Research Article |
Corresponding author: Feng Zhang ( dudu06042001@163.com ) Academic editor: Shuqiang Li
© 2016 Chi Jin, Lina Fu, Xiangchu Yin, Feng Zhang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Jin C, Fu L, Yin X, Zhang F (2016) Four new species of the genus Otacilia Thorell, 1897 from Hunan Province, China (Araneae, Phrurolithidae). ZooKeys 620: 33-55. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.620.7982
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Four new species of the genus Otacilia Thorell, 1897 are reported from Hunan Province, China: Otacilia hippocampa sp. n., Otacilia yangmingensis sp. n., Otacilia curvata sp. n., and Otacilia submicrostoma sp. n. All new species are described based on both sexes. In addition, the 55 known Otacilia species are divided into four species groups.
Description, diagnosis, etymology, morphology, taxonomy
Phrurolithidae Banks, 1892 was elevated to family rank by Ramírez (2014), consistent with the suggestion of
Otacilia Thorell, 1897 is one of the species-rich genera of the family comprising 55 species distributed in south-east Asia and east Asia. Among these Otacilia species, 35 are reported from China (
The genus Otacilia is closely related to Phrurolithus C. L. Koch, 1839, comprising 74 species mostly distributed in the holarctic region. Until now, there is no clear way to differentiate between Otacilia and Phrurolithus. The diagnostic characters provided by
While examining the collections from Hunan Province, China, some Otacilia specimens were found that differed from the currently known Otacilia species. They are identified as four new species, Otacilia hippocampa sp. n., Otacilia yangmingensis sp. n., Otacilia curvata sp. n., and Otacilia submicrostoma sp. n., and are described and illustrated here.
The terminology used follows
ALE anterior lateral eyes
AME anterior median eyes
a.s.l. above sea level
B bursa
C conductor
CD copulatory duct
CO copulatory opening
CT connecting tube
DTA dorsal tibial apophysis
E embolus
FA femoral apophysis
FD fertilization duct
GA glandular appendage
MOA median ocular area
MP median plate
PLE posterior lateral eyes
PME posterior median eyes
RTA retrolateral tibial apophysis
S spermatheca
TA tegular apophysis
Chelicerae each with two bristles (rarely with one bristle) on anterior side; leg formula: 4123 (rarely 1423); spination: femora I–II d 0–2, III–IV d 0–1, I pl 3–6, II pl 0–3; tibiae I–II usually with 6–8 pairs of ventral spines; tibia I always one more rv than pv spine and tibia II always one more pv than rv spine; metatarsi I–II usually with 3–4 pairs of ventral spines, and always one more pv than rv spine.
Male palp: femur with ventral apophysis or hump; tibia usually with single strong RTA, some species with BTA or DTA; embolus hook-shaped or needle-like, originating antero-prolaterally; tegular apophysis sclerotized or transparent, present or absent, antero-retrolaterally located; conductor membranous, well developed or absent. Female genitalia: epigynal median plate distinct or absent; vulva with pair of transparent bursae anteriorly and pair of strongly sclerotized spermathecae posteriorly.
After reviewing 59 Otacilia species (including the four new Chinese species described in this paper), the grouping was revised and the current species assigned to four groups based on assessment of
Here the male and female diagnostic characters are listed for each species group, followed by a list of all of the included Otacilia species (Table
Definition of species groups of Otacilia species, together with lists of included species (species marked with an asterisk are reported from China).
