Research Article |
Corresponding author: K. J. David ( davidkj.nbaii@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Marc De Meyer
© 2022 K. J. David, D. L. Hancock, K. Sachin, R. G. Gracy, S. Salini.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
David KJ, Hancock DL, Sachin K, Gracy RG, Salini S (2022) Two new species of Platensina Enderlein (Diptera, Tephritidae, Tephritinae, Dithrycini) from India. ZooKeys 1092: 123-146. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1092.80645
|
Two new species of Platensina Enderlein, P. rabbanii David & Hancock, sp. nov., and P. flavistigma David & Hancock, sp. nov., are described from Meghalaya and southern India, respectively. Platensina rabbanii can be differentiated from P. alboapicalis Hering by the presence of a single hyaline indentation in cell r1 and the apical hyaline band in cell r2+3 restricted to the apex; P. flavistigma differs from P. quadrula Hardy by the presence of a yellow/fulvous pterostigma and shape of the epandrium. DNA barcode sequences of P. acrostacta (Wiedemann), P. flavistigma and P. platyptera Hendel were obtained and reported. Postabdominal descriptions and illustrations of P. acrostacta, P. platyptera and P. zodiacalis (Bezzi) are also provided along with keys to all 23 species and the 7 known from India.
Identification key, Ludwigia, Meghalaya, Onagraceae, Platensinina, south India
Platensina Enderlein is predominantly an Oriental and Australasian genus with 24 species recognized by
Specimens studied are deposited in the National Insect Museum, ICAR – National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, India (NIM).
Collections were done by sweep netting. Images of specimens were taken using a Leica DFC 420 camera mounted on a Leica M205A stereo zoom microscope; images of genitalia were taken using an 8 MP camera temporarily attached to a Leica DM 1000 compound research microscope; the images were stacked and combined to a single image using Combine ZP (
One hind leg was removed from one specimen of each of three species and used for DNA extraction. The DNA extraction was performed using a DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen India Pvt. Ltd.) following the manufacturers’ instruction. For the molecular study, the standard DNA barcoding region of the mitochondrial COI gene was sequenced and the PCR was performed using the Universal COI primers (LCO1490/HCO2198) (
The pairwise genetic distance between three species of Platensina viz., P. acrostacta, P. platyptera and P. flavistigma has been calculated using mitochondrial COI gene sequences. Analyses were conducted using the Maximum Composite Likelihood model (
Platensina Enderlein, 1911: 454. Type species: Platensina sumbana Enderlein.
Tephrostola Bezzi, 1913: 153. Type species: Trypeta acrostacta Wiedemann.
Medium-sized flies (4–5 mm long), with frons as wide as long, three frontal setae, two orbital setae, well developed ocellar setae. First flagellomere shorter than face, with short-pilose arista, face usually fulvous, black in males of a few species. Scutum grey pubescent with yellow-white reclinate setulae; scutellum flat with one or two pairs of setae, apical pair less than half length of basal setae or absent. Wing broad, often distinctly angled along posterior margin, dark brown with hyaline indentations and subhyaline spots. Abdomen predominantly black with fulvous lateral regions. Epandrium broad, without demarcation between epandrium and lateral surstylus, lateral surstylus broad, epandrium elongate-oval in posterior view; medial surstylus with well sclerotised prensisetae (lateral one broader than medial one), proctiger not higher than epandrium, glans of phallus stout, with single sclerotised acrophallus. Taeniae short (0.25 of eversible membrane); spicules on eversible membrane conical; aculeus dorsoventrally flattened, tip conical, with reduced preapical setae; spermathecae club-shaped, with numerous papillae.
