The division into families follows the phylogenetic studies of Breure and Romero (2012). Within each family the genera and species are listed alphabetically.

Caprella undulata Guilding, 1824, by monotypy.

Shell (elongate-)globose to fusiform, rimate, rather thin to solid, height up to ca. 27–ca. 75 mm (study area). Colour light to darker (reddish-)brown, with dark axial zigzag streaks or oblique spiral series of spots. Surface smooth or malleate, in some species with cuticular cavities filled with air. Protoconch granulate or axially wrinkled. Whorls slightly convex, suture hardly to well impressed, descending in front. Aperture sub- to elongate-ovate. Peristome thickened, more or less expanded and reflexed. Columella in several species with a fold.

West Indies, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela.

Breure 1978: Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) calliostomus (Dohrn, 1882) [g, r], P. (A.) delicatus (Pilsbry, 1935) [g, r], P. (A.) dissimulans (Preston, 1909) [g, r], P. (A.) veranyi (Pfeiffer, 1848) [g, r], P. (Eudolichotis) aurissciuri (Guppy, 1866) [g, r], P. (E.) glaber (Gmelin, 1791) [g, r], P. (Eurytus) ampullaroides (Mousson, 1873) [g, r], P. (E.) mundiperditi Haas, 1955 [g, r], P. (E.) piperitus (Sowerby I, 1837) [g, h, r], P. (E.) sophiae Breure, 2009 (as P. (P.) blainvilleanus linterae) [g]; Breure 2009: Plekocheilus (Eurytus) huberi Breure, 2009 [g], P. (E.) nebulosus Breure, 2009 [g], P. (E.) tatei Haas, 1955 [g]; Breure and Schlögl 2010: Plekocheilus (Eurytus) breweri Breure and Schlögl, 2010 [g], P. (P.) vlceki Breure and Schlögl, 2010 [g]; Breure 2013b: Plekocheilus (Eurytus) huberi Breure, 2009 [m, r], P. (E.) mundiperditi Haas, 1955 [m, r], P. (E.) nebulosus Breure, 2009 [m, r], P. (E.) tatei Haas, 1955 [m, r], P. (P.) vlceki Breure and Schlögl, 2010 [r]; Breure 2012b: Plekocheilus (P.) philippei Breure, 2012 [g, p].

Breure et al. 2010: Plekocheilus (P.) vlceki Breure and Schlögl, 2010; Breure 2013b: Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) succineoides (Petit de la Saussaye, 1840), P. (Eudolichotis) glaber (Gmelin, 1791), P. (Eurytus) breweri Breure and Schlögl, 2010, P. (E.) gibbonius (Lea, 1838), P. (E.) piperatoides Pilsbry, 1901; Breure and Romero 2012: P. (E.) breweri Breure and Schlögl, 2010.

Bulimus veranyi Pfeiffer, 1848, by original designation.

Shell rather thin, spire short, surface with cuticular cavities filled with air, protonch finely granulated, aperture with well expanded lip.

Colombia, Ecuador, ?Peru, ?Brazil, Venezuela.

May be found in montane and cloud forest, and in páramos; occasionally in pockets of arid vegetation (e.g., Opuntia sp.). The vertical distribution is 1000–4000 m, with an emphasis on 2500–3000 m.

“Ecuador, Tandayapa, en la vertiente oriental del cerro Pichincha, approximadamento 2500 m”.

FML 3364, holotype.

Shell relatively small, with hardly convex whorls, the height of the aperture 0.72 total shell height, suture descending in front, but sharply ascending behind the lip, parietal callus pale greenish-brown.

Shell height 27.8, diameter 17.4 mm.

Ecuador, Prov. Pichincha, Tandayapa; ?Prov. Carchi, El Laurel (Breure and Borrero 2008).

Northwestern Andean montane forests [NT0145].

This species occurs on the western slope of the Andes in cloud forest. Fig. 85C–D is possibly a living specimen of this species, for which no voucher could be studied.

Bulimus distortus Bruguière, 1789, by original designation.

Shell relatively medium-sized, fusiform, a papillose-granulose sculpture on the last whorl, the aperture elongate, with a produced pinkish lip, the columellar margin with a slight fold entering the aperture.

West Indies, Panama, Colombia, Peru, Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela.

The species live mainly in arid conditions in the leaf litter layer of xerophytic shrub vegetation and in deciduous forests. The following, Peruvian species is an exception, living in rainforest.

Araujo 1975b: Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) lacertus (Pfeiffer, 1855) [g, m, p, r]; Breure 1978: Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) aurissciuri (Guppy, 1866) [g, r], P. (E.) distortus (Bruguière, 1789) [r], P. (E.) g. glaber (Gmelin, 1791) [g, r], P. (E.) g. grenadensis (Guppy, 1868) [g, r].

Breure 2013b: Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) g. glaber (Gmelin, 1791), P. (E.) g. grenadensis (Guppy, 1868).

The reasons for considering Plekocheilus (Sparnotion) Pilsbry, 1944 a junior subjective synonym are given below.

“in vicinio fluminis Ambiyacu, ad locum Pebas, Peruviae”.

MCZ 202073 (1), paratype.

See above.

Shell height 50.6, diameter 18.5 mm.

Peru, Dept. Loreto, Pebas, banks of río Ampiyacu.

Iquitos varzea [NT0128].

Crosse did not state on how many specimens his description was based, but said his material was based on “(Coll. Orton)”, and collected by John Hauxwell. The record of Breure (1979: 32) “HT MCZ” refers to specimen MCZ 202073 (“banks of Ambiyacu River near Pebas, Peru / Vassar College / James Orton”; see http://bit.ly/1fFP7xF), which was erroneous as Turner (1962) explained that in 1874 the type material—returned to Orton after the description by Crosse—has been transferred to the MCZ collection. Unfortunately, after Pilsbry used the holotype for his re-description, it “has since been misplaced or lost”; the MCZ specimen is thus a paratype, and was correctly mentioned as such by Breure (1978: 22). Pilsbry classified the species with his subgenus Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) Pilsbry, 1896 and singled P. (E.) hauxwelli out in the key for the subgenus (Pilsbry 1896 [1895–1896]: 109), distinguishing it from P. (E.) distortus (Bruguière, 1789) and P. (E.) aurissciuri (Guppy, 1866) by having (1) a “minutely, densely but irregularly scattered, papillose” sculpture on the last whorl; (2) “longitudinal groups of crowded, finely zigzag hydrophanous lines” on the dorsal side of the last whorl (Pilsbry 1896 [1895-1896]: pl. 44 fig. 78); (3) a narrow, “not calloused” lip. Many years later, Pilsbry (1944c) referred to this characteristics presented in this key to define his new subgenus Plekocheilus (Sparnotion), with its sole species P. (S.) hauxwelli. This subgenus has been recognised by Zilch (1960: 476, fig. 1674), and Breure (1979: 32); Schileyko (1999: 277: fig. 334) expressed some doubt about its status by placing a question mark, but did not explicitly comment on this in his text.

The loss of the holotype of Bulimus hauxwelli makes it necessary to judge this taxon—and the subgenus Sparnotion—largely on the basis of the figures provided by Pilsbry and the remaining paratype in MCZ. As far as we know there is no material with proven locality data present in other museum collections. However, we recently had the opportunity to re-study the specimen in MCZ on the basis of high resolution pictures supplied by Adam Baldinger. As noted earlier (Breure 1978: 22), the paratype does not show the “longitudinal groups of crowded, finely zigzag hydrophanous lines” very clearly and this could hardly be compared to the subcuticular cavities filled with air characteristic for Plekocheilus (Aeropictus); see also Borrero and Breure 2011: fig. 6 for shell sculptures of several Plekocheilus species. While the paratype shell shows a papillose sculpture of the last whorl (unfortunately not clearly shown on the picture), we think this sculpture is not atypical compared to the known species of Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis). The sprout in the basal lip seems stronger than in Crosse’s or Pilsbry’s figures; this may be a sign for intra-specific variation. Finally, the narrow and ‘not calloused’ lip reminds of several Plekocheilus (Eurytus) species and we hardly doubt if this characteristic alone may be sufficient for a subgeneric separation of this species.

When this manuscript was being finalized, we received information about a specimen with locality “Peru” in the RAMM collection. This specimen originates from the collection of Miss J.E. Linter (1844–1909) and is the sole specimen we have been able to trace apart from the type material. This specimen (Figs 12D–F) does show the characteristics that Pilsbry mentioned for the lost holotype. And although there seems some mixing in of a characteristic—zigzag hydrophanous lines—from Plekocheilus (Aeropictus), based on the shell morphology alone we conclude that this species may be best classified as P. (Eudolichotis) hauxwelli untill more material, hopefully allowing for anatomical and molecular studies, becomes available.

Helix pentadina d’Orbigny, 1835, by subsequent designation (Albers 1860: 195).

Shell (elongate-)ovate, height up to ca. 35–ca. 75 mm (study area), colour brownish, usually with darker spots, arranged in axial streaks or oblique series, zigzags or irregularly spaced, whorls slightly convex, suture well impressed, aperture (elongate- or sub-) ovate, columellar margin usually entering with a slight fold above, peristome simple or slightly expanded and reflexed.

West Indies, Panama, Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia.

Species classified with this taxon fall into two groups: (a) occurring in lowland (rain)forests at altitudes up to ca. 1000 m, or (b) living in montane forests at ca. 1250–3500 m. The species may be found in leaf litter or on shrubs.

This subgenus is not mentioned by Schileyko (1999). See Figs 85A–B and 86G–H for unidentified living specimens from Ecuador.

“Quito, republica Aequatoris”.

MNCN 15.05/7180, lectotype (Breure and Araujo 2015).

