Research Article
Print
Research Article
Exploring cryptic biodiversity in a world heritage site: a new pitviper (Squamata, Viperidae, Crotalinae) from Jiuzhaigou, Aba, Sichuan, China
expand article infoMei-Hua Zhang, Sheng-Chao Shi, Cheng Li, Peng Yan§, Ping Wang|, Li Ding, Jie Du|, Anđelka Plenković-Moraj, Jian-Ping Jiang, Jing-Song Shi#¤
‡ Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
§ Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
| Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve Administrative Bureau, Zhangzha, China
¶ University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
# Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
¤ Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Open Access

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive morphological comparison along with molecular phylogeny of the genus Gloydius based on five mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, COI, cytb, and ND4). The specimens collected from Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve are shown to be a new species, Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. Zhang, Shi, Jiang & Shi based on a combination of morphological and molecular accounts. G. lateralis sp. nov. differs from other congeneric species by a series of diagnostic morphological characteristics and forms a strongly supported monophyletic group. The new species is phylogenetically closely related to G. swild, another recently described species from Heishui, Aba, Sichuan.

Keywords

Asian pitviper, Gloydius lateralis, Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, morphology, new species, phylogenetics

Introduction

Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve (JNNR; 32.900–33.266°N, 103.767–104.050°E, 1996–4764 m a.s.l.), a World Heritage Site, lies in the transition zone from the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the Sichuan Basin (Sichuan Province, China), and occupies an area of 651 km2 (Li et al. 2004). The reserve is covered with well-preserved original forests, and numerous alpine lakes, inhabiting many world-famous rare animals, such as Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), and Golden Snub-nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana). In contrast to the mammals, the herpetological diversity here is relatively low due to the harsh alpine environment (e.g., low temperatures, low oxygen levels, and intense solar radiation: Li et al. 2004; Shi et al. 2017). To further investigate the herpetological biodiversity and post-earthquake ecological system in this region, we conducted a series of investigations from April to September 2021, and collected several specimens of small-bodied pitvipers in the genus Gloydius Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981.

Pitvipers of the genus Gloydius, or Asian pitvipers, are small-bodied venomous snakes distributed in Asia. At present, at least 23 species of the genus belonging to three groups (i.e., the G. blomhoffii group, G. halys-intermedius group, and G. strauchi group) are recognized (Orlov and Barabanov 1999; Zhao 2006; Shi et al. 2017, 2018). From 2017 to 2021, five taxa initially thought to be G. strauchi (Bedriaga, 1912) had been shown to be new species based on morphological and genetic accounts: Gloydius rubromaculatus (Shi et al. 2017), G. angusticeps (Shi et al. 2018), G. huangi (Wang et al. 2019), G. lipipengi (Shi et al. 2021), and G. swild (Shi et al. 2021). Previous studies have suggested that there still might be hidden species within the G. strauchi complex, given that the G. strauchi complex is widely distributed in western China (Zhao et al. 1998; Zhao 2006; Shi et al. 2021). Shi et al. (2018) indicated the underestimated diversity of alpine pitvipers, and emphasized the necessary of further elucidating of the biodiversity in southwest China.

During the herpetological surveys in JNNR up to August 2021, we collected nine specimens of Gloydius from Zharu Valley. Subsequent examination of these specimens, and assessment of their morphological and genetic data showed that these individuals differ from the topotypic G. angusticeps, G. strauchi, and G. swild from Sichuan Province, as well other congers of the genus. Herein, we report a new Gloydius species. The discovery of this new species once more highlights the species diversity of Gloydius in the Hengduan Mountains.

Materials and methods

Sampling

Nine specimens collected from Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve were fixed in 10% buffered formalin after removing the liver tissues for molecular analyses, and then transferred to 80% ethanol for permanent preservation (Fig. 1). The above-mentioned specimens were deposited in the Institute of Chengdu Institute of Biology (CIB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Sichuan Academy of Forestry (SAFS).

Figure 1. 

The type locality of Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, denoted by a black square, with the collection localities of some other congeneric species.

Morphology

A total of 15 morphological characters of the candidate new species were measured. Snout-vent length (SVL), tail length (TL), and total length (TTL) were measured with a measure to the nearest 1 mm. Other morphological measurements were taken with Vernier calipers to the nearest 0.1 mm: head length (HL, from the tip of snout to the line connecting left and right posterior margins of mandible), head width (HW, the widest part of the head in dorsal view), head depth (HD, the deepest part of the head in lateral view), snout length (SL, from the tip of snout to the anterior margin of the eye), eye diameter (ED, measured as a horizontal distance), interorbital space (IOS, the distance between the top margin of eyes), and internasal space (INS, the distance between nostrils). The numbers of supralabials (SPL), infralabials (IFL), dorsal scales (DS), ventral scales (V, excluding preventral scales), and subcaudal scales (SC) were counted. Dimensions and counts are listed in Table 1. Coloration is described according to the HTML color codes (https://html-color.codes). For morphological comparison, specimens of seven congers also from eastern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were examined (Table 1).

Table 1.