1 | Apex of wing hyaline from middle of cell r2+3 to cell cua (Fig. |
P. rabbanii David & Hancock sp. nov. |
– | Wing with a hyaline spot restricted to apex of cell r4+5 (e.g. Figs |
2 |
2 | Wing with discal spots small and often indistinct or subhyaline; cell r1 with 0–2 small hyaline indentations from costa in basal portion beyond stigma, often not crossing cell; cell cua with 3 small, isolated hyaline marginal spots and with or without additional small, isolated discal spots; holotype illustrated by |
P. tetrica Hering, 1939 |
– | Wing with distinct hyaline discal spots; hyaline indentations in basal portion of cell r1 with at least the basal one broad and crossing into cell r2+3; cell cua with 2–3 hyaline marginal indentations, the basal pair usually elongate but often divided medially into 2 separate spots | 3 |
3 | Wing (Figs |
4 |
– | Wing markings not as above (Figs |
5 |
4 | Face black in male, yellow in female; wing (Figs |
P. acrostacta (Wiedemann, 1824) |
– | Face yellow in both sexes; wing with basal spot in cell dm distinctly larger than apical spot and crossing or almost crossing cell; basal hyaline indentation in cell cua much smaller than second indentation or broadly divided medially into 2 small spots; holotype illustrated by |
P. fulvifacies Hering, 1941 |
5 | Wing (Fig. |
P. flavistigma David & Hancock, sp. nov. |
– | Wing (Figs |
6 |
6 | Scutellum with apical and basal setae | P. platyptera Hendel, 1915 |
– | Scutellum with only basal setae | P. zodiacalis (Bezzi, 1913) |
Modified from
1 | Wing broad and almost circular beyond basal third, apex evenly rounded and entirely dark, without hyaline discal or marginal spots or indentations except for pair of small costal spots at bases of pterostigma and cell r1 adjacent to apices of veins Sc and R1, respectively; illustrated by |
P. bezzii Hardy, 1974 |
– | Wing often broad but distinctly longer than wide, apex at least slightly produced and with at least a hyaline apical spot in cell r4+5; usually with hyaline discal and marginal spots or indentations | 2 |
2 | Wing (Fig. |
3 |
– | Wing (Figs |
7 |
3 | Male wing without hyaline spots or indentations apart from small marginal indentation in cell r1 at apex of vein R1 and crescentic hyaline apex; female wing with crescentic hyaline apex plus hyaline marginal spots and indentations and subbasal hyaline spot in cell dm but no spot near base of cell r4+5; illustrated by |
P. nigripennis Wang, 1998 |
– | Male wing (where known) with one broad or 2 narrow marginal hyaline indentations in cell r1 near apex of vein R1 and often a spot near base of cell r4+5; female wing (where known) with hyaline medial spot close to line of crossvein r-m and often a spot near base of cell r4+5 | 4 |
4 | Wing of both sexes without hyaline spot near base of cell r4+5 and hyaline apex in cell m separate from the 2 hyaline marginal spots; hyaline marginal indentation in cell r1 broad and rectangular in male, divided into elongate indentation and 2 small round spots in female; male illustrated by |
P. parvipuncta Malloch, 1939 |
– | Wing of both sexes (where known) with hyaline spot near base of cell r4+5; apex with hyaline band in cell m enclosing one or both marginal spots, leaving no more than a single separate marginal spot; hyaline indentation from costa in cell r1 not as above | 5 |
5 | Male unknown; female posterior to vein R4+5 with spots in cells r4+5 (1, at base), bm (1, near apex), dm (1, near middle), m (1 marginal near apex of vein CuA), cua (3, 2 basal and 1 near middle) and anal lobe (1); not illustrated [Taiwan] | P. apicalis Hendel, 1915 |
– | Female unknown; male with 1 or 2 hyaline indentations in cell r1 near apex of vein R1 and 1 or no hyaline marginal spots in cell m near apex of vein CuA separate from the apical hyaline area, large hyaline spots at base of cell r1 and at basal third of cell dm, and 2 elongate marginal indentations in cell cua [India and Burma] | 6 |
6 | Wing in cell r1 with 2 hyaline indentations near apex of vein R1; cell m with one hyaline marginal spot in addition to apical hyaline area; cell cua with hyaline marginal indentations reaching or almost reaching vein CuA; illustrated by |
P. alboapicalis Hering, 1938 |
– | Wing (Fig. |