Shell relatively medium-sized, moderately solid, sculptured with granulation, a faint pattern of spiral bands on the last whorl, the interstices about as wide as the bands, last whorl inflated, suture deeply descending in front, peristome hardly expanded and reflexed.

Shell height 48.3, diameter 22.7 mm.

Ecuador, Prov. Chimborazo, Bucay; Prov. Cotopaxi, Páramo de Sighos; Prov. Pichincha, Rio Pilaton (all Breure and Borrero 2008).

In the MNCN there are three lots labelled ‘Bulimus aristaceus Crosse’ which were previously considered as syntypes. These lots appeared not to be conspecific, and only lot MNCN 15.05/7180 is considered as type material of this taxon. This species was recently re-described and re-figured by Breure and Araujo (2015). The figure of Crosse (1870) does not entirely adequately represent the current state of the shell as the colour marks largely have faded away.

[Ecuador] “Valli Pilatonensi”.

Not located.

Shell relatively medium-sized, rather thin, sculptured with fine granulation, the last whorl nearly smooth, suture deeply descending in front, columella twisted (Pilsbry 1895 [1895–1896]).

Shell height 53, diameter 25 mm.

Ecuador, Prov. Pichincha, Río Pilatón valley.

Northwestern Andean montane forests [NT0145].

This species is only known from the type locality at an altitude of 1000 m, and may prove to be a synonym of Plekocheilus (Eurytus) taylorianus (Reeve, 1849).

“Peru, Dept. Pasco, Huancabamba”.

NHMUK 1911.11.2.88, holotype.

Paratypes NHMUK 1911.11.2.89–90 (2), RMNH 55122 (1).

Shell relatively medium-sized, rather solid, colour light brown with irregular reddish-brown dots, surface with numerous cutical spiral striae, suture somewhat descending in front, aperture elongate-ovate, peristome thin and simple.

Shell height 39.0, diameter 19.5 mm.

Peru, Dept. Pasco, Huancabamba.

This taxon is only known from the type locality.

[Ecuador] “Quito”.

ZMB 112721 (1), syntype.

Shell relatively medium-sized, rather solid, last whorl inflated, surface sculptured with strong, axial and oblique criss-crossing sections, suture somewhat descending in front and slightly ascending behind lip, aperture round-ovate.

Shell height 46, diameter 32 mm.

Colombia (Borrero and Breure 2011). Ecuador, Prov. Napo, Nachiyacu; ibid., Topo; Prov. Pastaza, Mera; ibid., Puyo; Prov. Pichincha, Milpe; ibid., near Mindo; ibid., Nanegal (Breure and Borrero 2008, Borrero and Breure 2011).

Northwestern Andean montane forests [NT0145].

This species has been found at ca. 1000–1250 m altitude. The reference of Borrero and Breure (2011) to a lectotype designation by Köhler is erroneous.

“Paramba, Ecuador”.

NHMUK 1907.11.21.110, lectotype (Breure 1979: 30).

SMF 9513 (1), paralectotype.

Shell relatively medium-sized, solid, last whorl very inflated, sculpture malleated, suture somewhat descending in front and slightly ascending behind lip, aperture ear-shaped (broadly ovate), peristome expanded and slightly reflexed.

Shell height 58.0, diameter 41.5 mm.

Colombia (Borrero and Breure 2011). Ecuador, Prov. Carchi, Hacienda Paramba.

Northwestern Andean montane forests [NT0145].

“Ecuador”.

NHMUK 1879.1.21.2, lectotype (Breure 1979: 30).

Shell relatively medium-sized, rather thin, surface densely and evenly granulate, suture somewhat descending in front and sharply ascending behind lip, aperture ovate, peristome expanded and narrowly reflexed.

Shell height 35.5, diameter 18.5 mm.

Ecuador, Prov. Loja, ? Chaguarpamba (MIZW).

A full re-description, based on the lectotype, was given by Breure (1978: 11). The first precise locality for this species is based on two specimens found in the MIZW collection; the material is accompanied by an original label “Chaguarpata (5800´) [1768 m]”, and was collected in 1883. Modern gazetteers do not provide any exact name like this for Ecuador; the closest match is Chaguarpamba in Prov. Loja, where altitudes in that range do occur. The (more recent, second) label “Chaguaspata, Peru” seems to be in error as there is no such place in Peru. The specimens have a white lip instead of the pink one in the type specimen.

“sylvis Provinciarum septemtrionalium Brasiliae”.

ZSM 20020116 (1), syntype.

MNHN 28258, holotype of Helix pentadina d’Orbigny.

Shell relatively large, sculptured with closely and coarsely, partly bifurcating plicae, and dense granulation; suture hardly descending in front, aperture elongate-ovate, peristome narrowly expanded below.

Shell height 60.0, diameter 27.4 mm.

Ecuador, Prov. Napo, 120 km SE Quito (Weyrauch 1967). Peru, Dept. San Martin, Tingo Maria; ibid., Pucallpa; ibid., Yarinacocha (Breure 1978). Bolivia, Dept. Cochabamba, Prov. Chaparé. Brazil (Simone 2006).

Eastern Cordillera real montane forests [NT0121], Southwest Amazon moist forests [NT0166].

The apex of the syntype is damaged, so the total shell height is slightly over 60 mm. The type locality is very imprecise and covers a large area. This taxon has been synonymised with Helix pentadina d’Orbigny, 1835 (described from central Bolivia) and Bulimus lacrimosus Heimburg, 1884 (from Peru, Dept. Loreto) by Weyrauch (1967: 462) without further comments. We concur with his opinion on the former, with the notice that Helix pentadina was described by d’Orbigny on the basis of one damaged shell from Bolivia, Prov. Chaparé. The type material of Heimburg’s taxon has not been located; therefore it remains difficult to fully asses this species, but his figure leaves little doubt. Richardson (1995) agreed with both synonymizations of Weyrauch, and we provisionally follow this conclusion. However, this species deserves further studies given the very large distribution range.

[Ecuador] “San José”.

MNCN 15.05/1066 (2), MNCN 15.05/3158 (2), syntypes.

Shell relatively large, solid, with oblique series of more or less spirally arranged reddish-brown spots, evenly and dense granulation, suture somewhat descending in front and slightly ascending behind lip, aperture broadly ovate, peristome narrowly expanded and reflexed.

Shell height 74.9, diameter 48.4 mm.

Ecuador, Prov. Napo, Nachiyacu; ibid., Sarayacu (see Weyrauch 1967: 463); ibid., valley of Río Quijos; Prov. Orellana, San José de Suno; Prov. Pastaza, Puyo; ibid., Mera (Breure and Borrero 2008).

Eastern Cordillera real montane forests [NT0121].

The type locality is—according to Weyrauch (1967: 463)—located 50 km E Baeza; this points to Prov. Orellana, San José de Suno, also known as San José Viejo. Bulimus gibbonius Hidalgo, 1870 has the same type locality and is, following the opinion of Pilsbry (Pilsbry 1895 [1895–1896]: 87), a subjective synonym of Bulimus jimenezi Hidalgo, 1872.

“Mission de Sarayacu, sur les bords de la rivière de l’Ucuyali, Pérou”.

Not located.

ANSP 170694, holotype of Plekocheilus (Eurytus) jacksoni Pilsbry.

Shell relatively medium-sized, with dots and longitudinal streaks of (reddish-)brown, sculptured with impressed spiral grooves crossing the growth striae, suture descending in front, aperture ovate, peristome slightly expanded.

Not given; (jacksoni Pilsbry) shell height 45.4, diameter 25.7 mm.

Colombia (Borrero and Breure 2011). Ecuador, Prov. Napo, Nachiyacu; Prov. Tungurahua, Rio Pastaza watershed. Peru, Dept. Loreto, Sarayacu.

Eastern Cordillera real montane forests [NT0121], Iquitos varzea [NT0128].

The sentence “sur les bords de la rivière de l’Ucuyali” leaves little doubt about the type locality, although there is also a locality named Sarayacu in Ecuador, Prov. Pastaza. We have been unable to locate the type specimens of Deville and Hupé, but close examination of their original figure leads us to believe that the shell exhibits the same longitudinal plication as seen on the holotype of jacksoni Pilsbry. We now tentatively consider the specimens figured by Borrero and Breure (2011: figs 17G–J, as Plekocheilus (Eurytus) piperitus) to be conspecific with Deville and Hupé’s species.

“Ecuador, Puyo”.

ANSP 170695, lectotype (Baker 1963: 229).

Shell rather solid, last whorl inflated, sculptured with growth wrinkles and very minute, low granulation, suture descending in front but flattened behind the lip, aperture ovate, peristome expanded and narrowly reflexed.

Shell height 51.0, diameter 30.6 mm.

Ecuador, Prov. Imbabura, Ibarra; Prov. Napo, Topo; Prov. Pastaza, Mera; ibid., Puyo.

Eastern Cordillera real montane forests [NT0121], Northwestern Andean montane forests [NT0145].

“Colombia”, see remarks.

ANSP 170696, lectotype (Baker, 1963).

Shell relatively large, solid, with oblique series of more or less spirally arranged reddish-brown spots, evenly and dense granulation, suture somewhat descending in front, aperture ovate.

Shell height 71.0, diameter 47.0 mm.

Ecuador, Prov. Napo, Nachiyacu; ibid., Sarayacu; ibid., valley Río Quijos; Prov. Pastaza, Puyo; ibid., Mera (all Breure and Borrero 2008).

Eastern Cordillera real montane forests [NT0121].