Measurements of Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. and other species of the genus from eastern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Taxa Museum Vouchers Preserve Localities Gender SVL TTL TL HL HW HH SL ED IOS INS V Sc DS SPL (L/R) IFL (L/R) ED/HL Reference
Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. CIB 119377 (JZ02)** CIB JNNR F 440.0 498.0 58.0 21.9 15.1 8.3 6.4 3.2 7.8 4.2 158 38 20-20-15 6/6 10/10 0.146 This study
G. lateralis sp. nov. IVPP OV 2727 (JZ01)* IVPP JNNR F 428.0 434.1 60.1 19.2 14.4 7.4 6.2 3.2 8.2 4.3 161 44 21-21-15 8/7 10/10 0.167 This study
G. lateralis sp. nov. CIB 119378 (JZ03)* CIB JNNR F 421.0 478.0 57.0 18.5 13.4 8.5 6.8 2.9 7.8 5.1 155 39 21-21-16 7/7 10/10 0.157 This study
G. lateralis sp. nov. CIB 119379 (JZ04)* CIB JNNR F 393.0 454.0 61.0 19.3 12.0 6.3 5.3 2.8 7.4 3.8 158 42 21-20-16 7/7 11/11 0.145 This study
G. lateralis sp. nov. CIB 87280* CIB JNNR M 394.0 464.7 70.7 21.0 15.2 8.0 6.4 3.6 8.5 4.3 151 49 21-21-15 7/7 9/10 0.171 This study
G. lateralis sp. nov. SAFS2021001* SAFS JNNR F 445.0 481.0 36+ 23.0 1.6 8.2 9.1 4.0 155 22+ 21-21-17 7/7 10/10 This study
G. lateralis sp. nov. SAFS2021002* SAFS JNNR F 489.0 533.0 44+ 23.0 1.6 8.4 9.4 4.0 163 22+ 21-21-17 7/7 10/10 This study
G. lateralis sp. nov. SAFS2021003* SAFS JNNR F 430.0 488.0 58.0 24.0 1.5 7.8 9.1 4.0 162 41 21-21-17 7/7 10/10 This study
G. lateralis sp. nov. SAFS2021004* SAFS JNNR F 376.0 424.0 48+ 20.0 1.2 6.5 7.0 3.3 160 33+ 21-21-17 7/7 10/10 This study
G. angusticeps IVPPOV 2634** IVPP Xiaman, Sichuan M 373.2 439.7 66.5 21.2 12.4 6.6 6.7 2.2 9.1 4.1 148 39 19-19-15 7/7 10/10 0.104 Shi et al. (2018)
G. angusticeps JS1507G5A* SYNU Xiaman, Sichuan M 283.4 331.6 42.2 16.9 9.8 6.3 4.5 2.0 7.5 3.3 151 39 19-20-15 6/6 9/10 0.118 Shi et al. (2018)
G. angusticeps JS1306G1A* SYNU Golog, Qinghai F 443.1 502.3 59.2 23.6 13.2 7.0 5.3 2.8 8.3 4.3 162 31 21-21-15 7/6 8/9 0.119 Shi et al. (2018)
G. angusticeps IOZ002317* IOZ Golog, Qinghai F 457.2 459.4 72.2 22.1 11.8 7.1 8.0 4.5 157 35 19-21-15 6/6 10/10 Shi et al. (2018)
G. huangi KIZ 027654** KIZ Chaya, Chamdo, Tibet F 532.0 455.0 67.0 23.2 14.6 3.1 8.4 4.3 174 43 21-21-15 7/7 10/10 0.134 Wang et al. (2019)
G. lipipengi IVPP OV 2720** IVPP Zawalong, Zayu, Tibet M 540.6 628.2 87.6 25.2 13.2 8.2 7.4 2.9 9.6 5.4 165 46 23-21-15 7/7 10/11 0.115 Shi et al. (2021)
G. monticola CIB 72553 CIB Zhongdian, Yunnan F 274.0 308.0 34.0 18.1 9.5 6.4 1.5 6.9 4.7 145 30 19-19-15 6/6 9/10 0.083 Shi et al. (2017)
G. rubromaculatus IOZ 032317** IOZ Yushu, Qinghai M 473.0 554.0 81.0 24.6 15.8 7.4 7.8 3.1 8.2 4.6 158 43 21-21-15 7/8 10/11 0.126 Shi et al. (2017)
G. strauchi SUNU1410G3△ SYNU Kangding, Sichuan M 407.3 482.7 75.4 21.5 13.4 7.8 2.8 9.3 4.4 144 45 21-21-15 7/7 10/10 0.130 Shi et al. (2017)
G. strauchi CIB 14356△ CIB Kangding, Sichuan M 338.5 405.0 66.3 19.4 11.8 6.2 2.1 7.7 4.2 151 38 21-21-16 7/7 0.108 Shi et al. (2017)
G. strauchi CIB 14357△ CIB Kangding, Sichuan M 347.2 412.4 65.2 19.9 12.1 8.7 2.2 7.8 3.7 146 41 21-21-15 7/7 0.111 Shi et al. (2017)
G. strauchi SYNU1508G4 SYNU Litang, Sichuan M 372.3 436.4 64.1 20.3 12.7 6.5 5.9 2.1 8 4.3 148 42 21-21-15 7/7 10/10 0.103 Shi et al. (2017)
G. strauchi CIB 78588 CIB Litang, Sichuan M 427.3 504.6 77.3 24.6 15.6 8.2 2.7 9.9 5.3 151 40 21-21-16 7/7 10/10 0.110 Shi et al. (2017)
G. strauchi CIB 14358△ CIB Kangding, Sichuan F 384.1 438.3 54.2 22.4 12.4 7.9 2.4 8.4 5.6 158 35 21-21-15 7/7 0.107 Shi et al. (2017)
G. strauchi CIB 14359△ CIB Kangding, Sichuan F 450.3 505.5 55.2 20.9 12.4 7.2 1.9 7.8 6 160 33 21-21-15 7/7 0.091 Shi et al. (2017)
G. swild IVPP OV 2725** IVPP Heishui, Aba, Sichuan F 462.0 529.5 67.5 20.8 12.2 6.6 5.8 2.4 7.6 4.1 170 46 21-21-15 7/7 10/10 0.115 Shi et al. (2021)
G. swild IVPP OV 2726* IVPP Heishui, Aba, Sichuan F 552.0 629.1 77.1 23.8 15.7 8.4 6.2 3.2 9.6 5.0 168 43 21-21-17 7/7 10/10 0.134 Shi et al. (2021)

