in the Sphagnum habitats of Ispani lowland mires in Transcaucasia (Republic of Adjara, Georgia). The habitat of N. (N.) adjaricum sp. nov. is described. The holotype of N. (N.) vilcekii Krumpál, 1983, a species most similar morphologically to N. (N.) adjaricum sp. nov., known from the North Caucasus (Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Russia), is redescribed. Diagnostic characters of the relative Caucasian species of the subgenus Neobisium Chamberlin, 1930 are analysed.
Bryobiont, Georgia, mire, new species, peat bog, Russia, taxonomy, tyrphophile
Pseudoscorpions are well known to inhabit peat bogs, but the fauna of pseudoscorpions in bogs is peculiar and poor. It includes both specialised tyrphophilous bryobionts (i.e., species associated mostly with moss habitats in mires) and eurytopic species (
The Caucasus is one of the biodiversity hotspots (
The present paper is first contribution to the knowledge of pseudoscorpions inhabiting the mires of the Caucasus, based on the original material collected in the scope of ecological and faunal studies of ten bogs. A species new to science described below, Neobisium (Neobisium) adjaricum sp. nov., has been collected from Ispani 1 and Ispani 2 (Figs
The habitat of Neobisium (Neobisium) adjaricum sp. nov.: Ispani 2 bog near the town of Kobuleti (Republic of Adjara, Georgia) A general view of site 3 (10 May 2019) B Sphagnum carpet, with exact location where the holotype was collected (sample I-11) indicated by an arrow (10 May 2019). Photographs by AP.
The subgenus Neobisium Chamberlin, 1930 currently contains 119 recent and two fossil species distributed around the world (
The habitat of Neobisium (Neobisium) adjaricum sp. nov.: Ispani 1 bog near the town of Kobuleti (Republic of Adjara, Georgia) A general view of site 1 (30 April 2019) B Sphagnum hummock, with exact location where two paratypes were collected (sample I-18) indicated by an arrow (11 May 2019). Photographs by AP.
The Sphagnum bogs Ispani 1 and Ispani 2 (Figs
The bogs have an area of ca. 4.6 and 2.5 km2, respectively (
The Ispani 1 bog (Fig.
Four specimens of a new species of the subgenus Neobisium (3 ♂ and 1 ♀) were collected from the bogs Ispani 1 and Ispani 2 briefly described above. All specimens were taken from quantitative samples of substrate consisting mostly of Sphagnum, taken up to a depth of 20–30 cm from the surface. Samples were washed in sieves (the smallest mesh size 0.25 × 0.25 mm), and then macroinvertebrates were extracted by flotation in a strong solution of NaCl combined with hand-sorting of the coarse fraction (see e.g.,
For morphological examination using light microscopy, Neobisium (Neobisium) adjaricum sp. nov. was cleaned in pure lactic acid and was temporarily mounted on microscopic slides in glycerol. Some specimens were dissected for a more detailed study of the chelicerae, pedipalps and legs I and IV. The drawings were made under a Biomed 6 microscope (variant 3). The photographs of habitus were taken with a Leica MC170 HD (12MPs) digital microscope camera using the extended focus technology (Helicon Focus 7.7.4). After the study, each specimen including the dissected body parts was returned to the vial containing 85% ethanol.
The holotype of N. (N.) vilcekii, deposited in the zoological collection of the Slovak National Museum (
The type material of N. (N.) adjaricum sp. nov. is deposited in the following collections: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg (
The measurements were made with an ocular micrometre using the reference points proposed by
Morphological terminology follows
as, bs, es, gs, is, ls, sbs cheliceral setae;
dat dorsal accessory tooth on pedal tarsus IV;
fa retrolateral lyrifissure of fixed chelal finger;
fb dorsoretrolateral lyrifissure of fixed chelal finger;
fd dorsodistal lyrifissure of fixed chelal finger;
m microsetae;
ma1, ma2, ma3 retrolateral lyrifissures of movable chelal finger;
pc coupled sensillum;
T tactile seta;
tis teeth under interior seta is of chelicera.
b basal trichobothrium;
eb external basal trichobothrium;
esb external sub-basal trichobothrium;
est external sub-terminal trichobothrium;
et external terminal trichobothrium;
ib internal basal trichobothrium;
isb internal sub-basal trichobothrium;
ist internal sub-terminal trichobothrium;
it internal terminal trichobothrium;
sb sub-basal trichobothrium;
st sub-terminal trichobothrium;
t terminal trichobothrium.