Clench and Turner (1962: 109) have pointed out that the original locality was erroneous; the type locality should be Nachiyacu. This taxon has been synonymized by Richardson (1995) with Plekocheilus (Eurytus) jimenezi, but without any comments. The shape of the aperture in the type specimen may not be entirely typical; it does not show the ascending suture behind the lip typical of P. (E.) jimenezi, and the aperture is different in shape. Tentatively we have retained this taxon as a separate species, as it may be sympatric with P. (E.) jimenezi, awaiting further studies in the area.

[Bolivia] “non loin…de Tutulima” (d’Orbigny 1837 [1834–1847]: 295).

NHMUK 1854.12.4.120, lectotype (Breure and Ablett 2011: 26).

NHMUK 1854.12.4.120 (3), paralectotypes.

Shell relatively large, slender, with irregularly spaced reddish-brown spots, sculptured with dense and fine granulation, suture descending in front, aperture oblique elongate-ovate, peristome simple.

Shell height 66.5, diameter 25.9 mm.

Bolivia, Dept. Cochabamba, near Totolima.

Bolivian Yungas [NT0105].

This species is very similar to Plekocheilus (Eurytus) floccosus (Spix in Wagner, 1827), but is decidedly more slender. The reference to non-Bolivian localities (Cousin 1887: 207) needs to be viewed with much suspicion as likely a misidentification may be involved.

[Peru] “Huallaga”.

NHMUK 1975329, lectotype (design. n.) and paralectotype.

ZMB 112724 (1), paralectotype; MHNG-INVE-55493 (1), syntype of Bulimus pseudopiperatus J. Moricand.

Shell relatively medium-sized, with irregularly spaced reddish-brown dots, sometimes forming longitudal streaks, sculptured with a regular pattern of granulation (Fig. 5A), suture descending in front, rapidly descending behind the lip, aperture ovate, peristome simple.

Shell height 55.8, diameter 31.3 mm.

Peru, Dept. San Martin, along Río Huallaga; ibid., Moyobamba; Dept. Ucayali, Pucallpa (Weyrauch 1967: 464).

Ucayali moist forests [NT0174].

Borrero and Breure (2011) identified Ecuadorian material as this species, without having seen the type material. However, the type material of Sowerby is somewhat tapering at base and has the suture descending in front (Fig. 4B–C); also the shells figured by Borrero and Breure seem slightly smaller and slenderer. Therefore we are of the opinion that this taxon is best restricted to Peruvian material, and therefore the specimen figured by Breure and Ablett (2011: fig. 20A–C) is now designated lectotype (design. n.). Bulimus pseudopiperatus J. Moricand, 1858 is considered a junior subjective synonym of Bulinus piperitus Sowerby I, 1837. This was also the opinion of Weyrauch (1967), who provided Pucallpa as the first precise locality for this species.

“Rio Napo, northeastern boundary of Ecuador”.

ANSP 227455 (1), possible syntype.

Shell relatively medium-sized, with longitudinal streaks reddish-brown dots, some dots irregularly spaced in between, sculptured with a regular pattern of granulation (Fig. 5B), suture somewhat descending in front, rapidly descending behind the lip, aperture ovate, peristome hardly expanded and reflexed.

Shell height 56.8, diameter 29.5 mm.

Ecuador, Prov. Napo, Río Jatunyacu [= Río Napo].

Eastern Cordillera real montane forests [NT0121].

This taxon has been considered as a separate species. Upon comparing the type with material of Plekocheilus (Eurytus) piperitus (Sowerby I, 1837), we conclude that mcgyntyi is very similar and consider it herein as subspecies of Sowerby’s taxon (stat. n.). The differences seem to consist mainly in P. (E.) piperitus mcgyntyi having a more expanding lip, and a somewhat slenderer shell. The Ecuadorian material mentioned by Borrero and Breure (2011) is now tentatively considered to be this subspecies.

“Balsas, valley of Maranon R., Peru”.

ANSP 66439, lectotype (Baker 1963: 230).

Shell relatively medium-sized, with irregularly spaced reddish-brown dots, sometimes forming longitudal streaks, sculptured with a regular pattern of granules (Fig. 7H), suture descending in front, rapidly descending behind the lip, aperture ovate, peristome simple.

Shell height 52.0, diameter 30.0 mm.

Peru, Dept. Amazonas, Balsas.

Marañon dry forests [NT0223].

This taxon was described as a variety of Plekocheilus (Eurytus) superstriatus (Sowerby III, 1890). Upon comparing the type specimens we see differences in the shell shape, the sculpture of the last whorl at dorsal side (recognizing that Pilsbry’s shell is somewhat worn), and the dimensions. Moreover prodeflexus Pilsbry has a descending suture in front. This taxon appears related to both P. (E.) piperitus piperitus (Sowerby I, 1837) and to P. (E.) p. mcgintyi ‘Pilsbry’ H.B. Baker, 1963, sharing characteristics with both; the differences are but slight and seem to lie mainly in the sculpture of the last whorl. However, since the type specimen is worn, additional material from that area should clarify the possible variation. Tentatively we give it a subspecific status as P. (E.) piperitus prodeflexus (Pilsbry, 1895) (stat. n.).

“Malacatos, South Ecuador”.

NHMUK 1975135, lectotype (Breure 1978: 16).

NHMUK 1877.3.28.2 (1), paralectotype.

Shell relatively medium-sized, sculptured with granulose striae, suture somewhat descending in front, aperture ovate, peristome narrowly expanded and decidedly reflexed.

Shell height 42.0, diameter 22.5 mm.

Ecuador, Prov. Loja, Malacatos.

Eastern Cordillera real montane forests [NT0121].

So far this species has not been re-found after its original description. The record from Prov. Zamora-Chinchipe, Tapichalaca (Breure and Borrero 2008) refers to a similar but as yet undescribed species.

[Peru] “Yquitos, Peruviae”.

NHMUK 1889.11.19.1, lectotype (Breure 1978: 16).

Shell relatively large, with longitudinally plicae and granulation, the latter especially on the last whorl, suture hardly descending in front, aperture elongate-ovate, peristome narrowly expanded below.

Shell height 64.5, diameter 31.0 mm.

Peru, Dept. Loreto, Iquitos.

Iquitos varzea [NT0128].

This species shows the same colour pattern and general shell shape as Plekocheilus (Eurytus) floccosus (Spix in Wagner, 1827), and is evidently closely allied to this species. Further studies should clarify the relationships between these species.

[Ecuador] “Environs of Quito”.

NHMUK 1874.12.11.271, lectotype (Breure 1978: 16).

Shell relatively large, with reddish-brown oblique zigzags on the penultimate whorl, becoming irregularly spaced dots on the last whorl which is sculptured with fine granulation (Fig. 6F), suture descending in front, rapidly descending behind lip, aperture ovate, peristome simple.

Shell height 58.5, diameter 31.0 mm.

Ecuador, Prov. Chimborazo, Mt. Chimborazo; Prov. Cotopaxi, Sigchos; Prov. Imbabura, Ibarra; Prov. Napo, Nachiyacu; Prov. Pastaza, Mera; ibid., Puyo; Prov. Pichincha, Nanegal; ibid., Pacto; ibid., Pintag; ibid., Gualea; Prov. Tungurahua, Topo (all Breure and Borrero 2008).

Northwestern Andean montane forests [NT0145].

Pilsbry 1895 [1895–1896]: 88 regarded this species as closely resembling Plekocheilus (Eurytus) piperitus (Sowerby I, 1837), with which we concur. Also P. (E.) roseolabrum (E.A. Smith, 1877) may be added to this group. P. (E.) taylorianus differs mainly in its larger size and the fine granulation on the last whorl (Fig. 5F).

“Gualea, Neu Granada”.

Not located.

MHNH 28113, lectotype (Breure 1975: 1139); MNCN 15.05/3161 (2) and 15.05/6943 (6), paralectotypes of Bulimus semipictus Hidalgo.

Shell relatively medium-sized, with reddish-brown oblique zigzags on the penultimate and last whorl, becoming irregularly spaced dots on the dorsal side of last whorl which is sculptured with longitudinal striae and finely impressed spiral lines, resulting in coarse, oblong granules; suture regularly descending in front, peristome narrowly expanded and reflexed.

Shell height 37.7, diameter 21.6 mm (semipictus Hidalgo).

Ecuador, Prov. Bolivar, N of Bucay; Prov. Cotopaxi, Sigchos; Prov. Imbabura, Ibarra; Prov. Los Rios, Cerro Samana; Prov. Napo, Beaza; Prov. Pichincha, Santo Domingo de las Colorados; Prov. Tungurahua, Topo (all Breure and Borrero 2008).

Eastern Cordillera real montane forests [NT0121], Napo moist forests [NT0142], Northwestern Andean montane forests [NT0145].

Of the two taxa mentioned only type material of the junior subjective synonym Bulimus semipictus Hidalgo has been located.

Shell relatively medium-sized, with axial colour streaks of reddish-brown, partly oblique and zigzag, sculptured with axial riblets, becoming malleated on the last whorl and with a dense pattern of oblong granules behind the lip; aperture ovate, peristome expanded and reflexed.

West Indies, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Venezuela.

The species live in montane and cloud forest in leaf litter, at altitudes of ca. 900–3350 m; the ecology within the study area is unknown.

“Ecuador, Quito”.

MNCN 15.05/60013H, holotype.

MNCN 15.05/60013P (5), MNCN 15.05/7477P (3), paratypes.

See above.

Shell height 44.8, diameter 25.3 mm.

Ecuador, without precise locality.

This species was described on the basis of material collected by the Comisión Científica del Pacífico with an imprecise locality. While more precise records are awaited, it is suggested that the eastern Cordillera could be a possible location where this species might occur.

