Research Article |
Corresponding author: Jian-Ping Jiang ( jiangjp@cib.ac.cn ) Corresponding author: Jing-Song Shi ( shijingsong@ivpp.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Robert Jadin
© 2022 Mei-Hua Zhang, Sheng-Chao Shi, Cheng Li, Peng Yan, Ping Wang, Li Ding, Jie Du, Anđelka Plenković-Moraj, Jian-Ping Jiang, Jing-Song Shi.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Zhang M-H, Shi S-C, Li C, Yan P, Wang P, Ding L, Du J, Plenković-Moraj A, Jiang J-P, Shi J-S (2022) Exploring cryptic biodiversity in a world heritage site: a new pitviper (Squamata, Viperidae, Crotalinae) from Jiuzhaigou, Aba, Sichuan, China. ZooKeys 1114: 59-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1114.79709
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This study presents a comprehensive morphological comparison along with molecular phylogeny of the genus Gloydius based on five mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, COI, cytb, and ND4). The specimens collected from Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve are shown to be a new species, Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. Zhang, Shi, Jiang & Shi based on a combination of morphological and molecular accounts. G. lateralis sp. nov. differs from other congeneric species by a series of diagnostic morphological characteristics and forms a strongly supported monophyletic group. The new species is phylogenetically closely related to G. swild, another recently described species from Heishui, Aba, Sichuan.
Asian pitviper, Gloydius lateralis, Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, morphology, new species, phylogenetics
Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve (JNNR; 32.900–33.266°N, 103.767–104.050°E, 1996–4764 m a.s.l.), a World Heritage Site, lies in the transition zone from the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the Sichuan Basin (Sichuan Province, China), and occupies an area of 651 km2 (
Pitvipers of the genus Gloydius, or Asian pitvipers, are small-bodied venomous snakes distributed in Asia. At present, at least 23 species of the genus belonging to three groups (i.e., the G. blomhoffii group, G. halys-intermedius group, and G. strauchi group) are recognized (
During the herpetological surveys in JNNR up to August 2021, we collected nine specimens of Gloydius from Zharu Valley. Subsequent examination of these specimens, and assessment of their morphological and genetic data showed that these individuals differ from the topotypic G. angusticeps, G. strauchi, and G. swild from Sichuan Province, as well other congers of the genus. Herein, we report a new Gloydius species. The discovery of this new species once more highlights the species diversity of Gloydius in the Hengduan Mountains.
Nine specimens collected from Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve were fixed in 10% buffered formalin after removing the liver tissues for molecular analyses, and then transferred to 80% ethanol for permanent preservation (Fig.
A total of 15 morphological characters of the candidate new species were measured. Snout-vent length (SVL), tail length (TL), and total length (TTL) were measured with a measure to the nearest 1 mm. Other morphological measurements were taken with Vernier calipers to the nearest 0.1 mm: head length (HL, from the tip of snout to the line connecting left and right posterior margins of mandible), head width (HW, the widest part of the head in dorsal view), head depth (HD, the deepest part of the head in lateral view), snout length (SL, from the tip of snout to the anterior margin of the eye), eye diameter (ED, measured as a horizontal distance), interorbital space (IOS, the distance between the top margin of eyes), and internasal space (INS, the distance between nostrils). The numbers of supralabials (SPL), infralabials (IFL), dorsal scales (DS), ventral scales (V, excluding preventral scales), and subcaudal scales (SC) were counted. Dimensions and counts are listed in Table
