Research Article
Print
Research Article
A new species of anthothelid octocoral (Cnidaria, Alcyonacea) discovered on an algal reef of Taiwan
expand article infoTzu-Hsuan Tu‡, Chang-Feng Dai§
‡ National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
§ National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

Corresponding author: Tzu-Hsuan Tu ( thtu@mail.nsysu.edu.tw )

Academic editor: Bert W. Hoeksema
© 2022 Tzu-Hsuan Tu, Chang-Feng Dai.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Tu T-H, Dai C-F (2022) A new species of anthothelid octocoral (Cnidaria, Alcyonacea) discovered on an algal reef of Taiwan. ZooKeys 1089: 37-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1089.77273
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7AC63168-D762-4EB5-8118-FD35110E6EE8
Open Access

Abstract

A molecular phylogenetic analysis of 132 octocoral species reveals a close relationship between specimens collected from the intertidal pools of the Datan Algal Reef, Taoyuan, Taiwan, and Erythropodium caribaeorum (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860), but the two species have distinct morphological features. On the basis of morphological differences in polyps and sclerites, we identify and describe a new Erythropodium species: E. taoyuanensis sp. nov. The distinct identifying features of E. taoyuanensis sp. nov. include the upright contractile polyps from thin encrusting membranes and abundant 6-radiate sclerites. Using an integrative approach, we present the findings of morphological comparisons and molecular phylogenetic analyses to demonstrate that E. taoyuanensis sp. nov. is distinct from other Erythropodium species. Our study contributes to the knowledge of octocoral biodiversity in marginal habitats.

Keywords

28S rDNA, Anthothelidae, cox2-IGR-cox1, molecular phylogeny, msh1, northwestern Pacific, Scleraxonia

Introduction

The Datan Algal Reef located in northwestern Taiwan, which occupies the intertidal flat toward the sublittoral along the 27-km long coastline of Taoyuan City, is composed of crustose coralline algae. Both sandy and muddy habitats occur in a mosaic pattern within the algal reef (Kuo et al. 2020). The porous algal reefs host a relatively high benthic diversity and biomass, such as crustaceans, polychaetes, and sipunculans (Lin 2020). Because of the geographic location and availability of hard substratum, the Datan Algal Reef may be a stepping stone to connecting reef-associated species between tropical corals and non-reefal coral communities in the Taiwan Strait (Chen 2017), while the physical environment in the algal reef may be considered a marginal habitat for most corals (Kuo et al. 2020). The sedimentation rates in the Datan Algal Reef are extremely high, ranging between 3,818 and 29,166 mg cm−2 day−1 (Kuo et al. 2020), which far exceeds the rate (10 mg cm−2 day−1) in a healthy shallow water tropical to subtropical coral reef (Rogers 1990). Therefore, the water column in rock pools is turbid and contains a high concentration of sand and particles formed by erosion, wave action, and tidal currents. Although the physical conditions may deter most corals, a stable population of the caryophyllid coral Polycyathus chaishanensis Lin et al., 2012 live in the tidal pool off the Datan Algal Reef (Kuo et al. 2020).

Meanwhile, the Datan Algal Reef is currently facing destruction from the development and construction of liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage terminals and ports by the Taiwan Chinese Petrol Corporation (CPC). Therefore, multiple environmental impact assessment surveys have been conducted. The intertidal surveys led to the discovery of a species of Erythropodium Kölliker, 1865 in the tidal pools (Lin 2020).