During ongoing phylogenetic research Breure and Romero (2012) showed that species attributed to Thaumastus belonged to different monophyletic clades. Consequently they have been classified accordingly. The Brazilian species Thaumastus (Thaumastus) achilles (Pfeiffer, 1853) and T. (T.) largillierti (Philippi, 1845) grouped with Megaspira species and are thus without much doubt placed in the Megaspiridae. As material of the type species Thaumastus (T.) hartwegi (Pfeiffer in Philippi, 1846)—occurring in Ecuador—has not been sequenced, the classification of the Andean species of this group remains tentative. Also for Thaumastus (Thaumastiella) no material could be analysed as yet, and its classification with this family is only provisional. The genus Paeniscutalus is also provisionally arranged under this family, awaiting a further clarification of the findings of Breure and Romero (2012). They found that the sole species classified with this genus, which they suggested to be a relict of an older group, appeared at the very basis of the phylogenetic tree of the Orthalicoidea.

Megalobulimus (Microborus) incarum Pilsbry, 1944, by monotypy.

Shell ovate, rimate, rather solid, suture crenulate, surface smooth with more or less incrassate growth striae, aperture (sub-)ovate, peristome slightly thickened and hardly expanded.

Peru.

Living under stones and buried in the ground at elevations of 1850–3300 m.

Wurtz 1947: Paeniscutalus crenellus (Philippi, 1867) [g, m, p, r]; Breure 1978: P. crenellus [g, h, r].

Breure and Romero 2012: Paeniscutalus crenellus (Philippi, 1867).

“Peru, hacienda de Unigambal”.

Not located.

ANSP 180677, holotype, and ANSP 411182 (1), paratype of Megalobulimus (Microborus) incarum Pilsbry; FMNH 51925, holotype of Strophocheilus (Microborus) tenuis Haas.

See above.

Shell height 35, diameter 21 mm (incarum Pilsbry), respectively 30.1 and 18.8 mm (tenuis Haas).

Peru, Dept. Ancash, Shaurama near Huaraz (Pilsbry 1944); ibid., Yungay (Haas 1955); ibid., Carhuáz; ibid., hacienda Llaguén, Potrero Nuevo; ibid., between Huaráz and Caráz; ibid., near Colcabamba; ibid., hacienda Damián, Paja; ibid., Pacap; ibid., Tapacocha; ibid, near Cajacay; ibid., N of Chiquián, Aquia (all Breure 1978); ibid., 3 km S Macará (Breure, unpublished data); Dept. La Libertad, Unigambal (Philippi 1867); Dept. Lima, Autisha; ibid., near Yánac; ibid., near Matucana; ibid., near San Bartolomé (all Breure 1978); ibid., Magdalena (Breure and Mogollón 2010).

Sechura desert [NT1315].

This species has been considered as a member of the Strophocheilidae due to its general shell shape, with a relatively low spire (Pilsbry 1944c, Haas 1955b). The anatomy and phylogenetic data, however, clearly shows it belongs to the superfamily Orthalicoidea. The mentioning by Schileyko (1999: 282) of “2 spp.” within this genus is erroneous as all described taxa are synonymous.

Bulimus hartwegi Pfeiffer in Philippi, 1846, by original designation.

Shell elongate-ovate to ovate conical, imperforate to rimate, solid, with rather blunt apex. Colour whitish to (mostly) brownish, generally with axial streaks or spiral band(s). Protoconch with axial sculpture. Whorls hardly to slightly convex, aperture generally subovate, peristome simple or hardly expanded.

Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil.

Occurring generally in evergreen forest up to ca. 3000 m, where the species live in the leaf litter layer.

Pilsbry 1902 [1901–1902]: Thaumastus (Thaumastus) taunaisii (Férussac, 1822) [g, m, r]; Zilch 1953: Thaumastus (Thaumastiella) koepckei (Zilch, 1953) [g, m, r]; Breure 1978: Thaumastus (Thaumastus) foveolatus (Reeve, 1849) [g, h, r], T. (T.) insolitus (Preston, 1909) [g, r], T. (T.) sangoae (Tschudi, 1852) [g].

Breure and Romero 2012: Thaumastus (Thaumastus) achilles (Pfeiffer, 1853), T. (T.) largillierti (Philippi, 1845).

Bulimulus sarcochrous Pilsbry, 1897, by original designation.

Shell ovate conical, narrowly perforate, height up to ca. 30–ca. 47 mm. Colour whitish to brownish, uniformly coloured or with a light coloured spiral band at the periphery. Surface with incrassate growth striae or, additionally, with incised spiral lines or malleation. Protoconch with axial riblets, which become wavy, anastomosing and irregularly broken up into bead-like to oblong granules on the second whorl. Whorls hardly convex, suture crenulate, hardly to well impressed. Aperture (elongate-)ovate. Peristome thickened, simple or hardly expanded below.

Peru.

Species have been found under stones in ‘savannah forest’ at 1200–2750 m.

“Peru”.

ANSP 25675 (1), syntype.

Shell relatively small, whitish, surface coarsely wrinkle-striate and conspicuously malleated on the last whorl, apex very obtuse, peristome simple, slightly sinuous in side view.

Shell height 31, diameter 17 mm.

Peru, Dept. Arequipa, SW Arequipa.

Sechura desert [NT1315].

Additional material (ANSP 321960, not seen) suggests the region of occurrence in Dept. Arequipa; the material was collected by W.F. Jenko at 6 km SSW Tiabaya, near Arequipa. This species was considered by Pilsbry as belonging to his group Protoglyptus on account of the axial riblets in the protoconch sculpture; however, this genus is currently understood as distributed in the West Indies and eastern South America. Pilsbry considered this taxon closely related to Bulimulus sarcochrous Pilsbry, 1897. Weywauch (1956b) placed B. glyptocephalus and B. sarcochrous Pilsbry, 1897 in his Thaumastus (Thaumastiella). It should be noted that the habitat at the above mentioned locality is different (i.e., not forested) from the other species.

“Peru, Hacienda Monteseco (ca. 6°50'S 79°10'W)”.

SMF 111487, holotype.

SMF 111468 (3), 111488 (24), paratypes.

Shell relatively large, reddish-brown with a yellow peripheral band, surface with a fine spiral sculpture, which is dissolved in the finest elongated marked tubercles, as the basis for fine flat small bristles, peristome thickened.

Shell height 46.6, diameter 21.4 mm.

Peru, Dept. Cajamarca, Hacienda Monteseco (ca. 6°50'S 79°10'W).

Tumbes-Piura dry forests [NT0232].

The above diagnosis is based on the original description for this species, for which we know no other material than the types.

“N-Peru am Westhang der westlichen Anden: in der Umgebung von Contumazá, 110 km nö Trujillo”.

SMF 162026, holotype.

ANSP 204515 (2), FMNH 53991, FMNH 216808, MCZ 211967, SMF 162027 (1), SMF 162028 (4), SMF 208392 (4), ZMB 101463 (1), paratypes.

Shell relatively large, brown, with sculpture of incised spiral lines crossing the growth striae (Weyrauch 1960: fig. 13a), aperture elongate-ovate, peristome hardly expanded at basal margin.

Shell height 45.7, diameter 20.9 mm.

Peru, Dept. Cajamarca, near Contumazá.

Tumbes-Piura dry forests [NT0232].

The above diagnosis is based on the original description for this species, for which we know no other material than the types.

“N-Peru, am Westhang der westlichen Anden: bei Llama (2000–2250 m), an der Autostrasse von Chiclayo nach Cutervo, ca. 80 km nö Chiclayo”.

SMF 162029, holotype.

FML 1630, FMNH 107841, FMNH 216807, FMNH 216880, MCZ 233545, SMF 162082 (8), paratypes.

Shell relatively medium-sized, brown, with weak sculpture of incised spiral lines crossing the growth striae (Weyrauch 1960: fig. 15a), aperture elongate-ovate, peristome hardly expanded at basal margin.

Shell height 40.0, diameter 17.2 mm.

Peru, Dept. Cajamarca, near Llama.

Tumbes-Piura dry forests [NT0232].

The above diagnosis is based on the original description for this species, for which we know no other material than the types.

“Peru”.

ANSP 4705, holotype.

Shell relatively small, whitish to pinkish-brownish, surface weakly striate, faintly malleated on the last whorl, peristome simple.

Shell height 29, diameter 16 mm.

Peru, Dept. La Libertad, Rio Chusgon valley; ibid., Hacienda Marcabal (USNM 601792).

Marañon dry forests [NT0223].

Weyrauch (1956: 10) provided the first, more precise locality after the original description, viz. Rio Chusgon valley, ca. 50 km NE Huamachuco, at 1600–2150 m.

Shell elongate-ovate, imperforate, solid, height up to ca. 49–100 mm (study area). Colour light to dark brown, mostly with darker axial streaks or light coloured spiral band(s). Surface with incrassate growth striae. Protoconch with fine, close axial wrinkles. Whorls hardly to slightly convex, suture well impressed, more or less crenulate. Aperture relatively small, subovate. Peristome slightly expanded.

Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador.

As far as ecological data are available, the species live in cloud and montane forest, mainly near rocky outcrop. The altitudinal distribution is 0–2300 m, but likely the species are mainly restricted to the upper half of this range in the area treated.

“Iquico, Bolivia, 3500 m”.

RBINS/MT1865, lectotype (Breure 2011: 16).

Shell relatively small, uniformly dark brown coloured on the last whorl, the spire paler, whorls rather convex, suture crenulate, surface sculptured with spirally incised lines, strongest on the penultimate whorl, crossing the incrassate growth lines, columellar margin broadly dilated above.

Shell height 52.5, diameter 25.1 mm.

Bolivia, Dept. La Paz, Ikiko.

Bolivian montane dry forests [NT0206].

This species is known from the type material only.

[Ecuador, Prov. Loja] “San Lucas”.

NHMUK 1872.5.22.6, two syntypes.