Molecular analyses

Genomic DNA was extracted from four specimens collected in this study using the Qiaprep Spin Miniprep kit (QiaGen). Five mitochondrial genome fragments were specifically amplified for this study: an 859 bp fragment of 12S ribosomal RNA (12S) using primers 12SFPhe and 12SRVal (Knight and Mindell 1993); a 465 bp fragment of 16S ribosomal RNA (16S) using primers 16sFL and 16sRH (Palumbi et al. 1991); a 657 bp fragment of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) using primers L14919 and H16064 (Burbrink et al. 2000); a 1065 bp fragment of cytochrome b (cytb) using primers L14919 and H16064 (Burbrink et al. 2000); and a 666 bp fragment of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) using the primers ND4 and Leu (Arevalo et al. 1994). The standard PCR protocol was performed in a 20 µl reaction with at least 20 ng of template DNA and 10 pmol of primers. PCR conditions consisted of an initial denaturation for 3 min at 94 °C, followed by 35 cycles: denaturation at 94 °C for 30 sec, annealing temperature 52 °C for 12S, 54 °C for 16S, 50 °C for COI, 48 °C for cytb, and 56 °C for ND4 for 30 sec, elongation at 72 °C for 60 sec, and then finalized with an extension step at 72 °C for 10 min. Sequencing was conducted by Beijing Tianyi Huiyuan Biotech Co., Ltd. New sequences are deposited in GenBank (Table 2).

Table 2.

Molecular samples included in this study.

Taxa Museum voucher Code Locality locus
12S 16S cytb COI ND4 Reference
Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. CIB 119377 (JZ02)** CIB JNNR ON362225 ON362229 ON423417 ON399075 ON423421 This study
G. lateralis sp. nov. IVPP OV 2727 (JZ01)* IVPP JNNR ON362226 ON362230 ON423418 ON399076 ON423422 This study
G. lateralis sp. nov. CIB 119378 (JZ03)* CIB JNNR ON362227 ON362231 ON423419 ON399077 ON423423 This study
G. lateralis sp. nov. CIB 119379 (JZ04)* CIB JNNR ON362228 ON362232 ON423420 ON399078 ON423424 This study
G. angusticeps. IOZ 002317* G1 Golog, Qinghai KY040541 KY040572 KY040627 KY040604 KY040647 Shi et al. 2018
G. angusticeps IVPP OV 2634** G5 Zoige, Sichuan KY040545 KY040577 KY040631 KY040609 KY040652 Shi et al. 2018
G. blomhoffii B524 B524 Japan AY352719 AY352719 AY352751 AY352814 Malhotra and Thorpe 2004
G. brevicaudus DL70 B1 Liaoning KY040552 KY040584 HQ528467 HQ528303 Shi et al. 2017
G. caraganus CR1 CR1 Kazakhstan MF490455 MF490453 Shi et al. 2017
G. caraganus RIZ 20426.1 426 Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan MZ958021 MZ957012 MZ959165 MZ959158 Shi et al. 2021
G. caucasicus RIZ 29913 913 Mazandaran, Iran MZ958022 MZ957013 MZ959166 MZ959159 Shi et al. 2021
G. caucasicus NEZMUT_61 NE61 Alborz, Iran MH378692 MH378729 Asadi et al. 2019
G. changdaoensis SYNUSHF01△ C1 Changdao, Shandong KY040522 KY040554 KX063823 KY040586 KX063796 Shi et al. 2017
G. cognatus CIB-QY224 QY224 Zoige, Sichuan KY040529 KY040561 KY040619 KY040593 KY040640 Shi et al. 2017
G. cognatus SYNU 13109I3 I3 Saihan, Inner Mongolia KY040531 KY040563 KY040621 KY040595 KY040642 Shi et al. 2017
G. halys halys SYNU 1510151 H9 Greater-Xing’an, Heilongjiang KY040528 KY040560 KY040618 KY040639 Shi et al. 2017
G. huangi CIB 533422012 MK Mangkang, Tibet MZ957017 MZ355578 MZ355578 Shi et al. 2022
G. huangi KIZ 027654* 027654 Chaya, Chamdo, Tibet MK227409 MK227412 MK227415 MK227418 Wang et al. 2019
G. intermedius SYNU 150622 22 Zhuanghe, Liaoning KY040524 KY040556 KY040617 KY040638 Shi et al. 2017
G. liupanensis GP198 S083 Ningxia MK193903 MK201255 JQ687472 Li et al. 2019; Xu et al. 2012
G. lipipengi IVPP OV 2720 G2 Zawalong, Zayu, Tibet KY040542 KY040574 KY040628 AY352751 KY040649 Shi et al. 2021
G. liupanensis LP1 LP1 Guyuan, Ningxia MZ958024 MZ957015 MZ959168 KY040599 MZ959161 Shi et al. 2021
G. liupanensis LP4 LP4 Guyuan, Ningxia MZ958025 MZ957016 MZ959169 ON399079 MZ959162 Shi et al. 2021
G. liupanensis TC1 TC1 Tanchang, Gansu MZ958023 MZ9570124 MZ959167 ON399080 MZ959160 Shi et al. 2021
G. monticola SYNU 1607DL1 DL1 Dali, Yunnan KY040549 KY040581 KY040635 MG025935 Shi et al. 2017
G. qinlingensis SYNU QL1△ QLS Xunyangba, Shanxi KY040534 KY040566 KY040623 KY040598 KY040644 Shi et al. 2017
G. rickmersi MHNG 2752.69 R1 Kyrgyzstan KM078592 Wagner et al. 2016
G. rubromaculatus IOZ 032317** Y2 Qumarleb, Qinghai KY040546 KY040578 KY040632 KY040610 KY040653 Shi et al. 2017
G. stejnegeri SYNU 1508S4△ S4 Linfen, Shanxi KY040537 KY040569 KX063818 KY040601 KX063791 Shi et al. 2017
G. shedaoensis SYNU 110D2△ D2 Lvshun, Liaoning KY040523 KY040555 KX063819 KY040587 KX063792 Shi et al. 2017
G. strauchi SYNU 1501G3△ G3 Kangting, Sichuan KY040543 KY040575 KY040629 KY040607 KY040650 Shi et al. 2017
G. strauchi SYNU 1508G4 G4 Litang, Sichuan KY040544 KY040576 KY040630 KY040608 KY040651 Shi et al. 2017
G. swild IVPP OV 2725 GR1 Heishui, Aba, Sichuan OK210582 OK184551 OK239647 OK239652 Shi et al. 2021
G. swild IVPP OV 2726 GR2 Heishui, Aba, Sichuan OK210583 OK184552 OK239648 OK239653 Shi et al. 2021
G. tsushimaensis Ts1 Japan JN870203 JN870196 JN870203 JN870203 JN870211 Fenwick 2011
G. ussuriensis U1 U1 Heilongjiang KP262412 KP262412 KP262412 KP262412 KP262412 Xu et al. 2012
Deinagkistrodon acutus A Fujian DQ343647 DQ343647 DQ343647 DQ343647 DQ343647 Yan et al. 2008

