Idiocerus clypealis Lethierry, 1889 by original designation.

The genus Idioscopus can be distinguished from other genera of Idiocerini by the combination of the following features: style with slender setae on dorsal margin, subapex wide and flat on later on lateral view, aedeagal shaft with one or two pairs of processes.

Body small (♂ 3.10–5.50 mm; ♀ 3.30–5.50 mm). Head wider than pronotum. Head and thorax shagreen or crown and frontoclypeus dorsad of ocelli finely transversely rugose. Face as long as wide to slightly longer than wide; frontoclypeus with lateral margins extending to just above antennae; anteclypeus broad distally, longer than wide, sometimes exceeding apex of gena; rostrum in some species variably expanded apically; ocelli placed closer to midline than to the corresponding eye. Length of visible mesonotum nearly as long or longer than pronotum and crown together. Forewing with four apical and usually two (open or closed) subapical cells. Hind femur with 2 + 1 apical setae.

Male genitalia. Male pygofer in lateral view triangular its height more than its width; dorsoposterior lobe differentiated by dorsoanterior vertical cleft; dorsal anal collar present joined to pygofer; anal tube comprising a single segment, short or long; with or without a basiventral process. Subgenital plate elongate, curved dorsad, with long hair-like marginal setae. Connective Y- or T-shaped, short. Style elongate, apophysis curved dorsally, inner margin crenulate or dentate, outer margin distally with a row of hair-like setae or with a tuft of stout setae. Aedeagus with shaft elongate, either slightly curved dorsally or sinuate, laterally compressed, with one or two pairs of apical processes, gonopore apical on ventral surface; dorsal apodeme well developed, apically expanded laterally.

African, Oriental, and Palaearctic regions.

Holotype : ♂, Baoshan City, Mt Gaoligongshan, Yunnan Province, China (98°47'42"E, 25°18'20"N; 1745 m elev.), 4 August 2018, coll. Zhou Yu (GUGC). Paratypes: 1♂, 6♀♀, same data as holotype.

The new species can be distinguished from other Idioscopus species by the combination of the following features: anal tube short; style apophysis with a row of three or four subapical teeth along inner margin; aedeagal shaft with long, recurved, hook-like apical processes.

Coloration. Ground coloration translucent brown. Vertex pale brown with two round spots close to the adjacent eyes (Fig. 1A). Eyes and ocelli brown (Fig. 1A–C). Face (Fig. 1B, C) yellowish white, narrow area along inner margin of eye, area surrounding bases of antennae, and inner margins of gena along frontal suture black, upper area with dark brown semicircular marking. Pronotum (Fig. 1A) yellowish brown along anterior margin, posterior two-thirds brown, with a brown U-shaped band medially. Mesosternum (Fig. 1A) black, mesepimeron with black spot. Mesonotum (Fig. 1A) yellow with pair of triangular, laterobasal, black maculae. Forewing with veins brown (Fig. 1A).

Figure 1. 

Idioscopus bihamulus sp. nov. male A habitus, dorsal view B face C head and thorax, lateral view D forewing E genital capsule, lateral view F pygofer dorsal view G connective and style, dorsal view H aedeagus, lateral view I aedeagus ventral view. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

External features as in generic description with face and pronotum shagreen and crown finely transversely rugose. Male antennae without apical disc. Forewing (Fig. 1D) with two subapical cells; inner subapical open.

Figure 2. 

Idioscopus ventrispinus sp. nov. male A habitus, dorsal view B face C head and thorax, lateral view D forewing E genital capsule, lateral view F pygofer dorsal view G connective and style, dorsal view H aedeagus, lateral view I aedeagus ventral view. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

Male genitalia. Male pygofer (Fig. 1E, F) without ventral process; anal collar thin with apex upturned; anterodorsal apodemes well developed. Anal tube (Fig. 1E) short. Subgenital plates (Fig. 1E) of uniform width, with reduced hair-like marginal setae. Connective (Fig. 1G) T-shaped, with stem narrow. Style apophysis (Fig. 1G) with a row of three or four tooth-like projections along inner margin subapically, outer margin with macrosetae in distal one-third. Aedeagus (Fig. 1H, I) with shaft laterally compressed, with pair of long, recurved, hook-like processes subapically from ventral margin, acute apically; basal apodeme pillar-like in lateral view, distally and laterally expanded in ventral view.

Female genitalia. Posterior margin of sternite VII (Fig. 3A) slightly produced medially. Valvulae as in Figure 3B–E.

Figure 3. 