P. rabbanii David & Hancock, sp. nov. |
7 | Wing with cell c and basal two-thirds of pterostigma hyaline; hyaline marginal spots (including 2 in cell m1 and 3 in cell cua) present but pale discal spots absent; head with 1–2 pairs of frontal setae; illustrated by |
P. amita Hardy, 1974 |
– | Wing with cell c not entirely hyaline and pterostigma with at most a hyaline basal spot; both hyaline marginal and pale discal spots usually present; head with 3 pairs of frontal setae | 8 |
8 | One pair of scutellar setae, apicals absent; illustrated by |
P. zodiacalis (Bezzi, 1913) |
– | Two pairs of scutellar setae, apicals present | 9 |
9 | Wing cell r2+3 with 2 narrow marginal hyaline spots or indentations; marginal hyaline indentations in cell r1 close to apex of vein R1 normally reduced in cell r2+3 to isolated spots in yellowish field; illustrated by |
P. ampla de Meijere, 1914 |
– | Wing cell r2+3 with 0–1 narrow marginal hyaline spots or indentations; marginal hyaline indentations in cell r1 close to apex of vein R1 present or reduced in cell r2+3 but not reduced to isolated spots in a yellowish field | 10 |
10 | Wing with single large marginal hyaline indentation in cell r1 close to apex of vein R1 that extends across cell r2+3 and is aligned with posterior indentation in cell cua that crosses cell; cell m with single hyaline marginal spot placed close to apex of vein CuA; illustrated by |
P. aptata Hardy, 1974 |
– | Wing with 2 marginal hyaline indentations in cell r1 close to apex of vein R1, the distal one sometimes reduced and largely united with basal one, sometimes both reduced to small marginal spots or single indistinct pale area; cells m and cua not both with a single hyaline marginal spot or band | 11 |
11 | Wing cell m with 3 hyaline marginal spots or indentations | 12 |
– | Wing cell m with at most 2 hyaline marginal spots or indentations | 13 |
12 | Wing cell dm with 3 rounded hyaline spots; cell m with 2 hyaline spots in anterobasal quarter; illustrated by |
P. trimaculata Hardy & Drew, 1996 |
– | Wing cell dm with 2 rounded hyaline spots; cell m with 1 hyaline spot in anterobasal quarter; illustrated by |
P. assimilis (Shiraki, 1968) |
13 | Wing cell r4+5 with very small apical hyaline spot; illustrated by |
P. sumbana Enderlein, 1911 |
– | Wing cell r4+5 with large apical hyaline spot filling all or most of cell apex | 14 |
14 | Wing cell r1 with 2 large and quadrate hyaline indentations, distal one broader than wide, plus subapical posterior spot not reaching costa; cell m with 2 elongate hyaline indentations, the anterior one much smaller and narrower than the posterior one; cell cua with 3 broad hyaline indentations, the basal pair crossing or almost crossing cell, plus basally with extension of large hyaline mark in anal lobe; male with distinct white or silvery parafacial stripes (females unknown) | 15 |
– | Wing markings not as above, distal hyaline indentation in cell r1 narrower than wide and/or one or both marks often reduced or absent, subapical spot in cell r1, when present, small and marginal at costa or crossing cell, and marginal marks in cell m usually subequal in size; male without white or silvery parafacial stripes | 16 |
15 | Wing (Figs |
P. flavistigma David & Hancock, sp. nov. |
– | Wing with dark markings uniformly dark brown; pterostigma with basal spot hyaline; hyaline spot at base of cell r4+5 oval; head with parafacial stripes silvery; illustrated by |
P. quadrula Hardy, 1973 |
16 | Wing cell r2+3 without small and narrow marginal spot posterior to apex of vein R2+3 and pterostigma without hyaline basal spot; cell m with 1 small semicircular marginal hyaline spot near apex of vein CuA | 17 |
– | Wing cell r2+3 with small and narrow marginal spot below apex of vein R2+3 and pterostigma often with hyaline basal spot; cell m usually with 2 small and often elongate marginal hyaline spots | 18 |
17 | Face largely black in male, yellow in female; basal spot in cell dm not distinctly larger than apical spot and not crossing or almost crossing cell; hyaline indentations in cell cua of approximately equal length, almost crossing cell but basal spot sometimes narrowly divided medially; illustrated by |
P. acrostacta (Wiedemann, 1824) |