Erythropodium is a genus of shallow water soft corals forming endosymbiotic association with Symbiodiniaceae belonging to the family Anthothelidae Broch, 1916. Although it is widely distributed from tropical to temperate regions, its populations are not abundant (Bayer 1961). Erythropodium has been documented in a relatively small and fragmented geographical range, including the Caribbean Sea, the Southwestern Atlantic, northern Australia, and the Solomon Islands, with only three nominal species recorded worldwide (Duchassaing and Michelotti 1860; Bayer 1961; Utinomi 1971; Carpinelli et al. 2020). Furthermore, Erythropodium has not been recorded in the North Pacific Ocean. Its traditional diagnostic morphological features include thick encrusting sheet-like colonies without conspicuous upright lobes or branches, predominant 6-radiate sclerites, and a purplish red coenenchyme surface (Kölliker 1865; Bayer 1961, 1981) separate it from other genera within Anthothelidae. Erythropodium caribaeorum (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860), the type species of this genus is originally distributed in the Caribbean Sea and has invaded into the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (Carpinelli et al. 2020). The other two species only reported in their type locality include E. salomonense Thomson & Mackinnon, 1910 in the Indian Ocean and E. hicksoni (Utinomi, 1971) in the south Pacific Ocean. Here, we describe and illustrate an additional species, E. taoyuanensis sp. nov. The freshly collected material was also subjected to molecular phylogenetic analyses, the results of which substantiated the taxonomic findings that led us to assign the new Erythropodium species.

Materials and methods

Collection and morphological analysis

Based on an environmental impact assessment report, the Datan Algal Reef, Taoyuan, Taiwan was divided into two subsections, Datan G1 and Datan G2 (Kuo et al. 2020). Collection and observation were conducted in Datan G2, during the spring low tide on June 24, 2021. Specimens were collected by reef walking and stored in seawater. After collection, one of the specimens (NMMB-CR000148) was preserved in absolute ethanol, and the remaining specimens were maintained in seawater with the addition of magnesium chloride overnight and then preserved in 75% ethanol. The holotype and paratypes are deposited at the National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung County, Taiwan (NMMB-CR). Selected fragments from four specimens were dissolved in sodium hypochlorite to examine sclerites under both light microscope and scanning electron microscope (S-3000N, Hitachi, Japan).

Molecular phylogenetic analysis

Polyps from four colonies (NMMB-CR000148 to NMMB-CR000151) were used to extract DNA. DNeasy PowerSoil Kit (Qiagen, CA, USA) was used for DNA extraction, according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The primer pair COII8068XF and COIoctR was used to amplify cox2-IGR-cox1 (France and Hoover 2002; McFadden et al. 2011). Furthermore, we designed a new primer pair (MSH-Antho-F: ARTTCTATGAACTTTGGCATGAGC and MSH-Antho-R: YTAGCATVGGGTTCAGAGGG) from sequences of Anthothelidae including Erythropodium, Anthothela, and Iciligorgia to amplify partial mtMutS region. The nuclear 28S rDNA was amplified according to Halàsz et al. (2015), using the primers 28S-Far and 28S-Rab (McFadden and van Ofwegen 2013). The amplicons were purified and further sequenced using the ABI 3730 DNA Analyser. The sequences of NMMB-CR000148 were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers, OK480042, OK483343, and OK482879 for cox2-IGR-cox1, mtMutS, and 28S rDNA, respectively and compared with sequences listed in McFadden and van Ofwegen (2012) and partial species in van der Ham et al. (2009) (Suppl. material 1: Table S1).

The obtained sequences were edited using Geneious Prime v. 2021.2.2 (Biomatters, New Zealand) aligned to data from McFadden and van Ofwegen (2012) and partial species in van der Ham et al. (2009) using MUSCLE alignment. Maximum-likelihood (ML) analyses were run using RAxML-NG v. 1.0.3 (Kozlov et al. 2019) with TVM+I+G and GTR+I+G models applied to mitochondrial genes and 28S rDNA, respectively. Bayesian inference (BI) was run using MrBayes v. 3.2.7 (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001) with the same data partitions, while a GTR model was applied separately to each partition because MrBayes does not support the TVM model. Topologies were edited using FigTree v. 1.4.4 (accessible at http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/). Because the stoloniferan genus Cornularia Lamarck, 1816 is the sister taxon to all other octocorals, the sequences of C. cornucopiae (Pallas, 1766) and C. pabloi McFadden & van Ofwegen, 2012 were used as outgroups to root the phylogenetic trees (McFadden and van Ofwegen 2012).

