Research Article |
Katerin Veroy‡, Jesus Orozco‡, Augusto L. Henriques§
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Corresponding author: Jesus Orozco ( cucarron1@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Torsten Dikow
© 2022 Katerin Veroy, Jesus Orozco, Augusto L. Henriques.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Veroy K, Orozco J, Henriques AL (2022) First records of two genera and thirteen species of Tabanidae (Diptera) from Honduras. ZooKeys 1084: 27-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1084.77038
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Abstract
This works presents information on the diversity of the Tabanidae of Honduras as a product of the examination of 386 specimens and a literature review. Thirteen species and two genera (Bolbodimyia and Dasychela) are recorded from the country for the first time. Eighty-five species distributed in 22 genera, five tribes, and three subfamilies are now known from Honduras. A key to the subfamilies, tribes, and genera of the known Honduran species is also included. All new records are mapped and illustrated to aid in the identification of the species.
Keywords
Central America, diversity, horse flies, tabanids, taxonomy
Introduction
Tabanidae is a family of Diptera that includes flies considered of medical and veterinary importance due to the blood sucking habits of the adults. Currently the group contains around 4,400 species worldwide (
The best known tabanid faunas in Central America are those of Costa Rica and Panama thanks in big part to the works of
Honduran species diversity is poorly known for many groups.
This work presents for the first time an overview of the tabanids of Honduras. By nature, this is vastly incomplete as there are many more habitats to sample and collections to revise. In comparison, Costa Rica with less than half the size of Honduras has more than twice the number of known species of tabanids. The aims of this article are: 1) to present the new findings regarding the species diversity in the country, 2) to integrate the records on the tabanid fauna of Honduras scattered in the literature, 3) to provide an updated list of the species, and 4) to create a key for the genera of tabanids known in the country.
Methods
Material of Tabanidae deposited at the Insect Collection at Zamorano University (
Distributional records were obtained from label data and from the literature.
A species distribution map was made for the new records using SimpleMappr (https://www.simplemappr.net/) and Microsoft Power Point v. 2112.
Photographs were taken using a Canon 100 mm lens mounted on a Canon Rebel T5i attached to a macro rail. Composite images were obtained using PICOLAY v. 2020–02–06 (http://www.picolay.de). Individual images were organized in plates in GIMP v. 2.10.24 (http://www.gimp.org).
Results and discussion
Eighteen genera and 47 species were found in the 386 specimens examined. Thirteen species and two genera are recorded for the first time (Fig.
With these new records Honduras has now a diversity of 85 species of horseflies (Table
Species of Tabanidae from Honduras. Distributions according to
| Taxon | Distribution |
|---|---|
| CHRYSOPSINAE | |
| CHRYSOPSINI | |
| Chrysops soror Kröber, 1925 | Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela |
| Chrysops auroguttatus Kröber, 1930 | Mexico to Colombia |
| Chrysops latifasciatus Bellardi, 1859 | Mexico to Nicaragua |
| Chrysops melaenus Hine, 1925 | Honduras (new record), Nicaragua, Costa Rica to Venezuela |