Shell relatively large, slender and elongate, apex obtuse, colour tawny-yellow, whorls slightly convex, suture well impressed, sculptured with incrassate growth lines and malleation, especially on the last whorl, peristome expanded and narrowly reflexed.

Shell height 93, diam. 36 mm.

Ecuador, Loja, San Lucas (NHMUK, USNM 317381).

Northwestern Andean montane forests [NT0145].

This species is only known from the type locality and is possibly a short-range endemic. The material referred to by Strebel (1909: 138) must be considered lost.

[Ecuador] “Machala Équateur”.

MNHN 22474, lectotype (Breure 1975: 1139).

MNHN 22475 (2), paralectotypes.

Shell relatively large, coloured with axial streaks of yellow to dark chestnut, sculptured with growth striae, thickened at irregular distances, aperture truncate-ovate, columellar margin twisted, peristome slightly expanded below.

Shell height 85.3, diameter 42.8 mm.

Ecuador, Prov. El Oro, Machala; Prov. Pichincha, Nanegal (Weyrauch 1967: 467).

Northwestern Andean montane forests [NT0145].

This is a quite variable species which Breure and Mogollón (2010) considered identical with Plekocheilus (Eurytus) conspicuus Pilsbry, 1932. They also suggested Thaumastus (T.) flori (Jousseaume, 1897) to be closely related to Thaumastus (T.) hartwegi (Pfeiffer, 1846), which occurs in the same general area. Upon comparison of the type specimens, however, we are now of the opinion that Pilsbry’s taxon is a junior subjective synonym of T. (T.) hartwegi, and Jousseaume’s taxon is a related but distinct species. The record from Nanegal needs further confirmation.

“Vitoe, near Sarma [sic, Tarma], Alto-Peru”.

NHMUK 1975275, lectotype (Breure 1979: 44).

NHMUK 1975276 (1), paralectotype.

Shell height 71.5, diameter 37.0 mm.

Shell relatively medium-sized, uniformly brownish with a slightly darker spiral band at the periphery and a yellowish one below the suture, sculptured with spiral rows of oblong granules, suture crenulate, ascending in front, aperture subovate, columellar margin curved and dilated above, peristome white, hardly expanded below, and very narrowly reflexed.

Peru, Dept. Junín, near Tarma, Mito; ibid., 19.5 km WNW San Ramón (Breure 1978).

Peruvian Yungas [NT0153].

Pfeiffer (1844 in Küster and Pfeiffer 1840–1865) figured a species clearly unlike the original figure by Sowerby, which he considered a Chilean species; Pfeiffer said his figured specimen was from “Chili und Peru”, only the latter locality seems plausible for this species. Reeve (1849 [1848–1850]) considered his taxon identical to the species figured by Pfeiffer. The name “Vitoe” might be a misspelling for Mito, which is ca. 70 km SE Tarma at ca. 3450 m elevation.

[Peru] “Chanchamayo Peruviae”.

SMF 208383 (1), syntype.

Shell relatively large, dark-brown coloured with yellowish subsutural and peripheral bands, sculptured with incrassate growth striae and spiral, incised lines, suture descending in front but slightly ascending behind lip, aperture subovate, peristome hardly expanded.

Shell height 80.5, diameter 42.3 mm.

Peru, Dept. Junín, Chanchamayo (Rolle 1901); ibid., Perené; Prov. Pasco, Huancabamba.

Peruvian Yungas [NT0153].

This species was described but not figured by Rolle. Neubert and Janssen (2004) found a syntype, smaller than the original dimensions (shell height 94, diameter 50 mm) given by Rolle, in the S.H. Jaeckel collection; their figure is the sole that exists of this taxon. Richardson (1995) put Rolle’s taxon in the synonymy of Thaumastus (T.) melanocheilus (Nyst, 1845), but comparison of type material shows that this is not warranted. Simroth (1911) reported on an aberrant shell which showed “Riezenwuchs” [growth which leads to abnormal shell height]; in his case the shell was 88 mm high, with locality Chanchamayo, and seems to fit within the variation. It should be noted, however, that Neubert and Janssen (2004: pl. 2 fig. 18) figured a specimen of Bulimus achilles var. nehringi Martens, 1889 from Piracicaba, Edo. Sao Paulo, Brazil, which is very similar to Pilsbry’s taxon, except being stouter. This observation certainly deserves further study.

“respublica [sic] Aequatoris, ubi ad ‘El Catamaija’ prope Loxa”.

NHMUK 1975126 (1), syntype.

ANSP 141959, holotype, and ANSP 460589, paratypes of Plekocheilus (Eurytus) conspicuus Pilsbry, 1932.

Shell relatively small to medium-sized, irregularly streaked with white and chestnut-brown, sculptured with incrassate growth striae and spirally incised lines, suture slightly ascending behind lip, aperture truncate-ovate, columellar margin twisted, peristome slightly expanded below.

Shell height 57.0, diameter 30.0 mm (64.5 respectively 33.5 mm, conspicuus Pilsbry).

Ecuador, Prov. Loja, near Catamayo. Peru, Dept. Piura, Inia (Breure and Mogollón 2010); near Huasimal (Pilsbry 1932).

Eastern Cordillera real montane forests [NT0121], Tumbes-Piura dry forests [NT0232].

As mentioned above,Plekocheilus (Eurytus) conspicuus Pilsbry is now considered a junior subjective synonym of Bulimus hartwegi Pfeiffer (syn. n.), after having compared the type specimens.

[Bolivia] “Tutulima, reipublica Boliviana”.

NHMUK 1854.12.4.116, lectotype (Breure and Ablett 2015: 34).

NHMUK 1854.12.4.116 (3), paralectotypes; MNHN 28070 (3), paralectotypes.

Shell relatively large, elongate, uniformly brownish, suture slightly ascending in front, aperture relatively small, subovate, peristome thickened, sinuous, somewhat expanded, narrowly reflexed.

Shell height 75.4, diameter 32.2 mm.

Bolivia, Dept. Cochabamba, Totolima.

Bolivian Yungas [NT0105].

This species has only been recorded from the type locality, for which Totolima is now the current name. This is a high-altitude locality (4500 m), which makes it more likely that the species may occur 20-40 km (N)NE where elevations of 2000–2500 m occur; this is the Parque Nacional Isiboro Secure. The synonymization of the Ecuadorian Thaumastus (Atahualpa) brunneus Strebel, 1910 by Richardson (1995) is evidently based upon the opinion of Pilsbry (1932: 391); as Strebel’s material was destroyed during World War 2 there is no longer an opportunity for comparison.

“Chanchamayo, Peru”.

NHMUK 1947.3.11.1, holotype.

Shell relatively medium-sized, blackish-brown coloured, coarsly sculptured with transverse ridges crossed by fine, spiral grooves, giving the last whorls a finely beaded appearance, suture somewhat descending in front, peristome thickened, reflexed below, parietal callus polished.

Shell height 70.4, diameter 31.2 mm.

Peru, Dept. Junín, Chanchamayo valley; ibid., near Campanillayoc (Zilch 1954: 76); near Carpapata (Breure 1978).

Peruvian Yungas [NT0153].

“Quito, Ecuador”.

NHMUK 1975244, lectotype (Breure 1978: 31).

NHMUK 1975245 (1), paralectotype.

Shell relatively large, irregularly streaked with white and chestnut-brown, sculptured with incrassate growth striae and spirally incised lines, giving the shell a puckered appearance, aperture truncate-ovate, columellar margin twisted, peristome slightly expanded below.

Shell height 81.5, diameter 42.0 mm.

Ecuador, without precise locality.

The material described by Pfeiffer originated possibly from southern Ecuador. The figured specimen by Strebel (1909) was based on material without locality data. This species is related to Thaumastus (T.) hartwegi (Pfeiffer in Philippi, 1846), T. (T.) flori (Jousseaume, 1897), and T. (T.) orcesi Weyrauch, 1967.

“in Andibus Novae Granadae”.

NHMUK 1975125, one syntype.

Shell relatively medium-sized, with creamy ground colour and brownish axial streaks and blotches at irregular distances, suture crenulate, descending in front, ascending at the insertion of the peristome, which is thickened, hardly expanded below and hardly reflexed.

Shell height 71.3, diameter 37.3 mm.

Ecuador, ?Prov. Loja.

This species has not been found since its original publication. Breure and Borrero (2008) assumed this species to be distributed in southern Ecuador, while Linares and Vera (2012) attributed it to the Colombian malacofauna without further evidence.

“Pérou”.

NHMUK 1907.11.22.24, lectotype (Breure 1978: 31).

Shell relatively large, brownish with a small, somewhat lighter girdle at the periphery, sculptured with incrassate growth striae and spiral striation, most noteable on the upper whorls, suture slightly ascending in front, peristome thin, sinuous, simple.

Shell height 78.0, diameter 36.0 mm.

?Peru (see remarks). Brazil (Simone 2006).

This species has been recorded from eastern Brazil by Simone (2006), and its presence in Peru, for which we have not seen any verified material or record, remains doubtful at best.

“l’Amérique meriodionale, au Pampas”.

RBINS/MT2361, lectotype (Breure 2011: 34).

Shell relatively large, brownish with a somewhat lighter girdle at the periphery, sculptured with incrassate growth striae and an indistinct spiral striation, suture plicated below, descending in front, aperture elongate-ovate, peristome thickened, hardly expanded below.

Shell height 78.5, diameter 36.6 mm.

Peru, Dept. Huánuco, Pampayacu (Breure 2011).

Peruvian Yungas [NT0153], Southwest Amazon moist forests [NT0166].