For phylogenetic comparisons, corresponding sequences of 22 recognized species of the genus Gloydius, and one representative of the outgroup (Deinagkistrodon acutus) were obtained from GenBank (Table 2; Shi et al. 2021). Sequences were assembled, and aligned using MEGA 6 (Tamura et al. 2013) with default settings, and were further revised manually when necessary. With respect to the different evolutionary characters of each molecular marker, the dataset was initially split into eight partitions by gene and codon positions and then combined into nine partitions taking advantage of PartitionFinder 2.1.1 (Lanfear et al. 2012) to find similarly evolving partitions.

A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was performed using MrBayes 3.1.2 (Ronquist et al. 2012). All searches consisted of three heated chains and a single cold chain. Three independent iterations each comprising two runs of 100 million generations were performed, sampling every 10,000 generations, and parameter estimates were plotted against generation. The first 25% of the samples were discarded as burn-in, resulting in a potential scale reduction factor (PSRF) of < 0.005. A maximum-likelihood analysis was run with the IQtree tool in the webserver CIPRES (https://www.phylo.org/index.php), with 1000 fast bootstrap repeats. The General time-reversible (GTR) model, the most probable substitution model for the corrected ND4 p-distance matrix was calculated in PAUP 4.0 (https://people.sc.fsu.edu/~dswofford/paup_test/).

Results

Morphology

Comparative data of specimens examined are listed in Tables 1, 2, and 4, as well as Figs 26. The holotype and paratypes are illustrated in Figs 24. The Gloydius specimens from JNNR are different from recognized species of the genus by a combination of morphological characters including ventrals 151–163 (n = 9), subcaudals 38–49, laurel green dorsal body with deep-colored patches, and regular greyish brown ventrolateral stripes.

Molecular phylogeny

The final dataset with 3,722 bp of 37 specimens was analysed in this study. The evolutionary models assigned to each of the nine partitions by PartitionFinder are shown in Table 3. In this study, the topological structures of the maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) trees are generally consistent (Fig. 7). The four specimens from JNNR formed a strongly supported monophyletic group. This lineage is sister to the clade of G. swild from Heishui, Sichuan. The clade including the new species and G. swild is sister to the clade formed by 11 species of the G. intermedius-halys complex. The result conforms to the earlier studies of the genus (Xu et al. 2012; Shi et al. 2017, 2018; Wang et al. 2019).

Table 3.

Partitions and their evolutionary models selected by PartitionFinder 2.1.1.

Partitions Locus Length (bp) Models
Partition 1 12S 859 GTR+I+G
Partition 2 16S 475 GTR+I+G
Partition 3 cytb pos1, ND4 pos1 577 TVM+I+G
Partition 4 ND4 pos2 222 TVM+I+G
Partition 5 ND4 pos3 and cytb pos3 577 GTR+G
Partition 6 cytb pos2 355 K81uf+I+G
Partition 7 COI pos1 219 GTR+G
Partition 8 COI pos2 219 K81UF+I
Partition 9 COI pos3 219 GTR+I+G

The corrected p-distance based on the ND4 gene between the new species and its closest related congeners, G. swild is 6.1%, higher than many pairs of substantial species, such as G. intermedius vs G. shedaoensis (1.1%), G. halys vs G. cognatus (3.3%), G. qinlingensis vs G. liupanensis (3.9%), and G. lipipengi vs G. rubromaculatus (4.2%; Table 4). Thus, the molecular phylogeny supports these new specimens from JNNR as phylogenetically independent species.

Table 4.