| Chrysops mexicanus Kröber, 1926 | Mexico to Colombia |
| Chrysops pachycnemius Hine, 1905 | Mexico to Honduras |
| Chrysops scalaratus Bellardi, 1859 | Mexico to Panama |
| Chrysops variegatus (De Geer, 1776) | Mexico to Argentina |
| Chrysops willistoni Hine, 1925 | Mexico to Honduras |
| Silvius melanopterus (Hine, 1905) | Mexico to Honduras |
| PANGONIINAE | |
| PANGONIINI | |
| Esenbeckia illota (Williston, 1901) | Mexico to Honduras |
| Esenbeckia mejiai Fairchild, 1942 | Guatemala to Costa Rica |
| Esenbeckia prasiniventris (Kröber, 1929) | Guatemala to Ecuador and Trinidad, Brazil |
| Esenbeckia translucens (Macquart, 1846) | Mexico to Peru and Brazil |
| Esenbeckia wiedemanni (Bellardi, 1859) | Mexico, Honduras (new record) |
| SCIONINI | |
| Fidena flavipennis Kröber, 1931 | Mexico to Venezuela |
| Fidena rhinophora (Bellardi, 1859) | Mexico to Venezuela and Peru |
| Scione aurulans (Wiedemann, 1830) | Mexico to Costa Rica |
| Scione maculipennis (Schiner, 1868) | Honduras, Costa Rica to Venezuela, Ecuador* |
| TABANINAE | |
| DIACHLORINI | |
| Bolbodimyia atrata (Hine, 1904) | USA, Mexico, Honduras (new record) |
| Bolbodimyia erythrocephala (Bigot, 1892) | Honduras (new record), Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador |
| Bolbodimyia galindoi Fairchild, 1964 | Honduras (new record), Costa Rica to Colombia |
| Bolbodimyia philipi Stone, 1954 | Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras (new record), Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia |
| Catachlorops baliopterus Gorayeb, L. Bemúdez, E.M. Bermúdez & Villalba, 1989 | Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica |
| Catachlorops fulmineus (Hine, 1920) | Honduras to Panama, Colombia, Ecuador |
| Catachlorops scurrus (Fairchild, 1958) | Mexico to Panama |
| Chlorotabanus inanis (Fabricius, 1787) | Mexico to Peru and Brazil |
| Chlorotabanus mexicanus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Mexico to Ecuador, Brazil, Trinidad |
| Dasychela badia (Kröber, 1931) | Honduras (new record), Costa Rica, Panama |
| Diachlorus ferrugatus (Fabricius, 1805) | USA to Costa Rica, Bahamas Islands |
| Dichelacera costaricana (Fairchild, 1941) | Honduras, Costa Rica |
| Dichelacera grandis Philip, 1943 | Guatemala, Belize, Honduras |
| Dichelacera marginata Macquart, 1847 | Honduras (New record), Nicaragua to Brazil and Peru |
| Dichelacera pulchroides Fairchild & Philip, 1960 | Mexico, Honduras |
| Dichelacera regina Fairchild, 1940 | Honduras to Ecuador |
| Dichelacera scapularis Macquart, 1847 | Mexico to Panama |
| Dichelacera submarginata Lutz, 1915 | Honduras (new record), Costa Rica to Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia |
| Lepiselaga crassipes (Fabricius, 1805) | Mexico to Argentina |
| Leucotabanus exaestuans (Linnaeus, 1758) | Mexico to Bolivia, Argentina, and Trinidad |
| Leucotabanus nigriventris Kröber, 1931 | Mexico to Panama |
| Phaeotabanus longiappendiculatus (Macquart, 1855) | Mexico to Panama |
| Philipotabanus ebrius (Osten Sacken, 1886) | Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama* |
| Philipotabanus elviae (Fairchild, 1943) | Honduras (new record), Costa Rica, Panama |
| Philipotabanus kompi (Fairchild, 1943) | Belize, Honduras |
| Philipotabanus magnificus (Kröber, 1934) | Honduras to Venezuela and Ecuador |
| Philipotabanus nigrinubilus (Fairchild, 1953) | Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador |
| Philipotabanus plenus (Hine, 1907) | Guatemala to Colombia |
| Rhabdotylus venenatum (Osten Sacken, 1886) | Guatemala to Ecuador |