Ovipositor. Female. A–E Idioscopus bihamulus sp. nov. F–J Idioscopus ventrispinus sp. nov. A, F sternite VII B, G first valvula C, H apex of first valvula D, I second valvula E, J apex of second valvula.

Male: body length including tegmina 3.70–3.80. Medial length of crown 0.13–0.16, width 1.25–1.30. Distance from ocellus to eyes 0.15–0.20. Medial length of pronotum 0.40–0.45, width 1.10–1.20; scutellum length 0.50–0.55, width 0.95–1.05. Female: body length including tegmina 3.70–3.90.

The specific epithet refers to the two hamulus-like (hook-like) aedeagal processes.

Unknown.

China (Yunnan).

Holotype : ♂, Xinping County, Mt Ailaoshan, Yunnan Province, China (101°57'57"E, 24°07'39"N; 1956 m elev.), 22 July 2018, coll. Xianyi Wang & Jiajia Wang. Paratypes: 58♂♂ 2♀♀, same as holotype. 4♂♂, Lvchun County, Mt Hoanglianshan, Yunnan Province, China (102°17'27"E, 22°56'03"N; 1815 m elev.), 7 June 2019, coll. Jiajia Wang & Chao Zhang. 1♂, Baoshan City, Mt Gaoligongshan, Yunnan Province, China (98°48'03"E, 25°18'15"N; 1581 m elev.), 22 May 2019, coll. Jiajia Wang & Chao Zhang.

This new species resembles Idioscopus furcaprocessus in general appearance, including having a yellow patch on the forewing clavus. The sinuate shaft of the aedeagus in lateral view is similar to I. confuscous (Pruthi) (see Viraktamath, 1980: fig. 15), I. bihamulus, I. recurvatus, and I. nitellicus, but it differs from these and other species in having an unpaired, ventral, spine-like process proximad of the midlength of the shaft.

Coloration. General color reddish brown. Crown yellowish with darker reddish-brown markings; eyes yellowish (Fig. 2A–C). Pronotum and mesonotum (Fig. 2A) reddish brown, mesonotum paler with yellowish hue. Face (Fig. 2B) greenish yellow with frontoclypeus and anteclypeus pale reddish brown; male antennae with apical disc, black. Mesepimeron (Fig. 2C) with black patch. Forewing clavus (Fig. 2A) with large, lemon-yellow patch bordered with dark reddish brown.

External features as in generic description with head and thorax shagreen; male antennae with apical disc (Fig. 2A–C); forewing (Fig. 2D) with two subapical cells, inner subapical open.

Male genitalia. Male pygofer (Fig. 2E, F) conically rounded apically, without ventral process; anal collar thin, upturned apically; dorsoanterior apodemes well developed. Anal tube (Fig. 2E) long. Subgenital plates (Fig. 2E) broader in distal one-third in lateral view, longer than pygofer, sharply upturned in basal third, with long hair-like marginal setae distally. Connective (Fig. 2G) Y-shaped, broad, with short stem. Style apophysis (Fig. 2G) narrowed to apex with weakly serrated inner margin. Aedeagus (Fig. 2H, I) with shaft laterally compressed, broad in basal half then narrowed and slightly sinuate distally to acute apex in lateral view, with one pair of subapical bifid processes, each fork unequal, an unpaired ventral spine-like process proximad of midlength; dorsal apodeme laterally compressed, distally expanded in lateral view and laterally expanded distally in ventral view.

Female genitalia. Posterior margin of sternite VII (Fig. 3F) slightly produced medially. Valvulae as in Figure 3G–J.

Male: body length including tegmina 4.50–4.95. Medial length of crown 0.18–0.22, width 1.55–1.60. Distance from ocellus to eyes 0.15–0.20. Medial length of pronotum 0.45–0.48, width 1.35–1.45; scutellum length 0.50–0.55, width 0.65–0.70. Female: body length 4.60–5.20 including tegmina.

The new species name is derived from the words ventri- and spinus, referring to the ventral spine-like process of the aedeagal shaft.

Myrica sp.

China (Yunnan).

The above synonymy of I. taiwanus with I. clypealis is based on the similarity of the published figures of both species and examination of some paratypes of I. taiwanus (see below). It is surprising that I. taiwanus was described as a new species and not recognized as the widespread I. clypealis, as the latter species was well-known to Maldonado-Capriles and had been earlier figured by him (Maldonado-Capriles 1964). Also, the described colour of I. taiwanus more or less matches the “typical” colour form of I. clypealis figured by the same author and latter figured by Khatri and Webb (2014) from mainland Asia. A variation of this colour is seen in some specimens collected from mainland China which have more extensive brown marking medially on the face (Fig. 4A–C), matching some Pacific material figured by Khatri and Webb (2014).