– | Face yellow in both sexes; basal spot in cell dm distinctly larger than apical spot and crossing or almost crossing cell; basal hyaline indentation in cell cua much smaller than second indentation or broadly divided medially into 2 small spots; illustrated by |
P. fulvifacies Hering, 1941 |
18 | Wing with discal spots often subhyaline or indistinct and pale brown; cell r1 often with 0–2 small hyaline indentations or spots in basal portion (especially in males) or with 2 indentations often largely fused; cell cua with 2 or 3 small and isolated hyaline marginal spots and with or without additional small and isolated discal spot | 19 |
– | Wing with discal spots normally hyaline and distinct; cell r1 with second hyaline indentation distinct and at most weakly joined to first; cell cua with 2–3 hyaline marginal indentations not all small and isolated, basal pair often almost crossing cell or medially divided into separate spots | 20 |
19 | Wing cell r1 with basal hyaline indentations often reduced to 0–2 small hyaline spots (especially in males, better developed in females); cell cua with 3 small and isolated hyaline marginal spots and with or without additional small and isolated discal spots; anal lobe with 2 distinct hyaline marginal spots; illustrated by |
P. tetrica Hering, 1939 |
– | Wing cell r1 with second hyaline indentation narrow and strap-like or fused with first indentation leaving only small dark costal spot between them; cell cua with 2 small marginal spots; anal lobe with hyaline marginal spots vestigial or absent; illustrated by |
P. euryptera (Bezzi, 1913) |
20 | Wing cell m with a small anterobasal hyaline spot and no marginal spots; cell cua with 2 undivided indentations almost crossing cell; cell r4+5 with basal spot large and ovate, much larger than the 2 distinct spots in cell dm; illustrated by |
P. intacta Hardy, 1973 |
– | Wing cell m with 2 small hyaline marginal spots; cell cua with 2 or 3 indentations, with at least the more distal of the 2 basal indentations divided medially and apical spot small or absent; cell r4+5 with basal spot small and circular, not much larger than the 2 distinct spots in cell dm | 21 |
21 | Wing evenly rounded posteriorly, not distinctly angled basal of end of vein CuA and with numerous distinct discal spots, 1–2 in cell br, 3 in cell r4+5, 1–2 in cell r4+5, 2 in cell dm and 1 anterobasally in cell m; posterior marginal spot in cell m distinctly larger and broader than anterior marginal spot; illustrated by |
P. shirouzui (Ito, 1984) |
– | Wing distinctly angled posteriorly, broadest just basal of end of vein CuA and with only 3 distinct discal spots, 1 at base of cell r4+5 and 2 in cell dm; posterior marginal spot in cell m not distinctly larger and broader than anterior marginal spot | 22 |
22 | Apical scutellar setae distinct, about half length of basals; anal lobe of wing with hyaline marginal spots vestigial or absent; posterior hyaline marginal spot in cell m narrow, elongate and perpendicular; illustrated by |
P. amplipennis (Walker, 1860) |
– | Apical scutellar setae weak, about quarter length of basals; anal lobe of wing with hyaline marginal spots round and distinct; posterior hyaline marginal spot in cell m often short and broad; illustrated by |
P. platyptera Hendel, 1915 |
India: Meghalaya, East Khasi Hills, Laitsopliah.
Holotype male, pinned. Original label: “INDIA: Meghalaya, East Khasi Hills, Laitsopliah, 17.iii.2021, Rabbani M. K.” (NIM).
This species is similar to P. alboapicalis Hering from Burma in the presence of an apical hyaline band extending from cell r2+3 to cell m1 but can be differentiated by the presence of a single hyaline indentation in cell r2+3, versus two hyaline indentations and spot in P. alboapicalis; the apical hyaline band restricted to the apical one-third of cell r2+3, versus the whole of apex of cell r2+3 in P. alboapicalis; and the hyaline indentations in cell cua ending well before vein CuA, unlike in P. alboapicalis where they almost reach vein CuA.
Male. Medium-sized fly (4.03 mm long) with broad, dark brown wing with hyaline apex.
Head
(Fig.
Thorax
(Figs
Wing
(Fig.
Abdomen
(Fig.
Male genitalia
(Figs
Female. Unknown
Meghalaya (Northeast India).
Marshy grasslands.