Species group name | Diagnostic Character | Included Species |
---|---|---|
armatissima | 1) Palpal organ with a distinct sclerotized TA or membranous conductor; embolus hook-shaped. 2) Epigyne with a distinct median plate, without concavity; CO slocated anteriorly or medially, higher than the spermathecae; CD (the left one from the ventral view) anti-clockwise from the CO; connecting tube usually crescent-shaped; spermathecae separated by more than half a spermatheca’s diameter. |
1) O. armatissima Thorell, 1897 2) O. bawangling Fu, Zhang & Zhu, 2010* 3) O. biarclata Fu, He & Zhang, 2015* 4) O. bicolor Jäger & Wunderlich, 2012 5) O. florifera Fu, He & Zhang, 2015* 6) O. forcipata Yang, Wang & Yang, 2013* 7) O. foveata (Song, 1990)* 8) O. fujiana Fu, Jin & Zhang, 2014* 9) O. hengshan (Song, 1990)* 10) O. jianfengling Fu, Zhang & Zhu, 2010* 11) O. kao Jäger & Wunderlich, 2012 12) O. komurai (Yaginuma, 1952)* 13) O. limushan Fu, Zhang & Zhu, 2010* 14) O. liupan Hu & Zhang, 2011* 15) O. luna (Kamura, 1994) 16) O. lynx (Kamura, 1994)* 17) O. macrospora Fu. Zhang & Zhang, 2016* 18) O. obesa Fu. Zhang & Zhang, 2016* 19) O. onoi Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 20) O. papilion Fu, Zhang & Zhang, 2016* 21) O. pyriformis Fu, Zhang & Zhang, 2016* 22) O. sinifera Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 23) O. songi 24) O. subliupan 25) O. taiwanica (Hayashi & Yoshida, 1993)* 26) O. truncata Dankittipakul & Singtripop, 2014 27) O. yangi Zhang, Fu & Zhu, 2009* 28) O. hippocampa sp. n.* 29) O. yangmingensis sp. n.* |
ambon | 1) Palpal organ without a distinct TA; the bulb is not pyriform but oval; embolus claw-like. 2) Epigyne without median plate and concavity; Cos located posterior, lower than the spermathecae; spermathecae well separated from each other by more than three spermatheca’s diameter. |
1) O. ambon Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 2) O. revoluta (Yin et al., 2004)* |
longituba | 1) Palpal organ without a distinct TA; conductor well developed or degenerated; embolus needle-like. 2) Epigyne without median plate and concavity; Cos located medially, higher than the spermathecae; CD (the left one from the ventral view) straight or slightly clockwise from the CO; spermathecae close together or separated by less than half a spermatheca’s diameter. |
1) O. bifurcata Dankittipakul & Singtripop, 2014 2) O. christae Jäger & Wunderlich, 2012 3) O. flexa Fu, Zhang & Zhang, 2016* 4) O. longituba Wang, Zhang & Zhang, 2012* 5) O. loriot Jäger & Wunderlich, 2012 6) O. microstoma 7) O. mingsheng Yang, Wang & Yang, 2013* 8) O. mira Fu, Zhang & Zhang, 2016* 9) O. mustela Kamura, 2008 10) O. namkhan Jäger & Wunderlich, 2012 11) O. parva Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 12) O. simianshan Zhou, Wang & Zhang, 2013* 13) O. vangvieng Jäger & Wunderlich, 2012 14) O. zebra Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 15) O. curvata sp. n.* 16) O. submicrostoma sp. n.* |
pseudostella | 1) Palpal organ without a distinct TA; an apophysis present near embolic base (PEA); embolus needle-like. 2) Epigyne without indistinct median plate, but with a pair of shallow concavities; Cos located anteriorly or medially, higher than the spermathecae; spermathecae separated by more than one spermatheca’s diameter. |
1) O. acuta Fu, Zhang & Zhang, 2016* 2) O. aurita Fu, Zhang & Zhang, 2016* 3) O. digitata Fu, Zhang & Zhang, 2016* 4) O. leibo Fu, Zhang & Zhang, 2016* 5) O. ovata Fu, Zhang & Zhang, 2016* 6) O. pseudostella Fu, Jin & Zhang, 2014* 7) O. stella Kamura, 2005 8) O. vulpes (Kamura, 2001) 9) O. zhangi Fu, Jin & Zhang, 2014* |
the others | 1) O. luzonica (Simon, 1898) 2) O. papilla Dankittipakul & Singtripop, 2014 3) O. paracymbium Jager & Wunderlich, 2012* |
Holotype ♂, China, Hunan Province: Dao County, Qingtang Town, Dajiangyuan Village, Mt. Jiucailing (25°27'37.678"N, 111°21'12.499"E), 448 m a.s.l., 29 September 2015, Chi Jin leg. Paratypes: 2♀2♂, same data as for holotype.
The species name is taken from the Latin generic name of the seahorse, “Hippocampus”, referring to the seahorse-shaped internal ducts (copulatory duct, connecting tube and spermatheca) in the female epigyne; adjective.