| Selasoma tibiale (Fabricius, 1805) | Mexico to Argentina |
| Stenotabanus fulvistriatus (Hine, 1912) | Mexico to Panama |
| Stenotabanus littoreus (Hine, 1907) | Mexico to Panama |
| Stenotabanus maculifrons (Hine, 1907) | Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad, Venezuela. |
| Stibasoma chionostigma (Osten Sacken, 1886) | Mexico to Colombia |
| Stibasoma flaviventris (Macquart, 1848) | Mexico to Brazil |
| Stibasoma panamense Curran, 1934 | Honduras to Ecuador and Venezuela |
| Stypommisa captiroptera (Kröber, 1930) | Mexico to Guyana, Brazil, Paraguay |
| Stypommisa changena Fairchild, 1986 | Honduras (new record), Costa Rica, Panama |
| Stypommisa u-nigrum Philip, 1977 | Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras |
| TABANINI | |
| Poeciloderas quadripunctatus (Fabricius, 1805) | Mexico to Argentina |
| Tabanus abattenuis Philip, 1969 | Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua |
| Tabanus bigoti Bellardi, 1859 | Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela |
| Tabanus claripennis (Bigot, 1892) | Honduras (new record), West Indies, Costa Rica to Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile |
| Tabanus colombensis Macquart, 1846 | USA to Trinidad, Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil |
| Tabanus commixtus Walker, 1860 | Mexico to Venezuela, Hispaniola, Trinidad, Martinique |
| Tabanus defilippii Bellardi, 1859 | Mexico to Panama |
| Tabanus dorsifer Walker, 1860 | USA, Mexico, Honduras |
| Tabanus erebus Osten Sacken, 1886 | Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama |
| Tabanus jilamensis Hine, 1925 | Honduras |
| Tabanus morbosus Stone, 1938 | USA, Mexico to Panama |
| Tabanus nebulosus De Geer, 1776 | Belize, Honduras (New record), Costa Rica, Trinidad, Barbados to Brazil and Argentina |
| Tabanus occidentalis Linnaeus, 1758 | Mexico to Argentina, Trinidad |
| Tabanus oculus Walker, 1848 | Mexico to Panama |
| Tabanus picturatus Kröber, 1931 | Mexico, Belize, Honduras |
| Tabanus polyphemus Fairchild, 1958 | Mexico to Colombia |
| Tabanus pruinosus Bigot, 1892 | USA to Panama |
| Tabanus pseudoculus Fairchild, 1942 | Guatemala to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Trinidad |
| Tabanus pungens Wiedemann, 1828 | USA, Neotropics (except West Indies and Chile), Trinidad |
| Tabanus quinquepunctatus Hine, 1925 | Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama |
| Tabanus secundus Walker, 1848 | Guatemala to Peru, Surinam, and Paraguay |
| Tabanus subruber Bellardi, 1859 | Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras |
| Tabanus unipunctatus (Bigot, 1892) | Mexico to Colombia |
| Tabanus unistriatus Hine, 1906 | Guatemala to Ecuador |
| Tabanus vittiger ssp. guatemalanus Hine, 1906 | USA, Bahamas, West Indies, Mexico to Surinam, French Guiana, and Brazil |
| Tabanus xenorhynchus Fairchild, 1947 | Guatemala to Panama |
| Tabanus yucatanus Townsend, 1897 | Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua |
New Tabanidae from Honduras
CHRYSOPSINAE
CHRYSOPSINI
Chrysops melaenus
Distribution
Material examined
Honduras: 1♂, Atlántida, RVS Cuero y Salado, Salado Barra, 15°46'02"N, 86°59'51"W, 2 m, 25.i.2000, R. Cave, R. Cordero and J. Torres leg.; EAPZ22.445. 1♂, El Paraíso, 5.3 km N Cifuentes, 14°05'48"N, 86°06'57"W, 13.vi.1999, R. Cave and J. Torres leg.; EAPZ69.749. 1♀, El Paraíso, Danlí, Cerro Apaguiz 14°00'27"N, 86°32'26"W, 20.ii.1988, R. Cordero leg.; EAPZ42.723. 1♀, Francisco Morazán, 32 km Tegucigalpa, El Zamorano, 14°01'N, 87°00'W , J. Cabezas leg.; EAPZ42.698.