The species is named after the collector, Rabbani Mehaboob K. It is a noun in apposition.
Platensina quadrula:
India: Karnataka, Bangalore, Attur.
Holotype male, pinned. Original label: “INDIA: Karnataka, Bangalore, Attur, 05.ii.2020, Sachin K (NIM)”. Paratypes: India: Periyakulam, 30.iii.2012, David, K. J. (1♂ NIM); India, Tamil Nadu, Thandikudi, C.R.S, 31.iii.2012, David, K. J. (1♂ NIM).
This species is similar to P. quadrula Hardy from Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam in the presence of two broad quadrate areas in wing cell r1, an enlarged basal discal spot in cell r4+5 and large, broad hyaline indentations in cell cua. It can be differentiated by the lack of silvery facial spots and white rather than silvery parafacial stripes in males, as well as the angulate posterior wing margin, pterostigma predominantly fulvous/yellow and pale brown, and epandrium of uniform width throughout its length, whereas in P. quadrula the parafacial is silvery rather than white and facial silvery spots are present lateroventrally in males, the wing is evenly rounded posteriorly, the pterostigma is hyaline basally and dark brown apically, and the epandrium tapers apically. This species was mistakenly listed as P. quadrula from India by
Male. Medium-sized fly (4.10–4.99 mm long) with broad, angulate wing with fulvous markings (Figs
Head
(Figs
Thorax
(Figs
Wing
(Fig.
Abdomen
(Fig.
Male genitalia. Epandrium broad, lateral surstylus as broad as epandrium (Fig.
Female. Unknown
The specific name is derived from two Latin words flavus (=yellow) and stigma (=ptersotigma).
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu (southern India).
NCBI GenBank accession number – MT019893 (1♂, India: Karnataka, Bangalore, Attur, 17.v.2018, Prabhu, G.)
Tephritis acrostacta Wiedemann, 1824: 54. Type locality: India-orientali [east India].
Ensina guttata Macquart, 1843: 387. Type locality Coromandel coast, Tamil Nadu, India.
Trypeta stellata Walker, 1849: 1030. Type locality North Bengal, India.
Trypeta voneda Walker, 1849: 1028. Type locality ‘Bahia, Brazil’ [recte Bengal, India].
India: 1♂, Karnataka, Tumkur, Kunigal, 05.iv.2013, Prabhu G. “leg”; 1♂, Karnataka, Bengaluru, Hebbal, 28.xi.2014, Prabhu G. “leg”; 1♂, Karnataka, Bengaluru, Attur, 24.iii.2016, Prabhu G. “leg”; India. 1♀, Karnataka, Chikkaballapur, 12.iv.2016, Prabhu G. “leg”; 1♂,1♀ Karnataka, Bengaluru, Attur, 16.v.2017, Prabhu G. “leg”; 1♂,1♀, Karnataka, Bengaluru, Attur, 20.vi.2017, Prabhu G. “leg”; 1♀, Karnataka, Bengaluru, Attur, 04.vii.2017, Prabhu G. “leg”; 1♂, Karnataka, Bengaluru, Attur, 07.ii.2018, Prabhu G. “leg”; 1♀, Karnataka, Bengaluru, Attur, 21.iii.2018, Prabhu G. “leg”; 1♂,1♀, Karnataka, Bengaluru, Attur, 24.iv.2018, Prabhu G. “leg”; 1♂, Karnataka, Bengaluru, Hebbal, 03.v.2018, Prabhu G. “leg”; 1♂,1♀, Karnataka, Bengaluru, Attur, 17.v.2018, Prabhu G. “leg”; 2♀, Karnataka, Bengaluru, Attur, 24.v.2018, Prabhu G. “leg”; 1♂, Karnataka, Bengaluru, Attur, 14.vi.2018, Prabhu G. “leg”; 1♂, Karnataka, Bengaluru, Attur, 14.x.2019, Sachin K. “leg”; 1♂, Kerala, Kasargod, C.P.C.R.I, 17.ii.2015, Prabhu, G.”leg”, 1♀,1♂, Tamil Nadu, Periyakulam, 30.iii.2012, David, K.J.”leg”, 1♂, Tamil Nadu, Thandikudi, C.R.S, 01.iv.2012, David, K.J. “leg”(NIM).