Measurements of Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. and other species of the genus from eastern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
Taxa | Museum Vouchers | Preserve | Localities | Gender | SVL | TTL | TL | HL | HW | HH | SL | ED | IOS | INS | V | Sc | DS | SPL (L/R) | IFL (L/R) | ED/HL | Reference |
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Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. |
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JNNR | F | 440.0 | 498.0 | 58.0 | 21.9 | 15.1 | 8.3 | 6.4 | 3.2 | 7.8 | 4.2 | 158 | 38 | 20-20-15 | 6/6 | 10/10 | 0.146 | This study |
G. lateralis sp. nov. |
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JNNR | F | 428.0 | 434.1 | 60.1 | 19.2 | 14.4 | 7.4 | 6.2 | 3.2 | 8.2 | 4.3 | 161 | 44 | 21-21-15 | 8/7 | 10/10 | 0.167 | This study |
G. lateralis sp. nov. |
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JNNR | F | 421.0 | 478.0 | 57.0 | 18.5 | 13.4 | 8.5 | 6.8 | 2.9 | 7.8 | 5.1 | 155 | 39 | 21-21-16 | 7/7 | 10/10 | 0.157 | This study |
G. lateralis sp. nov. |
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JNNR | F | 393.0 | 454.0 | 61.0 | 19.3 | 12.0 | 6.3 | 5.3 | 2.8 | 7.4 | 3.8 | 158 | 42 | 21-20-16 | 7/7 | 11/11 | 0.145 | This study |
G. lateralis sp. nov. |
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JNNR | M | 394.0 | 464.7 | 70.7 | 21.0 | 15.2 | 8.0 | 6.4 | 3.6 | 8.5 | 4.3 | 151 | 49 | 21-21-15 | 7/7 | 9/10 | 0.171 | This study |
G. lateralis sp. nov. | SAFS2021001* |
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JNNR | F | 445.0 | 481.0 | 36+ | 23.0 | 1.6 | 8.2 | – | – | 9.1 | 4.0 | 155 | 22+ | 21-21-17 | 7/7 | 10/10 | – | This study |
G. lateralis sp. nov. | SAFS2021002* |
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JNNR | F | 489.0 | 533.0 | 44+ | 23.0 | 1.6 | 8.4 | – | – | 9.4 | 4.0 | 163 | 22+ | 21-21-17 | 7/7 | 10/10 | – | This study |
G. lateralis sp. nov. | SAFS2021003* |
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JNNR | F | 430.0 | 488.0 | 58.0 | 24.0 | 1.5 | 7.8 | – | – | 9.1 | 4.0 | 162 | 41 | 21-21-17 | 7/7 | 10/10 | – | This study |
G. lateralis sp. nov. | SAFS2021004* |
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JNNR | F | 376.0 | 424.0 | 48+ | 20.0 | 1.2 | 6.5 | – | – | 7.0 | 3.3 | 160 | 33+ | 21-21-17 | 7/7 | 10/10 | – | This study |
G. angusticeps | IVPPOV 2634** |
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Xiaman, Sichuan | M | 373.2 | 439.7 | 66.5 | 21.2 | 12.4 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 2.2 | 9.1 | 4.1 | 148 | 39 | 19-19-15 | 7/7 | 10/10 | 0.104 |
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G. angusticeps | JS1507G5A* | SYNU | Xiaman, Sichuan | M | 283.4 | 331.6 | 42.2 | 16.9 | 9.8 | 6.3 | 4.5 | 2.0 | 7.5 | 3.3 | 151 | 39 | 19-20-15 | 6/6 | 9/10 | 0.118 |
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G. angusticeps | JS1306G1A* | SYNU | Golog, Qinghai | F | 443.1 | 502.3 | 59.2 | 23.6 | 13.2 | 7.0 | 5.3 | 2.8 | 8.3 | 4.3 | 162 | 31 | 21-21-15 | 7/6 | 8/9 | 0.119 |