Genus Neobisium Chamberlin, 1930
Holotype. ♂ (
Paratypes. 1 ♂ (
Carapace with moderately long and apically rounded epistome; two pairs of eyes present, lenses of posterior eyes with low convexity; movable cheliceral finger without large median tooth; pedipalpal femur and patella smooth (sometimes very rare and weak granules on outer side of femur); chelal hand with faint reticulate ornament; notch on median side of patella reaching almost middle of patellar club length; movable finger distinctly longer than hand+ but almost equal to femur in length; trichobothrium ist situated distal to middle of fixed chelal finger; distal half of fixed chelal finger with teeth almost equal in size and shape; anterolateral process of coxa of leg I pointed and slightly enlarged, its mediolateral process slightly prominent, denticulate; sternite II with 5 setae; pedipalpal femur 4.5–5.1× as long as broad (0.77–1.00/0.15–0.22), chelal hand+ 1.62 × as long as broad (0.62–0.71/0.38–40); movable chelal finger length 0.79–0.95.
♂ and ♀. Coloration: carapace distinctly darker than tergite I and slightly paler than pedipalp; pedipalpal segments uniformly coloured.
Carapace (Figs
Neobisium (Neobisium) adjaricum sp. nov., holotype male A carapace, dorsal view B coxae of pedipalp and legs I–IV, ventral view C sternites II–IV, ventral view D male genitalia, ventral view E right leg IV (without trochanter), dorsal view F sub-terminal seta on pedal tarsus IV. Abbreviation: dat – dorsal accessory tooth. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A–C, E); 0.1 mm (D, F).
Tergites weakly sclerotised; all setae simple; tergite X with 2 (2–4) pseudotactile and 2 tactile setae; tergite XI with 4 tactile setae; chaetotaxy: 6:9:11:11:11:12:12:13:11:4T2T4:T2T2T2T:2 (6:8–9:10–11:11–12:11:12:11:10–12:11:4T1–2T4:T2T2T2T:2).
Sternites entirely smooth, weakly sclerotised; anterior operculum of males with 5 and posterior operculum of males with 17 (16–17) setae, of which 7 (6–7) setae located close to genital aperture (Fig.
Internal genitalia with moderately long lateral and median genital sacs, median sac wrinkled, same length as lateral sacs; genital opening with 4+4 internal setae (Fig.
Pleural membrane granulated. Chelicera (Figs
Neobisium (Neobisium) adjaricum sp. nov., holotype male (A–D) and paratype male (E, F) A left chela, dorsal view B right chela, lateral view C right pedipalp (without chela), dorsal view D left chelicera, dorsal view E fixed finger of left chelicera, partial dorsal view F movable finger of left chelicera, partial dorsal view. Abbreviations: trichobothria on fixed chelal finger: eb – exterior basal, esb – exterior sub-basal, est – exterior sub-terminal, et – exterior terminal, ib – interior basal, isb – interior sub-basal, ist – interior sub-terminal, it – interior terminal; trichobothria on movable chelal finger: b – basal, sb – sub-basal, st – sub-terminal, t – terminal; gs – galeal seta; pc – coupled sensilla. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A–C); 0.1 mm (D–F).
Coxae (Fig.
Pedipalp (Figs
Neobisium (Neobisium) adjaricum sp. nov., holotype male, light microscope images A distal part of left pedal tarsus IV, dorsal view B basal part of pedipalpal patella, dorsal view C epistome, dorsal view D surface of chelal hand, dorsal view E basal part of right chelal fixed finger, lateral view F part of left chelicera (part), dorsal view G part of chelal fingers, lateral view H surface of carapace, dorsal view I pedicel of chela, lateral view J right eyes, dorsal view. Abbreviations: trichobothria on fixed chelal finger: eb – exterior basal, esb – exterior sub-basal, isb – interior sub-basal; trichobothria on movable chelal finger: st – sub-terminal; dat – dorsal accessory tooth; fa, fb – lyrifissures; gs, ls, is, sbs – cheliceral setae; pc – coupled sensilla; tis – tooth close to seta is on chelicera; arrows show glandular pores. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
Trichobothriotaxy: fixed finger with 8 trichobothria, movable finger with 4 trichobothria; fixed finger with trichobothria esb and eb located close to each other and slightly proximal to ib, with isb on retrolateral surface, with ib closer to isb than to esb (in lateral and dorsal views), trichobothrium ist distinctly closer to est than to isb, distance ist–est similar to distance est–it, but less than twice as long as distance est–et in lateral view, trichobothrium ist situated distal to middle of finger (T = 0.57–0.60), ist located distinctly proximal to t, et located posterior to it, at approximately the same distance between est and it (in lateral and dorsal views), ist situated distal to middle of finger; movable finger with trichobothrium st situated slightly closer to t than to sb, trichobothrium sb slightly closer to b than to st (at almost equal distances), distance b–sb almost equal to distance st–t.