We have found specimens that are intermediate between Thaumastus (T.) melanocheilus and T. (T.) sangoae (Tschudi in Troschel, 1852) on one hand, and between T. (T.) melanocheilus and T. (T.) robertsi Pilsbry, 1932 on the other hand. The variation and distribution records of these three taxa need more study; they might prove synonyms but molecular studies could help to clarify the systematic position of these species.

“Ecuador, cuenca del río Esmeraldas, 35 km al noroeste de Quito, region de Nanegal, 1500 m”.

FML 3165, holotype.

SMF 156325 (1), paratype.

Shell relatively small, irregularly streaked with white and chestnut-brown, sculptured with incrassate growth striae and spirally incised lines, giving the shell a puckered appearance, aperture truncate-ovate, columellar margin twisted, peristome slightly expanded below.

Shell height 49.4, diameter 23.8 mm.

Ecuador, Prov. Pichincha, Nanegal.

Northwestern Andean montane forests [NT0145].

This species is evidently related to Thaumastus (T.) hartwegi (Pfeiffer in Philippi, 1846), T. (T.) integer (Pfeiffer, 1855), and T. (T.) flori (Jousseaume, 1897).

“provincia Yungacensi, republica Boliviana”.

MNHN 28091, lectotype (Breure 1975b).

Shell relatively small, rimate, brownish with small yellowish blotches, the apex paler, suture slightly crenulate, ascending in front, sculptured with incrassate growth striae and spirally incised lines, forming oblong granules, aperture relatively small, columellar margin narrowly dilated above, entering the aperture with a small twist, peristome whitish, simple, parietal callus thin, whitish.

Shell height 38.8, diameter 16.8 mm.

Bolivia, Dept. La Paz, Circuata.

Bolivian montane dry forests [NT0206].

d’Orbigny (1837 [1834–1847]: 293–294) precised the type locality as “au milieu d’un bois très-humide, au sommet de la montagne dite du Biscachal, près du village de Carcuata”.

“Rio Jelashte, at about 4500 ft., Dept. of San Martin, Peru”.

ANSP 159920, holotype.

Shell relatively medium-sized, brownish, with lighter subsutural and peripheral bands, sculptured with fine, irregular wrinkles and spaced spiral series of little granules, suture crenulate, aperture with a brown coloured band behind the peristome, which is thickened and slightly expanded.

Shell height 63.7, diameter 31.6 mm.

Peru, Dept. Amazonas, Chachapoyas (NHMUK 1896.6.23.3–4); Dept. San Martin, Rio Jelashte [E of Leymebamba], ca. 1500 m.

Peruvian Yungas [NT0153].

Upon further collecting and careful studies, preferably in conjunction with molecular research, this species may prove to be closely related to Thaumastus (T.) melanocheilus (Nyst, 1845).

“Satipo, near Huancayo, Peru, at 600 m”.

ANSP 179990, holotype.

Shell as in the nominate taxon, but more slender and the spire forming a higher, narrower cone.

Shell height 74.4, diameter 34.0 mm.

Peru, Dept. Junín, Satipo (ANSP, USNM 601810).

Peruvian Yungas [NT0153].

See under the nominate taxon.

“Urwäldern von Sangoa in Peru”.

Not located.

Shell relatively large, brownish, with lighter subsutural and peripheral bands, sculptured with fine, irregular growth striae, the last whorl subcancellated and somewhat beaded, aperture subovate, with a brown coloured band behind the lip.

Shell height 81, diameter 40 mm.

Peru, Dept. Junin, Río Pangoa valley; ibid., 16.8 km WNW San Ramón (Breure 1978).

Southwest Amazon moist forests [NT0166].

As Morelet (1863: 155) has pointed out, the name sangoae was probably an error and refers to Río Pangoa in Dept. Junín, “qui prend sa source sur les hauteurs d’Andamarca et qui donne son nom à la vallée qu’elle arrose dans la partie inférieure de son cours”. The colour pattern of Troschel’s figure suggests that this species may be close to Thaumastus (T.) robertsi Pilsbry, 1932 and T. (T.) melanocheilus (Nyst, 1845).

A relatively small species of Thaumastus (Thaumastus), characterized, when freshly collected, by the deep brown colour on the last whorl, with a golden hue, with two small brown spiral bands on the upper whorls, one of which is subsutural, the lower one becomes peripheral on last whorls, which have on the upper side a zone of axial bands, the interstices twice as broad.

Shell up to 52.5 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide, imperforate, rather thin, elongate-ovate, with hardly convex sides, with (when fresh) a deep brown colour on the last whorl, with a golden hue, with two small brown spiral bands on the upper whorls, one of which is subsutural, the lower one becomes peripheral on last whorls, which have on the upper side a zone of axial bands, the interstices twice as broad. Protoconch sculptured with fine axial wrinkles, partly bifurcating or anostomsing on lower part of whorl, on the second whorl partly broken up in oblong granules; teleoconch sculptured with incrassate growth striae and very shallow, more or less interrupted, spiral depressions. Whorls up to 5, hardly convex, suture slightly impressed, somewhat crenulate. Aperture narrowly elongate-ovate, pale brown with a whitish lustre inside, 1.6 times longer than wide, 0.5 times the total height, peristome thin and simple, columellar margin slightly curved, receding above, threadlike entering the aperture, parietal callus transparent and thin.

H 40.5–52.5, D 21.0–25.2, HA 22.2–25.2, WA 14.2–15.7, LW 32.7–40.8, 4.5–5.0 whorls. Holotype H 52.5, D 25.2, HA 25.2, WA 15.7, LW 40.8, 5.0 whorls.

Peru, Dept. Cuzco, 1.6 km W of Aguas Calientes, slope along river, on the ground between plants near rocks, 1985 m (Fig. 87A).

Peruvian Yungas [NT0153].

RMNH 201636, holotype. RMNH 201637 (1), VMA (3), paratypes. All material S.J. Breure-Dorsman & A.S.H. Breure leg., 12 March 2012.

Peru, Dept. Cuzco, W of Aguas Calientes, FML (5). M.G. Cuezzo & E. Dominguez leg., 7 March 2007.

This new species resembles Thaumastus (T.) inca (d’Orbigny, 1835) but differs in being smaller, having the apex more blunt, the peristome not thickened, nor sinuous.

The holotype has lost the outer shell layer on the last whorls during conservation. Also some of the other specimens in the material examined have partially lost this layer.

The specific epithet is formed from the Quechua words sumaq (good, beautiful) and wayqu (ravine), referring to the type locality, which is along the river at the basis of Machu Picchu. The epithet is used as a noun in apposition.

“Nouvelle Grenada”.

MNHN 28122, holotype.

Shell relatively large, brownish, the upper whorls paler, sculptured with incrassate growth striae, suture crenulate, hardly ascending in front, aperture elongate-subovate, with a brownish colour band behind the lip, peristome somewhat thickened, hardly expanded.

Shell height 99.9, diameter 52.5 mm.

?Colombia. ?Ecuador. ?Venezuela.

This species has not been found since its description. Given the political boundaries of the former ‘Nouvelle Grenada’, it may be expected in Colombia, Ecuador or Venezuela.

[Brazil] “in ripis fluvii Amazonum”.

Not located.

NHMUK 1975268, lectotype of Bulimus achilles Pfeiffer (Breure 1978: 32); NHMUK 1975269 (2), paralectotypes.

Shell relatively medium-sized, tawny coloured with some axial streaks of (purplish- to reddish-)brown, a light girdle at the periphery, sculptured with growth striae and fine, somewhat undulating, spiral, incised lines, aperture subovate, peristome somewhat thickened and hardly expanded at basal margin.

Shell height 58.0, diameter 25.5 mm.

Brazil (Simone 2006).

The record for Peru by Ramírez et al. (2003) of this eastern Brazilian species may be due to a misidentification and needs further confirmation.

Pupa inflata Wagner, 1827, by subsequent designation (Pilsbry 1901 [1901–1902]: 58).

Shell elongate-ovate to subfusiform, rimate, thin to rather solid, glossy, height up to ca. 22 mm (study area), groundcolour whitish to tawny, whorls slightly convex, protoconch with delicately radially costulae, later with fine, irregular, radial wrinkles and wavy spiral striae, aperture irregularly ovate, only slightly oblique, with 4–5 teeth, parietal lamella thin, rather short, columellar lamella spirally ascending, baso-palatal wall with 2–3 short plicae, upper sometimes absent, peristome thin, a little reflexed (modified after Schileyko 1999).

Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, ?Uruguay, Brazil.

Insufficient data available.

Breure and Schouten 1985: Cyclodontina tudiculata (Martens, 1868) [g].

Breure and Romero 2012: Cyclodontina guarani (d’Orbigny, 1835).

“Province of Chuquizaca, Bolivia”.

USNM 380700, holotype.

Shell thin, rimate, chestnut to grayish-tawny coloured, sculptured with numerous low, irregular, wavy, sometimes interrupted, longitudinal folds, and a faint indication of spiral striae, last whorl contracted at base, angulate around umbilicus, a deep pit just behind the outer lip, aperture subtriangular, with a prominent palatal lamella, a weak callus as basal lamellae, a strong, platelike, twisted columellar lamella, peristome thin, rounded below attachment to body whorl (modified after Marshall 1930).

Shell height 17.5, diameter 4.75 mm.

Bolivia, Dept. Chuquisaca.

In his description Marshall mentioned the protoconch sculpture as “apical and first three whorls are confusedly vertically costulate, malleate and spirally striate”. The latter description hints to a protoconch sculpture which is classified by Schileyko (1999) as Cyclodontina Beck, 1837. Also other characteristics place this species in the vicinity of C. lemoinei (Ancey, 1892). This taxon needs further anatomical and molecular studies to clarify its systematic position.

“Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia”.

NMW 1955.158.24077 (1), possible syntype.