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G. angusticeps | IOZ002317* | IOZ | Golog, Qinghai | F | 457.2 | 459.4 | 72.2 | 22.1 | 11.8 | 7.1 | – | – | 8.0 | 4.5 | 157 | 35 | 19-21-15 | 6/6 | 10/10 | – |
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G. huangi | KIZ 027654** | KIZ | Chaya, Chamdo, Tibet | F | 532.0 | 455.0 | 67.0 | 23.2 | 14.6 | – | – | 3.1 | 8.4 | 4.3 | 174 | 43 | 21-21-15 | 7/7 | 10/10 | 0.134 |
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G. lipipengi |
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Zawalong, Zayu, Tibet | M | 540.6 | 628.2 | 87.6 | 25.2 | 13.2 | 8.2 | 7.4 | 2.9 | 9.6 | 5.4 | 165 | 46 | 23-21-15 | 7/7 | 10/11 | 0.115 |
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G. monticola |
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Zhongdian, Yunnan | F | 274.0 | 308.0 | 34.0 | 18.1 | 9.5 | 6.4 | – | 1.5 | 6.9 | 4.7 | 145 | 30 | 19-19-15 | 6/6 | 9/10 | 0.083 |
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G. rubromaculatus | IOZ 032317** | IOZ | Yushu, Qinghai | M | 473.0 | 554.0 | 81.0 | 24.6 | 15.8 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 3.1 | 8.2 | 4.6 | 158 | 43 | 21-21-15 | 7/8 | 10/11 | 0.126 |
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G. strauchi | SUNU1410G3△ | SYNU | Kangding, Sichuan | M | 407.3 | 482.7 | 75.4 | 21.5 | 13.4 | 7.8 | – | 2.8 | 9.3 | 4.4 | 144 | 45 | 21-21-15 | 7/7 | 10/10 | 0.130 |
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G. strauchi |
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Kangding, Sichuan | M | 338.5 | 405.0 | 66.3 | 19.4 | 11.8 | 6.2 | – | 2.1 | 7.7 | 4.2 | 151 | 38 | 21-21-16 | 7/7 | – | 0.108 |
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G. strauchi |
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Kangding, Sichuan | M | 347.2 | 412.4 | 65.2 | 19.9 | 12.1 | 8.7 | – | 2.2 | 7.8 | 3.7 | 146 | 41 | 21-21-15 | 7/7 | – | 0.111 |
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G. strauchi | SYNU1508G4 | SYNU | Litang, Sichuan | M | 372.3 | 436.4 | 64.1 | 20.3 | 12.7 | 6.5 | 5.9 | 2.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 148 | 42 | 21-21-15 | 7/7 | 10/10 | 0.103 |
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G. strauchi |
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Litang, Sichuan | M | 427.3 | 504.6 | 77.3 | 24.6 | 15.6 | 8.2 | – | 2.7 | 9.9 | 5.3 | 151 | 40 | 21-21-16 | 7/7 | 10/10 | 0.110 |
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G. strauchi |
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Kangding, Sichuan | F | 384.1 | 438.3 | 54.2 | 22.4 | 12.4 | 7.9 | – | 2.4 | 8.4 | 5.6 | 158 | 35 | 21-21-15 | 7/7 | – | 0.107 |
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G. strauchi |
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Kangding, Sichuan | F | 450.3 | 505.5 | 55.2 | 20.9 | 12.4 | 7.2 | – | 1.9 | 7.8 | 6 | 160 | 33 | 21-21-15 | 7/7 | – | 0.091 |
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G. swild |
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Heishui, Aba, Sichuan | F | 462.0 | 529.5 | 67.5 | 20.8 | 12.2 | 6.6 | 5.8 | 2.4 | 7.6 | 4.1 | 170 | 46 | 21-21-15 | 7/7 | 10/10 | 0.115 |
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G. swild |
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Heishui, Aba, Sichuan | F | 552.0 | 629.1 | 77.1 | 23.8 | 15.7 | 8.4 | 6.2 | 3.2 | 9.6 | 5.0 | 168 | 43 | 21-21-17 | 7/7 | 10/10 | 0.134 |
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Genomic DNA was extracted from four specimens collected in this study using the Qiaprep Spin Miniprep kit (QiaGen). Five mitochondrial genome fragments were specifically amplified for this study: an 859 bp fragment of 12S ribosomal RNA (12S) using primers 12SFPhe and 12SRVal (