Legs (Figs
Sexual dimorphism not pronounced. Measurements: body length 2.95 (2.87–2.90); carapace 0.65/0.82 (0.64–0.65/0.72–0.77); chelicera 0.45/0.24 (0.40–0.50/0.22–0.26), movable finger of chelicera 0.28 (0.26–0.30); pedipalp: trochanter 0.40/0.20 (0.37–0.40/0.20–0.25), femur 0.90/0.20 (0.77–1.00/0.15–0.20), patella 0.63/0.24 (0.50–0.60/0.20–0.23), chela+ 1.52 (1.40–1.55), chela- 1.48 (1.34–1.50), hand+ 0.65/0.40 (0.62–0.71/0.38–0.40), hand- 0.61 (0.60–0.65), movable finger 0.86 (0.79–0.95); leg I: trochanter 0.18/0.15 (0.18–0.22/0.15), femur 0.40/0.10 (0.40–0.55/0.09–0.10), patella 0.33/0.10 (0.27–0.33/0.08–0.10), tibia 0.33/0.08 (0.30–0.35/0.07–0.08), metatarsus 0.24/0.08 (0.22–0.25/0.07–0.08), tarsus 0.30/0.07 (0.28–0.30/0.07); leg IV: trochanter 0.40/0.15 (0.40/0.18), femur 0.36/0.18 (0.30–0.40/0.17–0.20), patella 0.40/0.18 (0.37–0.50/0.18–0.19), femur+patella 0.76 (0.67–0.90), tibia 0.60/0.10 (0.58–0.70/0.10–0.11), metatarsus 0.30/0.08 (0.30–0.33/0.08), tarsus 0.40/0.07 (0.38–0.46/0.07–0.08).
The new species is most similar to N. (N.) vilcekii and N. (N.) speleophilum to the following characters: tarsal claw IV with dorsal accessory tooth, palpal femur without granulate, trichobothrium ist located distinctly proximal to t. The new species differs from N. (N.) vilcekii in the following characters: shorter pedipalpal femur (0.77–1.00 vs. 1.35–1.72 in N. (N.) vilcekii), shorter hand+ (0.62–0.71 vs. 1.07–1.45) and movable finger (0.79–0.95 vs. 1.32–1.57), higher ratio of length of movable finger to hand+ (1.27–1.33 × vs. 1.06–1.23 ×), lower ratio of length to width of chelal hand+ (1.62–1.77 × vs. 1.81–2.15 ×), longer epistome (moderately long vs. short), smaller number of setae on sternite II (5 vs. 10–15), longer anterolateral process on coxa I (0.06/0.04 vs. 0.04/0.05), smaller number of setae on pedipalpal and leg coxae (see Table
Numbers of setae on the coxae of some species of the subgenus Neobisium from the Caucasus and adjacent territories.
Species | Pedipalpal coxa (including manducatory process) | Manducatory process of pedipalpal coxae | Coxa I | Coxa II | Coxa III | Coxa IV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N. (N.) adjaricum sp. nov. | 11–12 | 4 | 5–6 | 6–8 | 7 | 10–11 |
N. (N.) anatolicum | 9 | 4 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 11 |
N. (N.) artaxerxesi | 10–13 | 5 | 5–7 | 5–6 | 4–6 | 9–13 |
N. (N.) catherineae | 12 | 4 | 6–7 | 6 | 5–6 | 7–8 |
N. (N.) crassifemoratum | 8–9 | 3 | 7–9 | 7–8 | 5–6 | 9–11 |
N. (N.) golovatchi | 5–7 | 4 | 4–7 | 4–5 | 3–5 | 9–10 |
N. (N.) kamenskyi | 9 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 8 |
N. (N.) kobachidzei | 10–12 | 4 | 6–7 | 7 | 7 | 8–13 |
N. (N.) kovalevskayae | 13 | 5 | 6–9 | 6 | 5–7 | 6–8 |
N. (N.) speleophilum | 10–12 | 4 | 6–7 | 4–5 | 4–6 | 8–10 |
N. (N.) vilcekii | 12–15 | 5 | 6–11 | 7–12 | 7–11 | 13–22 |
Known only from two adjacent Sphagnum bogs, Ispani 1 and Ispani 2, situated near the town of Kobuleti in the Republic of Adjara (Georgia).