Shell tawny with whitish, oblique riblets, on lower whorls vermiculate or wrinkled, last whorl tapering, angular around the umbilicus, a deep pit just behind the outer lip, aperture oblique, oblong, with four teeth (moderate parietal lamella, prominent columellar lamella, indistinct basal lamella, large palatal lamella), peristome angular above and at base, expanded (modified after Ancey 1892).

Shell height 22, diameter 6.25 mm.

Bolivia, Dept. Santa Cruz.

Chiquitano dry forests [NT0212].

There is material in the UF collection (not seen), which is supposedly this species according to their datebase; this material was collected in Dept. Santa Cruz, Prov. Nuflo de Chavez, 32 km W Santa Rosa de la Roca at 545 m elevation (UF 212848). This is the only precise record known to us for this taxon.

Pupa striata Wagner, 1827, by original designation.

Shell high-conic to subcylindrical, rimate, moderately solid, height up to ca. 35 mm (study area), groundcolour whitish to corneous, sometimes with reddish streaks, whorls slightly convex, protoconch finely regularly striated, then striae becoming obsolete, teleoconch sometimes with radially riblets, aperture irregularly ovate, with four teeth (parietal lamella short, columellar lamella very oblique, long, entering, basal lamella tubercular, palatal lamella short, triangular), peristome angular above and at base, expanded (modified after Schileyko 1999).

Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil.

Found under rocks and among roots and basal portions of small shrubs.

Breure and Schouten 1985: Spixia aconjigastana (Döring, 1876) [g, r], S. doellojuradoi (Parodiz, 1941) [g, h, m, r], S. pyrgula (Hylton Scott, 1952) [g, r]; S. striata (Spix in Wagner,1827) [g, r]; Schileyko 1999: Spixia striata (Wagner, 1827) [g, m]; Salas Oroño 2007: Spixia doellojuradoi (Parodiz, 1941) [g, m, r, p], S. martensii (Döring, 1874) [g, m, r], S. pyriformis (Pilsbry, 1901) [g, m], S. tucumanensis (Parodiz, 1941) [g, m]; Salas Oroño 2010: Spixia cuezzae Salas Oroño, 2010 [g, m, r, p].

Breure et al. 2010: Spixia popana (Döring, 1874); Breure and Romero 2012: Spixia pervarians Haas, 1936, S. philippii (Döring, 1874), S. tucumanensis (Parodiz, 1941).

[Bolivia] “province de Chiquitos, entre Santo-Corazon et San-Juan”; see Breure 1973: 123.

NHMUK 1854.12.4.231, lectotype (Breure and Ablett 2012), and NHMUK 1854.12.4.231 (7), paralectotypes.

Shell slender and elongate, rather thin, broadly perforate, grayish-tawny coloured, sculptured with growth striae and a faint indication of spiral lines, suture abruptly ascending behind the lip, aperture oblique-ovate, with five teeth (small suprapalatal lamella, large palatal lamella, small basal lamella, prominent columellar lamella entering the aperture, large but relatively thin parietal lamella), peristome thickened, expanded.

Shell height 29.2, diameter 7.46 mm.

Bolivia, Dept. Santa Cruz, between San Juan de Chiquitos and Ruinas de Santo Corazón.

Dry Chaco [NT0210].

Breure and Ablett (2012) clarified the confusion about d’Orbigny’s varietal names for Pupa spixii by selecting lectotypes for each variety and giving minor specific status; the expert opinion of Cuezzo et al. (2013) is here adopted for the current systematic position.

[Brazil] “in Provinciis S. Pauli et Sebastianopolitana”.

Not located.

NHMUK 1854.12.4.232, lectotype (Breure and Ablett 2012), and NHMUK 1854.12.4.232 (6), paralectotypes of Pupa spixii major d’Orbigny.

Shell elongate-ovate, rather solid, broadly perforate, whitish with tawny blotches, sculptured with incrassate growth striae, suture slightly ascending behind the lip, aperture squarish oblique-ovate, with four teeth (small palatal lamella, indistinct basal lamella, concave columellar lamella entering the aperture, rectangular parietal lamella), peristome thickened, well expanded, narrowly reflexed.

Shell height 34.8, diameter 11.0 mm.

Bolivia, Dept. Santa Cruz, Prov. Chiquitos (d’Orbigny 1838 [1834–1847]). Paraguay. Argentina (Cuezzo et al. 2013). Brazil (Simone 2006).

Chiquitano dry forests [NT0212].

Breure (2013: 14) discussed the need for an in-depth study of the variation of this wide-ranging species; preferably with anatomical and molecular research. The Bolivian record based on d’Orbigny (1838) “frontières nord de la province de Chiquitos” needs further confirmation. The Bolivian material which is found as Spixia striata in museum collections may need re-identification in the light of the recent split of the two varieties of d’Orbigny.

Orthalicus wallisi Strebel, 1909, by original designation (Strebel 1909: 102).

Shell ovate-conic, thin, whorls slightly convex, apex rather blunt, height up to ca. 30–45 mm (study area), colour of early whorls uniformly pink, yellowish or greyish-brown, the last whorls with dark radial streaks interrupted by 2–3 light bands, typically on the penultimate whorl with a subsutural band on a lighter ground colour, protoconch pitted, teleoconch with growth striae and delicate spiral lines, aperture ovate, peristome expanded, parietal wall brown (modified after Schileyko 1999).

Colombia, Ecuador.

Probably living in trees, as far as known in cloud forests (Figs 85E–F, 86D–F).

This genus is scarcely represented in (historical) collections, and only recently some of its taxa were transferred to it and Strebel’s taxon given generic status (Breure and Ablett 2015). Further morphological and molecular studies should clarify its systematic position.

“Quito”.

MNCN 15.05/8077 (1), MNCN 15.05/13683 (1), MNCN 15.05/21868 (1), syntypes.

Shell (elongate-)ovate, creamy ground colour with a nubelous pattern of streaks and spots of russet-brown, indistinctly sculptured with growth striae, suture hardly ascending behind the lip, aperture with well expanded and reflexed peristome.

Shell height 32, diameter 23.5 mm.

Ecuador, Mindo (Borrero and Breure 2011).

Northwestern Andean montane forests [NT0145].

Crosse did not state on how many specimens his description was based. None of the syntypes found in MNCN correspond exactly with the measurements given by Crosse. However, since no specimens have been located in the MNHN collection, it is assumed that all material was returned by Crosse and is now preserved in Madrid. Breure and Ablett (2015: 39, 45) suggested that this taxon belongs to Clatrorthalicus, and inspection of the MNCN material corroborates this point of view. It may be noted that this species strongly resembles C. phoebus (Pfeiffer, 1863), and further studies of the variation and distribution of both species are needed to fully assess their taxonomic positions as a synonymy might be involved.

“Quito, Ecuador”.

NHMUK 20100508, two syntypes.

Shell very thin, ground colour creamy-pink with somewhat undulating, axial streaks of brown and on the last whorl two spiral bands with arrow-like (<<) blotches, aperture elongate-ovate, with truncate-sprouted base, very thin and simple peristome.

Shell height 46.6, diameter 23.0 mm.

Ecuador, without precise locality.

This species is only known by the type material, which may prove to be subadult as the aperture is not rounded and the peristome not expanded like in the other two species.

“Ecuador”.

NHMUK 1975143, lectotype (Breure 1979: 30).

Shell ovate, creamy ground colour with few axial streaks and spots of russet-brown, on the last whorls a lighter subsutural band is visible, indistinctly sculptured with growth striae, suture hardly ascending behind the lip, aperture with well expanded and reflexed peristome.

Shell height 30.5, diameter 17.5 mm.

Ecuador, without precise locality.

This species strongly resembles Clathrorthalicus corydon (Crosse, 1869), being only slightly smaller. Upon further studies both taxa may prove to be synonyms.

Helix (Cochlitoma) regina Férussac, 1821, by subsequent designation (Martens in Albers, 1860).

Shell dextral or sinistral (eniantomorphy), elongate-ovate, solid, shining, height up to ca. 80 mm (study area), corneous or pinkish ground colour, uniformly or (usually) with a dark or light peripheral band (mostly with arrow shaped markings) and axial streaks of reddish-brown, sculptured with growth striae, aperture (narrowly) subovate, peristome simple, parietal and columellar walls dark-brown to blackish.

Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, ?Venezuela.

Species of this genus live supposedly most of the time at canopy level in lowland tropical rainforest (W.J.M. Maassen, unpublished data); at occasions they descent downwards and may be found on tree stems or near the ground.

Schileyko 1999: Corona perversa (Swainson, 1821) [g, m, as Laeiorthalicus reginaeformis (Strebel, 1909)]; Breure and Mogollón 2010: Corona pfeifferi (Hidalgo, 1869) [g].

Breure et al. 2010: Corona pfeifferi (Hidalgo, 1869).

Species of this genus show quite some variation and their distinction is, with some exceptions, difficult as they are often found in low numbers (one or a few shells at most) at a specific locality. Moreover, several species show enantiomorphy, which may add to taxonomic confusion. Distributional records for species in this group thus need to be viewed in this context. Due to their hidden habitat at the canopy level their distribution records probably do not reflect their true occurrence.