Results

Taxonomy

The following key used to identify species of Erythropodium is based on the original descriptions of E. caribaeorum, E. hicksoni, and E. salomonense (Duchassaing and Michelotti 1860; Thomson and Mackinnon 1910; Utinomi 1971), Bayer’s (1961) description of E. caribaeorum, and the direct examation of type specimens of the new described E. taoyuanensis sp. nov.

Key to species of Erythropodium

1 Coenenchyme thin generally < 1 mm. Polyps contractile, do not fully retract into coenenchyme E. taoyuanensis sp. nov.
– Coenenchyme thick generally > 1 mm. Polyps retractile, fully retract into coenenchyme 2
2 Sclerites in the form of rod present E. caribaeorum
– Sclerites in the form of rod absent 3
3 Coenenchymal sclerites are capstan-like triradiates or tetraradiates E. hicksoni
– Coenenchymal sclerites are double-spheres E. salomonense

Systematics

Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1831

Subclass Octocorallia Haeckel, 1866

Order Alcyonacea Lamouroux, 1812

Family Anthothelidae Broch, 1916

Genus Erythropodium Kölliker, 1865

Erythropodium taoyuanensis , sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/A83374ED-B308-4C8C-9708-531A5A32840C
Figs 1, 2, 3, 4

Material examined

Holotype. Taiwan, Taoyuan, Datan Algal Reef; 25°02'7.849"N, 121°02'56.059"E; −30 cm (below sea level); 24 Jun. 2021; T.-H. Tu and E.-J. Lin leg.; tidal pool, hand collecting; GenBank: OK480042, OK483343, and OK482879; NMMB-CR000148.

Paratype. Taiwan; same data as holotype; NMMB-CR000149.

Other material

Taiwan; same data as holotype; 21 Sep. 2020; NMMB-CR000150.Taiwan; same data as holotype; 21 Sep. 2020; M.-H. Lin and L.-C. Liu leg.; NMMB-CR000151.

Diagnosis

The holotype colony is composed of upright polyps arising separately from a encrusting membrane less than 1 mm thick or a network of ribbon-like stolons. When fully extended, polyps are around 3 mm long, and the tentacles are slender with 10–13 pairs of pinnules on either side of the rachis. Polyps are contractile and cannot fully retract into the basement layer. Sclerites are mostly 6-radiate sclerites, with a few being irregular radiates. When alive, polyps are yellowish pink, and the basement layer is magenta.

Description of the holotype

(Figs 1, 2). Colonial morphology. The holotype is an encrusting colony and attaching on barnacles and coralline algal substrate. When alive, the colony consisted of densely distributed polyps, up to 20/cm2, arising from the basement layer, which is completely covered by sand (Fig. 1a). In its preserved state, the holotype measures 57.0 mm × 33.8 mm × 22.8 mm. The thickness of the basal membrane in the alcohol-preserved holotype is less than 1 mm.

Figure 1. 

Erythropodium taoyuanensis sp. nov. a intertidal population in situ b close-up of a c, d contracted polyps in situ e holotype (NMMB-CR000148) in preserved state f paratype (NMMB-CR000149) in preserved state.

Polyps. When fully extended, the polyps may attain approximately 2.5–3.0 mm in length (Fig. 1b). The fully spread tentacles are cylindrical, slender, and up to 2.5 mm × 0.8 mm, with 10–13 pairs of pinnules arranged in a single row on either side of the tentacle rachis (Fig. 1b). The polyps are contractile in both live and preserved state (Fig. 1); when contracted, they are cylindrical and measuring from the attachment at stolons to the tentacle base are around 1.5 mm in width (Fig. 1c, d). The pinnules (0.2–0.9 mm long) gradually taper at the end to a sharp tip. The polyps are associated with symbiotic unicellular algae.