In Ispani 1 bog, N. (N.) adjaricum sp. nov. was collected in its northwestern part (site 1), with large relatively dry hummocks (20–40 cm high, 1–2 m wide) and moist flat spaces between them (Fig.
In Ispani 2 bog, N. (N.) adjaricum sp. nov. was collected from a flat site in its (site 3; Fig.
The new species seems to be rare, considering that only 1–3 specimens were collected at each site, in 10 quantitative samples (sample size of 0.05 m2). As distinct from other pseudoscorpion species, all specimens of N. (N.) adjaricum sp. nov. were collected only from quantitative samples and no specimens were collected by other techniques (sifting, pitfall trapping, and/or rearing from substrata in the lab).
The Latin adjective adjaricum indicates that the new species is named after the Republic of Adjara (= Ajaria), Georgia, where it was discovered.
Holotype
♂ (
Carapace with short and apically rounded epistome; two pair of eyes present, lenses of posterior eyes with low convexity; movable cheliceral finger with large median tooth; pedipalpal segments smooth, covered with fine reticulate ornament; notch on median side of pedipalpal patella not extending from distal third of patellar club length; movable finger longer than hand+, but almost equal to femur in length; trichobothrium ist situated distal to middle of fixed chelal finger; distal half of fixed chelal finger with teeth almost equal in size and shape; anterolateral process of coxa of leg I pointed and relatively short, with mediolateral process slightly prominent, denticulate; sternite II with 15 setae; pedipalpal femur 4.41 × as long as broad (1.41/0.32), chelal hand+ 1.89 × as long as broad (1.19/0.63); movable chelal finger length 1.40.
♂. Coloration: carapace reddish brown, opisthosoma and legs paler.
Carapace (Figs
Tergites undivided, posterior ones damaged; all setae acuminate; chaetotaxy of tergites I–IX: 5:6:11:12:11:12:12:13:12.
Sternites undivided, posterior ones damaged; all setae acuminate; anterior operculum with 15 setae and one lyrifissure, posterior operculum with 38 setae, of which 19 located close to genital aperture and two lyrifissures (Fig.
Neobisium (Neobisium) vilcekii Krumpál, 1983, holotype male A sternites II–III, ventral view B left pedipalp (without chela), dorsal view C left chela, lateral view. Abbreviations: trichobothria on fixed chelal finger: eb – exterior basal, esb – exterior sub-basal, est – exterior sub-terminal, et – exterior terminal, ib – interior basal, isb – interior sub-basal, ist – interior sub-terminal, it – interior terminal; trichobothria on movable chelal finger: b – basal, sb – sub-basal, st – sub-terminal, t – terminal; fb – lyrifissure, pc – coupled sensilla. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Internal genitalia (Fig.
Neobisium (Neobisium) vilcekii Krumpál, 1983, holotype male, light microscope images A detail of ornamentation on carapace, dorsal view B left eyes, dorsal view C epistome, dorsal view D genitalia, ventral view E detail of pleural membrane, dorsal view F tooth close to seta it on chelicera, dorsal view G anterolateral processes on coxae of leg I, ventral view H detail of ornamentation on pedipalpal hand, dorsal view I detail of pattern on pedicel of pedipalpal hand, dorsal view J lyrifissure on fixed chelal finger, lateral view K coupled sensilla on movable fixed finger, lateral view. Abbreviations: trichobothria on fixed chelal finger: esb – exterior sub-basal, isb – interior sub-basal; trichobothria on movable chelal finger: sb – sub-basal; fb – lyrifissure, pc – coupled sensilla; tis – tooth close to seta is on chelicera. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
Pleural membrane granulated (Fig.
Coxae (Figs
Pedipalp (Figs
Trichobothriotaxy (Fig.
Legs (Fig.
Measurements: body length 3.65; carapace 0.92/1.30; chelicera 0.59/0.39, movable finger of chelicera 0.42; pedipalp: trochanter 0.69/0.34, femur 1.41/0.32, patella 1.04/0.39, chela+ 2.37, chela- 2.25, hand+ 1.19/0.63, hand- 1.06, movable finger 1.40; leg I: trochanter 0.34/0.24, femur 0.81/0.14, patella 0.57/0.14, tibia 0.64/0.11, metatarsus 0.38/0.10, tarsus 0.54/0.10; leg IV: trochanter 0.57/0.27, femur+patella 1.35/0.36, tibia 1.14/0.18, metatarsus 0.55/0.13, tarsus 0.75/0.11.