Corrected distance between Gloydius lateralis and other Gloydius species based on ND4 and GTR model.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1 G. intermedius (22) -
2 G. shedaoensis (D2) 0.011 -
3 G. halys (H9) 0.041 0.042 -
4 G. cognatus (I3) 0.033 0.033 0.033 -
5 G. stejnegeri (S4) 0.045 0.050 0.047 0.041 -
6 G. rickmersi (R1) 0.052 0.051 0.054 0.049 0.065 -
7 G. caraganus (CR1) 0.038 0.046 0.049 0.042 0.059 0.050 -
8 G. changdaoensis (C1) 0.054 0.049 0.050 0.042 0.069 0.066 0.054 -
9 G. qinlingensis (QL1) 0.110 0.122 0.106 0.104 0.113 0.113 0.114 0.113 -
10 G. liupanensis (LP1) 0.090 0.099 0.088 0.086 0.097 0.102 0.097 0.095 0.039 -
11 G. strauchi (G3A) 0.098 0.110 0.102 0.097 0.111 0.116 0.107 0.105 0.074 0.059 -
12 G. angusticeps (G5C) 0.101 0.112 0.097 0.099 0.112 0.104 0.102 0.104 0.063 0.068 0.067 -
13 G. monticola (DL1) 0.120 0.130 0.122 0.112 0.137 0.134 0.135 0.120 0.076 0.078 0.079 0.076 -
14 G. huangi (R86*) 0.111 0.123 0.117 0.112 0.122 0.122 0.119 0.124 0.081 0.080 0.086 0.080 0.078 -
15 G. rubromaculatus (Y2*) 0.106 0.115 0.100 0.109 0.118 0.109 0.113 0.112 0.086 0.085 0.090 0.079 0.089 0.085 -
16 G. lipipengi (G2) 0.112 0.125 0.114 0.127 0.124 0.121 0.119 0.132 0.078 0.081 0.092 0.081 0.088 0.089 0.042 -
17 G. swild (GR1) 0.116 0.125 0.110 0.108 0.102 0.123 0.114 0.119 0.099 0.085 0.089 0.086 0.089 0.103 0.085 0.097 -
18 G. brevicaudus (B1) 0.143 0.152 0.135 0.145 0.155 0.150 0.145 0.156 0.117 0.113 0.124 0.121 0.122 0.138 0.124 0.126 0.138 -
19 G. ussuriensis (U1) 0.106 0.116 0.131 0.115 0.133 0.133 0.119 0.123 0.119 0.109 0.110 0.102 0.122 0.105 0.110 0.128 0.118 0.107 -
20 G. blomhoffii (B524) 0.132 0.144 0.148 0.142 0.157 0.147 0.135 0.144 0.119 0.110 0.117 0.110 0.112 0.119 0.116 0.125 0.125 0.117 0.068 -
21 G. sushimaensis_Ts1 0.121 0.135 0.145 0.133 0.152 0.142 0.139 0.146 0.126 0.113 0.118 0.108 0.110 0.121 0.130 0.138 0.133 0.122 0.054 0.053 -
22 G. lateralis sp. nov. 0.108 0.112 0.100 0.101 0.111 0.120 0.099 0.100 0.095 0.083 0.090 0.092 0.099 0.101 0.091 0.101 0.061 0.147 0.126 0.142 0.149

Both morphological and molecular analyses support that the specimens from JNNR represent a new species, and it is described herein.

Taxonomic account

Viperidae Oppel, 1811

Gloydius Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981

Gloydius lateralis Zhang, Shi, Jiang & Shi, sp. nov.

Figs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Chresonymy

Gloydius strauchiLi et al. 2004

Holotype

CIB 119377 (collection number: JZ02, Figs 23), аdult female, collected from Zharu Valley, Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China (33.26°N, 103.93°E, 2072 m a.s.l.), leg. Chun-Lin Zhao, Peng Yan, and Tao Yang, 8 Jun. 2021.

Figure 2. 

Holotype of Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. in life, adult female, CIB 119377 (JZ02) A dorsolateral view B ventral view.

Figure 3. 

Head squamation of holotype of Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. CIB 119377 (JZ02) A lateral view B ventral view C dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Paratypes

Three adult females: IVPP OV 2727, CIB 119378, and CIB 119379 (JZ01, JZ03, and JZ04; Fig. 4), leg. Peng Yan and Mei-Hua Zhang 31 Aug. 2021. Four adult females (SAFS2021001–SAFS2021004), leg. Ping Wang, Jun. 2021; one adult male (CIB 87280), leg. Cheng Li, 23 May 2002. All paratypes were collected from the same locality of the holotype.

Figure 4. 

Paratypes of Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. in life A, B CIB 119379 (JZ04), adult female in dorsolateral and ventral views C, D CIB119378 (JZ03), adult female in dorsolateral and ventral views.

Diagnoses

The above-mentioned specimens were identified as members of the genus Gloydius based on the small body size, bilateral pits, and divided subcaudal scales (Zhao 2006; Shi et al. 2016, 2017, 2018, 2021). G. lateralis sp. nov. differs from other congeneric species by a combination of the following characteristics: (1) relatively larger eyes (ED/HL: 0.145–0.171, n = 5); (2) three palatine teeth; (3) 20 or 21 rows of mid-body dorsal scales; (4) ventrals 151–163 (n = 9); (5) subcaudals 38–49 (n = 6); (6) dorsal body laurel green or light brown with four rows of zigzag, dark brown patches, the medial two rows separated from each other by alternate phyllotaxis pattern in background color; (7) continuous, regular greyish-brown ventrolateral stripe on each side of body and tail.

Comparisons

Compared to other species in the genus Gloydius, G. lateralis sp. nov. has continuous, regular greyish-brown and pale, greyish-white ventrolateral stripes on both sides (vs disconnected white upper bordered ventrolateral stripes in G. qinlingensis and G. liupanensis; lacking the ventrolateral stripes in other congeneric species), and relatively larger eyes than the congeneric species (the ratio between the eye diameter and head length ranges from 0.145–0.171 in G. lateralis sp. nov. vs < 0.134 in others).

Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. can be differentiated from the species in the G. blomhoffii group by having three palatine teeth (vs four), from the G. halys complex by having 20 or 21 rows of mid-body dorsal scales (vs 22 or 23).