The male can be distinguished from all other armatissima group species, except O. bicolor Jäger & Wunderlich, 2012, O. onoi Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 and O. truncata Dankittipakul & Singtripop, 2014, by having a long DTA and can be distinguished from these three species by the absence of conductor (Figs
Male (Fig.
Palp (Figs
Female (Fig.
Epigyne (Figs
Known only from the type locality, Hunan, China (Fig.
Holotype ♂, China, Hunan Province: Shuangpai County, Mt. Yangming, Wanshou Temple (26°06'27.490"N, 111°55'19.186"E), 1375 m a.s.l., 26 September 2015, Chi Jin leg. Paratypes: 5♀4♂, same data as for holotype; 1♂, Shuangpai County, Mt. Yangming, Hongjun Pavilion (26°04'34.924"N, 111°56'19.223"E), 1324 m a.s.l., 27 September 2015, Xiangbo Guo leg.; 1♂, Jiangyong County, Qianjiadong Town, Daboshui (25°24'25.70"N, 111°19'04.33"E), 224 m a.s.l., 3 October 2015, Jingchao He leg.
The species name refers to the holotype locality; adjective.
The male can be distinguished from all other armatissima group species, except O. macrospora Fu. Zhang & Zhang, 2016, by the RTA base with a triangular process dorsally and by the absent DTA and can be distinguished from it by the long needle-like embolus (embolus stout and hook-shaped in O. macrospora) and the thumb-shaped tegular apophysis (tegular apophysis sickle-shaped in O. macrospora) (Figs
Male (Fig.
Palp (Figs
Female (Fig.
Epigyne (Figs
Known only from the type localities, Hunan, China (Fig.
Holotype ♂, China, Hunan Province: Shuangpai County, Mt. Yangming, around the Forest Park Service (26°03'36.698"N, 111°56'12.707"E), 539 m a.s.l., 24 September 2015, Chi Jin leg. Paratypes: 5♀3♂, same data as for holotype; 2♀4♂, Shuangpai County, Mt. Yangming, Wanshou Temple (26°06'27.490"N, 111°55'19.186"E), 1375 m a.s.l., 26 September 2015, Chi Jin leg.; 2♀1♂, Shuangpai County, Mt. Yangming, Hongjun Pavilion (26°04'34.924"N, 111°56'19.223"E), 1324 m a.s.l., 27 September 2015, Xiangbo Guo and Jingchao He leg.
The specific name is derived from the Latin “curvatus”, meaning curved and refers to the shape of the DTA of the male palp; adjective.
The male can be distinguished from all other longituba group species, except O. bifurcata Dankittipakul & Singtripop, 2014, O. loriot Jäger & Wunderlich, 2012 and O. namkhan Jäger & Wunderlich, 2012, by having a long RTA and a long DTA and can be distinguished from them by the needle-like embolus (embolus of these three species claw-like, knife-shaped and semicircular respectively) (Figs
Male (Fig.
Palp (Figs
Female (Fig.
Epigyne (Figs
Known only from the type localities, Hunan, China (Fig.
Holotype ♂, China, Hunan Province: Sangzhi County, Bamaoxi Town, Mt. Tianping, Watch Tower (29°47'11.854"N, 110°05'28.838"E), 1626 m a.s.l., 15 September 2015, Chi Jin leg. Paratypes: 11♀7♂, same data as for holotype; 19♀19♂, Sangzhi County, Bamaoxi Town, Mt. Tianping (29°46'07.921"N, 110°04'22.159"E), 1330 m a.s.l., 16 September 2015, Xiangbo Guo and Jingchao He leg.; 2♀6♂, Sangzhi County, Bamaoxi Town, Mt. Tianping (29°46'35.332"N, 110°05'54.474"E), 1520 m a.s.l., 17 September 2015, Chi Jin leg.
The species is named for its similarity to O. microstoma
The male can be distinguished from all other longituba group species, except O. mira Fu, Zhang & Zhang, 2016, O. mustela Kamura, 2008 and O. parva Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001, by having only one tibial apophysis and no conductor and can be distinguished from them by the RTA base with a small triangular process (Figs
Male (Fig.
Palp (Figs
Female (Fig.
Epigyne (Figs
Thanks to Xiangbo Guo and Jingchao He for their assistance during the field work in Hunan Province, China. The English of the manuscript was kindly reviewed by Dr J. MacDermott. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31372154), and by the Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of China (2015FY210300).