Taxa | Museum voucher | Code | Locality | locus | |||||
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12S | 16S | cytb | COI | ND4 | Reference | ||||
Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. |
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JNNR | ON362225 | ON362229 | ON423417 | ON399075 | ON423421 | This study |
G. lateralis sp. nov. |
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JNNR | ON362226 | ON362230 | ON423418 | ON399076 | ON423422 | This study |
G. lateralis sp. nov. |
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JNNR | ON362227 | ON362231 | ON423419 | ON399077 | ON423423 | This study |
G. lateralis sp. nov. |
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JNNR | ON362228 | ON362232 | ON423420 | ON399078 | ON423424 | This study |
G. angusticeps. | IOZ 002317* | G1 | Golog, Qinghai | KY040541 | KY040572 | KY040627 | KY040604 | KY040647 |
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G. angusticeps |
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G5 | Zoige, Sichuan | KY040545 | KY040577 | KY040631 | KY040609 | KY040652 |
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G. blomhoffii | B524 | B524 | Japan | AY352719 | AY352719 | AY352751 | – | AY352814 | Malhotra and Thorpe 2004 |
G. brevicaudus | DL70 | B1 | Liaoning | KY040552 | KY040584 | HQ528467 | – | HQ528303 |
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G. caraganus | CR1 | CR1 | Kazakhstan | – | – | MF490455 | – | MF490453 |
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G. caraganus | RIZ 20426.1 | 426 | Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan | MZ958021 | MZ957012 | MZ959165 | – | MZ959158 |
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G. caucasicus | RIZ 29913 | 913 | Mazandaran, Iran | MZ958022 | MZ957013 | MZ959166 | – | MZ959159 |
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G. caucasicus | NEZMUT_61 | NE61 | Alborz, Iran | – | – | MH378692 | – | MH378729 | Asadi et al. 2019 |
G. changdaoensis | SYNUSHF01△ | C1 | Changdao, Shandong | KY040522 | KY040554 | KX063823 | KY040586 | KX063796 |
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G. cognatus |
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QY224 | Zoige, Sichuan | KY040529 | KY040561 | KY040619 | KY040593 | KY040640 |
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G. cognatus | SYNU 13109I3 | I3 | Saihan, Inner Mongolia | KY040531 | KY040563 | KY040621 | KY040595 | KY040642 |
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G. halys halys | SYNU 1510151 | H9 | Greater-Xing’an, Heilongjiang | KY040528 | KY040560 | KY040618 | – | KY040639 |
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G. huangi |
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MK | Mangkang, Tibet | – | MZ957017 | MZ355578 | – | MZ355578 |
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G. huangi | KIZ 027654* | 027654 | Chaya, Chamdo, Tibet | MK227409 | MK227412 | MK227415 | – | MK227418 |
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G. intermedius | SYNU 150622 | 22 | Zhuanghe, Liaoning | KY040524 | KY040556 | KY040617 | – | KY040638 |
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G. liupanensis | GP198 | S083 | Ningxia | – | MK193903 | MK201255 | – | JQ687472 | Li et al. 2019; |
G. lipipengi |
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G2 | Zawalong, Zayu, Tibet | KY040542 | KY040574 | KY040628 | AY352751 | KY040649 |