PANGONIINAE
PANGONIINI
Esenbeckia wiedemanni
Distribution
Previously known exclusively from Mexico (
Material examined
Honduras: 1♂, 1♀, Francisco Morazán, Masicarán, Uyúca, 14°01'00"N, 87°05'00"W, 10–15.xi.2016, E. van den Berghe leg.; EAPZ42.764.
TABANINAE
DIACHLORINI
Bolbodimyia atrata
Distribution
Previously known from U.S.A. and Mexico (
Material examined
Honduras: 2♂♂, Olancho, El Murmullo, Sierra de Agalta, 15°01'00"N, 85°47'00"W, 28.vi.1997, R. Cave leg.; EAPZ69.815.
Bolbodimyia erythrocephala
Distribution
Previously known from Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador (
Material examined
Honduras: 1♀, Yoro, Par. Nac. Pico Pijol, 15°13'00"N, 87°33'00"W, 22–23.vi.1998, R. Cave leg.; EAPZ42.652.
Bolbodimyia galindoi
Distribution
Material examined
Honduras: 1♂, 1♀, Atlántida, Par. Nac. Pico Bonito, Rio Zacate, 15°41'35"N, 86°55'58"W, 35 m, 5.iii.2000, R. Cave, R. Cordero and J. Torres leg.; EAPZ27.180.
Bolbodimyia philipi
Distribution
Previously known from Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia (
Material examined
Honduras: 1♂, Atlántida, Cuero y Salado, Salado Barra, 15°46'02"N, 86°59'51"W, 2 m, 25.i.2000, R. Cave, R. Cordero and J. Torres leg.; EAPZ22.452.
Dasychela badia
Distribution
Previously known from Costa Rica and Panama (
Material examined
Honduras: 23♀♀, Gracias a Dios, Ciudad Blanca, 15°14'47"N, 84°58'2"W, 250 m, 15–26.ii.2017, E. van den Berghe leg., light trap; EAPZ43.577.
Dichelacera marginata
Distribution
Previously known from Nicaragua to Brazil and Peru (
Material examined
Honduras: 1♀, Olancho, El Murmullo, Sierra de Agalta, 15°01'00"N, 85°47'00"W, 28.vi.1997, R. Cave leg.; EAPZ44.214.
Dichelacera submarginata
Distribution
Previously known from Costa Rica to Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia (
Material examined
Honduras: 1♀, Olancho, La Muralla, 15°04'56"N, 86°45'24"W, 26–30.iii.2013, O. Schlein leg.; EAPZ42.549. 1♂, Lempira, Par. Nac. Celaque, 14°28'46"N, 88°38'35"W, 1400 m, 27.iv.2018, E. van den Berghe leg.; EAPZ69.831. 1♂, Yoro, Par. Nac. Pico Pijol, Linda Vista, 15°10'35"N, 87°35'10"W, 1450 m, 21.iv.1999, R. Cave and J. Torres leg.; EAPZ42.829.
Philipotabanus elviae
Distribution
Previously known from Costa Rica and Panama (
Material examined
Honduras: 12 ♀♀, Atlántida, Par. Nac. Pico Bonito, Rio Zacate, 15°41'35"N, 86°55'58"W, 35 m, 5.v.2000, R. Cave leg.; EAPZ29.665.
Stypommisa changena
Distribution
Previously known from Costa Rica and Panama (
Material examined
Honduras: 1 ♂, Santa Bárbara, El Volcán, Trinidad, 15°08'02"N, 88°18'01"W, 1320 m, 26.vi.2000. R. Cordero and J. Torres leg.; EAPZ35.149.
TABANINI
Tabanus claripennis
Distribution
Previously known from the West Indies, Costa Rica to Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile (
Material examined
Honduras: 7 ♀♀, Francisco Morazán, El Zamorano, EAP, 14°01'N, 87°00'W, 5–29.vii.2020, H-trap, R. Argueta leg.; EAPZ43.572. 1♂, Choluteca, 6.7 km SE Santa Ana de Yusguare, 13°15'37"N, 87°04'40"W, 8.ix.1999, R. Cave and J. Torres leg.; EAPZ43.570.