The states of several characters reported here slightly differ from those in the original description of N. (N.) vilcekii (
The holotype differs from the specimens described by
The species is known only from two localities in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania (Russia) in the North Caucasus: the type locality near Karmadon (ca. 1500 m a.s.l.), and another locality in the valley of the Terek River in the environs of Mozdok (115 m a.s.l.) that was reported by
The habitat of N. (N.) vilcekii near Karmadon is unclear (
Various characters are used in the taxonomy of species belonging to the subgenus Neobisium (genus Neobisium), but the value of some characters is questionable. For example,
We have ascertained that the males of two closely related species, N. (N.) vilcekii and N. (N.) adjaricum sp. nov., among other things, markedly differ in the number of setae on the sternite II (10–15 vs. 5). The same number of these setae is observed in all males of the type series of N. (N.) adjaricum sp. nov. Furthermore, the relative position of these setae is the same in all three males of the new species. The only female of N. (N.) adjaricum sp. nov. has 6 setae on ist sternite II. Variability number of setae on male sternite II was observed in some other Caucasian species of the subgenus, for example, in N. (N.) catherineae (9–10), N. (N.) speleophilum (11–12), N. (N.) kovalevskayae (8–9), N. (N.) artaxerxesi (8–9), N. (N.) golovatchi (11–14), and N. (N.) crassifemoratum (11–13) (
The variation reported in the above-mentioned species does not take into account possible differences between males and females. In this regard, it is possible to state that number of setae on male sternite II is stable enough to distinguish species, with some variability being possible. It should be noted that none of the 13 specimens of N. (N.) vilcekii collected from the floodplain of the Terek River had 15 setae on the sternite II (as was the case with the holotype of the same species), but all had between 10 and 14 setae (
In contrast, the number of setae on the carapace (anterior and posterior rows) in the type specimens of N. (N.) adjaricum sp. nov. varies noticeably, i.e., 4 or 6 in the anterior row (microsetae present or absent), 6, 7, or 9 in the posterior row. Variability in the number of setae in the posterior row was previously observed in some species in the subgenus Neobisium, i.e., N. (N.) carcinoides (4–10), N. (N.) kovalevskayae (5–6) and N. (N.) artaxerxesi (7–9) (
Examination of the type series of N. (N.) adjaricum sp. nov. also demonstrated relative stability of the shape and position of teeth on the chelicera, primarily the presence or absence of the large median tooth/teeth on the movable finger. In this character, N. (N.) adjaricum sp. nov. clearly differs from N. (N.) vilcekii, which only sometimes possesses a small median tooth on the movable finger (
The position of the sensillum pc is rarely mentioned descriptions of species belonging to the subgenus Neobisium. Recently the position of pc in relation to trichobothria on the movable chelal finger is considered a character for distinguishing species in some families of pseudoscorpions (e.g., Chthoniidae) (
We have demonstrated that N. (N.) adjaricum sp. nov. and N. (N.) vilcekii noticeably differ in the number of setae on the coxae of pedipalps and legs, as well as in the number of setae on the pedipalpal manducatory process. Although these numbers partially overlap (i.e., minimum values for one species with maximum ones for another), the upper and lower limits of variation strongly differ. In Table
An isolated tooth tis is present close to the interior seta of the chelicera in N. (N.) adjaricum sp. nov. and the holotype of N. (N.) vilcekii. Other researchers did not mention the presence of this tooth for Neobisium s. str., including
The authors would like to thank Vladimír Janský (Slovak National Museum, Bratislava) for loaning the type material of N. (N.) vilcekii for redescription. Special thanks are due to Alica Christophoryová for technical assistance with the figures of N. (N.) vilcekii. The authors are grateful to Dmitry Philippov (Papanin Institute of Biology of Inland Waters, Borok) and Galina Doroshina (Komarov Botanical Institute, Saint Petersburg) for the help in the identification of phanerogams and mosses, respectively. We would like to thank Srećko Ćurčić (University of Belgrade, Serbia) and an anonymous reviewer for valuable and constructive comments which improved the quality of the paper. Andrey Przhiboro is grateful to Yulia Dunaeva for her help in the fieldwork on Ispani mires. The fieldwork was performed according to the permit N 1468 issued by the Agency of the Protected Areas of Georgia.
The research of JC was financially supported by VEGA Grant 1/0704/20 and by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under Contract No. APVV-19-0076; the research of VK was supported by Project No. 19-14-00004 by the Russian Science Foundation, awarded to P.B. Klimov. The study of IT was carried out within the framework of State Assignment No. 121051100109-1, while the work of AP was conducted within the framework of State Assignment No. 122031100274-7.