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G. liupanensis | LP1 | LP1 | Guyuan, Ningxia | MZ958024 | MZ957015 | MZ959168 | KY040599 | MZ959161 |
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G. liupanensis | LP4 | LP4 | Guyuan, Ningxia | MZ958025 | MZ957016 | MZ959169 | ON399079 | MZ959162 |
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G. liupanensis | TC1 | TC1 | Tanchang, Gansu | MZ958023 | MZ9570124 | MZ959167 | ON399080 | MZ959160 |
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G. monticola | SYNU 1607DL1 | DL1 | Dali, Yunnan | KY040549 | KY040581 | KY040635 | – | MG025935 |
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G. qinlingensis | SYNU QL1△ | QLS | Xunyangba, Shanxi | KY040534 | KY040566 | KY040623 | KY040598 | KY040644 |
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G. rickmersi | MHNG 2752.69 | R1 | Kyrgyzstan | – | – | – | – | KM078592 |
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G. rubromaculatus | IOZ 032317** | Y2 | Qumarleb, Qinghai | KY040546 | KY040578 | KY040632 | KY040610 | KY040653 |
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G. stejnegeri | SYNU 1508S4△ | S4 | Linfen, Shanxi | KY040537 | KY040569 | KX063818 | KY040601 | KX063791 |
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G. shedaoensis | SYNU 110D2△ | D2 | Lvshun, Liaoning | KY040523 | KY040555 | KX063819 | KY040587 | KX063792 |
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G. strauchi | SYNU 1501G3△ | G3 | Kangting, Sichuan | KY040543 | KY040575 | KY040629 | KY040607 | KY040650 |
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G. strauchi | SYNU 1508G4 | G4 | Litang, Sichuan | KY040544 | KY040576 | KY040630 | KY040608 | KY040651 |
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G. swild |
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GR1 | Heishui, Aba, Sichuan | OK210582 | OK184551 | OK239647 | – | OK239652 |
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G. swild |
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GR2 | Heishui, Aba, Sichuan | OK210583 | OK184552 | OK239648 | – | OK239653 |
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G. tsushimaensis | – | Ts1 | Japan | JN870203 | JN870196 | JN870203 | JN870203 | JN870211 | Fenwick 2011 |
G. ussuriensis | U1 | U1 | Heilongjiang | KP262412 | KP262412 | KP262412 | KP262412 | KP262412 |
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Deinagkistrodon acutus | – | A | Fujian | DQ343647 | DQ343647 | DQ343647 | DQ343647 | DQ343647 |
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For phylogenetic comparisons, corresponding sequences of 22 recognized species of the genus Gloydius, and one representative of the outgroup (Deinagkistrodon acutus) were obtained from GenBank (Table
A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was performed using MrBayes 3.1.2 (
Comparative data of specimens examined are listed in Tables
The final dataset with 3,722 bp of 37 specimens was analysed in this study. The evolutionary models assigned to each of the nine partitions by PartitionFinder are shown in Table
Partitions and their evolutionary models selected by PartitionFinder 2.1.1.
Partitions | Locus | Length (bp) | Models |
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Partition 1 | 12S | 859 | GTR+I+G |
Partition 2 | 16S | 475 | GTR+I+G |
Partition 3 | cytb pos1, ND4 pos1 | 577 | TVM+I+G |
Partition 4 | ND4 pos2 | 222 | TVM+I+G |
Partition 5 | ND4 pos3 and cytb pos3 | 577 | GTR+G |
Partition 6 | cytb pos2 | 355 | K81uf+I+G |
Partition 7 | COI pos1 | 219 | GTR+G |