Figure 4. 

Idioscopus clypealis A–C female (China) A lateral habitus female B, C face (male and female respectively) showing atypical marking of clypeus; photographs by Xue Qingquan D–G paratype male of I. taiwanus D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus G labels H–K paratype female of I. taiwanus H dorsal habitus I lateral habitus J ventral habitus K labels; photographs by David Redei.

Idioscopus taiwanus was described from the holotype and 80 paratypes with the following data: “Taiwan, Taichung, 16/1/1987, C. T. Yang collector. Paratypes: 40 males and 40 females, same collection data as holotype. Host plant: Mangifera indica” (Huang & Maldonado-Capriles 1992). In the introduction to their paper, Huang & Maldonado-Capriles stated that the type material was in the “Department of Entomology, National Chung-Hsing University (NCHU), Taichung; Division of Collection and Research, National Museum of Natural Science (NMNS), Taichung; and in the Department of Applied Zoology, Taiwan Agriculture Research Institute (TARI), Wufeng, Taichung.” They added that “Some paratypes deposited in the junior author’s collection”. For other new species described in the same paper the holotype depository is given as NMNS, but no depository is given for I. taiwanus; however, the male genitalia dissection of the holotype is present in NMNS (Jing-Fu Tsai pers. comm.) and paratypes are present in both NCHU (see Fig. 4D–K) and NMNS but not in TARI or Maldonado-Capriles’s collection (National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA).

This species was described from a single female specimen (holotype) from Taiwan. Both Andy Hamilton and Masami Hayashi (pers. comm.) examined the type (Entomological Institute, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan) and the latter’s photographs of the type are reproduced here (Fig. 5A, B). The holotype bears a determination label by Andy Hamilton indicating the species belongs to Balocerus but this needs to be confirmed, particularly as the specimen is female. The label information on the specimen is as follows (hw = handwritten, pr = printed):

Figure 5. 

Matsumura Taiwan Idiocerine species A, B Idiocerus apicalis, dorsal and lateral, habitus respectively (holotype) C, D I. formosanus, dorsal and lateral, habitus respectively (syntype). Photographs by Masami Hayashi.

1. I. apicalis sp. nov. (hw), det. Matsumura (pr)
2. Formosa, Matsumura (printed), (underside) Toroen, 19/4 ‘07 (hw)
3. Holotype (red label, printed), Idiocerus apicalis Matsumura (hw)
4. Balocerus apicalis (Matsum.), Det. KGAH ‘76 (hw; label with red frame)

This species was described from an unknown number of specimens (syntypic) from Koshun (= Hengchun), southern Taiwan. Both Andy Hamilton and Masami Hayashi (pers comm.) examined the type series in Entomological Institute, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (9 ♂♂ and 4 ♀♀) and the latter’s photographs of a syntype are reproduced here (Fig. 5C, D). One of the male syntypes had been dissected and bears a determination label by Andy Hamilton indicating the species belongs to Amritodus, which needs to be confirmed, together with an unpublished lectotype label. The label information on the specimens is as follows (hw = handwritten, pr = printed), double quotation marks show each label, a single oblique line (except between day and month) is used for changing to new line, and the description on underside is indicated after double oblique lines:

• 1 male [dissected], “Formosa / Matsumura [printed] // Koshun / 7/7-02 [hw]”, “ I. formosanus n.sp. [hw] / det. Matsumura [pr]”, “Type Matsumura” (red printed label), “Lectotype [red printed label] / Idiocerus formosanus Mm. [hw by K.G.A. Hamilton, not published]”, “ Amritodus formosanus (Matsum.) / Det. KGAH ’76” [in double red frame, hw]. 2 male, same data as previous, “PARATYPES [yellow printed label] / Idiocerus formosanus Mm. [hw]”
• 4 male, 3 female, [upper right male dissected], “Formosa / Matsumura [pr] // 7/VII 1906 | Koshun [hw]”, “Paratypes (yellow printed label) / Idiocerus formosanus Mm.” [hw];
• 1 female, “Formosa / Matsumura [pr] // 29/VI 1906 / Koshun (hw)”
• 1 male, “Formosa / Matsumura [pr] // 7/VII 1906 / Koshun [hw]
• 1 male, “Formosa / Matsumura [pr] // 10/VIII 1906 / Koshun [hw]”