(Figs
This species is known from India (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala) and Sri Lanka to Cambodia (
NCBI GenBank accession number – MT019891 (1♂, India: Karnataka, Bangalore, Attur, 29.v.2019, Sachin, K.).
Platensina fulvifacies Hering, 1941: 71. Type locality Lonaula, Maharashtra, India.
This species is similar to P. acrostacta but can be differentiated primarily by the yellow face in males and larger basal spot in cell dm. Specimens were not available for study but photographs of both sexes have been examined: 2♂, 2♀, India: Rajasthan, Jodhpur District, 10 km SW Jodhpur, Machia Safari Pk, Malaise in dry wash 29.II–5.III.2008, 300 m, 26°18.60'N, 72°58.71'E (in California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA).
This endemic Indian species is known only from Maharashtra and Rajasthan.
Platensina platyptera Hendel, 1915: 461. Type locality Taihorin, Taiwan.
Platensina malaita Curran, 1936: 29. Type locality Tai Lagoon, Malaita, Solomon Is.
Platensina dubia Malloch, 1939: 459. Type locality Gordonvale, Qld, Australia.
Platensina amplipennis: authors, nec Walker, 1860. Misidentifications.
India: 1♀, Karnataka, Bengaluru, G.K.V.K, 02.ii.2012, David K.J. “leg”; 1♂, A&N Islands, Middle Andamans, Kadamtala, 09.iii.2012, David, K.J. “leg”; 1♀, Karnataka, Mandya, Maddur, 09.i.2013, David, K.J. “leg”; 1♀, Karnataka, Uttara Kannada, Dandeli, 15.i.2015, Rajesh S. “leg”; 1♀, Meghalaya, Mawlynnong Road, 12.x.2019, David, K.J. “leg” (NIM).
(Figs
Epandrium (Fig.
Oviscape 0.99 mm long, dark brown, conical, dorsoventrally flattened (Fig.
This species is widespread from India (Kerala, Karnataka, Meghalaya, Andaman and Nicobar Islands) to Japan and Australasia (
NCBI GenBank accession number – MW448367 (1♂, India: Kerala, Kannur, Aaralam, 13.i.2020, David, K. J.).
Platensina tetrica Hering, 1939a: 179. Type locality Trichinopolis, Tamil Nadu, India.
Platensina fukienica Hering, 1939b: 146. Type locality Fujian, China.
This species was adequately described by
This species is known in India only from the type locality in Tamil Nadu. Elsewhere, it is known from China, Taiwan, Vietnam and West Malaysia (
Tephritis zodiacalis Bezzi, 1913: 163. Type locality Calcutta [Kolkata], India.
Platensina zodiacalis:
Platensina zodiacalis:
India: 1♂, Karnataka, Madikeri, Chettalli, 05.xi.2012, David K.J. “leg”; 1♀, Assam, Dibrugarh, 07.xi.2014, Ramesh Kumar A. “leg”; 1♂, Karnataka, Kidu, CPCRI, 19.ii. 2015, David K.J. “leg”; 1♂, Karnataka, Chettalli, C.H.E.S, 03.ii.2021, David K.J. “leg”; 1♂, Assam, Barpeta, K.V.K, 09.iii.2021, Sachin K. “leg”; 1♂, Assam, Barpeta, K.V.K, 10.iii.2021, David. K.J. “leg”; 1♀, Assam, Chirang, K.V.K, 13.iii.2021, Sachin K. “leg”; 1♂, Assam, Golpara, 14.iii.2021, Rabbani M.K. “leg” (NIM).
This species was adequately described by
Epandrium (Fig.
Oviscape 0.92 mm long, dark brown, conical, dorsoventrally flattened (Fig.
This species is widespread from India (Karnataka, Assam) and Sri Lanka to southern China and Australia (
Table
All authors except the second author are grateful to Dr M. Nagesh, Director, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, India for the facilities used in this study, and to the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (CRG/2018/003247 and CRG/2019/001619) for financial support. We thank Dr S.V. Korneyev for photographs of P. fulvifacies from Rajasthan.