For species in the G. strauchi group, Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. can be differentiated from G. monticola by having 20 or 21 rows of mid-body dorsal scales (vs 19 in G. monticola). Given the similar to G. angusticeps, G. lateralis sp. nov. can be differentiated from the latter by the larger eyes (ED/HL 0.145–0.171 vs 0.104–0.119) and the ticker postorbital stripes. Additionally, the ventrolateral stripes sometimes appear in some other Gloydius species, such as G. qinlingensis and G. liupanensis, but G. lateralis sp. nov. differs from them by having the ventrolateral stripe lacking a white upper edge. Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. differs from G. strauchi, G. rubromaculatus, G. lipipengi, and G. huangi by the triangular head in dorsal view (vs spoon-shaped head: Figs 5, 6).

Figure 5. 

Lateral (dorsolateral) heads of the alpine pitvipers (Gloydius) distributed in Sichuan and Tibet (not to scales) A G. lateralis sp. nov., CIB 119377 (JZ02), female, from Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, Sichuan B G. swild, IVPP OV 2725, female, from Heishui, Sichuan C G. angusticeps, IVPP OV 2634, male, from Zoige, Sichuan D G. liupanensis, male, from Longnan, Gansu E G. qinlingensis, male, from Ningshaan, Shaanxi F G. strauchi, SYNU1508G4, male, from Litang, Sichuan G G. lipipengi, IVPP OV 2720, male, from Zayu, Tibet H G. rubromaculatus, male, from Yushu, Qinghai (not included in this study) I G. huangi, CIB 533422012, male, from Hola, Mangkang. Copyright: Sheng-Chao Shi (A, I), Jing-Song Shi (B, C, E, F, G, H), Zu-Yao Xia (D).

Figure 6. 

Lateral (dorsolateral) view of the alpine pitvipers (Gloydius strauchi complex) that distributed in Sichuan and Tibet (not to scales); the lateral stripes are pointed by arrows A G. lateralis sp. nov., CIB 119377 (JZ02), female, from Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan B G. swild, IVPP OV 2725, female, from Heishui, Sichuan C G. angusticeps, male, from Golog, Qinghai (not included in this study) D G. liupanensis, male, from Longnan, Gansu E G. qinlingensis, male, from Ningshaan, Shaanxi F G. strauchi, from Sichuan G G. lipipengi, IVPP OV 2720, male, from Zayu, Tibet H G. rubromaculatus, male from Yushu, Qinghai I G. huangi, CIB 533422012, male, from Hola, Mangkang. Copyright: Sheng-Chao Shi (A, I), Jing-Song Shi (B, E, G, H), Hong Zhao (C), Zu-Yao Xia (D) and Zhi-Yuan Tang (F).

Gloydius swild is another species from Heishui, Aba, Sichuan (female holotype IVPP OV 2725 and paratype IVPP OV 2726) that is phylogenetically most closely related to G. lateralis sp. nov., but G. swild can be separated from the latter by significant branch lengths and p-distance (6.1%). G. lateralis sp. nov. differs from G. swild by having fewer ventrals 151–163 (n = 9) (vs 168–170, n = 2), laurel-green dorsal body with deep-colored patches (vs dark, greyish-brown background dorsal color), relatively larger eyes (ED/HL 14.5–17.1%, n = 5 vs 11.5–13.4%, n = 2), the thicker postorbital stripes (2/3 the width of the anterior temporal vs half the width of the anterior temporal), and the regular greyish-brown ventrolateral stripes (vs irregular ventrolateral stripes).

Description of the holotype

CIB 119377 (JZ02), adult female, body slender, medium-sized, tail short (SVL 440.0 mm, TL 58.0 mm, TL/TTL 0.116). Head triangular in dorsal view, 1.45× the length of the width, distinct from the neck (HW 15.1 mm, HL 21.9 mm, HH 8.3 mm); snout bluntly protruding (SL 6.4 mm) from dorsal view; upper jaw slightly protruding beyond lower jaw; rostral scales barely seem from dorsal view; canthus rostralis blunt; eyes relatively large (ED 3.2 mm), pupil vertical, ED/HL 0. 146. Pupil vertical. Fang not exceeding third infralabial (Fig. 2).

Scalation. Internals wider than long, near right triangular (IN 4.4 mm); prefrontals larger, pentagonal; frontal shield-like; the curve edges of two parietals contacting 13 small scales posterior to frontal and supraoculars; supraocular large, slightly smaller than frontal (IOS 7.8 mm); remaining dorsal head scales smaller posteriorly, first few rows irregular and smooth, gradually rhomboidal and keeled posteriorly. Nasals partially divided into two parts by two disconnected vertical sutures touching rear edge of nostril; two loreals, upper loreal forms part of canthus rostralis, lower loreals distinctly smaller and join pit; preoculars 3/2 (left/right), upmost forms part of canthus rostralis, lower join the pit; postoculars 2/2, upper pair small, lower pair larger, and crescent-shaped, surrounding about one-third of eye, touching third supralabial; temporals 2+3/2+2. Supralabials 6/6: first supralabial in contact with both parts of nasals; second supralabial smallest, fourth and fifth supralabials longest; third supralabial reaching the bottom of orbit; fourth supralabial slightly larger than the following. Infralabials 10/10; first pair extends behind mental, first four pairs narrow and touching chin shields, fifth and sixth infralabials largest, similar in size; one pair of chin shields enlarged, forming a distinct mental groove. Dorsal body scales rhombic with matte surface, keeled except the rows bordering ventrals, increasing in size from medial to lateral; dorsal scales rows 20-20-15; ventral scales 158; anal undivided; subcaudal scales 45 pairs (Fig. 3).

Coloration in life (Figs 2, 46). Description based on observation immediately after shedding. Dorsal head gray with distinct smoky-black markings resembling a human in half squat; one gray patch present on middle of frontal; one gray U-shaped marking present on parietals. Lateral head light gray; postorbital stripe otter brown, wider than half of the largest anterior temporal, extending to lateral neck, without white margins; supralabials and infralabials light gray without conspicuous spots; iris bicolored, upper one-third gold, lower part marbled with smoky black; edges of pupil gold. Ventral head white; one faint yellow-orange stripe present on inner edges of infralabials and adjacent edges of contacting scales on both lateral sides of the lower lip. Tone uniformly purple-taupe.