Tabanus nebulosus
Distribution
Previously known from Belize (
Material examined
Honduras: 2 ♀♀, Francisco Morazán, El Zamorano EAP, 14°01'N, 87°00'W, 850 m, v–vii, Estudiante
Key to the subfamilies, tribes, and genera of Tabanidae from Honduras
Modified from
| 1 | Hind tibiae without paired terminal spurs or spines; TABANINAE | 6 |
| – | Hind tibiae with paired terminal spurs or spines, spines rarely absent or difficult to see | 2 |
| 2 | Third antennal segment with 7 or 8 distinct flagellomeres; tergite 9 undivided; PANGONIINAE | 3 |
| – | Third antennal segment with no more than 5 distinct flagellomeres; tergite 9 divided; CHRYSOPSINAE | 5 |
| 3 | Eyes bare; frons with ridge-like callus, which may be bare or tomentose; PANGONIINI | Esenbeckia Rondani |
| – | Eyes pilose; frons flat, without any sort of callus; SCIONINI | 4 |
| 4 | Cell m3 closed at wing margin | Scione Walker |
| – | Cell m3 open at wing margin | Fidena Walker |
| 5 | Wings with dark crossband (Fig. |
Chrysops Meigen |
| – | Wings hyaline or cloudy on cross veins or elsewhere, without distinct crossband; eye pattern in life irregularly speckled | Silvius Meigen |
| 6 | Basicosta without strong setae, if setae present usually less dense than those on adjoining costa; if setae on basicosta as dense as on costa, then vestiges of ocelli present; DIACHLORINI | 7 |
| – | Basicosta with numerous strong setae, setae equal in size and density to those on adjoining costa, if setae sparse, then without vestiges of ocelli; TABANINI | 22 |
| 7 | Third antennal segment with strong dorso-basal tooth or forward-pointing spine that often reaches to or beyond end of first flagellomere | 8 |
| – | Third antennal segment usually at most with acute dorso-basal angle | 12 |
| 8 | Eyes densely pilose; antennal tooth reaching beyond apex of first flagellomere; proboscis longer than maxillary palpi; maxillary palpi slender, generally exceeding antennae; labella short, membranous; callus club shaped, much narrower than frons; wings with diffuse dark discal marking | Dasychela Enderlein |
| – | Eyes bare; other characters variable | 9 |
| 9 | Stout species; body sometimes hairy and beelike; foretibiae usually inflated; long hair fringes on at least hind tibiae; maxillary palpi inflated; antennae short, stout, with dorsal tooth extending beyond apex of first flagellomere; labella shiny and sclerotized | 10 |
| – | Slender species; all tibiae slender; rest of characters not as above | 11 |
| 10 | Abdomen green or greenish, sparsely covered with hairs; hind tibial fringe moderate in length; all tibiae slender; wings hyaline, sometimes yellowish; not resembling bees | Rhabdotylus Lutz |
| – | Abdomen not greenish, densely hirsute; hind tibial fringe long; at least foretibia inflated; wings variable, never entirely hyaline or uniformly tinted, generally with black or contrasting pattern; body often resembling bees (see |
Stibasoma Schiner |
| 11 | Basal callus thin, ridge-like, narrower than frons; eyes unicolored, bright green in life, rarely bicolored or with faint median line; mesoscutum unicolored or weakly striped, not transversely banded | Catachlorops Lutz |
| – | Basal callus as wide as frons; eyes banded or unicolorous blackish in life; mesoscutum often transversely banded | Dichelacera Macquart |
| 12 | Subcallus, and usually first antennal segment, greatly inflated and shiny; third antennal segment long and slender, with obtuse dorso-basal angle; tibiae slender or slightly incrassate; wings black or partly so, with apex sharply hyaline, apical half of vein R4 bent sharply forward; maxillary palpi moderately slender, tomentose; clypeus tomentose | Bolbodimyia Bigot |
| – | Without above combination of characters | 13 |