The taxonomy of this group is hampered by the fact that a) most species described are morphologically very similar; b) the type material of some species has either not been located or is worn, thus making comparative research difficult; c) intraspecific variation is insufficiently known, and anatomical and molecular data is rare; and d) many records in museum collections often have imprecise localities. Moreover, the distribution of these species over the larger part of the vast continent of South America, with the same species in unverified museum collections reportedly occurring at locations ca. 2500 km apart (e.g., central Bolivia and French Guiana), is puzzling. We regard it as suspicious for two species to occur sympatrically at such distances without distinct differences. For the time being, as many lots in museum collections may have been misidentified, it is here suggested that 1) Corona incisa (Hupé, 1857) is used for occurrences in the southern distribution range (Bolivia, adjacent areas of Peru and Brazil), 2) Corona regalis (Hupé, 1857) for specimens from western Brazil, central and northern Peru, Ecuador and southeastern Colombia, and 3) Corona regina (Férussac, 1823) for records from the northwestern distribution range (Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname). Unverified records from these areas have been plotted as Corona sp. in the distribution maps. Corona pfeifferi (Hidalgo, 1869) is a species that, within the study area, may be unambiguously recognized. The taxonomy of this group thus urgently needs further revision, preferably with molecular research from samples throughout the distribution range.

“Bolivie”; see remarks.

MNHN 28242, lectotype (design.n.); MNHN 28068 (4), paralectotypes.

Shell sinistral or dextral, conic-ovate, solid, changing in ground colour from creamy (top) to tawny (last whorl) with a narrow girdle at the periphery of yellowish, arrow-like markings (>>) and darker sections in between, numerous narrow axial streaks, overlying few broader ones in the basic pattern.

“Alt., 62; diam., 33 mill.”; figured specimen herein shell height 73.8, diameter 33.4 mm.

Peru, Dept. Madre de Dios, Reserva Los Amigos, Boca Amigo (FML 14940); Bolivia, Dept. Beni, Covendo (USNM 361134*, 362864*); ibid., Reyes, Hacienda Shatarona (ANSP 165233*); Dept. La Paz, Chiñiri (ANSP 165232*); ibid., Santa Ana (ANSP 165234*); Dept. Santa Cruz, Amboró (FML 1121). Brasil (Simone 2006).

Bolivian Yungas [NT0105], Southwest Amazon moist forests [NT0166], Dry Chaco [NT0210], Beni savanna [NT0702].

Hupé did not state on how many specimens his description was based; he referred to d’Orbigny 1837 [1834–1847]: pl. 29 figs 4–5. The specimens corresponding to this plate, however, do not match the dimensions given by Hupé. It may be that Hupé made an error when stating the shell height as “Alt., 62”, or that he had both d’Orbigny’s and his own specimens at his disposal during the description; the latter, if present, have not been found. The specimen matching d’Orbigny’s (1837 [1834–1847]: pl. 29) figure 4 has been located in the MNHN collection; it corresponds to the figure of Hupé (1857: pl. 9 fig. 1), and is now designated lectotype (design.n.). According to d’Orbigny 1837 [1834–1847]: 258 his material was found “entre cette province [Chiquitos] et celle de Moxos [i.e., northern part of Dept. Cochabamba and southern part of Dept. Beni], dans les forêts inondées une partie de l’année, et qu’habitent les sauvages Guarayos, à la saison des pluies, elle est assez commune”. The variety described by Strebel (1909) was based on material from the Dohrn collection and labelled ‘Rio Machado’. This is both the name for a river in Edo. Minas Gerais and the local name for Río Ji-Paraná in Edo. Rondônia in Brazil. The provenance of Dohrn’s material is unknown and the specimens have not been located. The type material of both Bulimus incisus Hupé, 1857 and Corona incisa var. machadoensis Strebel, 1909 is sinistral; however, this is an eniantomorphous species as shown by Simone (2006: fig. 543). The record from Peru is tentatively identified as this species.

[Ecuador, Prov. Pastaza] “Canelos, reipublicae Aequatoris”.

MACN 15.05/3280 (1), syntype.

ZMB 101836 (1), syntype of Corona pfeifferi cincta Strebel, 1909.

Shell height 56.3, diameter 25.0 mm.

Shell dextral, elongate-ovate, rather solid, creamy ground colour with numerous small axial, partly waving, brown streaks, a few broader and intense brown, peripheral band hardly noticeable or light with few brown markings (<<).

Ecuador, Prov. Napo, Tena (RBINS); ibid., Tiputini (RBINS); Prov. Pastaza, Canelos; Prov. Tungurahua, Topo (Breure and Borrero 2008). Peru, Dept. Loreto, near río Curaray (Breure and Mogollón 2010).

Eastern Cordillera real montane forests [NT0121], Northwestern Andean montane forests [NT0145].

Hitherto this is the only published record of this Ecuadorian species from Peru.

“le Brésil”.

Not located.

Shell sinistral or dextral, solid, ground colour brownish to whitish, the upper whorls gradually turning into pinkish, a dark peripheral band may be present, columellar margin bordered by a dark band, extending in the dark parietal callus.

Shell height 70, diameter 34 mm (regalis Hupé), resp. 64 and 30 mm (loroisianus Hupé).

Colombia (Linares and Vera 2012). Ecuador, Prov. Tungurahua, Baños (Breure and Borrero 2008). Peru, Dept. Loreto, Pebas (MCZ 156697*); ibid., Santa Clara (USNM *); ibid., Yurimaguas (ANSP 189244*); Dept. San Martín, Moyobamba (ANSP 26166); ibid., Saposoa (ANSP 165231*); ibid., Shapaja (ANSP 165230*); ibid., near Tingo Maria (MCZ 179600*); ibid., near Yarina (MCZ 272904*, 272906*, 272918*); Dept. Huánuco, Aguas Calientes (MCZ 225651*); Dept. Ucayali, río Aguaytia (ANSP 331978*; MCZ 159190*). Brazil (Simone 2006).

Iquitos varzea [NT0128], Ucayalí moist forests [NT0174].

This species shows enantiomorphy and its geographic variation needs more study. The morphological differences with Corona regina (Férussac, 1823) seem but marginal, and only a thorough revision may shed further light on the taxonomy of this group.

Bulimus thompsonii Pfeiffer, 1845, by monotypy.

Shell elongate-ovate, imperforate, solid, whorls slightly convex, apex blunt, height up to ca. 70 mm, colour yellowish to (pale) brown, usually with darker axial streaks, protoconch pit-reticulated, teleoconch sculptured with growth striae, sometimes with indistinct spiral impressions, aperture subovate, peristome thin and simple, columellar margin hardly dilated, parietal wall with a thin callus.

Ecuador, Peru.

Presumably living in leaf litter in (secondary) forests.

Breure and Romero 2012: Kara thompsonii (Pfeiffer, 1845).

This taxon was given generic status by Breure (2011).

“Huacapistana, Prov. Junin, Peru”.

Holotype ANSP 151812.

ANSP 453097 (1), paratype.

Shell elongate, uniformly dark brown coloured on the last whorl, upper whorls somewhat paler, a small white girdle below the crenulate suture, aperture relatively small, columellar margin relatively dilated above.

Shell height 70.2, diameter 27.5 mm.

Peru, Dept. Junín, Huacapistana; ibid., near Campanillayoc (Zilch 1954: 76).

Peruvian Yungas [NT0153].

“Ecuador”.

Lectotype NHMUK 1907.11.21.115 (Breure and Ablett 2015).

NHMUK 1907.11.21.116 (1), paralectotype.

Shell height 44.0, diameter 24.0 mm.

Ecuador, no precise locality known.

As Breure and Ablett (2015) remarked, this species may be closely allied to Kara thompsonii (Pfeiffer, 1845) and K. yanamensis (Morelet, 1863), and upon further studies may prove to be a synonym of either of these species.

“near Chancay, between La Colmena and La Esperanza, Peru”.

FMNH 47083, holotype.

Shell elongate-ovate, coloured with olive buff with darker brown, axial striae, suture crenulate, height of aperture 0.57 times total shell height, ovate, pointed above, widely rounded below, peristome simple, parietal wall covered by a transparent callus (modified after Haas 1955).

Shell height 60.0, diameter 28.7 mm.

Peru, Dept. Cajamarca, near Chancay.

Peruvian Yungas [NT0153].

Haas (1955) characterized this species “by the gloss of its shell, which is without any trace of bands or spots”.

[Ecuador] “Quito”.

NHMUK 1975464, lectotype (Breure 1978: 34).

NHMUK 1975465 (2), paralectotypes. RBINS/MT2358, lectotype of Orphnus thompsoni var. lutea Cousin; RBINS/MT2363, lectotype of Orphnus thompsoni var. nigricans Cousin; RBINS/MT2366, lectotype of Orphnus thompsoni var. olivaceus Cousin; RBINS/MT2375, lectotype of Orphnus thompsoni var. zebra Cousin.

Shell (rather) elongate, coloured with yellowish to brown, with light to darker brown, axial streaks, the upper whorls paler, a white girdle below the crenulate suture, aperture height less than half the shell height, peristome simple, whitish, a darker band inside the aperture behind the lip.

Shell height 71.0, diameter 32.0 mm.

Ecuador, Prov. Azuay, Cuenca, Azogues (Cousin 1887); ibid., San Francisco (RMNH 114279); prov. El Oro, Zaruma (USNM 515471).

Eastern Cordillera real montane forests [NT0121].

[Peru] “Niguapata (…) la vallée de Santa-Anna”.

MHNG-INVE-78772 (2), syntypes.

Shell ovate-conic, colour yellowish [with brownish axial streaks], upper whorls pale, aperture height slightly over half the shell height, peristome simple, whitish, parietal callus thin and translucent-whitish.

Shell height 58.7, diameter 31.8 mm.

Peru, Dept. Cuzco, ‘Niguapata’.

The type locality is likely in the Dept. Cuzco, given the addition of “la vallée de Santa-Anna”; however, it is not mentioned in modern gazetteers. The species was described from specimens denuded of the periostracum. The figured specimen has a trace of it remaining, which suggests the colour pattern described above. Size and shape are very similar to Kara yanamensis (Morelet, 1863), and the variation and distribution of these two taxa need further study.

[Peru] “Yanama”.