Dorsal body laurel green; two rows of pine-needle colored irregular patches present on dorsolateral body behind head markings, each patch involving several scales (mostly 4–8) on seventh to higher dorsal scale rows, and partially connected or separated by one laurel-green scale; vertebral scales mostly laurel green, forming an alternate phyllotaxis pattern on the body after neck; a row of copper patches present on both sides of lateral body behind postorbital stripe, involving several scales (5–7) on dorsal scale rows 3–6, also partially connected or separated by one laurel-green scale. Ventral body white right behind head, mottled with sparse smoky-black spots, gradually dense to posterior; a distinct, continuous, regular, greyish-brown ventrolateral stripe present on each side of body, behind faint yellow-orange stripe, lie on junction of ventrals and lower edge of first dorsal scales. Dorsal tail smoky black, covered with a dozen of small, laurel-green patches or transverse bands. Ventral tail laurel green with dense, smoky-black spots, continuous, regular, greyish brown, extending from body to middle of ventrolateral tail. Skin between all dorsal scales black. Front edge of most dorsal scales dyed black.

Figure 7. 

Maximum-likelihood tree of the genus Gloydius based on 12S, 16S, COI, ND4 and cytb sequences, with the maximum likelihood bootstrap supports (left, regular) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right, italic) displayed on the nodes (those < 50% are displayed as “-”).

Variations

Measurements and body scalation variations are listed in Table 1. One of the paratypes, CIB 119378 (JZ03) has a more deeply brown background color than other specimens, dorsal scales on body ginger, and lateral patches on body chestnut; ventrolateral stripes saddle brown. A small, dark-brown spot presents on the middle of the posterior head of one of the paratypes CIB 119378 (JZ03), IVPP OV 2727 (JZ01). Postoculars 3/3 in CIB 87280, IVPP OV 2727 (JZ01); 2/3 in CIB 119379 (JZ04).

Etymology

The specific epithet lateralis refers to the unique continuous, regular, greyish-brown ventrolateral stripes at the junction of ventrals and the first row of dorsal scales. The common name is suggested as “Jiuzhai pitviper” in English, “Jiǔ Zhài Fù” (九寨蝮) in Chinese, refer to its type locality, JNNR.

Distribution and ecology

At present, G. lateralis sp. nov. is only known from JNNR, Sichuan, China. The type specimens were collected from the middle of June to the end of August. Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. is active on sunny days by the roadside in a hot, dry valley (Fig. 8). This species is sympatric with Protobothrops jerdonii, Rhabdophis nuchalis, and Scincella tsinlingensis. The food spectrum of the new species includes small mammals based on a small patch of fur observed in feces. They fed on suckling mice in captivity.

Figure 8. 

A, C Macrohabitats and D microhabitats of Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. at the Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve. Note that another Protobothrops jerdonii sympatric to G. lateralis sp. nov. is shown in B.

Discussion

Recent studies continue to improve our understandings of the taxonomy and phylogeny of Asian pitvipers (Xu et al. 2012; Shi et al. 2016, 2017, 2018, 2021; Wang et al. 2019). However, the recent molecular phylogenic trees of Asian pitvipers did not resolve the phylogenic relationship between Gloydius qinlingensis and G. liupanensis due to the inconsistencies between ML and BI trees. In this study conversely, the topological structures of the ML and BI trees based on five mitochondrial genome fragments are generally consistent. The clades of G. qinlingensis and G. liupanensis form a strongly supported monophyletic group. Furthermore, the molecular phylogeny in this study reveals the sister relationship between Gloydius lateralis sp. nov. and G. swild, another recently described species from Heishui, Aba, Sichuan (6.1% corrected p-distance for ND4; Shi et al. 2021). The linear distance between the type localities of G. lateralis sp. nov. and G. swild is only 148 km (Fig. 1).

The discovery of G. lateralis sp. nov. provides new insights into the diversity and the distribution patterns of Asian pitvipers. The genetic differentiation from its closest congener, G. swild, might suggest that the formation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau might be one of the key factors to the geographical isolation of the alpine pitvipers in southwest China. As discussed by Shi et al. (2021) and authors of many similar studies (Shi et al. 2017, 2018; Wang et al. 2019), the wide-ranging G. strauchi complex spans several biogeographic barriers and distinct environments across poorly investigated regions. The discovery of G. lateralis sp. nov. verifies the hypothesis that there might be additional hidden species within the G. strauchi complex.

The type locality of G. lateralis is located in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, a world-famous heritage site that receives millions of tourists every year. The only known habitat of the new species is Zharu Valley, and it is now under touristic development. Walkways for tourists have been built in the region, but some people are still venturing off of the walkways. Thus, warning signs are still needed to remind visitors to watch out for the venomous pitviper, since this species and the sympatric Protobothrops jerdonii are often found in grass or bushes on both sides of roads. On the other hand, reptiles are one of the vertebrate groups most affected by roads through vehicle collisions, both because they are intentionally killed by drivers, and due to their biological needs, such as thermoregulation, making them more prone to collisions (Gonçalves et al. 2018). The observation of the dead bodies of G. laterialis shows the necessity to remind the drivers to slow down, and avoid road killings.