| 13 | Tibiae, especially first two pairs, greatly inflated; subcallus, clypeus, and gena bare; maxillary palpi shiny and flattened; wings black at base, at least to ends of cells br and bm; labella membranous | 14 |
| – | Tibiae not or but slightly inflated; without above combination of characters | 15 |
| 14 | Large, shiny bluish-black species; wings black from base to middle of cell d | Selasoma Macquart |
| – | Small species, mesoscutum, and often abdomen, with metallic brassy or greenish scale-like hairs; wings black from base to beyond end of cell d, with hyaline triangle in cells m3 and cua1 | Lepiselaga Macquart |
| 15 | Mesopleura shiny or pearly tomentose in contrast to rest of pleura; wings usually with dark subapical marking | Diachlorus Osten Sacken |
| – | Mesopleura not shiny or pearly tomentose, not contrasting with other pleural sclerites; wings without dark subapical marking | 16 |
| 16 | Basal callus absent | Chlorotabanus Lutz |
| – | Basal callus present, reduced at times | 17 |
| 17 | Labella sclerotized; frons narrow, generally over 5 times as long as its basal width; eyes in life unicolored, unbanded; dorsal angle on third antennal segment strong | Phaeotabanus Lutz |
| – | Labella membranous; frons generally less than 4 times as long as its basal width; eyes in life usually banded; dorsal angle of third antennal segment variable | 18 |
| 18 | Eyes bare, with at least 2 transverse bands in life; mostly small species with moderately broad frons often with median dark-haired patch; callus rounded or square, generally as wide as frons | Stenotabanus Lutz |
| – | Eyes pilose or bare, with at most 1 dark median, generally unicolored, rarely bicolored; rest of characters not as above | 19 |
| 19 | Vertex with well-marked tubercle and/or with clear vestiges of ocelli; eyes bare; frons narrow; basal callus club-shaped or ridge-like | 20 |
| – | Vertex without tubercle or clear vestiges of ocelli, slightly raised shiny or discolored tubercle rarely present; if tubercle present, then eyes pilose, or frons broad, or basal callus rounded | 22 |
| 20 | Wings with extensive dark pattern not consisting of spots on cross veins; if wings apparently unmarked, then thorax prominently striped, or frons exceedingly narrow and callus thread-like | Philipotabanus Fairchild |
| – | Wings hyaline, tinted, or with dark pattern consisting primarily of dark spots around cross veins | 21 |
| 21 | Wings hyaline or evenly tinted, with costal cell often darker, but never with apical clouds or spots on cross veins; frontal callus clavate or ridge-like; abdomen black or brown, nearly always with transverse bands at least on fourth segment, rarely otherwise; appendix on fork of vein R4 absent | Leucotabanus Lutz |
| – | Wing with clouds on at least discal cross veins, often with apical infuscation, if entirely hyaline or tinted, then abdomen and thorax not as above; frontal callus variable; wings often with appendix on fork of vein R4 | Stypommisa Enderlein |
| 22 | Vertex with small, rounded, sometimes indistinct, tubercle; eyes of female usually pilose, densely so on males; wings with all cross veins prominently spotted | Poeciloderas Lutz |
| – | Vertex rarely with tubercle; without above combination of characters | Tabanus Lutz |
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the reviewers, Daniel Carmo and Mauren Turcatel, as well as the editor, Torsten Dikow, for critically reading the manuscript and contributing to improve the quality of this paper. We thank Milena Agila for taking the photographs and arranging the plates for publication. We also thank Ronel Argueta for his help constructing and maintaining the traps at Zamorano.
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