Partition 8 | COI pos2 | 219 | K81UF+I |
Partition 9 | COI pos3 | 219 | GTR+I+G |
The corrected p-distance based on the ND4 gene between the new species and its closest related congeners, G. swild is 6.1%, higher than many pairs of substantial species, such as G. intermedius vs G. shedaoensis (1.1%), G. halys vs G. cognatus (3.3%), G. qinlingensis vs G. liupanensis (3.9%), and G. lipipengi vs G. rubromaculatus (4.2%; Table
Corrected distance between Gloydius lateralis and other Gloydius species based on ND4 and GTR model.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | ||
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1 | G. intermedius (22) | - | ||||||||||||||||||||
2 | G. shedaoensis (D2) | 0.011 | - | |||||||||||||||||||
3 | G. halys (H9) | 0.041 | 0.042 | - | ||||||||||||||||||
4 | G. cognatus (I3) | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.033 | - | |||||||||||||||||
5 | G. stejnegeri (S4) | 0.045 | 0.050 | 0.047 | 0.041 | - | ||||||||||||||||
6 | G. rickmersi (R1) | 0.052 | 0.051 | 0.054 | 0.049 | 0.065 | - | |||||||||||||||
7 | G. caraganus (CR1) | 0.038 | 0.046 | 0.049 | 0.042 | 0.059 | 0.050 | - | ||||||||||||||
8 | G. changdaoensis (C1) | 0.054 | 0.049 | 0.050 | 0.042 | 0.069 | 0.066 | 0.054 | - | |||||||||||||
9 | G. qinlingensis (QL1) | 0.110 | 0.122 | 0.106 | 0.104 | 0.113 | 0.113 | 0.114 | 0.113 | - | ||||||||||||
10 | G. liupanensis (LP1) | 0.090 | 0.099 | 0.088 | 0.086 | 0.097 | 0.102 | 0.097 | 0.095 | 0.039 | - | |||||||||||
11 | G. strauchi (G3A) | 0.098 | 0.110 | 0.102 | 0.097 | 0.111 | 0.116 | 0.107 | 0.105 | 0.074 | 0.059 | - | ||||||||||
12 | G. angusticeps (G5C) | 0.101 | 0.112 | 0.097 | 0.099 | 0.112 | 0.104 | 0.102 | 0.104 | 0.063 | 0.068 | 0.067 | - | |||||||||
13 | G. monticola (DL1) | 0.120 | 0.130 | 0.122 | 0.112 | 0.137 | 0.134 | 0.135 | 0.120 | 0.076 | 0.078 | 0.079 | 0.076 | - | ||||||||
14 | G. huangi (R86*) | 0.111 | 0.123 | 0.117 | 0.112 | 0.122 | 0.122 | 0.119 | 0.124 | 0.081 | 0.080 | 0.086 | 0.080 | 0.078 | - | |||||||
15 | G. rubromaculatus (Y2*) | 0.106 | 0.115 | 0.100 | 0.109 | 0.118 | 0.109 | 0.113 | 0.112 | 0.086 | 0.085 | 0.090 | 0.079 | 0.089 | 0.085 | - | ||||||
16 | G. lipipengi (G2) | 0.112 | 0.125 | 0.114 | 0.127 | 0.124 | 0.121 | 0.119 | 0.132 | 0.078 | 0.081 | 0.092 | 0.081 | 0.088 | 0.089 | 0.042 | - | |||||
17 | G. swild (GR1) | 0.116 | 0.125 | 0.110 | 0.108 | 0.102 | 0.123 | 0.114 | 0.119 | 0.099 | 0.085 | 0.089 | 0.086 | 0.089 | 0.103 | 0.085 | 0.097 | - | ||||
18 | G. brevicaudus (B1) | 0.143 | 0.152 | 0.135 | 0.145 | 0.155 | 0.150 | 0.145 | 0.156 | 0.117 | 0.113 | 0.124 | 0.121 | 0.122 | 0.138 | 0.124 | 0.126 | 0.138 | - | |||
19 | G. ussuriensis (U1) | 0.106 | 0.116 | 0.131 | 0.115 | 0.133 | 0.133 | 0.119 | 0.123 | 0.119 | 0.109 | 0.110 | 0.102 | 0.122 | 0.105 | 0.110 | 0.128 | 0.118 | 0.107 | - | ||
20 | G. blomhoffii (B524) | 0.132 | 0.144 | 0.148 | 0.142 | 0.157 | 0.147 | 0.135 | 0.144 | 0.119 | 0.110 | 0.117 | 0.110 | 0.112 | 0.119 | 0.116 | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.117 | 0.068 | - | |
21 | G. sushimaensis_Ts1 | 0.121 | 0.135 | 0.145 | 0.133 | 0.152 | 0.142 | 0.139 | 0.146 | 0.126 | 0.113 | 0.118 | 0.108 | 0.110 | 0.121 | 0.130 | 0.138 | 0.133 | 0.122 | 0.054 | 0.053 | - |
22 | G. lateralis sp. nov. | 0.108 | 0.112 | 0.100 | 0.101 | 0.111 | 0.120 | 0.099 | 0.100 | 0.095 | 0.083 | 0.090 | 0.092 | 0.099 | 0.101 | 0.091 | 0.101 | 0.061 | 0.147 | 0.126 | 0.142 | 0.149 |
Both morphological and molecular analyses support that the specimens from JNNR represent a new species, and it is described herein.