Sclerites. Sclerites are present in all parts of the holotype and evenly distributed in the coenenchyme, polyp body wall, tentacles, and pinnules. Six-radiate sclerites are the commonest type, representing more than 90% of sclerites in anthocodiae and tentacles. They are 0.032–0.068 mm in length and 0.025–0.036 mm in width with simple tubercles (Fig. 2a). The polyp wall contains abundant 6-radiate sclerites, derivatives of radiates which are 0.028–0.132 mm in length and 0.025–0.083 mm in width, with prominent tubercles and table-radiates (Fig. 2b). The average size of sclerites in the polyp wall is greater than that in the polyps. Sclerites in the cortex are similar to those of the polyp wall but larger in size, including 6-radiate sclerites (0.042–0.120 mm in length and 0.034–0.076 mm in width) and irregular radiates (0.046–0.080 mm in length and 0.100–0.130 mm in width) (Fig. 2c). Furthermore, some sclerites in the cortex are fused to form clumps.

Figure 2. 

Erythropodium taoyuanensis, holotype, NMMB-CR000148 a sclerites of the polyp b sclerites of the polyp wall c sclerites of the cortex.

Color. In life, colors of tissue, autozooids, and cortical layer are translucent, white to yellowish, and pink to magenta, respectively. Under light microscope, sclerites are translucent, magenta, or reddish.

Variation. Paratype (NMMB-CR000149) and non-type specimens (NMNB-CR000150 and NMNB-CR000151) show variation in the density of polyps ranging 5–20/cm2. Six-radiate sclerites are the commonest type of sclerites in the examined specimens, while their sizes are varied not only in different parts of a colony but also differ from what was observed in the holotype and across the specimens. The length and width of 6-radiate sclerites in the examined specimens is 0.020–0.068 mm and 0.020–0.053 mm, respectively, in polyp tissue; 0.024–0.098 mm and 0.018–0.070 mm, respectively, in polyp wall; and 0.022–0.118 mm and 0.026–0.075 mm, respectively, in cortex (Figs 3, 4). All examined specimens possess similar diagnostic features as the holotype from the level of colony to sclerits including upright polyps arising from a encrusting membrane, contraticle polyps, and predominant six-radiate sclerites. The major differences between examined specimens are reflected in the density and size variation of polyps and sclerites, respectively.

Figure 3. 

Erythropodium taoyuanensis, paratype, OCT133 NMMB-CR000149 a sclerites of the polyp b sclerites of the polyp wall c sclerites of the cortex.

Differential diagnosis

When comparing the morphology of E. taoyuanensis sp. nov. to the other three Erythropodium species, basal membrane, pinnule arrangement, retractile or contractile ability of polyps, and shape and size of sclerites (Table 1) were examined, with the contractibility of polyp and shape of sclerites considered as the most distinct characters.

Table 1.
Download as
CSV
XLSX

Diagnostic traits of nominal Erytropodium species.

Species name Diagnostic traits
Colony Coenenchyme Polyp Sclerite References
Erythropodium caribaeorum Encrusting, membranous carpet-like colony Thick cortical layer, ~3 mm Retractile polyps with elongated pinnules arragned in a single pair of rows Dominant 6-radiate sclerites and irregular radiate scleirtes Duchassaing and Michelotti 1860: pl. I. figs 8–11; Bayer 1961: 75; fig. 16e–h; Carpinelli et al. 2020: 177; figs 1, 2
Erythropodium hicksoni Membranous colony Thick cortical layer, ~3 mm Retractile polyps with 9 pairs of pinnules per tentacle Triradiates, quadriradiates, flattened rods, and spindles Utinomi 1971: 8–10, fig. 2; pl. 7. fig. 3
Erythropodium salomonense Encrusting form Thick cortical layer, 1.5–2 mm Retractile polyps Spindles, double spheres, irregular sclerites Thomson and Mackinnon 1910: 174–175; pl. 12, fig. 8; pl. 13, fig. 9
Erythropodium taoyuanensis Encrusting, membranous carpet-like colony Think cortical layer, generally < 1 mm Contractile polyps with 10–13 pairs of pinnules per tentacle Dominant 6-radiate sclerites and derivatives of radiates Present study
Figure 4. 