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFE0203200), the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (2019QZKK0705, Tao Deng). Construction of Basic Conditions Platform of Sichuan Science and Technology Department (2019JDPT0020), Jiuzhaigou Post-earthquake Recovery Project: Vegetation Succession and Landscape, Ecology, Environment Protection for Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage (5132202020000046), China Biodiversity Observation Networks (Sino BON), and Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve Comprehensive scientific investigation (Purchase No:5132202019000439). We thank Chun-Lin Zhao, Tao Yang, and Tian Zhao for their help in field surveys; Zhong-Yi Yao, Si-Meng Du, Sheng-Bo Zhou, and Peng Guo for their help with the lab work and corrections of the manuscript. We thank Jia-Tang Li, Ke Jiang, Dong-Sheng Li, and Ke Lv for helping with museum specimen preserving and examining.

References

  • Arevalo E, Davis SK, Sites JW (1994) Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence and phylogenetic relationships among eight chromosome races of the Sceloporus grammicus complex (Phrynosomatidae) in central Mexico. Systematic Biology 43(3): 387–418. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/43.3.387
  • Burbrink FT, Lawson R, Slowinski JB (2000) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the polytypic North American rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta): A critique of the subspecies concept. Evolution: International Journal of Organic Evolution 54(6): 2107–2118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb01253.x
  • Gonçalves LO, Alvares DJ, Teixeira FZ, Schuck G, Coelho IP, Esperandio IB, Anza J, Beduschi J, Bastazini VAG, Kindel A (2018) Reptile road-kills in southern Brazil: Composition, hot moments and hotspots. The Science of the Total Environment 615: 1438–1445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.053
  • Hoge AR, Romano-Hoge S (1981[1978/79]) Poisonous snakes of the world. Part 1. Checklist of the pitvipers Viperoidea, Viperidae, Crotalinae. Memorias do Instituto Butantan 42/43: 179–283.
  • Knight A, Mindell DP (1993) Substitution bias, the weighting of DNA sequence evolution, and the phylogenetic position of Fea’s viper. Systematic Biology 42(1): 18–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/42.1.18
  • Lanfear R, Calcott B, Ho SY, Guindon S (2012) PartitionFinder: Combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29(6): 1695–1701. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mss020
  • Li C, Sun ZY, Cai YS, Liu SY, Ran JH, Liu ZJ, Wang YZ (2004) The Herpetofaunal Diversity in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, China. Chinese Journal of Zoology 39(2): 74–77.
  • Orlov NL, Barabanov AV (1999) Analysis of nomenclature, classification, and distribution of the Agkistrodon halys-Agkistrodon intermedius complexes: A critical review. Russian Journal of Herpetology 6(3): 167–192.
  • Palumbi S, Martin A, Romano S, McMillan W, Stice L, Grabowski G (1991) The Simple Fool’s Guide to PCR, Version 2.0. University of Hawaii, Honolulu.
  • Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, Höhna S, Larget B, Liu L, Suchard MA, Huelsenbeck JP (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61(3): 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
  • Shi JS, Yang DW, Zhang WY, Qi S, Li PP, Ding L (2016) Distribution and intraspecies taxonomy of Gloydius halys-Gloydius intermedius complex in China (Serpentes: Crotalinae). Chinese Journal of Zoology 51(5): 777–798. https://doi.org/10.13859/j.cjz.201605008
  • Shi JS, Wang G, Chen XE, Fang YH, Ding L, Huang S, Hou M, Liu J, Li PP (2017) A new moth-preying alpine pitviper species from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (Viperidae, Crotalinae). Amphibia-Reptilia 38(4): 517–532. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003134
  • Shi JS, Yang DC, Zhang WY, Peng LF, Orlov N, Jiang F, Ding L, Hou M, Huang XL, Huang S, Li PP (2018) A new species of the Gloydius strauchi complex (Crotalinae: Viperidae: Serpentes) from Qinghai, Sichuan, and Gansu, China. Russian Journal of Herpetology 25(2): 126–138. https://doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2018-25-2-126-138
  • Shi JS, Liu JC, Giri R, Owens JB, Santra V, Kuttalam S, Selvan M, Guo KJ, Malhotra A (2021) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Gloydius (Squamata, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with descriptions of two new alpine species from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. ZooKeys 1061: 87–108. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.70420
  • Shi SC, Feng JY, Jiang JP (2022) New distribution site and supplementary description on variations of Gloydius huangi Wang, Ren, Dong, Jiang, Siler & Che, 2019 (Reptilia: Serpentes). Russian Journal of Herpetology [in press].
  • Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S (2013) MEGA 6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30(12): 2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
  • Wagner P, Tiutenko A, Mazepa G, Borkin L, Simonov E (2016) Alai! Alai! – A new species of the Gloydius halys (Pallas, 1776) complex (Viperidae, Crotalinae), including a brief review of the complex. Amphibia-Reptilia 37(1): 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003026
  • Wang K, Ren JL, Dong WJ, Jiang K, Shi JS, Siler CD, Che J (2019) A New Species of Plateau Pitviper (Reptilia: Serpentes: Gloydius) from the Upper Lancang (= Mekong) Valley in the Hengduan Mountain Region, Tibet, China. Journal of Herpetology 53(3): 224–236. https://doi.org/10.1670/18-126
  • Xu Y, Liu Q, Myers EA, Wang L, Huang S, He Y, Peng PH, Guo P (2012) Molecular phylogeny of the genus Gloydius (Serpentes: Crotalinae). Asian Herpetological Research 3(2): 127–132. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1245.2012.00127
  • Yan J, Li H, Zhou K (2008) Evolution of the mitochondrial genome in snakes: Gene rearrangements and phylogenetic relationships. BMC Genomics 9(1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-569
  • Zhao EM (2006) Snakes of China. Volume I. Anhui Science and Technology Publishing House, Hefei, 118–129.
  • Zhao EM, Huang MH, Zong Y (1998) Fauna Sinica, Reptilia, Squamata. Serpentes (Vol. 3). Science Press, Beijing, 393–419.
login to comment