Gloydius Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981
Gloydius strauchi –
Three adult females:
The above-mentioned specimens were identified as members of the genus Gloydius based on the small body size, bilateral pits, and divided subcaudal scales (
Compared to other species in the genus Gloydius, G. lateralis sp. nov. has continuous, regular greyish-brown and pale, greyish-white ventrolateral stripes on both sides (vs disconnected white upper bordered ventrolateral stripes in G. qinlingensis and G. liupanensis; lacking the ventrolateral stripes in other congeneric species), and relatively larger eyes than the congeneric species (the ratio between the eye diameter and head length ranges from 0.145–0.171 in G. lateralis sp. nov. vs < 0.134 in others).
Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. can be differentiated from the species in the G. blomhoffii group by having three palatine teeth (vs four), from the G. halys complex by having 20 or 21 rows of mid-body dorsal scales (vs 22 or 23).
For species in the G. strauchi group, Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. can be differentiated from G. monticola by having 20 or 21 rows of mid-body dorsal scales (vs 19 in G. monticola). Given the similar to G. angusticeps, G. lateralis sp. nov. can be differentiated from the latter by the larger eyes (ED/HL 0.145–0.171 vs 0.104–0.119) and the ticker postorbital stripes. Additionally, the ventrolateral stripes sometimes appear in some other Gloydius species, such as G. qinlingensis and G. liupanensis, but G. lateralis sp. nov. differs from them by having the ventrolateral stripe lacking a white upper edge. Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. differs from G. strauchi, G. rubromaculatus, G. lipipengi, and G. huangi by the triangular head in dorsal view (vs spoon-shaped head: Figs
Lateral (dorsolateral) heads of the alpine pitvipers (Gloydius) distributed in Sichuan and Tibet (not to scales) A G. lateralis sp. nov.,
Lateral (dorsolateral) view of the alpine pitvipers (Gloydius strauchi complex) that distributed in Sichuan and Tibet (not to scales); the lateral stripes are pointed by arrows A G. lateralis sp. nov.,
Gloydius swild is another species from Heishui, Aba, Sichuan (female holotype
Scalation. Internals wider than long, near right triangular (IN 4.4 mm); prefrontals larger, pentagonal; frontal shield-like; the curve edges of two parietals contacting 13 small scales posterior to frontal and supraoculars; supraocular large, slightly smaller than frontal (IOS 7.8 mm); remaining dorsal head scales smaller posteriorly, first few rows irregular and smooth, gradually rhomboidal and keeled posteriorly. Nasals partially divided into two parts by two disconnected vertical sutures touching rear edge of nostril; two loreals, upper loreal forms part of canthus rostralis, lower loreals distinctly smaller and join pit; preoculars 3/2 (left/right), upmost forms part of canthus rostralis, lower join the pit; postoculars 2/2, upper pair small, lower pair larger, and crescent-shaped, surrounding about one-third of eye, touching third supralabial; temporals 2+3/2+2. Supralabials 6/6: first supralabial in contact with both parts of nasals; second supralabial smallest, fourth and fifth supralabials longest; third supralabial reaching the bottom of orbit; fourth supralabial slightly larger than the following. Infralabials 10/10; first pair extends behind mental, first four pairs narrow and touching chin shields, fifth and sixth infralabials largest, similar in size; one pair of chin shields enlarged, forming a distinct mental groove. Dorsal body scales rhombic with matte surface, keeled except the rows bordering ventrals, increasing in size from medial to lateral; dorsal scales rows 20-20-15; ventral scales 158; anal undivided; subcaudal scales 45 pairs (Fig.