Erythropodium taoyuanensis, NMMB-CR000151 a sclerites of the polyp b sclerites of the polyp wall c sclerites of the cortex d fused sclerites in the cortex.

According to Duchassaing and Michelotti (1860), Bayer (1961), and Carpinelli et al. (2020), the diagnostic features of E. caribaeorum include an encrusting and membranous carpet-like colony, retractile polyps, elongated pinnules, thick cortical layer, and predominantly 6-radiate sclerites (Table 1). While the colonies of E. taoyuanensis sp. nov. form firm expansions on rocks similar to the colonial form of E. caribaeorum, the thinner cortical layer, shorter pinnules, and contractile polyps are distinct features. Furthermore, the types and shapes of radiates are the main features to distinguish these two species. Compared with E. caribaeorum, E. taoyuanensis sp. nov. possesses irregular radiates with generally enlarged tubercles having tiny protuberances. Compared with the creamy white and 3-mm-thick basal membrane in E. hicksoni (Table 1), the basal membrane in E. taoyuanensis sp. nov. is pink in the preserved state, similar to the color as in life, and thinner—generally less than 1 mm thick. Although pinnules in both species are arranged in a single pair of rows (one at each side of a tentacle), E. hicksoni normally has nine pairs of pinnules per tentacle, whereas E. taoyuanensis has 10–13 pairs. In addition, the polyps are retractile in E. hicksoni but contractile in E. taoyuanensis. Sclerites in E. hicksoni include triradiates, tetraradiates, flattened rods, and spindles. However, E. taoyuanensis sp. nov. has only 6-radiate sclerites. Finally, E. salomonense and E. taoyuanensis sp. nov. can be distinguished by the type and shape of the radiates. Additionally, the retractile polyps in E. salomonense (Table 1) are distinct from the contractile polyps in E. taoyuanensis. The above variations support that E. taoyuanensis is distinct from the other nominal Erythropodium species.

Etymology

The specific name taoyuanensis alludes to the city’s name, Taoyuan, where the specimens were collected.

Distribution

The Datan G2 in Datan Algal Reef, Taoyuan, Taiwan, is the only location where this species is known; it has a biodiverse coralline algal reef. Erythropodium taoyuanensis sp. nov. is one of the dominant sessile organisms encrusting the rocks at this location and is generally restricted to near the low tidal line, and it may be exposed to the air during the spring low tide.

Phylogenetic analyses

Sequencing nuclear 28S rDNA, and mitochondrial cox2-IGR-cox1 and msh1 resulted in 784, 777, and 585 bps, respectively, yielding a concatenated alignment of 2542 bps containing 1641 phylogenetically informative sites. All four E. taoyuanensis sp. nov. specimens in this collection had identical genotypes at the sequenced regions. The genetic distances (uncorrected p) between the specimens from the Datan Algal Reef and E. caribaeorum are 6.2% at msh1, 3.7% cox2-IGR-cox1, and 4.5% at 28S. As has been demonstrated previously based on analyses of similar datasets (McFadden and van Ofwegen 2012, 2013), both ML and BI indicated that the concatenated alignment supported the division of octocorals into two major clades: one composed of Holaxonia–Alcyoniina and the other composed of the majority of Calcaxonia, Pennatulacea, Heliopora, and Scleraxonia (Fig. 5). In the latter clade, the family Parasphaerascleridae McFadden & van Ofwegen, 2013 of Alcyonacea is strongly supported as the sister taxon to a group consisting of previously recognized Calcaxonia–Pennatulacea and Anthomastus–Coralliidae clades, and a small subgroup of a heterogenous mix of scleraxonians plus the stoloniferan genus Telestula Madsen, 1944 (Fig. 5). Both phylogenetic analyses placed specimens of E. taoyuanensis sp. nov. in the subgroup composed of heterogeneous scleraxonians including the genera Erythropodium, Ideogorgia, Homophyton, and Diodogorgia of Anthothelidae and Briareum of Briareidae (Fig. 5) with strong support (ML bootstrap = 100%; BI poster probability = 1.0). Within the subgroup, both ML and BI indicated that E. taoyuanensis sp. nov. is a sister taxon to E. caribaeorum (GenBank accession number: GQ342480, specimen RMNH.Coel. 40829).

Figure 5. 

Phylogenetic relationship reconstruction (2543 nt of concatenated msh1, cox2-IGR-cox1, 28S rDNA) of the Holaxonia–Alcyoniina clade of Octocorallia. Solid circles at nodes indicate strong support from both maximum-likelihood (bootstrap value > 70%) and Bayesian inference (posterior probability > 0.95); split circles indicate strong support from one analysis only (left half solid: supported by maximum-likelihood; right half solid: supported by Bayesian analyses).

Discussion

Erythropodium taoyuanensis sp. nov. has only been discovered in the tidal pools at Datan G2 of the Datan Algal Reef. The tidal pool is periodically exposed to air and experiences variation in salinity, dissolved oxygen content, and temperature. Therefore, it is not a typical habitat for octocorals, and only a couple of species of Sinularia or Asterospicularia of Xeniidae have been observed in Taiwanese reefs (Dai 1991; Benayahu et al. 2004). By contrast, the low-water level also brings plentiful sunlight, which helps intertidal plant life grow quickly. In the Datan Algal Reef, the water column has a high sediment rate (Kuo et al. 2020). Therefore, living in tidal pools might help the zooxanthellate E. taoyuanensis overcome the turbid water. Erythropodium taoyuanensis sp. nov. is the first Erythropodium species identified to be distributed in the subtropical Indo-Pacific Ocean; other Erythropodium species have been reported in the Caribbean Sea, southwestern Atlantic, and temperate waters of the Indo-Pacific (Bayer 1961; Utinomi 1971; Carpinelli et al. 2020). This study is also the first to document an Erythropodium species off Taiwan. Meanwhile, the restricted distribution of E. taoyuanensis sp. nov. and members of Erythropodium in Taiwan further emphasize that their conservation is urgent. Unfortunately, their only known habitat, the Datan Algal Reef, is currently polluted by concrete from the construction of LNG receiving terminals and ports.

Morphologically, the specimens (NMMB-CR000148 to NMM-CR000151) collected from the Datan Algal Reef possessed the diagnostic feature of Erythropodium, such as thin, firm colony expansions on rocks and sclerites that are all derivatives of 6-radiate sclerites (Kölliker 1865; Bayer 1961). Therefore, they are considered to be an Erythropodium species, while the morphological features of polyps and composition of sclerites subsequently separate the specimens from the nominate species of Erythropodium. As the orginal descriptions of the three norminal Erythropodium species were based on the light-microsope observations and lacking definite figures representing diaonstic features, a future thorough redescription of the type specimens will contribute towards further identification of this genus. Molecular evidence has revealed that the genetic distances between the specimens from the Datan Algal Reef and E. caribaeorum are greater than general intraspecific variation of most octocorals, thereby further supporting that the specimens are a new Erythropodium species. Although E. salomonense and E. hicksoni were not included in our molecular analyses, the distinct morphological features still support the separation of E. taoyuanensis sp. nov. from the two nominal species. In summary, the new species described here is supported by both morphological and molecular evidence.