Coloration in life (Figs
Dorsal body laurel green; two rows of pine-needle colored irregular patches present on dorsolateral body behind head markings, each patch involving several scales (mostly 4–8) on seventh to higher dorsal scale rows, and partially connected or separated by one laurel-green scale; vertebral scales mostly laurel green, forming an alternate phyllotaxis pattern on the body after neck; a row of copper patches present on both sides of lateral body behind postorbital stripe, involving several scales (5–7) on dorsal scale rows 3–6, also partially connected or separated by one laurel-green scale. Ventral body white right behind head, mottled with sparse smoky-black spots, gradually dense to posterior; a distinct, continuous, regular, greyish-brown ventrolateral stripe present on each side of body, behind faint yellow-orange stripe, lie on junction of ventrals and lower edge of first dorsal scales. Dorsal tail smoky black, covered with a dozen of small, laurel-green patches or transverse bands. Ventral tail laurel green with dense, smoky-black spots, continuous, regular, greyish brown, extending from body to middle of ventrolateral tail. Skin between all dorsal scales black. Front edge of most dorsal scales dyed black.
Measurements and body scalation variations are listed in Table
The specific epithet lateralis refers to the unique continuous, regular, greyish-brown ventrolateral stripes at the junction of ventrals and the first row of dorsal scales. The common name is suggested as “Jiuzhai pitviper” in English, “Jiǔ Zhài Fù” (九寨蝮) in Chinese, refer to its type locality, JNNR.
At present, G. lateralis sp. nov. is only known from JNNR, Sichuan, China. The type specimens were collected from the middle of June to the end of August. Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. is active on sunny days by the roadside in a hot, dry valley (Fig.
Recent studies continue to improve our understandings of the taxonomy and phylogeny of Asian pitvipers (
The discovery of G. lateralis sp. nov. provides new insights into the diversity and the distribution patterns of Asian pitvipers. The genetic differentiation from its closest congener, G. swild, might suggest that the formation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau might be one of the key factors to the geographical isolation of the alpine pitvipers in southwest China. As discussed by
The type locality of G. lateralis is located in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, a world-famous heritage site that receives millions of tourists every year. The only known habitat of the new species is Zharu Valley, and it is now under touristic development. Walkways for tourists have been built in the region, but some people are still venturing off of the walkways. Thus, warning signs are still needed to remind visitors to watch out for the venomous pitviper, since this species and the sympatric Protobothrops jerdonii are often found in grass or bushes on both sides of roads. On the other hand, reptiles are one of the vertebrate groups most affected by roads through vehicle collisions, both because they are intentionally killed by drivers, and due to their biological needs, such as thermoregulation, making them more prone to collisions (
This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFE0203200), the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (2019QZKK0705, Tao Deng). Construction of Basic Conditions Platform of Sichuan Science and Technology Department (2019JDPT0020), Jiuzhaigou Post-earthquake Recovery Project: Vegetation Succession and Landscape, Ecology, Environment Protection for Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage (5132202020000046), China Biodiversity Observation Networks (Sino BON), and Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve Comprehensive scientific investigation (Purchase No:5132202019000439). We thank Chun-Lin Zhao, Tao Yang, and Tian Zhao for their help in field surveys; Zhong-Yi Yao, Si-Meng Du, Sheng-Bo Zhou, and Peng Guo for their help with the lab work and corrections of the manuscript. We thank Jia-Tang Li, Ke Jiang, Dong-Sheng Li, and Ke Lv for helping with museum specimen preserving and examining.