Acknowledgements

We thank M.-H. Lin, L.-C. Liu, and E.-J. Lin for assistance with collection of samples and fieldwork. P.-H. Chen assisted with DNA sequencing. Financial support was provided by the Taiwanese Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 109-2116-M-110-001-MY3).

References

  • Bayer FM (1961) The shallow-water Octocorallia of the West Indian region. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and Other Caribbean Islands 12: 1–373.
  • Bayer FM (1981) Key to the genera of Octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa), with diagnoses of new taxa. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94: 902–947.
  • Benayahu Y, Jeng MS, Perkol-Finkel S, Dai CF (2004) Soft corals (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) from southern Taiwan: II. Species diversity and distributional patterns. Zoological Studies (Taipei, Taiwan) 43: 548–560.
  • Carpinelli ÁN, Cordeiro RTS, Neves LM, De Moura RL, Kitahara MV (2020) Erythropodium caribaeorum (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) (Cnidaria: Alcyonacea), an additional alien coral in the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 4822(2): 175–190. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4822.2.2
  • Chen CA (2017) The migration of global marine creature—The stepping-stone for the migration pathway in the Taiwan Strait. The Scientific Monthly 573: 692–699. [in Chinese]
  • France SC, Hoover LL (2002) DNA sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene have low levels of divergence among deep-sea octocorals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Hydrobiologia 471(1/3): 149–155. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016517724749
  • Halàsz A, Reynolds AM, McFadden CS, Toonen RJ, Benayahu Y (2015) Could polyp pulsation be the key to species boundaries in the genus Ovabunda (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Xeniidae)? Hydrobiologia 759(1): 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-2106-z
  • Kölliker RA (1865) Die Bindesubstanz der Coelenteraten. In: Icones histologicae; oder, Atlas der vergleichenden Gewebelehre. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 87–181. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11946
  • Kozlov AM, Darriba D, Flouri T, Morel B, Stamatakis A (2019) RAxML-NG: A fast, scalable and user-friendly tool for maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 35(21): 4453–4455. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz305
  • Kuo C-Y, Keshavmurthy S, Chung A, Huang Y-Y, Yang S-Y, Chen Y-C, Chen CA (2020) Demographic census confirms a stable population of the critically-endangered caryophyllid coral Polycyathus chaishanensis (Scleractinia; Caryophyllidae) in the Datan Algal Reef, Taiwan. Scientific Reports 10(1): 10585. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67653-8
  • McFadden CS, van Ofwegen LP (2012) Stoloniferous octocorals (Anthozoa, Octocorallia) from South Africa, with descriptions of a new family of Alcyonacea, a new genus of Clavulariidae, and a new species of Cornularia (Cornulariidae). Invertebrate Systematics 26(4): 331–356. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS12035
  • McFadden CS, van Ofwegen LP (2013) A second, cryptic species of the soft coral genus Incrustatus (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Clavulariidae) from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, revealed by DNA barcoding. Helgoland Marine Research 67(1): 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-012-0310-7
  • Thomson JA, Mackinnon DL (1910) Alcyonarians collected on the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition by Mr. J. Stanley. Part II. The Stolonifera, Alcyonacea, Pseudaxonia, and Stelechotokea. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, Series 2, 13: 165–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1910.tb00515.x
  • van der Ham JL, Brugler MR, France SC (2009) Exploring the utility of an indel-rich, mitochondrial intergenic region as a molecular barcode for bamboo corals (Octocorallia: Isididae). Marine Genomics 2(3–4): 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2009.10.002

Supplementary material

Supplementary material 1 

Table S1

Tzu-Hsuan Tu, Chang-Feng Dai

Data type: xlsx file

Explanation note: Sequnece used for phyloenetic reconstruction and their respective GenBank Accession numbers, according to McFadden & Ofwegen (2012).

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
Download file (19.92 kb)
login to comment